US17389A - Improvement in the manufacture of iron and steel - Google Patents
Improvement in the manufacture of iron and steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US17389A US17389A US17389DA US17389A US 17389 A US17389 A US 17389A US 17389D A US17389D A US 17389DA US 17389 A US17389 A US 17389A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- iron
- purified
- cast
- steel
- compound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 134
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 68
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 18
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 42
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 30
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 12
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910001296 Malleable iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000914 Mn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000499 pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001301 Spiegeleisen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001037 White iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000754 Wrought iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001413 cellular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003467 diminishing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory Effects 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/0025—Adding carbon material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S292/00—Closure fasteners
- Y10S292/07—Disc cam; also swinging windows, locking and operating means
Definitions
- ROBERT MUSHET OF OOLEFORD, ENGLAND.
- ⁇ Vhen cast-iron has been purified or decarbonized by the action of air blown or forced into, through, or amongst its particles while it is in a molten or fluid state, it has been found that although the cast-iron is thereby nearly, it not wholly, decarbonized and purified from silicon or its oxide and some other matters, yet, nevertheless, it is difficult to convert it into iron or steel, and the ingots, articles, or pieces formed by pouring this purified iron into suitable molds, in some instances, prove to be incapable of extension by hammering or rolling at any temperature.
- 1 For the purpose of remedying these defects in cast-iron purified by the action of a blast of air, and to convert it into malleable iron or steel, 1 add and combine with such purified iron, while in a melted state, a triple compound or material consisting of or containing iron, manganese, and carbon; and I vary or regulate the quantity or proportion of such triple compound or material for the purpose of obtaining one or other of those products-viz., malleable iron or steel.
- the triple compound To the purified cast'iron, when it has become wholly decarbonized, or nearly so, by the action of air forced into it or among its particles, and while it is in a molten or fluid state, I add the triple compound, so that it may be mixed, al1oyed,or incorporated with the fluid purified iron; and this admixture I effect in any suitable furnace, vessel, or ladle, and then pour the mixtureinto suitable molds in any usual or convenient manner for producing castings, articles, ingots, or pieces of the desired forms or shapes.
- the proportion of the triple compound to be added to the purified cast-iron may be varied as circumstances may require-that is to say, according to the nature of the purified iron, the nature of the material containing iron, carbon, and manganese, and the effect intended to be produced.
- To convert the decarbonized purified castiron into semi-steel I employ from about one thirty-third to about one-twentieth, in part, by weight, of the compound-that is to say, from about three to five per centum-and I use from about one-twentieth to about one-fifth part, by weight-that is to say, from about five to twenty per centum of the compound-when it is intended to convert the purified cast-iron into soft, medium, or hard steel. It will thus be understood that the softness or hardness of the steel may be regulated by diminishing or increasingthe quantity orproportion of the triple compound added to the purified decarbonized cast-iron.
- the triple compound, or the material containing iron, carbon, and manganesep may be conveniently and economically prepared by smelting into pi g-iron or cast-iron metal in the blast-furnace, with either coke, coal, or charcoal fuel, such sparry carbonates of iron termed spathose iron ores, or such other ores of iron as contain besides iron a considerable quantity of manganese; and I prefer to use the white crystalline cast-iron metal thus obtained, and known in Prussia as apteisen, for this white cast-iron metal, while it contains a large alloy of manganese, is more free from sulphur, phosphorus, and silicon than the gray pig-iron obtained from smelting spathose manganesic iron ores; and I prefer to use such varieties of this whitecrystalline cast-iron metal as are found to contain a large alloy of manganese. Nevertheless, such triple compound or material of or containing iron, carbon, and manganese maybe produced in any other manner which may be found to be convenient and economical.
- the vessel or furnace in which the cast-iron is decarbonized by forcing airinto it while in a molten state-d tap it oft and allow it to flowinto a heated furnace, vessel, or ladle containing the requisite proportion of the triple compound, already heated or reduced to a molten or fluid state.
- the purified iron,t'alling into the furnace orvessel containing the fluid triple compound will become mixed and incorporated therewith, and the resulting mixtureis then to be poured into molds in any usual or convenient mannerfor producing castings, articles, ingots, or pieces of the desired sizes, forms, and shapes; or the purified iron may be tapped into a heated furnace, vessel, or ladle, and the fluid triple compound poured upon it or into it; or the purified iron and the fluid triple compound or material may be poured into the heated furnace, vessel, or ladle simultaneously.
- the triple compound of or containing iron, carbon, and manganese may be heated and rendered fluid in any convenientmanner, either in a crucible or in an air-furnace, a reverberatory furnace, or, in a common cupola melting-furnace, or otherwise; but when applying it in a heated state I prefer heating it when excluded as much as possible from contact with sulphury coke or other sulphury t'uel.
