US1613950A

US1613950A - Impulse turbine

Info

Publication number: US1613950A
Authority: US
Inventors: Jackson Charles Arthur
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1923-10-19
Filing date: 1923-10-19
Publication date: 1927-01-11
Anticipated expiration: 1944-01-11

Description

Jan. 11, 1927.

c, .A. JACKSON IMPULSE TURBINE Filed Oct. 19. 1923 Y 3 Sheets-Sheet l Jan. 11 1927.

C. A. JACKSON IMPULSE TURBINE' Filed Oct. 19. 1923 5 sheets-sheet 2 I Jan. 1 1, 1927.

C l. A. JACKSON IMPULSE TURBINE Filed Oct. 19.

,f5 Sheets-Sheet 5 l N VEANTQR Patented Jan. 11, 1927. y

narran sra'res A 1,613,5.552'5tl Parser ori-fier..

CHARLES ARTHUR JACKSON, OF RIDGEWOOD, NEXV JERSEY.

IMPULSE TURBINE.

Application 'filed October 1S, 1923. Serial No. 663,469.

rThis invention relatesl to hydraulic tur- ;iines ot the impulse type and more particuarly to an improved means t'or controlling the speed of the same.

Such means have in the past commonly in- Fig. et.

supplying Water to the apparatus7 it has been customary to provide an auxiliary means for temporarily turning or detlecting the jet upon a loadrejection 'from the Wheel so that a portion of the stream Will not impinge .against the runner blades. Such an au.. 'liary means may be made to follonT quite closely the movements oli the governor and thus produce an immediate regulation. The shutting ofi' of the Water from the jet is designed to take. place subsequently to the ldetlection of the Water from the runner blades and may loe effected at such a rate as not to produce shock. Y

One of the objects of my present invention is to provide novel and improved means 'for automatically regulating the supply ot Water to the jet-at a rate having a predetermined maximum which Will safelyvavoid excessive pressure rise,

Another object of the invention is to provide means for quickly bypassing the 'flow or detiecting the jet upon a sudden drop in the load. i

A. further object is to provide an automatic means of this character which shall he thoroughly reliable in operrdion.l and one which While permitting the rates ot opening and closing ot the nozzle to be adjusted Within wide limits shall insure that the rates shall remainv constant for any one adjustment.

`Numerous other objects and advantages ot my invention will appear from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings Wherein- Figs. 1 to 3 are diagrammatic views otl a turbine controlling mechanism embaidving my invention, and showing successive positions occupied by the mechanism in cutting oli' the flow of the Water to the nozzle.

Fig. 8 is a. similar View showing the deilector in a ditcrent position.

Fig. -lis a central section partly in elevation showing the actual construction 'ot a vpart ot the mechanism shown -diagrammatically in Figs. 1 toS.

' Fig. 4* is an enlarged View ot' a detail ot Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic development ot' the cooperating edges ot the pilot valve and port openings.

Fig. 6 is a sectional View showing an operating piston with balanced peripheral pressures.

Fig. V7 is a diagrammatic development ot the surface of the piston shown in Fig. (l, and l Fig. 8 is a central section partly in elevation illustrating a modilied form ot control .Referring more particularly to Figs. 1 to Y3, 1l) represents in outline the runner of an ter of 'the jet.

Upon a drop in load it is desirable to reduce the driving yforce on the Wheel 10 in -V mediately to `avoid over speeding. To accomplish this the detlector 12 is moved into the jet an amount corresronding to the load reduction. The deflecting surface GO has a slight curvature as shown so that when its lower edge 60 has reached the center line of the nozzle the entire jet Will be deflected a suflicient amount to clear the Water Wheel buckets (see Fig. 3a). The deflected jet Will not follow the direction ot the deecting surface 60 but will approximate a path which Will be a bisector of the angle A between the jet axis and the dellecting surface. rllhe detlecting surface 60 theretore moves into the jet trom the side nearest Vthe Wheel 10 and is so di-r cted that as it fl l) .Fill

ing); torce quickly without danger of presszn'e rise in the supply line7 but the deflected water is wasted and therefore this deflection or bypassing ot the water combined with a relatively slow movement ot' the nozzle needle 16 to reduce the size ot the liet to correspond to the reduced load.

