US1905724A - Electric current valve - Google Patents
Electric current valve Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1905724A US1905724A US211629A US21162927A US1905724A US 1905724 A US1905724 A US 1905724A US 211629 A US211629 A US 211629A US 21162927 A US21162927 A US 21162927A US 1905724 A US1905724 A US 1905724A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- electric current
- oxide
- reduced
- current valve
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 29
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102000018361 Contactin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108060003955 Contactin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000004237 Crocus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000596148 Crocus Species 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(I) oxide Inorganic materials [Cu]O[Cu] BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBJNMUFDOHXDFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Cu].[Cu] LBJNMUFDOHXDFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D48/00—Individual devices not covered by groups H10D1/00 - H10D44/00
- H10D48/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D48/07—Manufacture or treatment of devices having bodies comprising cuprous oxide [Cu2O] or cuprous iodide [CuI]
- H10D48/071—Preparation of the foundation plate, preliminary treatment oxidation of the foundation plate or reduction treatment
- H10D48/075—Reduction of the copper oxide or treatment of the oxide layer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02565—Oxide semiconducting materials not being Group 12/16 materials, e.g. ternary compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02614—Transformation of metal, e.g. oxidation, nitridation
Definitions
- This invention relates to copper oxide valves or rectifiers for electric currents. These rectifiers are made by heating copper elements such as plates or discs to a high 5 temperature, such as 1900 F. in the presence of oxygen and permitting films of copper oxide including red copper oxide to form on the copper member. The outside of this copper oxide film is then reduced to copper by contact with hydrogen or other reducing gases, or at appropriate temperatures with a reducing liquid, such as transformer oil, alcohol or glycerine or by other reducing means. A five to fifteen per cent water solution of alcohol is usually adequate to accomplish the desired reduction at 1000 to 1300 degrees of Fahrenheit.
- the object of this invention is to decrease the electrical resistance in the direction of useful current flow of copper oxide valves comprising a copper member or element having a film of copper oxide formed thereon and a layer of reduced copper on the surface of the copper oxide film.
- Another object of the invention is to provide valve elements of the nature disclosed which will he possessed of more stable rectifying characteristics in service and which will decrease in output to a lesser extent than pre-existing valves of this type.
- the lessening of the resistance is accomplished by pressing the grains of reduced copper so that they form better contact with the copper oxide beneath and with one another.
- pressure or force is applied to the reduced surface of the elements, thereby uniting the grains into better mutual contact, said pressure or force being applied preferably in two directions in relation to the reduced surface of the plate; namely, at right angles to the surface and transversely thereto. Rubbing or burnishing the surface to brightness with hne crocus cloth or a rag polishing wheel produces this reduction in resistance admirably.
- valves produced have more stable rectifying characteristics in service and decrease in output to a lesser extent than unburnished valves.
- An electric current valve comprising, a copper'member having a film of copper oxide thereon, and a layer of reduced copper on the surface of the oxide film, the surface of said layer burnished.
- An electric current valve comprising a copper member having a film of oxide thereon, and a layer of reduced copper on the surface of the oxide film the contactin surfaces of the copper oxide layer and t e reduced copper oxide consolidated by burnishmg.
- a process of making an electric current valve comprising heating a copper member to a temperature approximating 1900 Fahrenheit in the presence of oxygen, the reduction of the surface of the oxide film by contact with a reducing liquid when said copper member is at an elevated temperature, whereby a layer of elemental copper is formed upon said oxide film, andpressing said layer of elemental copper into contact with said film by force applied both at right angles and transversely thereto.
- a rectifier for alternating electric current comprising a metallic mass consisting principall of copper and having an oxidized sur ace which latter has been reduced to a metallic form on its exposed surface, said reduced surface being consolidated by rubbing with material pressure.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
Description
April 25, 1933.
J. G. H. LlEBEL ET AL 1,905,724
ELECTRIC CURRENT VALVE Original Filed Aug. 8, 1927 INVENTO W- G- ull'rleb and R bert C. 052.0 queei A TTORNE Y.
