US1629927A

US1629927A - Motor-compressor unit

Info

Publication number: US1629927A
Application number: US35249A
Authority: US
Inventors: Pescara Raul Pateras
Original assignee: Pescara & Raymond Corp
Current assignee: Pescara & Raymond Corp
Priority date: 1924-06-11
Filing date: 1925-06-05
Publication date: 1927-05-24
Anticipated expiration: 1944-05-24

Description

1927. May 24 R. P. PESCARA MOTOR COMPRESSOR UNIT Filed June 5. 1925 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 KQN 3. B @fm 1,629 927 May 24, 1927. R. P. PESCARA MOTOR COMPRESSOR UNIT Filed June 5. 1925 I5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Q :.3 I f a Q mf. l s,

Vv: s"

Lf/-f LN P. Pescara 1,629 927 May 24 1927 R. P. PESCARA MOTOR COMPRESSOR UNIT Filed June 5, 1925 I5 Sheets-Sheet 5 `ing great careto make this in hantai Miy 24, i921.

UNITED STA TliiS PAUL PATERASl PESCARA, Ol' PARIS, FRANCE, ASSIGNOE T0 THE PESCARA RAY- HOND CORPORATION, OF DOVER, DELAWAREA CORPORATION Ol' DELAWARE.

KOTOR-COMPRESSOR UNIT.

Application led June 5, 1935, Serial lo. 85,2%, and in France .Time 11, 1984.

This invention relates to machines which are at the same time producers and transformers of energy, for example, motor compressor units.

The main object of the invention is to increase the efiicienc ofthe cycles at resent employed in in ustr for the t rinodynamic evolution of t e gaseous masses intended for combustion or arising from combustion, in internal combustion engines, and forms, in a sense, an improvement and renement in the so-called two stroke cycle, whether combustion takes place under constant volume or under' constant pressure.

The present invention consists essentially in carryin out the followin operations inside a cy indr'ical space, w ose volume is made to var by the alternating movements of a as-tig t piston arranged therein, said cyli-n ricalspace havin a very great rat-io between the length and .t e bore: 4

l. Expanding the burnt ases arising from the combustion of `a com ustible agent effected under constant volume or constant pressure, the expansion being carried down to a pressure approximating that of the surrounding atmosphere.

2. Causin the machine to suck in from `the atmosp 1ere a certain amount of ure air, which enters in the proximity o the combustion chamber and is drawn along' in the wake of the burnt gases, cooling the walls as it follows the movements of the piston. V 4 il 3. Utilizing theY s eed acquired by this mass of air and b t e mass of burnt gases to cause the expu sion of a portion thereof when the movement of the piston slackens.

4. Injecting at a low pressure, asuicient uantity of carburetted air, in case combustion is effected under constant volume, tak- 'ection in such a way that, on the one hand t e burnt gases remaining at this moment in the cylinder are. always separated from the carburetted air by a layer of pure air and, on the .other ,hand,lthat the mass of carburetted air injected may never reach the burnt gases exhaust ports.

5. Terminating the expulsion of the burnt1 gases by means ofthe return stroke of the piston, driving them afglainst the pure air while completing the ling up with carburetted air, in the case of combustion under constant volume, or with pure air, in the case of combustion under constant pressure.

6. Compras-sin and forcin at low pressure a portion o the combine pure air and carburetted air, into the low pressure reservoir used for feedin the motor durin the k riod of injection o carburetted air comustion' under constant volume).

0r compressin sure a portion o the pure air into the low pressure reservoir used for feeding the motor during the latter part of the period of the scavenging with pure air, if the combustion is effected under constant pressure.

7. Ccmpressing substantially adiabatically the carburetted gases vremaining in the c linder to such pressure as may be deemed esirable and atwhich they will be i ited. If desired this com ression is carrie up to the point where sel ignition of the mixture is obtained, in the case where combustion is effected under constant volume.

Or compressing substantially adiabaticaly the air remaining in the iylinder until the esired pressure is obtains in the case of combustion under constant pressure, and injecting the atomzed combustible under pressure.

The invention thus generally described comprises a large number of applications to which the protection of the present patent will be naturally extendedz as also to any apparatusof any kind utilizing-its principle, and to their selzrate arts.

The invention will casi y understood .by reference to the following descri tion and alsoto the annexed drawings, w ich however, are only "ven by'way of examp e.

Fig. 1 of said drawings is a longitudinal section of a motor "com ressor unit constructed inaccordance wit the invention.

Fi 2 and 3 are large scale sections showing e working of the device for opening the sturage valves.

Fig, Ybis a lar scale section showing part. of thev sturtin evice of the apparatus.

Fi 5 is a rge scale section of the cylinder cad closing the cylinder on the ccm-Q presser side.

and forcing at low pres- Fig. 6 shows the cylinder in longitudinal section alon a plane perpendicular to the plane on 1 and shows the installation of an oil injection device taking the place of the sparking plug. y y

ccording to the invention, and more especially in accordance with the constructions to which the drawings refer, supposing it is desired to construct a motor coinpressor unit, this 'can be done as follows or in some similar manner. In a fixed horizontal frame 10, a portion of whose interior is bored out, is arranged a cylinder 11 having an easy sliding fit in the frame 10. ,The cylinder 11 is closed at one end by a cylinder head 12 ri 'dly connected,thereto, and at the other end y a head 13, mounted as will be explained later on. .A gas-tightpistonv 14 can reciprocate in the cylinder 11.

The com ination of the piston 14 and the cylinder 11 forms then an oscillating system such that the iston 14 can reciprocate in the interior ofp the cylinder 11 while the c linder 11 itself can reciprocate in the rame 10.

The cylinder head 12 has two passages 14'- 15 to which correspond the valves 16-17. whose movements are controlled by the bent rockin levers 18-19, which are ivoted on the cy inder 11 and carry the rolllrs 20-.21 coperating with the fixed cams 22-23.

e passage 15 communicates freely with the atmosphere. The passage 14' terminates in a tube 24, outside the cylinder and bent at a right angle.V This tube 24 slides inside a fixed casing 25 in which it fits forinin a gas-tight joint. The arrangement t us allows the interior of the oscillating cylinder 11 to be laced in communication with a carburetter 2g by means of the pipings 14' 2.4-25 and 26, this last one being fixed.

