US1903749A - Art of cracking and distilling fuels - Google Patents

Art of cracking and distilling fuels Download PDF

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US1903749A
US1903749A US88100A US8810026A US1903749A US 1903749 A US1903749 A US 1903749A US 88100 A US88100 A US 88100A US 8810026 A US8810026 A US 8810026A US 1903749 A US1903749 A US 1903749A
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solids
cracking
liquid
hydrocarbon
chamber
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Carter Russell
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/14Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils in pipes or coils with or without auxiliary means, e.g. digesters, soaking drums, expansion means

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  • the inventions comprise a process and apparatus well adapted for carrying out the process whereby such objects are attained in themost facile manner.
  • 1 Vindicates a furnace, which may be electrical, gas, or other heat supplying apparatus, which is shown as provided with the usual crackingcoil 2.
  • the coil 2 may be of special construction according to the specific character of the furnace 1.
  • a pipe line 3 supplies fluid hydrocarbon fuel to the coil 2, and said fluid is delivered to the pipe 3 by an appropriate pump 4 taking its 4supply from a pipe line 5 communicating with an appropriate source of supply 6.
  • a pipe 7 leads from the discharge-end of coil 2 and discharges into the upper end of a cracking or percolating chamber 8.
  • the container 9 is foraminous and may be simply an open framework, its chief function being to maintain the fuel 10 in place in substantially the form of a column within the chamber 8.
  • a discharge nozzle 11 delivers the supply from pipe 7 to a point above the column of fuel 10, so that the hot oil is discharged down upon said column during operation.
  • a vapor line 12 leads from an upper point of chamber 8 to a cooling and settling tank 13 commonly designated a dephlegmator Serial No. 88,100.
  • a vapor discharge pipe 14 which extends to a condenser 15, and the latter communicates by a pipe 16 to a receivcates with the upper portion of reservoir 17 for leading orf the incondensable gases, which may be utilized as the fuel for the furnace 1, or otherwise disposed of as desired.
  • a valve 19 controls the discharge through pipe 18.
  • a pressure gauge preferably communicates with the upper portion of reservoir 17 for indicating to the operator the need of adjustment of the valve 19.
  • a discharge pipe 21 communicates therewith lfor tliedelivery of the distillate, which, when hydrocarbon fuels are being treated, is a gasoline of distinct antiknock properties.
  • a valve 22 controls the discharge through pipe 21.
  • a residual drainoff pipe 23 communicates with the bottom of reservoir 17 and is controlled by a valve 24C.
  • valves 27, 28 and 29 control the direction of the fluid discharged through the pipe 25. back through the circulating system by the closing of the valve 29, and the openings of the valves 28 and27, or may be delivered by the closing of the valves 27 and 28 and the opening of the valve 29 to a reservoir, or other point of distribution not illustrated.
  • a pipe 30 has a series of branches 31, 32 and 33 communicating with the chamber 8 at different levels and controlled, respectively, by valves 34, 35 and 36 for enabling decanting of the heavier fluids from the chamber 8.
  • the pipe 30 communicates with a pipe line 37 which in turn communicates with the pipe line 5.
  • the pipe line 37 is provided with valves 38, 39 and 40, while pipe line 5 is controlled by a valve l1 between the point of communication with pipe line 37 and the source of supply 6.
  • the heavier fluids withdrawn through the pipe 3() may be circulated through the coil 2 with or without a
  • the said fluid is at times directed ing reservoir 17.
  • a discharge 18 communi-L55 ico ⁇ as above stated, progresses.
  • the bottom of the chamber 8 is provided with a residuum discharge pipe 42, valved at 43, and, if desired, the said pipe 42 is connected to return the heavier fluids to the coil 2 by appropriate piping, instead of the use of the pipe 30 and its connections.
  • the fluid is pumped initially from tank 6 through the heating coil and throughpipes 7 ⁇ and 11, chamber 8, pipes 30, 40, and 5, pump 4, and again through the circuit until the iiuid is raised to a temperature ranging from 750 to 900o F., or thereabouts.
