US1689246A - System of vertical differential ventilation - Google Patents

Description

,Oct. 30,1928.-

- A. KNAPEN SYSTEM OF VERTICAL DIFFERENTIAL VENTILATION mta 1 Patented 30, .1928.

UNITED STATES.

PATENTBFFICE.

AGHILLE-KNAPEN, or BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.

SYSTEM OF V'ERTICAL DIFFERENTIAL VENTILATION.

Application filed January 29, 1927, Serial No. 164,496. and in Belgium January 30, 1926.

My invention relates to a system for vertical differential ventilation WlllCll 1s adapted to be used in order to renew the air in any substantially Closed chamber by continuous exchange, whatever may be the temperatureinside or outside the rooms which are to be ventilated,'the nature, the position, or the area of the said chambers whether they be situated under the level of the ground, under the level of the Water, or above this level such as it may be the case in ships, underground tunnels and the like, and more especially when it is not possible to reach the outer atmosphere in the horizontal'direction.

My process is essentially based on the cooperation of ducts or chimneys which are any other suitable form in order to produce by a-chimney of a relatively greater section and of a relatively smaller length, a quick escapement of the light air which is sto ped under pressure against the ceiling o the room, and to obtain through the chimneys or ducts, of a relatively greater length and-of a smaller section, opening at different levels above the ground, an introduction of fresh am into the room or eventually an introduction of fresh air and an escapem'ent of air,

in cooperation with'the chimney or duct arranged under the ceiling.

In order to explain the invention more 'fully it will bedescribd hereinafter with reference to the annexed drawing in which- Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section of a room,

,.Whl0h is supposed to be an underground room without direct communication with the outer atmosphere in the horizontal direction 2inFi 1.

Fig. 3 1s a.- similar cross section taken through line H in Fig. 1 and Fig. 4 is a crom section taken through line HinEigL 'In the .procemes of vertical ventilation which have heretofore been used and which are based on the principles of Reckmagel, S er and. other experts in'the art, the escapethe heating during the winter.

ment of the air from the rooms or other places lscaused by the utilization of ducts or chimneys in each room to be ventilated, each room having an inlet port or opening and an outlet port connecting the room to the free air at a certain height above the roomor place to be ventilated.

Experiments have shown that, when the depression in such a ductor chimney exceeds a givenlimit, its sucking action is transmit-- ted directly through the atmosphere of the room to the outer air through the fissures or the joints of the doors and windows or through an inlet port leading to a connecting stalrway provided for this purpose at "the 'level ofthe floor or pavement. In such a systerm the outer air, sucked in through the port,

or the fissures, or'the joints of the doors and windows passes at full speed as a projectile,

in producmg a blow of air, the trajectory of which is the shortest distance between the fissures or the like and the'duct. The greater the depression in the duct, the more bent is the trajectory of this blow of air. This displacement of air at a great speed has no effect on the ventilation or on-the renewal of the greater portion of air in the room or place which is ventilated in this way. *In summer, when the outer temperature has reached a certain degree, the'column of air contained in the duct'or chimney, being more dense (because it is less hot, than the outer air and being no more-supported at the intenor inlet port under the ceiling, by layers of air having a density equal to its density, descends and tends to escape to the outside in followingthe way of less resistance and in stretching in layers on the floor.

From the point of view of the exchange of the air in the rooms or'places, such a natural vertical inverted-ventilation is not eflicacious, being rather injurious, because it attracts the smells of soot in the rooms or places together with the dusts which have accumulated by In under ground places or rooms which are surrounded on all sides by walls, this system of vertical ventilation is'not operative.

' These drawbacks are overcome by means of the system-forming the subject matter of m invention which is based, in order to ventilate a place or roomS, surrounded on all sides by" walls 9 o'r built'in the ground, or enclosed in the shell of a vessel, on the cooperation of ducts, or' chimneys of difierent sections and ofdifierent lengths and connecting theinte rior of each chamber to be ventilated to the outside atmosphere.

In the example shown, the system comprises ajductf of relativel greater section and shorter length but, su cient in order to put in direct contact, through the shortest. way,

'the light air, accumulatedunder pressure against the ceili'ng 11-, with the outer air, inorder to allow its es'capement as quickly as ossible and also with the least'resistance.

