US1655637A - X-ray apparatus - Google Patents

X-ray apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US1655637A
US1655637A US153283A US15328326A US1655637A US 1655637 A US1655637 A US 1655637A US 153283 A US153283 A US 153283A US 15328326 A US15328326 A US 15328326A US 1655637 A US1655637 A US 1655637A
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United States
Prior art keywords
condensers
potential
condenser
circuit
conductor
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Expired - Lifetime
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US153283A
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English (en)
Inventor
Franklin S Smith
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PRODUCTS PROT CORP
PRODUCTS PROTECTION Corp
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PRODUCTS PROT CORP
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Priority to US153283A priority Critical patent/US1655637A/en
Priority to FR643135D priority patent/FR643135A/fr
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Publication of US1655637A publication Critical patent/US1655637A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/08—Electrical details
    • H05G1/10—Power supply arrangements for feeding the X-ray tube
    • H05G1/12—Power supply arrangements for feeding the X-ray tube with dc or rectified single-phase ac or double-phase

Definitions

  • JERANKLIN s. smrn, or BROOKLYN new YORK, .assrenon- 'ro rnonucrs rno'rno- 'IION CORPORATION, A oonrona'rron or DELAWARE.
  • This invention relates to X-ray apparatus and systems and more particularly to X-ray apparatus adapted to operate at very high potentials.
  • One of the objects of thisinvention is to provide an X-ray apparatus and system which will be of simple and thoroughly practical construction and arrangement and capable of highly eiiicient action when in use. Another object is to provide apparatus of the above-mentioned character in which a high voltage X-ray tube may be dependably and reliably operated while at the same time the safeguarding of auxiliary apparatus against such high voltages may be achieved in a simple and thoroughly effective manner.
  • Another object is to provide an X-ray system and apparatus in which, while the initial source of potentialis an alternating one, the X-ray tube may be associated with a uni-directional high potential and hence associated with a uni-directional current, free from substantial variations or fluctuations and of substantial steadiness, all without endangering or over-stressing the rectifying device employed.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a systom of the above-mentioned character in which uni-lateral valves, such as kenotrons, may be safely employed in conjunction with a plurality of appropriate condensers for appropriately charging the latter from the alternating source of high potential, while preventing the impression upon the rectifying valve itself of either the full potential applied to the X-ray tube itself or of a potential in excess of what the rectifying valve may itself safely withstand.
  • Another object is to provide an X-ray apparatus and system of the above-mentioned type which will be well adapted to meet the varying conditions of hard practical use. Other ob jects will be in part obvious or in part pointed out hereinafter.
  • Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the circuits and apparatus, certain mechanical features being shown in elevation;
  • I Figure 2 is an end view of certain of the mechanical features of the high tension switch of Figure 1, as viewed along the line 2-2 of Figure 1, and I Figure 3 is a sectional view as seen along the line 3-3 of Figure 2.
  • valves conveniently of the hot cath ode or thermionic type, for example; these valves insure the charging of the respective condensers during the appropriate half cycles of the alternating potential applied thereto and, being uni-directional, also insure against the discharge of one condenser while the other is being charged.
  • a dominant aim of this invention is to provide an X-ray system and apparatus in which fullest advantage of the characteristics of a very high potential X- ray tube may be taken while at the same time eliminating in a thoroughly practical way such defects, limitations and disadvantages as have just been pointed out, and in which the Xray tube may be energized with a unidirectional potential and current of substantial steadiness and free from substantial variations, even though the initial source of energy is an alternating current source of the usual commercial character.
  • an X-ray tube having a cathode 11 conveniently of the filament type and an appropriate anode 12 for coaction therewith; the cathode 11 may be supplied with heating current through any appropriate source as, for example, by means of a suitable trans former indicated generally at 13.
  • Two suitable condensers 14: and 15 are connected in series through a conductor 16 and these condensers 1a and 15 are in turn connected by the conductors 17 and 18 to the cathode 11 and anode 12 respectively of the X-ray tube 10. If, therefore, each condenser is individually charged from an appropriate source, the potential applied to the X-ray tube 10 will be substantially the sum of the potentials across the charged condensers.
  • the condensers 14. and 10 are arranged to be charger simultaneously from preferably the same source of potential, and the latter takes the form of a transformer having a primary winding 19 and a secondary winding 20, the midpoint 21 of which is connected by conductor 22 to the conductor 16 which connects the condensers 14; and 15 in series; the mid-point 21 of the secondary winding 20 may be grounded as by grounding the conductor 22 at G.