- the mixture of the triple compound with the purified iron is to be effected in ladles
- I use either fire-clay or black-lead crucibles for ladles, heated to a red or white heat, and held in a pair of pouring-tongs with double handles or otherwise, so that the heated crucibles containing the proper quantity of heated fluid compound may be held under the end of the spout or gutter, along which the purified iron flows from the purifying-vessel, and falling may be used, the interior of these ladles being vremelted, and I avoid as much as possibleany repeated rem'eltings of it. It may sometimes be necessary to accelerate the, mixture of the triple compound or material with the purified iron when combined in the same vessel, and
- this may be done or promoted by stirring the fluid mass with an iron rabble, or preferably by introducing strips of well-dried wood and thrusting them down to the bottom of the metal, by which means a strong ebullition is at once excited.
- triple compound or mate 1 rial of or containing iron, carbon, and manganese when heated so as to be in a molten or fluid state to cast-iron purified by air, nevertheless such triple compound or material may when heated, but not to such an extent as to become fluid, be added to the melted purified iron, or it may be added without having received a preparatory heating. In either of these cases it will be desirable to reduce the compound to small particles byany well-known granulating or pulverizing process, as in that its mixture with the molten metal will be greatly facilitated.
Description
UNITED STATES PATENT OEEIcE.
ROBERT MUSHET, OF OOLEFORD, ENGLAND.
IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL.
Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 17,389. dated May 26, 1857.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, ROBERT MUSHET, of Ooleford, in the county of Gloucester, metallurgist, a subject of the Queen ofGreat Britain, have invented Improvements in the Manufacture of Iron and Steel; and Ido hereby declare that the following is a full and exact description of my said invention.
\Vhen cast-iron has been purified or decarbonized by the action of air blown or forced into, through, or amongst its particles while it is in a molten or fluid state, it has been found that although the cast-iron is thereby nearly, it not wholly, decarbonized and purified from silicon or its oxide and some other matters, yet, nevertheless, it is difficult to convert it into iron or steel, and the ingots, articles, or pieces formed by pouring this purified iron into suitable molds, in some instances, prove to be incapable of extension by hammering or rolling at any temperature. In other instances they maybe extended into bars .by hammerin g or rolling; but the bars thus produced frequently have cracks or flaws along their edges, which unfit them for manufacturing purposes; and in other instances, though ingots of such purified iron may be extended by hammering or rolling into tolerably sound bars capable of being welded together, yet these bars are often found to be what is termed red-short or hot-short. They are also often characterized by being, when cold, ofa crystalline nature, and neither granular nor fibrous in their fracture. They are therefore what is termed coldshort-that is to say, brittle when cold. In gots thus castfrom purified iron are also generally porous and cellular in their structure, and when broken exhibit internally a multitude of small cavities, which not only increase the tendency of the ingots to crack when being rolled or hammered into bars, but they materially detract from the soundness or solidity of such bars, whether they be of iron or steel. For the purpose of remedying these defects in cast-iron purified by the action of a blast of air, and to convert it into malleable iron or steel, 1 add and combine with such purified iron, while in a melted state, a triple compound or material consisting of or containing iron, manganese, and carbon; and I vary or regulate the quantity or proportion of such triple compound or material for the purpose of obtaining one or other of those products-viz., malleable iron or steel. To the purified cast'iron, when it has become wholly decarbonized, or nearly so, by the action of air forced into it or among its particles, and while it is in a molten or fluid state, I add the triple compound, so that it may be mixed, al1oyed,or incorporated with the fluid purified iron; and this admixture I effect in any suitable furnace, vessel, or ladle, and then pour the mixtureinto suitable molds in any usual or convenient manner for producing castings, articles, ingots, or pieces of the desired forms or shapes. The proportion of the triple compound to be added to the purified cast-iron may be varied as circumstances may require-that is to say, according to the nature of the purified iron, the nature of the material containing iron, carbon, and manganese, and the effect intended to be produced.
In order to produce wrought-iron I add to the purified iron from about one-fiftieth part to about one thirty-third part, by weight, of the triple compound, or, in other words, from about two to three per cent-um of the triple compound.
To convert the decarbonized purified castiron into semi-steel I employ from about one thirty-third to about one-twentieth, in part, by weight, of the compound-that is to say, from about three to five per centum-and I use from about one-twentieth to about one-fifth part, by weight-that is to say, from about five to twenty per centum of the compound-when it is intended to convert the purified cast-iron into soft, medium, or hard steel. It will thus be understood that the softness or hardness of the steel may be regulated by diminishing or increasingthe quantity orproportion of the triple compound added to the purified decarbonized cast-iron.