Patented Apr. 25, 1933 UNITED STATES,
PATENT OFFICE JOHN G. H. LIEBEL, OF CINCINNATI, AND ROBERT C. JACQUELET, 0F NORWOOD, OHIO, ASSIGNORS, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO THE UNION SWITCH 8c SIGNAL COMPANY,
A CORPORATION OF PENNSYLVANIA ELECTRIC CURRENT VALVE Application filed August 8, 1927, Serial No. 211,629. Renewed February 4, 1938.. i
This invention relates to copper oxide valves or rectifiers for electric currents. These rectifiers are made by heating copper elements such as plates or discs to a high 5 temperature, such as 1900 F. in the presence of oxygen and permitting films of copper oxide including red copper oxide to form on the copper member. The outside of this copper oxide film is then reduced to copper by contact with hydrogen or other reducing gases, or at appropriate temperatures with a reducing liquid, such as transformer oil, alcohol or glycerine or by other reducing means. A five to fifteen per cent water solution of alcohol is usually adequate to accomplish the desired reduction at 1000 to 1300 degrees of Fahrenheit.
The quenching of these elements in a liquid at a temperature such as 1000 to 1500 F. reduces the resistance of the elements and it is therefore recommended that the reduction and quenching be accomplished in the same step.
The object of this invention is to decrease the electrical resistance in the direction of useful current flow of copper oxide valves comprising a copper member or element having a film of copper oxide formed thereon and a layer of reduced copper on the surface of the copper oxide film.
Another object of the invention is to provide valve elements of the nature disclosed which will he possessed of more stable rectifying characteristics in service and which will decrease in output to a lesser extent than pre-existing valves of this type.
Reference is hereby made to the drawing in which the body of the copper plate is indicated at A, the coating thereon of copper oxide at B and the superficial coating of reduced copper at C.
The lessening of the resistance is accomplished by pressing the grains of reduced copper so that they form better contact with the copper oxide beneath and with one another. To accomplish this result, pressure or force is applied to the reduced surface of the elements, thereby uniting the grains into better mutual contact, said pressure or force being applied preferably in two directions in relation to the reduced surface of the plate; namely, at right angles to the surface and transversely thereto. Rubbing or burnishing the surface to brightness with hne crocus cloth or a rag polishing wheel produces this reduction in resistance admirably. In this burnishing operation care must be used not to heat the plate excessive- The difference of the resistance in the useful direction between burnished and unburnished elements approaches one hundred per cent, that is, the resistance of an unburnished element is approximately cut in half by the burnishing operation. Although the results vary somewhat with each individual element, the burnishing process also tends materially to standardize production and provides plates of greater uniformity.
A further advantage of the above described process is that the valves produced have more stable rectifying characteristics in service and decrease in output to a lesser extent than unburnished valves.
It is also preferable to etch the edges of these plates with acid such as nitric acid to remove the reduced copper and avoid short circuiting of the plates about the edges.
Having described our invention, we wish to be limited only by the ensuing claims:
1. An electric current valve, comprising, a copper'member having a film of copper oxide thereon, and a layer of reduced copper on the surface of the oxide film, the surface of said layer burnished.
2. The process of making an electric current valve, comprising, the heating of a copper member to a temperature approximating 1900 F. in the presence of oxygen, the reduction of the surface of the oxide film by contact with a reducing liquid when said copper member is at an elevated temperature, and the pressing of the grains of the reduced copper into a smooth surface to decrease the electric resistance of the element.
3. The process of lowering the electrical resistance in a useful direction of current valves of the copper oxide type having reduced copper surfaces, said process, comprising, the application of force to. said reduced surfaces both at right angles and transversely thereto.
4. An electric current valve comprising a copper member having a film of oxide thereon, and a layer of reduced copper on the surface of the oxide film the contactin surfaces of the copper oxide layer and t e reduced copper oxide consolidated by burnishmg.
5. An electric current valve com rising a co per member having a film 0 copper oxide'thereon, and a layer of reduced copper on the surface of the oxide film, the film formed upon said oxide film, and burnishing said layer of elemental copper.