The' rocking lever 19 is `of t e ordinary type. The rocki lever 18 on the contrary `ma be of at a read described in detail y ype y atent filed of in another application for even date herewith, Serial umber 35,250. lhis type of rocking lever controls the openm and closing of the valve 16 when the-cylin er 11 moves in the direction of the arrow 151. 0n the contrary, the valve 16 always remains closed and, so to speak, integral with the cylinder 11 when this latter moves in the direction of the arrow 150.

The cylinderll' also has one or'more openings like those at 31. guarded by valves like 32, opening from within outwards, and kept closed by suiciently strong springs such The valve 32 is controlled by a rocking lever 34 carrying a roller 35 co-o rating with a fixed cam 36. The drawing in Fig. 1 does not allow the arran ement of the rocking lever 34 to be clear y seen, on account of the smallness of the scale. The rocking lever 34 has therefore been shown in Figs. 2 and 3, on a large scale, which allows the following explanations to-be easily understood.

The rocking lever 34 is formed essentially of a forged piece pivoted about the axis 37 in lugs 38 cast on the cylinder. This piece carries a fork 39 which acts on the head 40 of the valve 32 and a cylindrical extension 41 in the interior of which there moves a smallpiston 42 having the form of a projectile.

0n the same axis 37 is mounted a pawl 43 which carries the axis 44 of the roller 35. y

The pawl 43 is constantly pressed against the cam by the spiral spring 45 and a projection 46 of said piiwl can enter the interior of the cylindrical cavity 41.

It will be understood from a comparison of Figs. 2 and 3, that according to the position of the piston 42 in the cylindrical cavity 41 and consequently of the projection 46, the rocking lever can be locked to its pawl, or can. on the other hand, remain independent thereof. In the first case (Fig. 3) the roller 35 on passing over the raised portion of the cam controls the valve. In the second case (Fig. 2), on the contrary, the valve is not raised when the roller 35 passes over the raised portion of the cam. The operation of this device will be explained later on.

The c linder 11 carries (F ig. 1) ,a further series o ports 47 capableof registeri with corresponding openings 48 arranged in the fixed frame 10. All the openings 48 leadinto a peripheral passage 49 which opens at 50 into the exhaust tube placed perpendicularly to the plane of Fig. i

Another set of ports 51 are arranged in the cylinder `11. These can register with the openings 52 fin the fixed frame 10. Said openings 52 are guarded by spring y held valves 53 and serve to place the interior of the cylinder 11 in communication with .the compressed air reservoir 54.

The cylinder head 13 (Fig. 5) is'provided with one or more)passages as 55, whose opening into the interior of the cylinder is guarded by, automatic suction valves 56. These valves are arranged sothat the can lui open towards the interior, of the cy inder the pressure existing in the passage 55 and the cylinder 11. In order to allow the at# mospheric air to enter through the passages 55, the frame 10 is provided with openings as 57. which can register with the exterior mouths ofl the said passagesk55. The openin 57 are guarded by safety valves 58 w ose object will be explained later on.

The ignition of the charge is eected by a spark plug 59 (Fig. 1) connected by a wire 60 to a trip magneto 61. actuated by a pawl 62, which is pivoted to the cylinder 11 and movin therewith.

In addition to these essential devices the apparatus is further provided with various accessory mechanisms which will now be described.

phare by a passage naamw .Starting device-The object of this mechanlsm is to automatically start the piston.

and the c linder and to cause them to correctly ma e their first stroke.4 It comprises the following parts:

A reservoir 63, of a predetermined capacity contains compressed air at `a suiiicient pressure which can, according to circumstances, be the same as, or different from, the pressure of the air in the reservoir 54. It communicates `by the passage 64 with a chamber 65. closed at its lower end by the valve 66 and at its uppenend by tlie valve 67. These two

yalves

66 and 67 are of the same diameter and are rigidly mounted on the same spindle 68.

The valve 67 is arranged in a cylindrical recess 69 communicating with the atmos- 70. In thecylindrical recess 69 it acts as a gas-tight piston, that is to say, that when openor closed, it forms an obstacle to communication between the chamber'-65 ,and the atmosphere. 1t will be understood that the two

valves

66 and 67 mounted on the same spindle 68 act as a balanced valve when the pressure existing in the cylinder 11 is the atmosphere pres- -sure' and that their lifting movement requires no effort, whatever may be the pressure existing in the reservoir 63 and, conse uently, .in the chamber 65.

he valve 66 guards the. orfice71 arranged in-the fixed frame 10'. which orifice 71 can communicate in certain positions o the cylinder 11 with the slit 72 arranged in e this latter.

The reservoir 63 is also provided with a conduit 73 closed by a cock 74 whose plug can be actuated by means of a lever 75. On the-other side of the cock" 7 4 is a small automatic valve 76 closing the orifice of the assage is orifice 77 thus allows of communication` between the reservoir 63 (through the tube 73, cock 74 and valve 76) and a cylinder 78, whose axis coincides with that of A the spindle 68 of the

valves

66 and 67.

In the cylinder 78 `there can move ,a gastight piston 79 rigidlyV connected to the spindle 68 and pressed .downwards by 'a cahbrated s ring 80.

. It wil be noticed that the recess 69'1is separated from the cylinder 78 by a screw plug 81 and that there 7can be no communication Abetween them.

. A portion' of the valve 76 has been shown on a large scale in Fig. 4. 11t `will be seen that the valve 76 has a micrometric hole 82, which moreover'opensinto another micrometric hole 83 drilled perpendicular to the first and passing right through the valve 76.