Upon increase in the load tl e detlector 12 moves away from the jet and the nozzle needle opens at a regulated ate which is adjusted to prevent an excessive drop in pressure in the supply line.

ln the system as illustrated in the drawings the detlector and nozzle needle are controlled by a governor G ot usual construction having a fluid pressure cylinder 19 within which is a piston connected to the lever 2O so that when the speed ot the turbine reduced below normal pressure will be admitted to one side ot' the piston to move the lever 2O counter clocl-:wise and when the speed is above normal pressure will be admitted t-o the other side of the piston to move the lever Q in a clockwise direction. rl`he action ot the governor on a drop in load, 'tor instance, is to turn the lever clockwise according' to the excess in speed above normal. This through detlector 12 and needle 16 reduces the speed to slightly below normal and this reduction in speed causes the governor to return the lever 2O slightly counter-clockwise to the ext-act position required by the new load. rthe lever 2O serves to reciprocate the rod l l, which is connected at one end with the pivcted n 13 et the controlling defiector 12. A nozzle controlling' lever 24 is pivoted at 25 and attached to the 'rod 21 by a lost motion connection which comprises springs 26 which press at their outer ends agsfiinst collars 2T listed on the rod 21, and at their inner ends awiinst the end 255 ot the lever 24. rllhe lever 24 serves to Actuate the pilot valve piston 8O which slides within a second or operatine; piston 31 operating in the c vlinocr :11). The second or (,peratingr piston 11 has secured to one end. the rod 84 which serves to operate the needle or plunger 16 used to control the supply Ot water to the jet .14. t its other end the piston 31 carries the rod or tube having;Y adjustable stops 41 and lf2 arranged to engage the lever Q4 and limit its pivotal movement and colA qnently limit the relative movement ot the pilot valve El() in the piston 3l.

rflic cylinder 'ol pit-'ton 31 if: provided with a fluid inlet pas'y eje 44 which is :xdipted to be supplied with oil under pressure 'troni a pressure system (not shown). Communicating' with the central bore 45 ot' the piston $11 is a pase 3G which leads to the space $1? within the cylinder 32 at the lett oi the piston 31; also a passage 38 which leads to the space 89 within the cylinder 82 at the right ot the piston 31.; a passage 46 communicating with the inlet passage 4l and

passages

48 and 49 in communication `with the oulel passage 5t).

rlhe pilot valve SO is' formed with annular spaces o4, formed between the

valve heads

56, 57 and 58. ln the position shown in Fie'. 1 the head 57 closes the inletrpassage 46 while

passages

36, 38, 48 and 4S) are all open, lVith the parts in the position shown it a portion ot the load on the turbine is suddenly rejected the speed ot the runner will increase with the result that the governor will move the rod 21 to the right thus causing' the detlector 12 to tilt to a position to deflect the jet 14 so that a portion 'ot' the jet parses by the runner and does not iinping'e against the blades. This motion of the rod 21 also causes a rotation ot the controlling' lever 24 in a counter-clockwise direction and a movement ot the val. piston 30 to the lett into the position shown in Fig. Q. This as Will be seen opens communication between the inlet and the space 19 at the right ot the cylinder 32 and the oil 'torce-d into this space moves the pistion 31 and 'with it the needle 16 to the lett so as to restrict the {ioxv oi water through the nasale 11. rllhe piston 81 continues to move until the parts nally reach the position shown in Fig'. 3 as will be more fully described as tollo'ws.