7. A process of making an electric current valve comprising heating a copper member to a temperature approximating 1900 Fahrenheit in the presence of oxygen, the reduction of the surface of the oxide film by contact with a reducing liquid when said copper member is at an elevated temperature, whereby a layer of elemental copper is formed upon said oxide film, andpressing said layer of elemental copper into contact with said film by force applied both at right angles and transversely thereto.
8. The process of making an electric current valve which comprises forming on the surface of a copper member a film of copper oxide, reducing the surface of said film to form a layer of elemental copper thereon and subjecting said layer of elemental copper to a pressure rubbing operation.
9. A rectifier for alternating electric current comprising a metallic mass consisting principall of copper and having an oxidized sur ace which latter has been reduced to a metallic form on its exposed surface, said reduced surface being consolidated by rubbing with material pressure.
10. The process of producing a rectifier for alternating electric current which consists in coating one face of a mass consisting principally of copper with rectifying oxide, reducing the outer face of said oxide, and consolidating the metallic film thus produced by rubbing with material pressure.
11. The rocess of producing a rectifier for alternatmg electric current from a plate consisting principally of copper which consists in heating the same, exposing it in the air, quenching it in a reducing bath and con- In witness whereof, .we hereunto sub-. scribe our names.
JOHN G. H. LIEBEL.
v ROB. C. J ACQUELET.
ICC)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US211629A US1905724A (en) | 1927-08-08 | 1927-08-08 | Electric current valve |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US211629A US1905724A (en) | 1927-08-08 | 1927-08-08 | Electric current valve |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1905724A true US1905724A (en) | 1933-04-25 |
Family
ID=22787718
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US211629A Expired - Lifetime US1905724A (en) | 1927-08-08 | 1927-08-08 | Electric current valve |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1905724A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2429933A (en) * | 1945-08-08 | 1947-10-28 | Western Electric Co | Image translating device |
| US2643199A (en) * | 1945-12-18 | 1953-06-23 | Hersch Paul | Process of forming a layer of metallic copper on copper oxide |
-
1927
- 1927-08-08 US US211629A patent/US1905724A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2429933A (en) * | 1945-08-08 | 1947-10-28 | Western Electric Co | Image translating device |
| US2643199A (en) * | 1945-12-18 | 1953-06-23 | Hersch Paul | Process of forming a layer of metallic copper on copper oxide |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US2227827A (en) | Manufacture of devices presenting electrical asymmetric conductivity | |
| US1905724A (en) | Electric current valve | |
| US1866351A (en) | Rectification of alternating currents | |
| US1313054A (en) | Arthur francis berry | |
| US2497649A (en) | Process of electroforming selenium rectifiers | |
| US2261725A (en) | Selenium rectifier | |
| US1936792A (en) | Method of making copper oxide rectifiers for high voltage application | |
| US2163393A (en) | Selenium rectifier having light metal carrier electrodes | |
| US2547536A (en) | Formation of a surface easily | |
| US1872304A (en) | Copper hemisulphide rectifier | |
| US1961825A (en) | Tellurium alloy rectifier | |
| US2162362A (en) | Asymmetrical conductor | |
| US2282523A (en) | Method of manufacturing selenium rectifiers and photoelectric selenium cells | |
| US2390771A (en) | Selenium rectifier | |
| US1776217A (en) | Rectifying device and method of making the same | |
| US2749596A (en) | Method of making titanium dioxide rectifiers | |
| US2201709A (en) | Manufacture of alternating electric current rectifiers | |
| US2750544A (en) | Silicon translating devices and methods of manufacture | |
| US2017842A (en) | Unidirectional current-carrying device and process of producing the same | |
| US1110010A (en) | Silicon-steel. | |
| US2158748A (en) | Manufacture of electrical rectifiers | |
| GB483088A (en) | Improvements in and relating to barrier plane rectifying cells and photo-electric cells | |
| US1844925A (en) | Electrolytic reduction of copper oxide surface of rectifiers | |
| US1895684A (en) | Electric current rectifier | |
| US2111047A (en) | Device for rectifying alternating current |