The operation of the whole device wilihe explained later on. y

Auwz'liary rotative device (Figs. `IA and 5).-Although, in principle,

the apparatus only consume f this shaft shouldthe two successive shown in Fig. 1 does not need any kinematic connection or any transformation of movemeut, it has been recognized that it might be useful in certain eases to have available a shaft revolvin the number o reciprocations per second of the piston and cylinder. It is to be clearly understood that this shaft is not in any way intended to transmit ener to the exterior of the ap aratus, but to ing up o certain apparatus found in commerce and in a rotative form. Such, for example, are, centrifugal governors, revolution counters which, in the resent case, may be utilized for measuring t e number of reciprocations, oil or water pumps,'diagram recorders, etc. To sum up, it is a question then of a device which'is not essential to the workin of the mot-or compressor unit, which shoul an, exceedingly small amount of power in comparison with the power used inL compressing the air, but which 4may be convenient for studying the operation of the machineand for applying to it certain indispensable measuring and regulating apparatus. Intbe case of the Vmotor compressor unit shown in Fig. lof the drawings, care hasbeenftaken to so construct the auxiliary rotativ element that the oscillatory movements of the cylinder 11 shall be in nov wav hampered? bythe connection between it at a speedl proportional to a low of the linkand the "revolving shaft. It is desirable that have a fairly unifor'm speed of rotation, `but on the other handsthe oscillations of the cylinder, supposing it to be perfectly free wtould take place according to a kingmatic law which it is too diicult to combine with any simple mechanism. A mixed solution has therefore been adopted 'and a kinematic coupling device employed such, t` at, supposing the shaft turns uniformly, the movementof the cyl-- inder 'would closely approach the'theoreticalY movement it would have if it were perfectly free. This theoretical movement is characterized by considerable accelerations at the beginning and end vof the strokes and above all by a great-dierenee in duration between Astrokes which form one complete oscillation. l y. The cou ling device is therefore lnecessarily of tlieso-called quick return type. of which various formsare Vordinarily employed inr machine tools such as planing'` machines, shaping butit presents i'nthis case the peculiarity that, conversely to what happens in machine tools, it is here the shaft which is driven instead of being the driving member.

machines and the like, p

On the other hand, as the( movements Y the device, so 'as to reventthe transmission of any considerable amount of power to the exterior of the apparatus, which would have the effect of considerably diminishing the mechanical etliciency of the machine. f

Fig. 5 is a section on a large scale of the cylinder head 13 and of the kinematic connections of the cylinder 11 and with the aid of which the following explanations will be easily understood.

In the cylinder head 13 is provided a cylindrical cavity85in which is arranged an axis 86 carrying two stops '87 and 88 between which ya .pring 89 1s compressed by means of a nut 90. The whole is cn- -closed in the cavity 85 by means of a threaded tube 91 forming an abutment for the stop 88, whereas another tube 191 forms an abutment for the stop 87. The axis 86 is rigidly connectedl to a cylindrical piece 92 which has an easy sliding tit inside the sleeve 91. -T'his piece 92 has a transverse axis 93 on which is pivoted the foot of connecting rod 94.

The connecting rod 94 is also pivoted at its other end 95Ato the lugs 96 which are connected to a lever 97. The latter is itself pivoted around a iixed hollow axis 98 mounted in Aa casing integral with the general frame of the apparatus 10.

Besides this, said lever 97 is in form generally tubular and a piston, composed of two pieces 1D0-101, slides therein.

A crank 102, rigidly connected to the shaft to which the uniform rotary movement isre uired to be given, has its crank pin 103 eld between the two halves 10G-101 of the piston and it is capable of passing through the lever 97 in which slots such as 104 have been made for this purpose.

The crankshaft 102 actuates acentrifugal governor 225eacting through the rod 126 on the throttle valve 127 of the carburetter 27 Stabilization device-lt is also necessary to redress perturbations which may occur in the movement of the apparatus and this is the object of the following stabilization device, whose operation will be explained later and which is shown in Fi 5.

On the bottom of the cylnterhead 13 there is fixed by means of several tubular lthe inside of the bolt 105 and the screw bolts such as 105-106, a small reservoir of compressed air 107. This reservoir 107 communicates, on the' one hand, through passages 108 and. 109 with the interior of he cyl-r inder 11,.A This communication can be 1ntercepted by means of an' automaticwalve 110v held on its seat by aspring 111. Q

On the other hand the reservoir V107 is provided with a flexible tube 135 fixed to the lever 97 and communicatin with a passage 112 arranged inside of t e said lever x 97. The hollow axis 98 is an orifice 113 which is ca a ing with the orifice 114 ol) t when the lever 97 oscillates round axis 98.

Finally, it will be seen in Fig. 1 that the hollow axis 98 communicates throu h its interior, by means of a tub'e 115, wit the reservoir of compressed air 54.

iS'afefy device-It has been necessary to foresee also the case of a collision between the piston and the cylinder, on the side of the cylinder head 13.

"Fig, 1 shows, to prevent this, several Belleville rings 116 arranged in a recess 117 provided for this purpose in the iston 14. T hese ringsbear, on the-one and, on a piece 118 acting as a buffer and, on the e of registerhe passage 112 its bllimviaed with' other hand, on the body of the piston 14 anisms falling into the interior of the cyl,

inder 11.

On the other hand, the cylinder head 13 (Fig. 5) is a conical' part 121, which ensures the tightness of the joint, and b a cylindrical part `122. Behind the cylindbr head 131are arranged several other Belleville rings 123, by means of which and the cover 124, the cylinder head 13 abuts against the cylinder 11 by means'of the threaded ring 125.

It will be easily understood that in case of a collision between the butler 118 of the piston 14 and the abutment 119 ofthe cylinder head 13, the Belleville rings 116 and 123 will act as shock absorbers and prevent damage to the machine.

Oil injection. deviene-In case itis des'ired' to realize a combustione cle instead-of an explosion cycle, the sparliY lug 59 can be replaced by an injection evice for fuel under pressure. This device 128 which has n shown diagrammatieally in Fig. 6- has' nothing novel as regards its o ration. It is fed with oil under pressure y a Hexible tube 129.

.The iiijection'nozzle 130 ends in head 131 which meets, at the end of the stroke of 'DI adjusted to the cylinder 11 by.

lll

the cylinder 11, a'ixed stop 132 whose po- 4'towards thecylinder head 13, is llush with the ports 72 of the cylinder 11. This can can be regulated by means of the be done with the aid of a marked rod introduced into the cylinder 11 by the opening for the spark lug 59. Through ythis same opening a litt e gasoline in injected into thecylinder 11'.

The piston 14 being positioned, the cylinder 11 is brought into a position marked beforehand, so that the

openings

71 and 72 are in communication.

