US1891039A - Radiant heat apparatus - Google Patents
Radiant heat apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1891039A US1891039A US411194A US41119429A US1891039A US 1891039 A US1891039 A US 1891039A US 411194 A US411194 A US 411194A US 41119429 A US41119429 A US 41119429A US 1891039 A US1891039 A US 1891039A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- thermopile
- reflector
- junctions
- line
- foci
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001006 Constantan Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002160 Celluloid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000183024 Populus tremula Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001620634 Roger Species 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000002925 dental caries Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940020445 flector Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052949 galena Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Pb]=S XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010956 nickel silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/10—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors
- G01J5/12—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors using thermoelectric elements, e.g. thermocouples
Definitions
- the principalobject of this invention is to provide a simple instrument for use in studying radiant energy in the visible and infra red spectra, and, in general, of heat radiation,
- thermopile including a plurality of couples and a reflector which collects and concentrates heat on the-hot junctions of the thermopile.
- thermopile generally indicated by A
- B a collecting reflector and casing
- G a galvanometer
- the thermopile may, of course, he made of a variety of metals selected from the thermoelectric series, and also-alloys of metals in that series. and some of the metallic sulphides. such as galena. From this list it will be sufficient to mention iron, constantan, bis- 'muth, nickel, German silver, lead, platinum,
- the thermopile is composed of a plurality ofv strips 10 and 11, of iron and constantan;respectively, having the ends overlapping andsp'ot welded at 12 innumbers suflicient tofform approximatelyBS hot and cold junctions.
- Such/a thermopile will develop about 50-inicrovolts 7 per degree of-temp'erature' difference for each couple; thus the total M. F. developed per degree is of the order of 2 millivolts.
- the current perdegre'e'elevation of temperature of the hot junctions is in the neighborhood of 32 microamperes.
- the galvanometer mentioned is sensitive enough to indicate .0004 of this current, hence atemperature elevation of the thotf junctions of around .0004 degrees centigrade will be. discernible.'
- the end strips I ofipthe thermopile are equipped with lead wires-13, for connection with binding posts 14 Y
- the reflector and casing is composed of two similar aluminium die castings 15 and 16, 'securedtogether by bolts 17 passing through flanges 18.
- the reflecting surface 19 is, for the want of a better term, called cylindro-parabolic, because in this preferred form it is conceived as a'surface generated by a right line moving parallel to itself along a parabolic path,
- this cylindro-parabolic form is notindispensable, for theoretically, at least, a surface in which a transverse section would be curved, or in which the focal points would be on a curve, would also'be suitable.
- the castings 15 and 16 Adjacent to the right end and externally of the reflecting surface 19, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. the castings 15 and 16 are cored out to form a cavity 21, which communicates with the horn-like aperture bounded by the reflecting surface and side walls through a narrow slot 22 in which the thermopile is clamped.
- thermopile The strips 10 and 11 forming the thermopile are held in a frame made of two celluloid strips 23, corresponding surfaces of which have been softened by treating them -.with a solvent such as acetone or ether, and
- thermopile a stability not inherent in the fine strips, and provides a convenient surface for'clamping between the separate-castings to hold the hot junctions in properrelation to the ..:foc al line.
- Y I The cavity 21,? when rthe'ireflector made of aluminum: unli ed. with: aluminum, or
- thermopile some metal having'a likehigh'degree of conductivity, serves theimpoiftant'i function of protecting the 'tcold; junctions from undesired thermal influences, But though the deadair space within the cavityintroduces a "thermal lag before temperature changes in the reflector canaflect the cold junctions, and is a convenience in making electrical connections to the thermopile,.itj-iollows that the cavity may be omitted and-the entire thermopile with the exception of the exposed hot junctions. may. be 'rigidly .clamped between the two halves of the reflector.
- q g v The lower casting 16 is equipped with a handle 24, by which the instrument maybe handled or clamped to a suitably fixed support in the laboratory.
- thermopile The construction of the thermopileand its mounting arrangements follow sound physical principles of design.
- the thermopile itself hassmall thermal capacity and smallv heat conductivity away from the junctions.