lt will be noted that by reason ot the ens" ement ot the lever Q4 with the stop 41, which will occur when the lever has been turned through a certain angle7 the end 2S the lever Q4 will be prevented, for the time being' trom 'following the rod 21 to the tull extent ot its stroke. Any motion ot the rod Q1 in excess of this distance will result in a compression ot' the spring 2G at the lett ot the lever 24, Lhe springr to the right beine` held by a central stop 115 secured to the rod 21 and movable therewith. and a collar 114 movable on rod 21. As shown in Fic'. 4*L and later described, the lever 24. like the lever is adapted to pass over the central stop and engage the collar 114. As the opertingi' piston 211 begins to move under the ressurc ot the oil at one end ot the piston the stop 41 is likewise moved in such a dirn to permit the lever Q4- to continue ls coruiter-clockwise rotation. rl`he time lag iet'a'een the relatively quick motion ot the l. ctor 1L and the slow movement oilf the needle 15 will depend upon the rate at which oil` is Aforced into the cylinder 32 and this in lrrn will depend upon adjustment ot the stop 41 which controls the extent to which the passage 46 is uncovered by the motion ot the piston 30. Bv proper adjustment ot stop 41 the widest opening ol port 46 will he so regulated that the oil can pass at a rate having a predetermined sate maximum and the piston 31 and needle 16 will be moved to restrict the opening through the lllll ner will therefore slow down and the gov-r ernor will act to stop further motion of the lever 13 and slightly reverse it. The motionV otl the piston 31 will have continued until the parts assume the position shown in Fig. 2l in which the inlet passage i6 is again closed by the valve head 57. Upon a load reiection the governor Atirst moves the detlector 12 a sullicient distance to bring the turbine speed nach to normal. Then as the needle 1G is gradually closed by the automatic device indicated generally at 18 the deliector 12 is slowly moved away from the jet by the governor until the diameter ot' the jet has been reduced suiiiciently t drive the turbine at normal speed, the detlector in the n'ieantiine havingl reached its normal position' which is just clear ot the top ot the reduced jet. rlhis will he the new position of rest kuntil some turther change in the load occurs. For each adjusted position ofthe needle. therel'ore, and with the lever 24: in central position between stops 41, 4Q. (Figs.

1 and there will be a correspondinglyr -c jet and the linkages are such that the A tion of the edge 60 oi' the deflector will be just clear ot' the jet whatever its size.

"he motion or the plunger 1G will cause the to decrease in diameter so that it will occupy a space'just helow the edge 60 ot the detlector 12 in its new position. The deliector will therefore be in a position ready 'to enter the jet immediately upon any lill 'further rejection of the load.

ln case et an increase in load the speed o" the runner will decrease and the rod 21 be moved by the governor 19 toward the le''t. rlhis will raise the detlector 12 but as the saine' is normally free iromthe jet this action in itseli will not etilect any regulation. Motion of the rod 21 h wever will operate tov rotate the lever @il in a clockwise direction and thus move the valve piston and uncover the passage #t6 and permit fluid to tlow to the lett oi: the piston 3 rihe stop may be adjusted to permit the valve head 57 ol the piston Si) to open the passage i6 to any predetermined maximum according tol the highest sate rate o't Vopening7 ot the needle 1li.l This rate of opening' will usually be `greater than the rate ot' closing; and the sult that oil will enter the cylinder 32 :1. a more rapid rate and move the plunger 1li ni-orerapidly to enlarge the opening of the nozzle 11. rthe piston 31 will continue to move towar l the right until the valve piston 30 airain centers itself with the passage yiii closed and the cnil 2S o l" the lever 2l inidway between the collars 27.

lt is ot course possiblev to construct the dcl'lector so that in its norm'alrposition of rest it. will serve to deflect a portion ot' the iet 1l. Under such circumstances a movenient ot the governor lever 20 in a countercloclnvise direction and the consequent raising' ot-the deiiccting` ringll (which action would take place under increased load) would cause more olI the water et the jet llt to impinge aga-inst the blades and thus a'ct quiclilv'to apply'a greater torque to the runnerln the preferred construction however the detlectinc; tace ($0 ot' the ring; 12 is normally just tree ot the iet 14 and there is 'therefore no continuous waste ot water as would be the case were the detlector always in the stream. Y

The controllingr mechanism as above dc- .sciibcd is adapted for manujt'acture as a sell contained unit which may be applied lo needle nozzles oi existing turbines. f

Referring more Yparticularly to Fig. i which shows one term of Operating means :torthe plunger, indicates a cylindrical casing'having heads 71 and 72 each formed with a stutiing boX 73 for the piston rod 74.-. rhis rod serves to actuate the needle which controls the opening through the nozzle in the manner well-known in they art. y