The lever 75.is then actuated so that the i cock 74 brings the tube 73 into communicadriven uplwardly.

tion with the cylinder 78. The compressed air of the reservoir 63 raises the valve 76 and acts then on the piston 79 which is The valve 66 gives passage to t e com ressed air from the reservoir 63, which lEills the space included between thepiston 14 and the cylinder head 13,.

The piston 14 is then drivenin the direction of the arrow 150 and the cylinder 11 in the direction of the arrow 151.` The compressed air injected between these two parts expands. The pressure falls rapidly to the atmospheric pressure. The spring 80 tends then to bring -back the piston 79. to its original position driving before it the air lilhng the cylin er 78. This air can` only be expelled through the micrometric openings 82 and 83 because the valve 76 has, at this moment, fallen back on its seat. The valve 66 thewfalls back slowly also on to its seat and so closes the communication between the reservoir 63 and the cylinder 11.

It will be understood that the device gives the following main results:

1. The opening of the orifices 71 is accomplished very rapidly and at a speed al-l most inde endcnt from the manner in which the lever 5 is actuated. Y

2. The time during which "the injection of compressed air takes place is also independent from the manner in which the leveris acted on. This time depends solely on -the calibration of the spring 79 and the size and shape of the micrometric orilices 82 and 83.

,. 'the cylinder 1/1 with the necessai- D 3. Finally, it will be understood that'it is easy to regulate once for all the starting a paratus' for a certain initial pressure in t e reservoir 63, so as topstart the piston 14 and and lppropriete` force, which force is a Ways t e The piston 14 and the cylinder 11, having been started as just explained, compress,- between them the air in the cylinder space'engasoline charge closed between the piston 14 and the 'linder head 12. In the proximityk of the dea point, thexpawl 62 acts on the magn flashes1 in the s ark plugfrQ, igniting4 the compressed air.

From this instant on the motor compresser unit is in its normal working condition and we shallnow study what takes place `successively in each stroke, and on eto 61. A spark f each side of the reciprocation.

Forward stro/ce.

Motor aider-The explosion forces the piston 14` in the direction of the arrow 151 and the cylinder 11 in the direction 150. The expansion of the .burnt'gases goes on until the moment when the piston 14 reaches the exhaust ports 47, the pressure in the cylinder then being approximately equal to that of the surrounding atmosphere.

The ports 47 and 48 begin to coincide at the moment when the piston passes over them and at the same time the cam 23, acting on the valve 17, opens the orifice of the passage 15. Y

The movement of the piston 14 continues, but with a tendency to slacken, so that the burnt Vgases following itv begin to escape through the openings 47 by reason of t e speed they have acquired behind the piston.

t the same time an indraught of air is caused through the passages 15, which scavenges the burnt ases still remaining in the cylinder. This pure air acquires also piston, during a complete" a certain speed which results in causin it to continue Aits scavenging movement, uring the whole of the movement of the piston in' the .direction 151, between the openings47 and the dead point.

During this forward stroke, the valveJ 32 is not lifted because at the moment of explosion the cylinder suddenly starts in the direction ofthe arrow 150, the result being that the piston 42' is made to slide into the position shown in Fig. 2. Therefore, when the roller 35 passes over the raised portion of the cam 36 the pro]ection 46 cannot actuate the rocking lever 34. On the other hand, the spring 33 is suiliciently strongto prevent any movement'of the valve 32 due to the effect of the expandin gases.

However, on arriving at t e en of the stroke, the acceleration of the cylinder 1s reversed, and the piston 42 tends b its inertia, to continue its motion in the irection of the arrow 150 since, at that moment, tl e roller 35 has alread assed the raised rtion of `the cam, an t e pawl 43, there oie, vis raised by the spring 45, and the piston 42 can pass yunder the proection 46 4and finally 'occupies the position s own in Fig. 3.

The valve 16 has also remained on its seat,

its mechanism being similar to that of thev valve 32. l y Compressor sida-The movement ofthe pston,14 and c linder 11 has a result, the

lio

compression at rstand afterwards the discharging, through the orifices 51 and 52, to the reservoir 54, of the air which filled the c linder 11 at the beginning of the stroke. rIl'his air has not been able to escape thrqu h ,the exhaust orifices 47 because these o y the openings 48 when the face of the piston towardsthe head 13 has already passed the openings 47.

vIt isadvantageousto so calculate the apparatus that the damping of the reciprocal movement of the cylinder 11 and the piston 14 takes place during the dischar e ofthe compressed air. That is to say, t e move1 ment of these parts ceases when their kinetic energy has yroduced the necessary work of discharge. he advant s of this arrangement will be explained 1n connection with the operation of the stabilization device.

It will be noticed that iii case of breaka of a valve su'chas 56, a lar e portion of t e air contained in the cyliner 11 would be driven out at the beginning of the stroke, through the passage 55 then communicating `through the openings 57 Vwith the atmosphere. Under these circumstances a very violent collision might take place between the piston 14 ,and the cylinder head 13. Althou h considerably deadened by the collision evice labove described, it might still be feared that such a 4violent' encounter might cause serious damage to the machine.

The object of the safety .valves 58 is precisely that of avoiding an escape of air by the'paages 55 and t e openings 57 which they close directly any air current, however insignificant, comes to pass. Under these circumstances the breakage of an intake valve no longer gives rise to a serious accident.

, Return stroke. Uo/mpreasor aida-The cylinder 11 is forcedback in the direction of the arrow 151 and the piston in that of the arrow 150 by thebull'er of compressed air which is at the pressure of the reservoir 54 and has remained imprisoned between the piston 14 and the cylinder head 13 at the moment the movement has 4 When this bu er expands, its ener transforms itself into kinetic energy for t e iston and cylinder. When the expansion as been carried tolapoin't slightly below the atmospheric (pressure, the automatic valves 56 o n lan ermit the atmospheric air to 'illA t e cylin er .11, because at this moment, 'owing to the movement of the cylinder 11 in the direction 151, the passages 55 communicate. with the atmbsphere through the openings 57.

Just as in the forward stroke, there can be no communication with 'the exhaust assage 50 because the ports 47 cease to register with the openings 48 as soon as the face of the piston opposite the head 13 reaches the ports 47.