- the hot junctions are desirablyblackened tire area are so concentrated that the net intensification, with losses for absorption deducted, is about twenty times.
- Theactual temperature of the cold junctions can if. necessary be determined, but in ordinary-use they are assumed to he at room temperature.
- Aluminum alloys in common use are espe cially suited for use in the casing because they lend themselvcs'to die casting. present an eflicient reflecting surface and have apmaterials,"including copper, cuprous alloys,
- casing including a reflector composed of many like conic sections with their foci in line, a cavity spaced from the reflector and connected with it by a narrow slot, and a thermopile composed'of a plurality of couples mounted in the slot with their hot junctions in line with the foci and their cold junctions in the cavity.
- a device sensitive to radiant heat comprising a reflector having a multiplicity of foci arranged in a line, a thermopile having itshot junctions arranged to occupy the line of the foci and having its cold junctions located behind the reflecting surface and in thermal relation to the body of the reflector.
- a device sensitive to radiant energy comprising a split cylindro-parabolic reflector having clamping faces located at the vertices of the parabolas, a thermopile having its hot junctions occupying the line of the foci at the parabolas clamped between the two parts of the reflector and having its cold junctions in thermal relation to the clamping faces.
- a heat concentrating casing for radiant heat apparatus having a cavity in which the opposedwalls are substantially straight in" normal to the planes of said longitudinal sections, and means associated with the casing,
- thermopile adapted to support a thermopile with its hot junctions coincident with the line focus of the parabolic sections. and an extensionin the rear part of the casing having. a separate w cavity adapted to house the cold junctions of the thermopile.
- a re flector having a reflecting surface in which parallel sections are parabolas having foci in a line and a thermo-counle, the hot junctions of which are coincident with said line and the cold junctions of which are located externally of said reflecting surface in thermal relation to the bodv of the reflector and out of line of the heat rays falling on said reflecting surface.
- a casing including a reflector having a reflecting surfacecomnosed of manv like conic sections with their foci in a line and a thermocouple composed of a plurality of couples having memes
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Radiation Pyrometers (AREA)
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
Description
R. BARTON RADIANT HEAT APPAR ATUS Filed Dec: 2, 1929 Patented Dec. 13, 1932 rarest caries ROGER BARTON, OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS RADIANT amt APPARATUS Application filed December 2, 1929. Serial No. 411,194. v i
The principalobject of this invention is to provide a simple instrument for use in studying radiant energy in the visible and infra red spectra, and, in general, of heat radiation,
which objectis admirably accomplished by the combination of a thermopile including a plurality of couples and a reflector which collects and concentrates heat on the-hot junctions of the thermopile.
vention will be revealed as'the description'is read in connection with the accompanying drawing illustrating thepreferred emb0di-- the correspondingly specific description, is to.
. V be taken in a limiting sense, for they are used for the purpose of disclosure only, and it is intended that the substanceof the invention shall be covered by the appended claims irrespective of the particular disclosure, I
The apparatus illustrated in Fig. 1 includes a thermopile, generally indicated by A, a collecting reflector and casing, generally indicated by B, and a galvanometer, generally indicated by G. The thermopile may, of course, he made of a variety of metals selected from the thermoelectric series, and also-alloys of metals in that series. and some of the metallic sulphides. such as galena. From this list it will be sufficient to mention iron, constantan, bis- 'muth, nickel, German silver, lead, platinum,
copper, zinc, antimony, tellurium and selenium. The relative merits of these various substances are well known. and the selection of any two will be based upon the particular 45 object that may be attained by the peculiarities of a. couple made of them.
speaking, No. wire. or the equivalent in strips, willbe found satisfactory in an estimate of the general nature illustrated in the drawing.
