US1954818A - Building structure - Google Patents

Description

April 17, 1934. s KLEIN BUILDING STRUCTURE Filed Jan. 10 1929 6 Sheets-Sheet l 314M 60; (5 am we l/fie in 2 dam/m April 17, 1934. s LElN BUILDING STRUCTURE Filed Jan. 10, 1929 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 April 17, 1934. s. KLEIN 1,954,818

BUILDING STRUCTURE Filed Jan. l0 1929 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 April 17, 1934. S.'KLEIN BUILDING STRUCTURE Filed Jan. 10, 1929 GSheets-Sheet 4 5 M w iz m mg gn-vc nfot Jamaal/ [6 z n April 17, 1934. s. KLEIN BUILDING STRUCTURE Filed Jan. 10, 1929 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 i w. 5T 31 foo 0.9

April 17, 1934. s. KLEIN 1,954,818

BUILDING STRUCTURE Filed Jan. 10, 1929 e Sheets-Sheet e 5am aeZ/r/e z n Patented Apr. 17 1934 UNITED- STATES PATENT OFFICE 14 Claims.

This invention is applicable to buildings of various types and is especially adaptable to structural steel buildings, reinforced concrete buildings, and to some possible extent in concrete construction not necessarily included amongst that category of structures classified as reinforced concrete structures.

An object of the invention is to provide structures wherein the maximum load carrying capacities of the various beams and girders may be utilized' and wherein structural elements for supporting loads may be reduced in size and volume without effecting the load carrying capacity of the finished structure.

Another object of the invention is to provide a structure wherein the various beams, girders and ribs or joists may be of substantially uniform size whereby to obviate special structural elements for the girders and beam portions of a.

building as distinguished from the joist or portions thereof.

Another object of the invention is to provide a structure wherein the bending moment is so localized that the beam and girder members may be reduced in size and mass and consequently the shear directed upon the girders and beams may be decreased accordingly, as well as effecting substantial savings in materials and costs incident to installation thereof. v

These and other objects are attained by the means described herein and disclosed in the accompanying drawings,- in which:

Fig. 1 is an inverted plan view of a fragment of a reinforced concrete structure embodying the invention.

Fig. 2 is an enlarged sectional view on line 2--2 of Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a modification of the inventiondisclosedin Fig. 1 and comprising a steel skeleton in conjunction with reinforced concrete construction.

Fig. 4 is an enlarged sectional view on line 44 of Fig. 3.

, Fig. 5 is an enlarged sectional view on line 55 of Fig. 3.

Fig. 6 shows another modified form of the invention comprising a reinforced concrete skeleton.

Fig. '7 shows an enlarged sectional view on lines 7-7 of Fig. 6.

rib

Fig. 8 shows the application of a steel skeleton to a structure of the modification illustrated in Fig. 6.

Fig. 9 is an enlarged sectional Fig. 10 shows a further modification of" the structure shown in Figs. 6 and 8, opposed portions thereof being illustrated as comprising steel and concrete skeletons respectively.

Fig. 11 is a sectional view on line 11-11 of Fig. 10.

Fig. 12 shows another modification of the invention.

The 'principles'employed in this invention are not restricted in their application to concrete buildings, reinforced concrete buildingsor structural steel buildings in conjunction with concrete but may also be applied in all steel and other building construction. The various beams, girders and joists or ribs that will be explained hereafter, as applied to the invention as disclosed herein, may be of steel or other structural material as well as of concrete, reinforced concrete or metallic members embedded in the concrete.

In the structure disclosed in Figs. 3, 4 and 5 the pillars or columns 34, 35, 36, 37 may be of any desired shape or material. The pillars or columns are shown as comprising a structural steel frame encased in concrete. The columns 34 and 36 are connected by a girder 30. A girder 31 in like manner connects the columns 35 and 3'7. In ordinary construction with uniformly distributed loads the bending moment upon the girders 30 and 31 would be directed at substantially the central portions or" those girders, or midway between their respective supporting columns. In order to shift the bending moment directed upon the girders 30-and 31 to said girders adjacent the pillars supporting said girders, there are provided beams 38 and 39. The beam 38 connects the girders 30 and 31 adjacent the ends of the girders 3Q and 31 at the ends of said girders supported by the pillars 34 and 35 respectively. In like manner the beam 39 connects the girders 30 and 31 adjacent the columns 36 and 37. With a structure of the character indicated, the bending moment that otherwise would be directed at the centers of the girders 30'and 31 is directed upon those girders at the ends thereof wherefore the bending moment on the girders is greatly reduced. As a result of this shifting of the load to positions adjacent the supporting girders or columns, it is possible to substantially decrease the size and the consequent weight of the girders 30 and 31, without impairing the ability of the resultant structure to withstand or support loads that required heavier girders in the type of construction heretofore commonly used. Ordinarily the shear resistance of metal girders such as 30 and 31, heretofore commonly used in structure of the prior art, was in excess of what was actually necessary. Such excess was necessitated because of the mass necessary to meet the bending moment directed on the girders. Accordingly, in estimating the size of the girders and 31 for structures embodying the invention disclosed in Fig. 3, it is necessary to consider the shear and the bending moment as those forces exist immediately adjacent the columns only. Consequently, especially the girders 30 and 31, and as well as 32 and 33 are substantially tying girders as distinguished from carrying girders that took similarpositions between the pillars in structures ofthe prior art.