Motor aida-The piston begins by driging before it the burnt gases which have followed it in its movement (in the direction 151 beyond the openings 47. j t Y ese burnt gases are forced td escape through the ports 47 because they encounter, opposite these ports, the current of pure air coming from the bottom of the explosion chamber.

Moreover, during the stroke of the piston 14 (in the direction 150) between the dead point and the exhaust orts 47, the valve 16 opens and allow a ric ily carburetted current of air to ass. The exact moment. for the opening o said valve 16 is determined experimentally so that, on the one hand, the gaseous current to which it gives passa e may sustain the movement of exhaust of t e burnt gases mixed with the scavenging air and that, on the other hand, said gases may remain isolated from said ports 47 by a sutlicient layerof pure air, up to the moment of the closing of the ports 47.

The movement .of the piston 14 and of the cylinder 11 continuing, the ports 47 close immediately the piston passes them. The valves 16 t en also close in turn.

There is then produced in the cylinder s ace included between the piston 14 and t e cylinder head 12 a slight compression of the gaseous mixture therein enclosed. 'At this moment the storage valve 32 lifts, being actuated `by the cam 36, the piston 42 bein held by the projection 46 in the position o Fig. 3. A portion of the gaseous mixture is driven into the storage reservoir 154 through the tube 153, having a slidingvfit with respect to said reservoir. The reservoir 154 is carried by a portion of the fixed frame 10, or some other relatively fixed structure.l The carburetor 27, tube 26, and

cams

36, 22 and L'23 are all similarly 'supported? y i It should further be noticed that the storage reservoir 154 communicates by a tube 155 with the carburetor 27.. Therefore, this same gas, sutliciently enriched with combustible will be used in the injection ofhighly carburetted air, which ingecton takes place through the passage 14' uring the next return stroke.

The storing, as carried out in this apparalllil tus, causes therefore no loss ofrcombustible.

When the piston 14 passes before the opening 31, the valve 32 falls bac-k on toits seat owing to the setting `of the cam 36. 'lhe carbui'etted gases remaining in the cylinder space are then strongly compressed up to t eir ignition, which may be produced either cto 61 by the s ark plug 59 and the ma Iby the pawl 62 in the proxgitrhity of oint, or by a compression carried iai expansion of the burnt lill of the cam 36, said piston is able to pass under the projection 46 and to take up the position shown in Fi 2.

The devices for auxiqiary rotation and security aainst shocks have been sufficiently explaine reviously and it would be superfluous to well no'w on their mode of operation. Operation of the' stabilization le/vice.- The foregoing explanations have disclosed the normal operation of the motor compressor unit. In practice, in view of the complete liberty left to the movements of the cylinder 11 and the piston 14, it has to be considered what would happen in case something arose to disturb the operation of the apiaratus.

t must first be remarked that, in the forward stroke (direction of the arrow 150 for the cylinder and 151 for the iston 14) the movements of the iston and) cylinder have been so calculate that the work of ases, at first transformed partially into kinetic energy of the oscillating parts, is found again in the end under three forms: work of compression, work of discharge into the reservoir 54, work stored up in the buffer.

A similar balance for the return stroke direction 151 ufor the

cylinder

11 and 150 or the piston 14)` shows that the work of expansion of the buffer should be equal, or verytnearly so, to the Work of storage and compressionpreliminary to the explosion of the gases intended for combustion.`

If any accidental cause lshould arise to upset these balances the piston 14 and the cylinder 11 will perform abnormal strokes, whose amplitude and frequency will be different from those provided for in the calculation of the apparatus.

supposing, for exam le, a sudden and accidental enrichment o the explosive mixture, the following phenomena will take place. Y

First forward stroke: The piston receiving a greater impulse than that provided for willveompress the buii'er at the end of,

its stroke with a pressure higher than the compression pressure, that is to say, higher than that in the reservoir 54.

First return stroke: The piston will be returned towards the 'cylinder head 12 by a too powerful butler; at the end` of its stroke it will impart an exaggerated compression to the explosive mixture. The explosion thus produced will be still more violent than its predecessor, etc.

If the effects of a sudden and accidental impoverishment of the explosive mixture are studied. the following conclusions will be arrived at. ,y

First forward stroke: The piston 13 will not have received sufficient e rgy to discharge from the cylinder 1l lntothe reservoir 54 the expected quantity of compressed air. At the end of its stroke there will remain therefore an air buil'er which will have,

it is true, the pressure in the reservoir 54,

a gerated iniipul e owing to the volume of air in the bu avin been increased while its pressure has remained equal to that in the reservoir 54. At the end of its stroke the piston will compress the explosive mixture to too great a pressure.

It is seen therefore that the consequences of a diminution in the force of the explosion are, by the end of an oscillation, exactl the same as those due to an increase in suc force. t

The Vabove given ex lanations have shown that the operation o the a paratus, as so far described, is unstable. n other words, and to sum up, if any disturbing cause should arise to upset thenorznal operation of the oscillating system, evenif. this cause should immediately disap ear, said oscillating system would not ten of its own accord to return to its equilibrium. but on the contrary would tend to depart from it more and more.

The stabilization device which has been described is intended toA remedy this drawback. It will now be explained how it works, supposing a sudden and accidental increase in the force of the explosion should take place. 'The case of a diminution in such force need not be considered, as it results, in the following oscillation, in an increase of the preliminary compression and, finally, in an increase in the force of the explosion.

Suppose that the piston has been driven in the direction of the arrow 151 and the cylinder in that of the arrow 150 by the expansion of burnt gases arlsmg from an abnormally, rich charge.

The piston 14 and the cylinder 11 will. to l a certain extent pass beyond the position corresponding to Atheir theoretical dead oints.- Consequently, the bu tl'er compressed between` them `will be, as already explained, at a greater pressure than that 1n the reservoir 54.

:But when the pressure of the compressed air exceeds the normal com ression pressure, the Vvalve 110 (Fig. 5) lits, and puts the dead space of the cylinder 11 into Fcommunication .with the auxiliary reservoir 107. Thisdatter, is absolutely isolated atthis moment from the exterior, as the lever 97 occupies -theposition shown in Figure 5, and the orifice 114'. is not opposite4 the orifice 113.