Further objects and advantages of theini line normal to the Generally Preferably,'and as illustrated, the thermopile is composed of a plurality ofv strips 10 and 11, of iron and constantan;respectively, having the ends overlapping andsp'ot welded at 12 innumbers suflicient tofform approximatelyBS hot and cold junctions. Such/a thermopile will develop about 50-inicrovolts 7 per degree of-temp'erature' difference for each couple; thus the total M. F. developed per degree is of the order of 2 millivolts. On; the assumptionthat the resistance is of the order of 30 ohms, and that the galvanometerf has approximately the same resistance, the current perdegre'e'elevation of temperature of the hot junctions is in the neighborhood of 32 microamperes. The galvanometer mentioned is sensitive enough to indicate .0004 of this current, hence atemperature elevation of the thotf junctions of around .0004 degrees centigrade will be. discernible.'
The end strips I ofipthe thermopile are equipped with lead wires-13, for connection with binding posts 14 Y The reflector and casing is composed of two similar aluminium die castings 15 and 16, 'securedtogether by bolts 17 passing through flanges 18.
' The reflecting surface 19 is, for the want of a better term, called cylindro-parabolic, because in this preferred form it is conceived as a'surface generated by a right line moving parallel to itself along a parabolic path,
whereby the foci of the reflecting surface are in a right line 20, in which the hot junctions of the thermopile A may be located. 0
Another way of viewing the reflecting surface is such that all sections parallel to that shown in Fig. 2 are parabolas with foci in a plane in which the section is taken.
However, this cylindro-parabolic form is notindispensable, for theoretically, at least, a surface in which a transverse section would be curved, or in which the focal points would be on a curve, would also'be suitable.
Adjacent to the right end and externally of the reflecting surface 19, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. the castings 15 and 16 are cored out to form a cavity 21, which communicates with the horn-like aperture bounded by the reflecting surface and side walls through a narrow slot 22 in which the thermopile is clamped.
The strips 10 and 11 forming the thermopile are held in a frame made of two celluloid strips 23, corresponding surfaces of which have been softened by treating them -.with a solvent such as acetone or ether, and
then pressed together against opposite sides of the thermopile. This gives the thermopile a stability not inherent in the fine strips, and provides a convenient surface for'clamping between the separate-castings to hold the hot junctions in properrelation to the ..:foc al line. Y I I The cavity 21,? when rthe'ireflector made of aluminum: unli ed. with: aluminum, or
v some metal having'a likehigh'degree of conductivity, serves theimpoiftant'i function of protecting the 'tcold; junctions from undesired thermal influences, But though the deadair space within the cavityintroduces a "thermal lag before temperature changes in the reflector canaflect the cold junctions, and is a convenience in making electrical connections to the thermopile,.itj-iollows that the cavity may be omitted and-the entire thermopile with the exception of the exposed hot junctions. may. be 'rigidly .clamped between the two halves of the reflector. q g v The lower casting 16 is equipped with a handle 24, by which the instrument maybe handled or clamped to a suitably fixed support in the laboratory.
The construction of the thermopileand its mounting arrangements follow sound physical principles of design. The thermopile itself hassmall thermal capacity and smallv heat conductivity away from the junctions.
' The hot junctions are desirablyblackened tire area are so concentrated that the net intensification, with losses for absorption deducted, is about twenty times. Theactual temperature of the cold junctions can if. necessary be determined, but in ordinary-use they are assumed to he at room temperature.
The thermal capacity of the reflector 1s so great that no significant change in tempera-. ture will take place while any ordinary ob? servation is being made. y
Aluminum alloys in common use are espe cially suited for use in the casing because they lend themselvcs'to die casting. present an eflicient reflecting surface and have apmaterials,"including copper, cuprous alloys,
propriate conductivity; but a variety of other i and the non-corrosive ferrous alloys,.are obolas having foci in line, said reflector hav-- ing a narrow slot adjacent to the foci, and a thermopile including a. plurality of fhot. points mounted in said slot.
2. In a device of the class described, 9. casing including a reflector composed of many like conic sections with their foci in line, a cavity spaced from the reflector and connected with it by a narrow slot, and a thermopile composed'of a plurality of couples mounted in the slot with their hot junctions in line with the foci and their cold junctions in the cavity. Y
3. A device sensitive to radiant heat comprising a reflector having a multiplicity of foci arranged in a line, a thermopile having itshot junctions arranged to occupy the line of the foci and having its cold junctions located behind the reflecting surface and in thermal relation to the body of the reflector.