Between the beams 38 and 39 there may be provided a plurality of ribs 40. The ribs may be constructed in accordance with any of the common practices for providing rib and slab construction, for example as shown in various patents, such as Golding 1,095,204, Goldsmith 1,168,627 and others.

In view of the distribution of stresses and strains in the manner illustrated and explained herein, it is possible to use girders and beams of a depth substantially equal to the depth of the ribs 40, wherefore the large unsightly girders heretofore used in this type of construction and connecting adjoining columns, may be obviated and the ceiling applied to the lower faces of the ribs may extend over and may conceal the lower faces of the beams and girders and thereby obviating so-called suspended ceilings.

In the form of the invention shown in Figs. 1 and 2 the girders 24 and 25 correspond in function to the girders 30 and 31 shown in Fig. 3. The application of the principles, as explained in connection with the structures shown in Figs.

'3, 4 and 5 is identical in connection with the structure shown in Figs. 1 and 2. In view of the use of reinforced concrete pillars in Figs. 1 and 2, there is no need for tying girders between pillars 20 and 22 and between pillars 21 and 23, as are provided at 32 and 33 between the vertical members of the structural steel frame work shown in Figs. 3, 4 and 5. Ribs 28 extend between beams 26 and 27 which direct the weight of the dead and live loads to the ends of girders 24 and 25.

In the structure shown in Figs. 6 and 7 the beams 60, 61, 62 and 63 each perform the same function as do the beams 26 and 27 and 38 and 39 in the structures shown in Figs. 1 and 3 respectively. In the modification shown in Fig. 6 the bending moment is directed upon the girders 64, 65, 66 and 67 immediately adjacent the various pillars or columns 68, 69, 70 and 71. In the form of construction shown in Fig. 6 each of the girders is subjected to some of the bending moment as distinguished from the structure shown in Fig. 3 wherein the girders 30 and 31 alone are subjected to the bending moment of the area intermediate the girders 30 and 31. The same principles apply in the structure shown in Fig. 6 as apply to structures shown in Figs- 1 and3'.

The modification shown in Figs. 8 and 9 follows the general plan of structure shown in Figs. 6 and 7, however the girders 80, 81, 82 and 83, shown in Fig. 8: are metal I-beams corresponding to the I-beams 30 and 31 shown in Fig. 3. When using the structure shown in Fig. 8 as distinguished from the structure shown in Fig.3, the girders to 83 inclusive need not be as large or as strong as the girders 30 and 31 because the bending moment on each. 91- t girders shown in Fig. 8 is less than the bending moment directed upon the girders 30 and 31. This is occasioned by the so-called two-way character construction and disposition of the bending moment upon converging girders. The ribs 72 and 73 in Fig. 6 and the ribs 84 and 85 in Fig. 8 may be of the two-way type of construction shown in said figures and may be of any suitable width, size and spacing from one another for supporting the floor or slab structures 74 and 86 formed thereover.

In the structure shown in Figs. 10 and 11 the pillars 101 and 102 are formed about a steel skeleton and the pillars 103 and 104 indicate reinforced concrete structures. This formof illus-' tration is used to obviate the provision of separate drawings for steel skeleton buildings and reinforced concreteskeleton buildings. In the structure shown in Fig. 10 there is provided in-. termediate joists or ribs 105, otherwise the structure is identical with structures shown in Figs. 6 and 8. The modification in Fig. 10 is shown to disclose that the areas'between the various ribs shown in Figs. 6 and 8 may be supported by supplemental ribs of the character of the ribs 105, thereby permitting the use of standard tiles or dome forms for forming the rib and slab structure commonly employed in structures of this character and obviating the use of. tile or dome structures that would otherwise be considerably larger than are customarily used in this art.

In Fig. 1, a variant of construction is shown at column 23. The application of the principle of the invention is identical at all four columns shown in Fig. 1.

What is claimed is: p

1. The combination of spaced columns, girders connecting the columns and forming a quadrangle supported at the corners by said columns, a pair of beams substantially paralleling one pair of girders and supported at opposite ends on the remaining pair of girders adjacentthe columns, and a floor structure supported by the beams and transmitting its maximum load factor to the girders at the connection of the girders with the columns.

2. The combination of spaced columns, girders connecting the\ columns, beams connecting oppositely disposed girders and supported by the girders adjacent the connection of the girders to 125 the columns and a load supporting structure supported by the beams.