  • the hot fluid entering the chamber 8 cracks as the pressure is relaxed incident to expansion in the chamber and vapors therefrom ascend to the dephlegmator while the heavier liquids thereof percolate down through the solids of column 10, and effect coking and cracking thereof sothat vapors from said solids rise and mingle with thevapors ascending to the dephlegmator.
  • the valve or exit 35 is opened and the decanting continues therethrough until the coking process reaches the level sufficient to block the exit 35, whereupon the exit 36 is opened, and, when the coking process reaches the point for blocking the exit 35, the delivery of Huid to the chamber 8 can be discontinued and the coke removed therefrom. A fresh supply of solid fuel is then delivered and the operation repeated.
  • the pipe line 7 may be branched and a second chamber identical to chamber 8 connected in the system for use while the first chamber 8 is being cleaned out.
  • top and bottom man-holes are preferably provided and supplied with removable sealed heads of well known or appropriate construction, and support 9 is arranged to be removably sustained in chamber 8.
  • the heart of pine trees may be the solid fuel and crude turpentine the fluid.
  • the entire plant will be protected by such gauges and temperature indicating apparatus as are commonly employed for this purpose.
  • the chamber 8 and the dephlegmator 13 will be provided with pyrometers or other temperature indicating apparatus to insure maintenance thereof within the allowable ranges.
  • the vapors on ⁇ reaching the dephlegmator 13 are subjected to a cooling, and
  • dephleginatorV I carbon liquid to cracking temperature while sufficiently cool cool oil may be delivered to lower portions thereof, or any other well be utilized for preservknown method may ing the requisite temperature of the dephlegmator.
  • the dephlegmator 13, the condenser l5, and the reservoir 17 with cooperating parts are duplicated in many of the cracking and distilling plants in use to-day, and I propose to utilize the most approved methods of practicing the industrial art insofar as these structures are concerned. It

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

Description

April 11, 1933. R ARTER 1,903,749
ART OF CRACKING AND DISTILLING FUELS Filed Feb. 13, 1926 711:5 ation/w43 Patented Apr. 11, 1933 RUSSELL CARTER, F WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA .ART CRACKING- AND DISTILLNG FUELS Application. led February 13, 1926.
Among the salient objects in view are the recove-ry of initially blended distillates of a plurality of fuels; the utilization of the heat employed for cracking one fuel as a source of heat supplyv for cracking another fuel; the cracking of a plurality of fuels in the presence of'e-ach other, and the recovery of segregated higher values from initially combined lower values.
CTI
1With these and other objects in view as 'will in part hereinafter become apparent and in part be stated, the inventions comprise a process and apparatus well adapted for carrying out the process whereby such objects are attained in themost facile manner.
In the accompanying drawing, the figure is a diagrammatic showing partly in section of a plant well adapted for carrying` out the improved art and comprehending an embodiment of the structural features of the present inventions. Y
Referring to the drawing by numerals, 1 Vindicates a furnace, which may be electrical, gas, or other heat supplying apparatus, which is shown as provided with the usual crackingcoil 2. The coil 2 may be of special construction according to the specific character of the furnace 1. A pipe line 3 supplies fluid hydrocarbon fuel to the coil 2, and said fluid is delivered to the pipe 3 by an appropriate pump 4 taking its 4supply from a pipe line 5 communicating with an appropriate source of supply 6. A pipe 7 leads from the discharge-end of coil 2 and discharges into the upper end of a cracking or percolating chamber 8. Arranged preferably centrally of the chamber 8 and spaced from the surrounding walls thereof is a support or container 9 for solid fuel indicated at 10. The container 9 is foraminous and may be simply an open framework, its chief function being to maintain the fuel 10 in place in substantially the form of a column within the chamber 8. A discharge nozzle 11 delivers the supply from pipe 7 to a point above the column of fuel 10, so that the hot oil is discharged down upon said column during operation. A vapor line 12 leads from an upper point of chamber 8 to a cooling and settling tank 13 commonly designated a dephlegmator Serial No. 88,100.