Under these circumstances` the oscillating parts absorb the excess of -kinetic energy,v

lun

not through the work of com ression of the buffer comprised in the cy inder 11, but through a work of compression acting both on the air in said cylinder and on that in the auxiliary reservoir 1.07. i

When the movement of the oscillating system stops and reverses, the non-return valve 110 closes' the passage 109 and the only buffer which, on expansion, can act on the piston and cylinder is that remainin in the cylinder 11 betweenV the piston 14 and the cylinder head 12, at the moment when the valve 110 has fallen back on its seat.

The piston 14 and the cylinder 11 perform therefore their return stroke under the impulse of a buler of lesser mass than the normal buffer, but whose ressure is, on the other hand, superior to t e normal. easy to imagine that the expansion of such a buii'cr mav be equivalent to that of the theoretical butler and that, consequently, the operations of the return stroke can be correctly performed.

As a matter of fact, a detailed calculation shows that, as a general rule, the deadening of the abnormal oscillation andnthe return to the theoretical operation are not achieved in one single stroke, but, if the capacity of the auxiliary reservoir 107 has been suit-ably chosen, as a function of the normal roluine of the dead space, stability of operation of the apparatus is obtained; any disturbance in the normal operation of the apparatus is corrected in a small number of oscillations.

It should be noted that during the return stroke of the piston 14 and the cylinder 11, the lever 97 swings in the direction ofthe arrow 151 under the influence of the con necting rod 94. At a given moment, the openixgs 114 are in registry with the 113. ,ommunication is thus establishe be tween the auxiliary reservoir 10ir and the' reservoir' 54 by -means of the passages 136 112 and 115. In this way the pressure of the air contained in the .rese voir 107 is automatically brought back to t e compression pressure which is also, it must not be for tten, that of the normal bu'er. The

devlce is thus ready to work again normally,

described, in place of the spark plug 59.

The carburetter 27 will be removed and a direct communication will he established between the reservoir 154-and the tube 26.

Oil injection takes place at the end of the compression stroke of the piston and linder, the cylinder 11 moving as already e- `for injecting at a low .of

-scribed in the direction @of the arrow 151 and the piston in that of the arrow 150. The injection needle 130 is raised at the end of lthe stroke when its head 131 comes into cony of4 the rest of the motor com ressor unit in `,this case, all its parts, with t 1e exception of the omitted carburetter 27, operating under similar conditions to those described above for the explosion cycle.

Y I claim:

1. In an apparatus comprising a cylinder and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder the combination of means for permitting expansion of burnt gases down to a pressure approximately that of the surrounding atmosphere; means for sucking in from the atmosphere a certain quantity of pure air which enters the cylinder in the proximity of the combustion chamber and is drawn along in the wake of the burnt gases; means for injecting at a low ressure, in the wake ot' the pure air previously introduced, a`

suitable quantit carburetted air, in such a way that on t e one hand the burnt ases remaining at this moment in the mac ine are separated from the carburetted air by a cushion of pure air, and on the other hand that the carburetted air can never reach the exhaust ports of the machine; means for simultaneously expellin the burnt gases from the cylinder, whic expulsion is produced both by the speed acquired by the burnt gases, as they follow the movement of the piston and also by the return motion of this latter which vterminates said expulsion; means for compressing, at al low pressure, and discharging from the c linder a part of the fresh gas previously a mitted, a storing reservoir into which said fresh gas is discharged at a low pressure, whose contents, suitably carburetted, are used to produce the injection of carburetted air at the aforesaid low pressure; means for com ressin the gases remaining in the cy inder and means for electrically igniting the compressed mixture.

2. In an apparatus comprising a cylinder and a piton reciprocating in said cylinder the com mation of means for permitting expansion of burnt gases down to a pressure approximately that of the surrounding atmosphere; means for sucking in from the atmosphere a certain uantity of pure air which enters the cylin er in the proximity of the combustion chamber and is drawn along in the wake of the burnt gases; means pressure, in the wake the pure air previously introduced, a` suitable quantity o carburetted air, in such pressure,

one '4 hand the burnt Vof. this latter which terminates said expulsion; means for compressing at a loyv ressure, and discharging from the cylin er a paitof the resh ga s previously admitted,

a storin reservoir into which said fresh gas is dischargd at a low pressure, whose contents, lsuita ly carburetted, are used to produce the injection of carburetted air at the aforesaid low pressure; means for compressing the gases remaining in the cylinder, to such a pressure that self ignition of the char e is produced.

3. n an apparatus comprising a cylinder and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder, producing motive energy on one and the same side of the piston, by the combination of means for permitting expansion of burntv ases down to a pressure approximately that of the surrounding atmosphere; means for sucking in from the atmosphere a certain quantity of pure air which enters the cylinder in the proximity of the combustion chainber and is drawn along in the wake of the burnt' gases; means for injecting at a low in the wake of the pure air previously introduced, a suitable quantity o carburetted air, in such a way' that on the gases remaining at this moment in the machine are separated from the carburetted air by a. cushion of pure air, and on the other hand that the carburetted air can never reach the exhaust orts of the machine; means for simultaneously expelling the burnt gases from the cylinder, which expulsion is roduced both by the speed acquired by t e burnt gases as they'follow the movement of the piston and also by the return motion of this latter which terminates said expulsion; means for compressing, at a low pressure, and discharging from the cylinder a part admitted, a storing reservoir into which said fresh gas is discharged at a low pressure, whose contents, suitably carburetted, are used' to produce the in'ection of carburettedair at the aforesai low pressure; means for compressing the gases remaining in the cylinder and means for electrically ignitingthe compressed mixture; and means for admitting, compressing and discharging air on the non-motive sidei of the piston.