  • the transformer 19-20 has such a ratio of transformation that the potential across each ofthe halves 20 and 20" of the winding 20 is appropriate for suitably charging individually the condensers 14 and 15; the primary winding 19 may be energized from any suitable source of alternating potential.
  • One terminal of the secondary winding 20 is connected to the movable switch member 23 of a synchronously driven switching apparatus generally indicated at 24; this synchronously operated mechanism 24 preferably includes, in addition to the movable switch member or electrode 23 another electrode 25 similar substantially to the electrode 23.
  • These two electrodes 23 and 25, each carrying a switch blade 23 and 25* respectively, are connected to a synchronous motor 26 through the shaft 27 and 28 re spectively, the latter being suitably insulated or preferably of an insulating material so as to isolate the synchronous motor 26 from the conductive parts of the switching mechanism 24.
  • the electrodes 23 and 25 are so related to each other that the switching blades 28 and 25 thereof are spaced about 180 one from the other as viewed in the plane of rotation of the blades.
  • Coacting with the blade member 28 are two fixed electrodes 29and 30, also spaced 180.apart in the plane of rotation of the switch blade 23 and coacting with the switch blade 25 are two fixed electrodes 31 and 32, also spaced 180 in the plane of rotation of the switch blade
  • the fixed electrodes 29, 30, 31 and 32 are spherical and the electrodes 23 and 25, connected. to the shafts 27 and 28 respectively, are of a generally cylindrical form with curved or substantially hemi-spherical ends.
  • the blade members 23 and 25* which may be made integrally with their respective rotatable electrodes 23 and 25, are of a radial extent sullicient to just about clear their respective coacting fixed electrodes and are moreover given a shape substai'itially like that further illustrated in Figures 2 and 3.
  • the blade 23 is shaped to provide an arcuate end portion. 23 of an extent in the direction of the plane of rotation thereof sufficient to insure the closure of the associated high tension circuit for a sufficient length of time, and this particular shape, in coaction with the spherical or curved exposed coacting faces of the fixed electrodes. achieves the prompt commencement and subsequent prompt cessation of the arcing over the high tension current and moreover in a manner relatively noiselessly.
  • the switch blades are given a shape in crosssection, as will be more clearly seen from Figure 3. which is substantially stream-line and is effective to reduce to a minimum the air disturbances due to the speed of rotation of the switch blade. and thereby brings aloput a like reduction in the resultant noise.
  • one of the terminals of the secondary winding 20 is connected as by conductor 33 to the rotatable electrode lid 23 of the synchronous switching mechanism 24; assuming the parts to be momentarily in the position illustrated in the drawing, which position willbe assumed at substantially the peak of the half-cycle of potential effective in the secondary winding 20, there will.
  • a charging circuit for the condenser 14 substantially as followsz-From the mid-point 21 of the secondary winding 20 (or the righthand terminal of the left-hand half 20' of the secondary winding 20), conductor 22, conductor 16, condenser 14, cathode 34 of a kenotron 35,ianode 36 of the kenotron 35, conductor 37, fixed electrode 29, switch blade 23 and movable switch electrode 23, conductor, 33 to the left-hand terminal of the half 20" of the secondary winding 20.
  • the electron flow of charging current through the condenser 14 will thus be seen to be in the direction in which the charging circuit has just been traced, as will be clear from the direction of the electron flow from the cathode 34 to the anode 36 of the kenotron 35; accordingly, the electron flow of charging current into the condenser 14 will be seen to be in the direction from the right to the left as the circuit of Figure 1 is viewed in the drawing.
  • the condenser 14 will therefore be receiving a charge at the peak of the potential of one half-cycle of the energy output of the secondary of the transformer 1.9-20, and the potential ofthe condenser 14 is thus raised, on being charged, toone that is commensurate with if not entirely equal to the potential across the half 20 of the secondary winding 20.
  • a charging circuit for the condenser 15 substantially as follows :,From the right-hand terminal of the right-hand half 20 of the secondary winding 20, conductor 38, movable switch electrode 25 and switch blade 25", fixed'electrode 32, conductor 39, cathode 40 of a kenotron 41, anode 42 of the kenotron 41, thence through condenser 15, conductor 16, conductor 22 to the mid-point 21 of the secondary winding 20 and thence to the left-hand terminal of the right-hand half 20 of the secondary 20.
  • the electron flow of charging current through the condenser 15 will thus be seen to be in the direction in which the charging circuit has just been traced, as will be clear from the direction of the electron flow from the cathode 40 to the anode 42 of the keno" tron 41; accordingly the electro-nflow of charging current into the condenser 15 will be seen. to be in the direction from therighti to the left as the circuit of Figure 1 is viewed in the drawing.
  • Both condensers 14 and 15 thus receive a charge; and the charging current and the resultant potential across the individual condensers 14 and 15 will be in the direction in which the charging circuits have been traced hereinabove; the potential effective across the electrodes 11 and 12 of the X-ray tube 10 will therefore be seen to be the sum of the potentials across the condensers 14 and 15 and the X-ray tube will be excited at this correspondingly high potential.