3. The combination of spaced columns, girders connecting the columns, beams connecting the girders and supported by the girders adjacentthe 130 connection of the girders to the columns, ribs supported by the beams, and load supporting slabs supported by the ribs and providing a closure surface between the ribs, beams, girders and columns. I

4. In a building the combination of vertical columns, girders connecting a plurality of columns for defining a polygonal area between the columns, beams extending between the girders and connecting pairs of girders by attachment thereof to the girders adjacent the ends of the girders and adjacent the columns, ribs connecting with the beams and other ribs for providing a supporting structure between the beams, and a slab structure supported by the beams and closing the spaces between the ribs, beams, girders and columns for forming a ceiling and floor structure.

5. In a building the combination of two pair of vertical columns, a girder connecting a pair of 15( the columns, a second girder connecting the other pair of columns; a beam connecting the girders adjacent the ends thereof and adjacent one of each of the columns of the first and second pairs of columns, a second beam connecting the girders adjacent their other ends and adjacent the other or second of the columns of the pairs of columns, and a floor structure supported by the beams.

6. In a building the combination of two pairs of vertical columns, a girder connecting one pair of columns, a second girder connecting the second pair or columns, a third girder connecting a column of the first pair of columns with a column of the second pair of columns, a fourth girder connecting the other columns of the first and second pairs of columns whereby to provide an enclosed area between the columns and the girders, a beam substantially paralleling each of the girders, disposed within said area and adjacent beams connecting with one another at their ends andthe ends of the beams connecting with the girders adjacent the ends of the girders and adjacent the columns, and a floor structure supported by the beams and closing said area.

7. In a building the combination of two pairs of vertical columns, a girder connecting one pair of columns, a second girder connecting the second pair of columns, a third girder connecting a column of the first pair of columns with a column of the second pair of columns, a fourth girder connecting the other columns of the firstand second pairs of columns whereby to provide an enclosed area between the columns and the girders, a beam substantially paralleling each of the girders, disposed within said area and adjacent beams connecting with one another at their ends and the ends of the beams connecting with the girders adjacent the ends 01 the girders and adjacent the columns, and a fioor and rib structure supported by and between the beams and closing said area.

8. In a building the combination of two pairs of vertical columns, a girder connecting one pair of columns, a second girder connecting the second pair of columns, a third girder connectinga column of the first pair of colunms with a column of the second pair of columns, a fourth girderconnecting the other columns of the first'and second; pairs'of columns whereby to provide an enclosed area between the columns and the girders, a beam substantially paralleling each of the girders, disposed within said area and adjacent beams connecting with one another at their .ends and the ends of the beams connecting with the girders adjacent the ends of the girders and adjacent the columns, ribs extending between the beams and a floor supported by the ribs, and closing said area.

9. In a building the combination of, two pairs of vertical columns, a girder connecting one pair of columns, a second girder connecting the second pair of columns, a third girder connecting a column of the first pair of columns with a column of the second pair of columns, a fourth girder connecting the other columns of the first and second pairs of columns whereby to provide an enclosed area between the columns and the girders, a beam substantiallyparalleling each of the girders, disposed within said area and adjacent beams connecting with one another at their ends and the ends of the beams connecting with the girders adjacent the ends of the girders and adjacent the columns, and a system of interconnecting ribs extending at angles to one another and connecting the beams, and a fioor supported by the ribs and closing said area.

10. A reenforced concrete structure, comprising in combination a column, two horizontally disposed beams at an angle to each other each a short distance to one side of the column and out of alignment therewith, means for supporting each of said two beams at one end from said column, and a concrete slab filling the corner between said beams and extending substantially the full length of both of said beams and having its side portions along the respective beams supported principally from the beams.

11 A reenforced concrete structure, comprising in combination two columns in spaced relation to each other, a horizontally disposed beam secured to said two coliunns in alignment therewith, two other horizontally disposed beams se-' cured to said first named beam near its opposite ends at an angle to said first'named beam and out of alignment with said columns, and a concrete slab extending from one of said first named beams to the other and substantially com pletely filling the space between said beams and having its principal support at its side portions from saidbeams.

12. A reenforced concrete structure, comprising in combination four columns in quadrilateral spaced relation to each other, two beams extending entirely across said quadrilateral in inwardly spaced position with respect to opposite sides of the quadrilateral and out of alignment with said columns, means for supporting said beams from said four columns, and a concrete slab extending substantially the full length and width of the space between said beams and having its principal support at its side portions from said beams.

13. A reenforced concrete structure, comprising in combina'tiona column, two horizontally disposedbeams secured to said column in alignment therewith at an angle to each other, two

other horizontally disposed beams in substanspaced relation to each other, a beam connecting the columns at one side, a. second beam connecting the columns at the opposite side, two 1 beams connecting said first named beams in inwardly spaced position with respect 'to 'opposite sides of the quadrilateral and each out of alignment with the columns at its side of the quadrilateral, and a concrete slab extending substantially the full length and width of the space between said last named two beams and having its principal support at its side portions from said last named beams.

' SAMUEL KLEIN.

Images