4. ln an apparatus comprising a cylinder and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder, producing motive energy on one and the dof of the fresh gas previously,

same side of the piston by the combination of means for permitting expansion of burnt gases down to a pressure ap roximately that the surrounding atmosp ere; means for sucking in from the atmosphere a certain quantity of pure air which enters the cylinder in the proximity of the` combustion chamber and is drawn along inthe wake of the burnt gases; means for injecting at a low pressure, in the wake of the pure air previously introduced, a suitable uantity of carburetted air, in such away liiiat on the one hand the burnt gases remaining at this moment in the machine are separated from the carburetted air by a cushion of ure air and on the other hand that the car urette air can never reach the exhaustports of machine; Imeans for simultaneously ex elling the burnt gases from the cylin er, which expiosion is produced both by the s ced acquired by the burnt gases, as they ollow the movement of the piston, and also by the return motion of this latter which terminates said expulsion; means for compressing at a low pressure and dischar ing from the cylinder a part of the fres 'gas previously admitted., a storing reservoir into which saidrfresh gas is dischar ed at a low pressure, whose contents, suita lv carburettcd, are used to produce the injection of carburetted air at the aforesaid low pressure; means for com ressing the gases lremaining in the cylin er to such a pressure that self ignition of the charge is produced; and means for admitting, compressing an discharging air on thenon-motive side of f the piston.

5. In an apparatus comprising a frame, a cylinder and a piston reciprocatin in said cylinder said cylinder being mec anically free to reciprocate with respect to said frame, a distributin device for the ports of said cylinder, said device comprising `a valve for one of said ports, a rocking lever pivoted to the cylinder, a fixed cam, a pawl pivoted to said lever and cooperating with said cam, a lockingsmember for locking said pawlto said lever, said locking 111cm-, ber bein free Vto slide by inertia in said rocking ever in a direction parallel to that of the cylinder.

6. In an apparatus comprising a frame, a cylinder and a piston cyiinder, said cylinder being free torecipro-d cate in the frame, a port in the cylinder, a valve in the port, and means for operatin the valve comprising a rocking lever pivote on the cylinder, a fixed cam, a pawl pivoted on the lever, a` spring for holding one end of the pawl in engagement with the cam, a passage in the lever, and a member free to slide in this passa e in a direction substantially parallel to t e movements of the cylinder, a portion of the pawl moving into and out of this passage as the pawl follows the the l reciprocating in the 'travel to this end of contour of the cam, whereb the pawl is free to move independently of t e lever when the sliding member is at one end of the passage and out of the path of movement of the pawl. but the pawl and lever are locked againstindependent movementA when the member is at the other end of the passage.

7. In an apparatus comprising a frame. a cylinder and a piston reciprocating in the cylinder. said cylinder being free to reciprocate in the frame, a port in the cylinder. a valve in the port, and means for operating the valve comprising a rocking lever pivoted on the cylinder.\a fixed cam. a paw] pivoted on the lever. a spring for holding one end of the pawl in engagement with the cam, and a member thrown by its own inertia from one position to another by the movements of the cylinder. this member being in the path of movement of the pawl in one osition to lock the paw] and lever against ludependent movement.

8. In a motor compressor unit, comprising a cylinder and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder a starting device comprising means for inject-ing from a reservoir compressed air behind the vmotor piston on the compression side, said device comprising a cock, a piston loaded by a spring, a balanced valve connected to said piston and controlf ling a port in the cylinder. said cock admitting air from saidrreservor under said piston, and a non-return valve between said cock and said piston and vents in said valve.

A motor compressor unit comprising a cylinder and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder, one end portion of the cylinder bemg provided with afvalved air inlet, and a valved air outlet to said reservoir, the iston in its travel to this end of the cylin er being adapted to compress air and force same into the reservoir, the end of the cylinder beyond the outlet to the reservoir confining air which serves as a gaseous buffer, the piston being returned by the expansion of this gaseous buffer, and means for limiting the maximum energy stored in this gaseous buffer.

10. A motor compressor unit comprising a. cylinder and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder, a reservoir for ,air under pressure, one end portion of the cylinder being, rovided with a valved air inlet, and a'va ved air outlet to said reservoir, the piston in its the cylinder being adapted to compress air the reservoir, the end of the cylinder beyond the outlet to the reservoir confining air which serves as a gaseous buffer, the iston being returned by the Vexpansion of this gaseous buffer, and auxiliary connections b tween the reservoir and this gaseous buffer.

11. A motor compressor unit comprisinga cylinder, a piston reciprocating in said cylinder, and a main reservoir for compressed a reservoir for air under pressure,

and force same into air, a device for controlling the rate of the reciprocations of the piston, said device consisting. of an auxiliary reservoir for compressed air, connections between said auxillary reservoir andthe cylinder end on the compressor side, comprising automatic nonreturn valves. and` means for re-establishing in said auxiliary reservoir, at each stroke, the pressure existing in the main reservoir of the compressor.

12. A motor compressor unit, comprisin a cylinder and a piston reciprocating in sai cylinder, a safety device adapted to prevent damage to the machine in case of an accidental collision between the piston` and the bottom of the cylinder, said device consist-ing in an elastic butler mounted on thepiston an abutment on the head of the cylinder an an elastic connection between said head and said cylinder.

13. In a motor compressor unit comprisingl a cylinder and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder, air inlets for the compressor, valves for said air inlets on the compressor side. and non-return valves between said first-named valves and the atmosphere.

14. In an apparatus comprising a frame, a cylinder, a piston reciprocating in said cylinder. said cylinder beingmechanically ree to reciprocate with respect to said frame, an auxiliary shaft. a quick-return'device connected to said shaft and to said cylinder and anelastic connection between said device and said cylinder.

15. In an apparatus comprising a frame, a cylinder, a piston reciprocatingr in said cylinder, said cylinder being mechanically free to reciprocate with respect to said frame; ports in said cylinder, tubes connected to said ports, and communicating chambers on said frame. each of vsaid tubes having a sliding air-tight it in one of said chambers, so as to form a Huid, circulating passage from said movable cylinder to an through said fixed chambers and thence back to the cylinder.

16. In an apparatus comprising a cylinder and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder, a carburetter, inlet and outlet connections from said carburetter to one end portion of the cylinder, an air inlet in this end portion of the cylinder, valves in these connections, and automatic means for operating the valves whereby during the stroke of the piston carburetted air is admitted to the cylinder under low ressure, and pure air is drawnV in. the mixture is compressed on the succeeding compression stroke of the piston, and a portion of this compressed mixture is returned to the carburetter for injection during the next expansion stroke.