in the art. Leading from the upper end of the dephlegmator 13 is a vapor discharge pipe 14 which extends to a condenser 15, and the latter communicates by a pipe 16 to a receivcates with the upper portion of reservoir 17 for leading orf the incondensable gases, which may be utilized as the fuel for the furnace 1, or otherwise disposed of as desired. A valve 19 controls the discharge through pipe 18. A pressure gauge preferably communicates with the upper portion of reservoir 17 for indicating to the operator the need of adjustment of the valve 19. At a lower part of the reservoir 17 a discharge pipe 21 communicates therewith lfor tliedelivery of the distillate, which, when hydrocarbon fuels are being treated, is a gasoline of distinct antiknock properties. A valve 22 controls the discharge through pipe 21. A residual drainoff pipe 23 communicates with the bottom of reservoir 17 and is controlled by a valve 24C.
The heavier substances which fall to the bottom of the dephlegmat-or 13 vare drained, therefrom through a reflux leg 25A communicating with a pipe line 26, which in turn communicates with the pipe line 3. Appropriate valves 27, 28 and 29 control the direction of the fluid discharged through the pipe 25. back through the circulating system by the closing of the valve 29, and the openings of the valves 28 and27, or may be delivered by the closing of the valves 27 and 28 and the opening of the valve 29 to a reservoir, or other point of distribution not illustrated.
A pipe 30 has a series of branches 31, 32 and 33 communicating with the chamber 8 at different levels and controlled, respectively, by valves 34, 35 and 36 for enabling decanting of the heavier fluids from the chamber 8. The pipe 30 communicates with a pipe line 37 which in turn communicates with the pipe line 5. The pipe line 37 is provided with valves 38, 39 and 40, while pipe line 5 is controlled by a valve l1 between the point of communication with pipe line 37 and the source of supply 6. Thus, the heavier fluids withdrawn through the pipe 3() may be circulated through the coil 2 with or without a The said fluid is at times directed ing reservoir 17. A discharge 18 communi-L55 ico `as above stated, progresses.
supplemental supply from the tank 6, or with any proportions desired. The bottom of the chamber 8 is provided with a residuum discharge pipe 42, valved at 43, and, if desired, the said pipe 42 is connected to return the heavier fluids to the coil 2 by appropriate piping, instead of the use of the pipe 30 and its connections.
It should be understood that while I have referred to the fuel 1() as solid, and have in mind coal as an especially appropriate illustrative example, and while for similar example I shall refer to petroleum or its products as the fluid supplied from tank 6, the inventions comprehend the use of a plu- 4rality of any fuels or materials adapted to be conjointly cracked or distilled, and effect the delivery of a distillate in which the blending affords an improved commercial product.
The specific operation of the plant as illusltrated diagrammatically in the accompanying drawing, when utilizing petroleum and coal for example, will be obvious and may be briefly stated as follows:
The fluid is pumped initially from tank 6 through the heating coil and throughpipes 7 `and 11, chamber 8, pipes 30, 40, and 5, pump 4, and again through the circuit until the iiuid is raised to a temperature ranging from 750 to 900o F., or thereabouts. After the plant has been on stream until such temperature is attained by the oil, the hot fluid entering the chamber 8 cracks as the pressure is relaxed incident to expansion in the chamber and vapors therefrom ascend to the dephlegmator while the heavier liquids thereof percolate down through the solids of column 10, and effect coking and cracking thereof sothat vapors from said solids rise and mingle with thevapors ascending to the dephlegmator. The relatively high degree of temperature necessary for this result will probably not be reached until the duid has circulated through the system several times. That is to say, the oil pumped through the heating coil is discharged into the chamber 8 at the beginning of operations while insufficiently heated for cracking and is drawn ofi' through pipe 30 and returned to the pump until the requisite high temperature is attained, and thereafter the cracking operation,
- lt will be understood, of course, that the moisture meanwhile will have been driven off and collected at the bottom of the reservoir 17 from which it is drained through the pipe 23. The cracking operation continues until the fuel of column 10 and the heavier substances; of the liquid from the heating coil coke. As the plant continues on stream, the liquid residuum becomes less in quantity, and the hard coke-like material increases in quantity and accumulates in the bottom portion of the percolating chamber 8 together with the coke which is formed by the distillation of the solid fuel 10. The coking action in chamber 8 continues upward until the exit 34 is blocked, it being the preferable practice t0 have the exits 35 and 36 closed as long as exit 34 is usable. Vhen the exit 34 has been blocked by the coking process, the valve or exit 35 is opened and the decanting continues therethrough until the coking process reaches the level sufficient to block the exit 35, whereupon the exit 36 is opened, and, when the coking process reaches the point for blocking the exit 35, the delivery of Huid to the chamber 8 can be discontinued and the coke removed therefrom. A fresh supply of solid fuel is then delivered and the operation repeated. For convenience, in avoiding loss of time incident to the shutting down of the plant, the pipe line 7 may be branched and a second chamber identical to chamber 8 connected in the system for use while the first chamber 8 is being cleaned out. To facilitate the cleaning out of the chamber 8, top and bottom man-holes, as shown, are preferably provided and supplied with removable sealed heads of well known or appropriate construction, and support 9 is arranged to be removably sustained in chamber 8.