4., A device sensitive to radiant energy comprising a split cylindro-parabolic reflector having clamping faces located at the vertices of the parabolas, a thermopile having its hot junctions occupying the line of the foci at the parabolas clamped between the two parts of the reflector and having its cold junctions in thermal relation to the clamping faces. 4
. 5. A heat concentrating casing for radiant heat apparatushaving a cavity in which the opposedwalls are substantially straight in" normal to the planes of said longitudinal sections, and means associated with the casing,
adapted to support a thermopile with its hot junctions coincident with the line focus of the parabolic sections. and an extensionin the rear part of the casing having. a separate w cavity adapted to house the cold junctions of the thermopile.
6. In a device of the class described, a re flector having a reflecting surface in which parallel sections are parabolas having foci in a line and a thermo-counle, the hot junctions of which are coincident with said line and the cold junctions of which are located externally of said reflecting surface in thermal relation to the bodv of the reflector and out of line of the heat rays falling on said reflecting surface.
7'.- In a device of the class described. a casing including a reflector having a reflecting surfacecomnosed of manv like conic sections with their foci in a line and a thermocouple composed of a plurality of couples having memes
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US411194A US1891039A (en) | 1929-12-02 | 1929-12-02 | Radiant heat apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US411194A US1891039A (en) | 1929-12-02 | 1929-12-02 | Radiant heat apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1891039A true US1891039A (en) | 1932-12-13 |
Family
ID=23627961
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US411194A Expired - Lifetime US1891039A (en) | 1929-12-02 | 1929-12-02 | Radiant heat apparatus |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1891039A (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2432145A (en) * | 1941-12-16 | 1947-12-09 | American District Telegraph Co | Fire detector of the thermocouple type |
| US2441672A (en) * | 1942-07-21 | 1948-05-18 | Gen Controis Co | Thermopile for furnace control |
| US2579994A (en) * | 1945-02-03 | 1951-12-25 | Walter H Zinn | Neutron density indicator device |
| US2643326A (en) * | 1948-12-20 | 1953-06-23 | Knapp Machine Corp | Illuminating device for graphic layout tables |
| US2666089A (en) * | 1951-06-01 | 1954-01-12 | Univ California | Hemispherical radiometer sensing unit |
| US2690078A (en) * | 1950-02-07 | 1954-09-28 | Leeds & Northrup Co | Radiation temperature measurement |
| US3094001A (en) * | 1960-02-16 | 1963-06-18 | Perkin Elmer Corp | Radiation pyrometer |
| US6406179B2 (en) * | 1998-02-20 | 2002-06-18 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Sensor for measuring a substrate temperature |
| US20120235041A1 (en) * | 2011-03-16 | 2012-09-20 | Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc | Absolute cavity pyrgeometer |
-
1929
- 1929-12-02 US US411194A patent/US1891039A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2432145A (en) * | 1941-12-16 | 1947-12-09 | American District Telegraph Co | Fire detector of the thermocouple type |
| US2441672A (en) * | 1942-07-21 | 1948-05-18 | Gen Controis Co | Thermopile for furnace control |
| US2579994A (en) * | 1945-02-03 | 1951-12-25 | Walter H Zinn | Neutron density indicator device |
| US2643326A (en) * | 1948-12-20 | 1953-06-23 | Knapp Machine Corp | Illuminating device for graphic layout tables |
| US2690078A (en) * | 1950-02-07 | 1954-09-28 | Leeds & Northrup Co | Radiation temperature measurement |
| US2666089A (en) * | 1951-06-01 | 1954-01-12 | Univ California | Hemispherical radiometer sensing unit |
| US3094001A (en) * | 1960-02-16 | 1963-06-18 | Perkin Elmer Corp | Radiation pyrometer |
| US6406179B2 (en) * | 1998-02-20 | 2002-06-18 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Sensor for measuring a substrate temperature |
| US20120235041A1 (en) * | 2011-03-16 | 2012-09-20 | Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc | Absolute cavity pyrgeometer |
| US8569701B2 (en) * | 2011-03-16 | 2013-10-29 | Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc | Absolute cavity pyrgeometer |
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