  • the charging circuit for the condenser 14 will be seen to be substantially as follows :-from the mid-point 21 of the secondary winding 20 (this corresponding to left-hand terminal ofthe right-hand half 20 of the secondary winding 20), conductor 22, conductor 16, condenser 14, cathode 34 of kenotron anode 36 of kenotron 35, conductor 37, conductor43, fixed electrode 31, switch blade 25*, and its associated rotatable electrode 25, conductor 38 and thence to the right-hand terminal of the half 20 of the secondary winding 20.
  • the charging of the condenser 14 and the raising of its potential during this succeeding half cycle thusproceeds.
  • the condenser is at the same time receiving a charge, the charging circuit therefor being substantially as follows: from the left-hand terminal of the left-hand half of the secondary windin g 20, conductor 33, rotatable electrode 23 and its associated switch, blade 23, fixed electrode 3 conductor conductor 39, cathode of henotron 41, anode 42 of kenot-ron 41, thence through the condenser 15, conductor 16, conductor 22, and thence to the mid-point 21 of secondary winding 20 (this point 21 being the right-hand terminal of the left-hand half 20 of the secondary winding 20).
  • the electron flow of charging current through the condenser 15 will be seen to be in the direction in'which the charging circuit has just been traced, as will be clear from the direction of the electron iiow from the cathode 40 to the anode 42 of kenotron 41; accordingly, the electron flow of charging current into the condenser 15 will be seen to be in the direction from the right to the left as the circuit of Figure 1 is viewed in the drawing.
  • the condensers 14 and 15 as successive half cycles and corresponding reversals in the potential effective in the secondary winding 20 occur, are charged in the same direction and thus there is made effective across the terminals of the serially connected condensers 14 and 15 potentials, additive values of which are always in the same direction and thus appropriate for exciting the X-ray tube 10.
  • a rectifying valve insures the charging of each condenser in appropriate direction and moreover in such a manner as to achieve the manifold advantages of the lrenotron in substantially smoothing out and maintaining free from substantial variations the total potential across the two condensers 14 and 15 and hence the potential available for exciting the X-ray tube 10.
  • the two serially connected condensers will be seen to be charged simultaneously at-each half-wave of the source of alternating poten tial, thus bringing about such a rapid succession of charges to the two condensers that the potential exciting the X-ray tube 10 is further steadied and greater uniformity and smoothness thereof achieved.
  • the X-ray tube 10 will thus be seen to be subjected to an energizing potential which is substantially constant and unidirectional, due to the ubOVQ-(lOSCllbQfl smoothing-out action of both the kenotrons and the condenser; the electron flow of current energizing the X-ray tube 10 will take place in the following Circuit and in the direction in which the circuit is traced :-Condenser 14, conductor 16, condenser 15, conductor 17, filament cathode 11 of the X-ray tube 10, anode 12, and by way of conductor 18 back to the condenser 14.
  • the rectifying devices 35 and 41 may take any appropriate form but, as already hereinabove indicated, a number of thoroughly practical advantages are achieved when these devices are of the kind known as keno trons; these kenotrons 35 and 41 may have their filament type of cathodes 34 and 42 respectively supplied with heating current from any suitable source, preferably the transformers 45 and 46 respectively.
  • the electrodes of the synchronous switching mechanism 24 are of predetermined shape; these electrodes are so spaced and the radii of their various curved surfaces so chosen that eachfixed electrode with its associated rotatable electrode forms a circuit-controlling device which is substantially corona-less in action and moreover, so that together they havev a capacitance, when related to each other as are the members 23 and 30, for example, of Figure 1, equivalent to or preferably less than the capacity of a henotron.
  • an X-ray tube in combination, two serially connected condensers bridged across said tube for energizing the latter, a trans former'having a high tension winding, the latter having its midpoint connected intermediate of said two condensers, a rectifying valve, one for each of said condensers and through which the latter may be charged from said high tension winding, and a synchronously operative switching mechanisin, said mechanism including two insulated rotating circuit-controlling members each in connection with one terminal of said high tension winding and each coacting with a pair of fixed electrodes, one electrode of each pair being connected in the circuit in which is included one of said condensers and one oi said valves and the other electrodes of said pairs being connected to the circuit in which is included the other condenser and the other kenotron.
  • said mechanism being adapted to interpose a gap in the circuit in which is included one of said condensers, the source of potential removed from the circuit of said last-mentioned condenser, and the valve associated with the other condenser.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
US153283A 1926-12-08 1926-12-08 X-ray apparatus Expired - Lifetime US1655637A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US153283A US1655637A (en) 1926-12-08 1926-12-08 X-ray apparatus
FR643135D FR643135A (fr) 1926-12-08 1927-10-21 Installation à rayons x

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US153283A US1655637A (en) 1926-12-08 1926-12-08 X-ray apparatus

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US1655637A true US1655637A (en) 1928-01-10

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FR643135A (fr) 1928-09-10

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