While l have referred to the hydrocarbon group of fluids as petroleum, I preferably use gas oil of from thirty-four to thirty-six gravity for a charging stock, and the coal utilized is preferably, but not necessarily, a good low temperature coking coal, that is, high grade bituminous. This is not stated in limitation but for illustration only, since it is entirely possible to obtain by these inventions valuable results when wood or other solid fuels are utilized, and when other fluids are employed. The heart of pine trees may be the solid fuel and crude turpentine the fluid.
When utilizing gas oil and coal, the combined vapors rising to the dephlegmator of the lighter values produce a benzol blended gasoline distillate of especially effective anti-knock properties.
It will be understood, of course, that the entire plant will be protected by such gauges and temperature indicating apparatus as are commonly employed for this purpose. For instance, the chamber 8 and the dephlegmator 13 will be provided with pyrometers or other temperature indicating apparatus to insure maintenance thereof within the allowable ranges. The vapors on` reaching the dephlegmator 13 are subiected to a cooling, and
temperatures andto keep the dephleginatorV I carbon liquid to cracking temperature while sufficiently cool, cool oil may be delivered to lower portions thereof, or any other well be utilized for preservknown method may ing the requisite temperature of the dephlegmator. In fact, the dephlegmator 13, the condenser l5, and the reservoir 17 with cooperating parts are duplicated in many of the cracking and distilling plants in use to-day, and I propose to utilize the most approved methods of practicing the industrial art insofar as these structures are concerned. It
will be observed also that while the higher pressure of the coil 2 and line 7 is relaxed for the cracking operation within chamber 8, the entire system may be retained under pressure incident to regulation of the valve It is to be observed that by the utilization of the present inventions I am able to obtain from a plurality of inferior products a plurality of superior products. For example, when using petroleum and bituminous coal, the residuum of the petroleum and the coke of the coal combine and form coke well adapted for use as a domestic fuel. The superiority of the gasoline in the blending of benzol with gasoline distillate a'ords a motor fuel of well recognized superior quality now extensively known for its anti-knock properties.
What is claimed is l. In the art of recovering values from hydrocarbon containing solids, raising hydrocarbon liquid to cracking temperature while preventing cracking thereof, passing the thus heated liquid into heat transference Contact with hydrocarbon solids capable of destructive distillation, and recycling past the heatsource and back to the presence of the solids unvolatilized portions of the liquid from which lighter volatile portions have been released, and heating the said liquid while passing the heat source and delivering heat from the said liquid to the solidsl While in the presence of the solids until the heat balances in the solids are built up sufhciently and the solids are thereby raised to distillation temperature, and thereby causing distillation of the hydrocarbon solids, and recovering the resulting mingled vapors.
v2. In the art of recovering values from hydrocarbon containing solids, raising hydrocarbon liquid free from solids to a cracking temperature while preventing cracking thereof, cracking the liquid in heat transference contact with hydrocarbon solids capable of destructive distillation, and recycling past the heat source and back to the presence of the solids unvolatilized portions of the liquid from which lighter volatile portions have been released, and imparting sufiicient heat from the liquid to the solids Ato distill the latterl as Ithe liquid is cracking.