The triple compound, or the material containing iron, carbon, and manganesepmay be conveniently and economically prepared by smelting into pi g-iron or cast-iron metal in the blast-furnace, with either coke, coal, or charcoal fuel, such sparry carbonates of iron termed spathose iron ores, or such other ores of iron as contain besides iron a considerable quantity of manganese; and I prefer to use the white crystalline cast-iron metal thus obtained, and known in Prussia as spiegeleisen, for this white cast-iron metal, while it contains a large alloy of manganese, is more free from sulphur, phosphorus, and silicon than the gray pig-iron obtained from smelting spathose manganesic iron ores; and I prefer to use such varieties of this whitecrystalline cast-iron metal as are found to contain a large alloy of manganese. Nevertheless, such triple compound or material of or containing iron, carbon, and manganese maybe produced in any other manner which may be found to be convenient and economical.
I noweproceed to describe the manner in which my invention may be practiced.
When the cast-iron to be operated upon has been so far purified in the purifying vessel or furnace-that is to say, the vessel or furnace in which the cast-iron is decarbonized by forcing airinto it while in a molten state-d tap it oft and allow it to flowinto a heated furnace, vessel, or ladle containing the requisite proportion of the triple compound, already heated or reduced to a molten or fluid state. The purified iron,t'alling into the furnace orvessel containing the fluid triple compound, will become mixed and incorporated therewith, and the resulting mixtureis then to be poured into molds in any usual or convenient mannerfor producing castings, articles, ingots, or pieces of the desired sizes, forms, and shapes; or the purified iron may be tapped into a heated furnace, vessel, or ladle, and the fluid triple compound poured upon it or into it; or the purified iron and the fluid triple compound or material may be poured into the heated furnace, vessel, or ladle simultaneously.
The triple compound of or containing iron, carbon, and manganese may be heated and rendered fluid in any convenientmanner, either in a crucible or in an air-furnace, a reverberatory furnace, or, in a common cupola melting-furnace, or otherwise; but when applying it in a heated state I prefer heating it when excluded as much as possible from contact with sulphury coke or other sulphury t'uel.
\Vhen the mixture of the triple compound with the purified iron is to be effected in ladles I use either fire-clay or black-lead crucibles for ladles, heated to a red or white heat, and held in a pair of pouring-tongs with double handles or otherwise, so that the heated crucibles containing the proper quantity of heated fluid compound may be held under the end of the spout or gutter, along which the purified iron flows from the purifying-vessel, and falling may be used, the interior of these ladles being vremelted, and I avoid as much as possibleany repeated rem'eltings of it. It may sometimes be necessary to accelerate the, mixture of the triple compound or material with the purified iron when combined in the same vessel, and
this may be done or promoted by stirring the fluid mass with an iron rabble, or preferably by introducing strips of well-dried wood and thrusting them down to the bottom of the metal, by which means a strong ebullition is at once excited.
Though I havein this specification described the addition of the triple compound or mate 1 rial of or containing iron, carbon, and manganese when heated so as to be in a molten or fluid state to cast-iron purified by air, nevertheless such triple compound or material may when heated, but not to such an extent as to become fluid, be added to the melted purified iron, or it may be added without having received a preparatory heating. In either of these cases it will be desirable to reduce the compound to small particles byany well-known granulating or pulverizing process, as in that its mixture with the molten metal will be greatly facilitated.
I prefer to operate upon purified and decarbonized iron which has been obtained from good pig-iron or other cast-iron of good quality as freeas possible from sulphur and phosphorus.
Having thus described the nature of my invention, I wish it to be understood that I claim- The addition of a triple compound or material of or containing iron, carbon, and manganese to cast-iron which has been purified and decarbonized by the action of air while in a molten or fluid state, or in any convenient manner so as to become mixed and combined in the process of manufacture, in order by the Witnesses:
THos. SMITH, Notary Public, Gloucester,
JOHN JONES, Consular Agent of United States, Gloucester.
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US17389A true US17389A (en) | 1857-05-26 |
Family
ID=2079824
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US17389D Expired - Lifetime US17389A (en) | Improvement in the manufacture of iron and steel |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US17389A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20040255832A1 (en) * | 2003-06-17 | 2004-12-23 | Schneider Jeffrey M. | Seed planting assembly and liquid application device for same |
-
0
- US US17389D patent/US17389A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20040255832A1 (en) * | 2003-06-17 | 2004-12-23 | Schneider Jeffrey M. | Seed planting assembly and liquid application device for same |
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