In an apparatus com ising a cylinder and a piston reciprocating` in said cylinder, a carburetter, a storage chamber communicating with the carburetter, assages from thecylinder to the Stora e ciamber, and from the carburetter to t e cylinder, valves in these passages, and automatic means for operating the valves.

18. In an appara-tus comprising a cylinder, a frame, and a piston reciprocatingln said cylinder, the cylinder being mounted` to reciprocate in the frame, a carburetter mounted on the frame. Huid assagesleading from one end portion o the cylinder to the carburetter and fromthe carburetter back to this end of the cylinder. and automatic valves in the passages. the passages being extensible to permit the movement of the cylinder.

19. In an apparatus comprising a cylinder, a frame. and va iston reciprocating in said cylinder, theacyllnder being mounte to reciprocate in the frame, a carburetter mounted on the frame, a storage chamber mounted on the frame and connected with the carburetter, a passage from the cylinder to the storage chamber. a passage from the carburetter to the cylinder, valves in these passages, and means for controlling the valves-operated by the movements of the cylinder. 4

20. In an apparatus comprising a cylinder, a frame. and a piston .reciprocating in said cylinderz the cylinder being mounted to reciprocate 1n the -frame, a carhuretter mounted on the frame, a storage chamber mounted on theframe and connected with the carburetter, a passage from the cylinder to the storage chamber, a passage from thecarburetter to the cylinder, valves in these passages,.ixed cams carried by the frame, and meansY including rockers mounted on the cylinder and engaging the cams for controilin the valves. I y A 21. n' a motor compressor unit comprising a frame, a closed. cylinder, and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder, said cylinder being mechanically free to reciprocate with respect to said frame; means for producing an expansive force on one side of said piston within vsaid cylinder. i means for simultaneously compressing air on the other side of said piston and means for discharging said compressed air at such a res- 'sure that the reciprocal deadening o the relative movements between the cylinder and the piston is equal to the work of compression and discharge of the air, less the work of restoring the piston and cylinder to their initial position.

' 22. In a motor compressor unit comprising a fra-me, a closed cylinder and .a V lston reciprocating in said cylinder, said cy inder being mechanically free to reciprocate with respect to said frame, means for roducing an expansive force on one sde ofpsaid piston within said cylinder, means for simultaneously compressing air on the other side of said piston, means for dischargn a portion of said compressed air at suc a pressure that the reciprocal deadening of the relative movements between the cylinder and the piston is equal to the work of compression and discharge of the air, and means for imprisoning the remaining portion of said compresse air between the piston and the corresponding cylinder end, at the same 'pressure so that its expansion may restore the piston and cylinder to their initial position.

RAUL PATERAS PESCARA.

municating with the' carbnretter, assages from the .cylinder to the storage c iarnber, and from the carburetter to the cylinder, valves in these passages, and automatic means for operating the valves.

18. In an appara-tus comprising a cylinder, a frame, and a piston reciprocating'ln said cylinder, the cylinder being mounted to reciprocate in the frame. a carbnretter mounted on the frame. Huid assages` leading from one end portion o the cylinder to the carburetter and fromthe carburetter back to this end of the cylinder. and automatic valves in the passages. the passages being extensible to permit the movement of the cylinder.

19. In an apparatus comprising` a cylinder, a frame, and a iston reciprocating in said cylinder, the cylinder being mounted to reciprocate in the frame, a carbnretter mounted on the frame, a storage chamber mounted on the frame and connected with the carburetter. a passage from the cylinder to the storage chamber. a passage from the carburetter to the cylinder, valves in these passages, and means for controlling the.

valvesoperated by the movements of the cylinder.

20. In an apparatus comprising a cylinder, a frame. and a iston .reciprocating in said cylinder, the cylinder being mounted to reciprocate 1n the --frame, a carburetter mounted on the frame, a storage chamber mounted on the'frame and connected with the carburetter, a passage from the cylinder to the storage chamber, a passage from the carburetter to the cylinder, valves in these passages,.lixed cams carried by the frame, and means including rockers mounted on the cylinder and engaging the cams for controllin the valves. f

21. n a motor compressor unit comprising a frame` a closed. cylinder, and a piston reciprocating in said cylinder, said cylinder being mechanically free to reciprocate with respect to said frame; means for producing an expansive force on one side of said piston Within 4said cylinder, means for simultaneously compressing air on the other side of said piston and means for discharging said comp'rcssed air at such a ressure that the reciprocal deadening o the relative movements between the cylinder and the piston is equal to the work of compression and discharge of the air, less the work of restoring the piston and cylinder to their initial position.

22. In 'a motor compressor unit comprisingr a frame, a closed cylinder and a iston reciprocating in said cylinder, said cy inder being mechanically free to reciprocate with respect to said frame, means for roducing an expansive force on one side o? said piston within said cylinder, means for simultaneously compressing air on the other side' of said piston, means for discharginv a portion of said compressed air at suc a pressure that the reciprocal deadening of the relative movements between the cylinder and the piston is equal to the work of compression and discharge of the air, and means for imprisoning the remaining portion of said compressed air between the piston and the corresponding cylinder end, at the same `pressure so that its expansion may restore the piston and cylinder to their initial position.

RAUL PATEEAS PESCARA.

ce1-annu r common.

Pmi masacre?.

RAUL PATERAS PESCARA. It is herebyeertiedtliat errorappears in the printed patent requx O correction -as follows: Page l ready f f and that the said' Letters Patent should be read with Granted May 24, 1927, to

ification of the aboveline 85, for the word this correction therem thatthe same may conform to the record ofthe in the sigma-.na salad' aasaan dq of June, A. D. im.

[um] v M. J. MOORE, Acting dominion# of Patente.

`Certicate of Correction. Patent bla/1,629,927. Granted May 24, 1927, to RAUL PATERAS PESCARA.

It is hereby certified that error'appears in the printed specification of the abovenumbered Patent requiring correctxon `as follows: Page 9, line 851 for the word expl'ion read eagmlsoh; and that the said' Letters Patent should be rend with this correction therem that the same may conform tothe record ofthe case in the Pat/ent Oiloe.

Signed and sealed this 28th day of June, A. D. 1927.

[BAL] l M. J. MOORE,

Acting Gomml'uioner of Patents.