3. In the art of recovering values from hy- 'drocarbon containing solids, raising hydropreventing cracking thereof, bringing the Vheated liquid into heat transference Contact -with hydrocarbon solids capable of destructive distillation, preventing the liquid from vaporizing until in the-presence'of the solids,
transferring heat from the liquid and itsvapors to the solids, and recycling past the heat source and back to the presence of the solids:A
unvolatilized portions of thevliquid from which lighter volatile portionshave been released, and thereby causing distillation of the solids.
4. In the art of recovering' values froml hydrocarbon containing solids, liowing hydrocarbon liquid in a circuit past a heat source and past and into heat transference contact with hydrocarbon solids capable of destructive distillation, the liquid remaining uncrackedat the place of and whilereceiving heat from the heat source, and recycling past thel heat source and back to the Vpresence of the solids unvolatilized portions of the liquid from which lighter volatile portions have been released until the liquid imparts distillation temperature tothe solids.
5. The art 'as claimed .in claim t characterized by the liquid being confined against vaporization at the place of and whilere ceiving heat from vthe heat source.
. 6. In the art of recovering values from hydrocarbon containing solids, raising hydrocarbon liquid to cracking temperature while preventing the liquid from cracking, passing the heated liquid into heat transference contact with hydrocarbon solids capable of destructive distillation, recycling from contact with said solids through the temperature raising step unvolatized portions of the liq-"J uid from which lighter volatile portions have been released, and returning said liquid to heat transference contact with said solids and thereby causing the volatiles contained in said solids to be raised to cracking temperature, and recovering the resulting vapors.
7. In the art of recovering values from hydrocarbon containing solids, raising the teinperature of hydrocarbon material while preventino said material from crackin@ assin the heated material into an expansion area and allowing expansion thereof into heat transference contact with hydrocarbon containing solids, recycling from the expansion area through the temperature raising step and back to the expansion area unvolatilized portions of the liquid from which lighter volatile portions have been released until cracking temperature of liquid fractions of the solids is attained, recovering hydrocarbon vapors from the expansion area, and continuing recycling from the expansion area past the temperature raising step and back to the expansion area.
8. In the art of recovering values from hydrocarbon containing solids, raising hydrocarbon liquid to cracking temperature while preventing the liquid from cracking, passing the heated liquid into an eXpansion area, recovering hydrocarbon vapors from the expansion area, and recycling from the expansion area through the temperature raising step unvolatilized portions of the liquid from which lighter volatile portions have been rel0 leased and returning said liquid to the expansion area.
9. The art ofrecovering values from hydrocarbon containing solids as claimed in claim 1 with the further step of recycling f 15 liquid fractions released from the solids past the said heating source and in heat transference contact with the solids for aiding in building up and maintaining the distillation heat balances in the solids.
i 20 10. The art of recovering valuesfrom hydrocarbon heat transference as claimed in claim l wherein the solids are retained stationary during the treatment.
11. The art of recovering Values from hyi 25 drocarbon heat transference as claimed in claim 1 with the further .step of recycling liquid fractions released from the solids past the said heating source and in heat transference contact with the solids for aiding in 00 building up and maintaining the distillation heat balances in the solids, and cracking the liquid fractions released from the solids in the presence of the remaining solids.
In testimony whereof I aiX my signature.
I" .35 RUSSELL CARTER.
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2487788A (en) * 1945-09-05 1949-11-15 Us Interior Processing oil shale
US2489700A (en) * 1945-08-04 1949-11-29 Clarence H Dragert Recovery of values from rock asphalt and like material

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2489700A (en) * 1945-08-04 1949-11-29 Clarence H Dragert Recovery of values from rock asphalt and like material
US2487788A (en) * 1945-09-05 1949-11-15 Us Interior Processing oil shale

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