, shown on Fig. 2, this chimney 10 opens byan inlet 12 just under the'ceiling 11, passes into the 'wa1l.13 and opens by a port 14 in at 2 or 3 meters a ove the ground according the outer air at the level of the terrace 15, the 'port 14 being directed either towards the terrace as shown or any' other desired direction. With this chimney or duct 10, cooperatesa'chimney 16 of relatively smaller section and of greater'length. The lower port 17 of this chimney descends to a given distance 18 above the ground 19, for example to a distance of about 60 cm.

This port 17 may ho'wever'be arranged in certain case's'at a eater height, .for instance to the places or rooms to be ventilated.

The chimney 16, contrarily to what is the case with regard to the duct 10, is used for vbeu - of the .chimney :16.

the introduction of fresh air by difference of density and of volume. To this end, it opens 'in the outer air, at 20, as shown in Fig. 3.

The system may comprise a third chimney or duct 21 the section of which is still smaller than the section of the chimney 16 and opens, through a port 22 at a distance 23 above the oundthis distance being different from the istance between the outer air at 24 is used for theintroduction of fresh air, if, in consequence ota difference of tem erature, the chimney or duct 16 would sed for a moment, for the escapement of air in cooperation with the chimney 10. j

' The sections of the chimneys or ducts 10,,

' 16 and 21 bein in predetermined proportions, their com in'ed action results in complete ventilation through the continuous exchange of air caused thereby regardless of the level orvolume of the room being ventilated.-

.Without the proper cooperation of the various ducts the equality of the air in the chimneys or ducts would notexist and complete ventilation could not be obtained.

The described system has many advantages fro'mthe pointof view of thev renewal of'the air by continuous ex'chan s, whatever may 1 flbegthe, (temperature "insi to reach the outerfatm s I r e or outside the places aneomsfmm wh ch it isnot possible direction,i -such,as inc arsptunnels, ships, and other buildin -i .It may also used with success to ventilate the interiors of bujldings of great volumein which the ventilation ound and the port 17 n'this case, the third 'chimne' o'r' duct 21 which opensalso in the here in horizontal is secured b the system of difierential horizontal ventilation, and in which apertures are used for the" introduction of air, these apertures being arranged with different aspects in the walls of a building and cooperating with apertures for the passage of air in the separating walls of places or rooms situated on the same level. 'In this case, indeed,

itmay happen that on account of the great dimension of the places or rooms, a'sto per of inert air is formed in the middle 0 the aerial volume to be renewed; 'in this case the above described system will remove the inertia of the stopper thus producing a kind of ventilation relay.

Similarly, in movable enclosures, such as railways, carriages, motor vehlcles, runmng at a great speed, the immobility of the inner air is due to the sliding along the walls of the outer inert atmosphere which acts as a barrier at the inlet and at the outlet when there is no lateral additional pressure of the wind. The same condition results at the chimney. When the speed of the surrounding air isgreater than the tension of the warm port of a.

gases discharged from the chimney, as in warm gases is prevented by the surrounding air and there is a flow back through the chin ney. In the instance of a movin vehicle, the

1 some instances, the complete escape of the J speed of the vehicle'increases t e inertia of the air and renders it relatively rigid and when the atmosphere is very warm the trans- I which are fit into recesses or which, are disposed under the ground and which have no lateral contact with the outer atmosphere; in consequence, it may be used for the ventilation of ships, tunnels, cellars, undergrounds,

and the'li ke. In each case, and according to the characterof the places or .rooms, a num-.

ber of similar elements of ventilation may be used, each comprising on the minimum two or a greater. number'of ducts or chimneys oi dlflerent sections and of different lengths.

What I claim is:

1. In a system for the ventilation ofa chamber or the like, a substantially verticalduct connecting the upper portion of said chamber with the external atmosphere where'- bythe upper strata of air in said chamber may pass upwardly and outwardly, and a second duct of relatively smaller cross section and longer length than said first mentioned duct,

connecting the-lower portion of said chamber with. theatmosphere whereb y air from the exterior may flow downwarcLy and into League v 3 a said chamber thus ca'usin a oontinuons flow other oductsisuccessively smaller in diameter of air through said chamfiw r. j 2. In a system for the ventilation of a connecting successively lower-portions of said chamber orfthe'like, a substantiallyvertical chamber to the external atmosphere whereby I ductconne'ctjing the. upper portion of. said air' may passinto said chamber to cause a chamber witht eexternal atmosphere wherecontinuouschange of airtherein.

by the upper, strata of'a'ir' in -'s'aid-chamber and longer than said first mentioned duct and y I may escapetothe'ex terior and'aplmra lity'oi H I i

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