The casing)y 70 is provided with tapped

openings

75 and 7 6 connected respectively with a supply and exhaust conduit 7? and 78. Secured to the rol 74 is the piston head SO which is formed at its outer surface with depressions 81 and 82 communicating respectively with the Vinlet and outlet passages. The depression 81 which is on the lower side el the piston head 8O covers a somewhat greater vperipheral area than the i depression 82. The force ofthe oil acting upon the top wall of this depression assists in sustaining the weight of the piston head- 8O and connected parts. The rod M is formed with a central bore Se and the rod and piston head 8O are provided with the

exhaust passages

86 and 87 which connect with the depression 82; also an inlet passage S8 which communicates with the depression Si.; the passage S9 which connects the bore Se with a space at the right ot the piston head SO and a passage .90 which connects the bore Sli with the space at the lett of the piston head Si). Adapted to move inside the bore Sil is a valve piston 02 'termed with annular depressions 93 and Se positioned as shown in the drawing. This plunger rcceives its motion from the lever 95 through a connecting link 96 which is pivoted at one end to the end of the valve piston As vshown in Fig. la lever 95 receives its movement from rod 121. The springs 126 on the rod press against washers 113, 114C which'- have a delinite lixed central position determined by a collar 115 rigidly iixcd to rod 121. here'liore when spring- 126 at the right or lettot lever is compressed the spring at the lett or right will remain in its central position and will not follow up the movement ot end 128 ot the lever which is pivota'lly connected to the sliding collar 116.

rlhe piston 92 adjacent to its point ot adjustment to the linl 9G is screw-threaded to receive

nuts

98 and 99 engaging,v these threads. The piston red 711 is formed with an enlarged portion provided with

openings

100 and 101 within which the nuts 98 and 99 move an intervening web 102 between the

openings

101 and 102 serving as an abutment to stop the motion et' one ot the other of the nuts. The nuts and web 102 thus serve as adjust-able stops for limiting` the motion ot the piston rod 92 relative to the piston head 80 and therefore determine the extent ot the opening ot passages 89 or .90 and the speed of the pluneer in controlling the size et the jet. Beyond the enlarged portieri ot the rod T4 the same is formed with a screw threaded portion 108 adapted to be engaged by a hand wheel 101. The hub 105 of the hand wheel is termed with an extension 106 having an external annular .slot 107. rlhis slot is adapted to receive a key 108 which is slidable in slots 109 formed in a cap 110 extending` rearwardly from the cylinder head 72. Insertion otl the l-:ey 108 serves to prevent longitudinal movement ot the hand wheel relative to the tixed structure when the same is rotated and thus enables the rod 711 to be moved. lVhen the automatic operation is desired rather than a hand operation the ltey 108 is removed and the hand wheel is turned to the outer end ot the roel 711.

rllhe piston head 80 is formed with a bore 111 adapted to receive a pin 112 projecting` inwardly trom the head 71 of the casing 70 and so prevents rotation ot the piston head within the cylindrical casing.

rlhe ports where the pressure and exhaust connections open into the central pilot valve chamber may be of any desired shape to give a preferred shape and rate ot opening as the pilot valve moves along` the port edge. 'lhese ports may, tor instance, be elongated or il-shaped as shown in Fig. 5.

instead oi. having the pressure supply on one side ot the piston 52 and the exhaust on the other as shown in Figures l to l, the pressure anni exhaust areas may be bulanced ou opposite sides as shown, tor instance, in Figs. l and the

pressure chambers

181 and 181 are arranged below andv above the cylinder and the

exhaust chambers

182 and 182 on opposite sides; the pressure ehanibers beingl connected by the groove g and the exhaust chambers by the groove g. The relative sizes ot chambers 181 and Leia,

181 may be arranged to ovrrbalance upward and pist support the weight ot the pistou, so that it will slide 'freely without any tendency to become set in a l'ixed position.

in the coi-istruction above described it will be impossible tor the plunger or needle 16 to be moved suddenly to close the nozzlefor the reason that time must elapse to enable the liquid to pass out ot the casing 70 to permit motion ot the piston head 80 and acti-rating rod We. lThis construction also 1.. a niniinnm the possibility ot the arves operating' improperly because or" being clogged with sediment from the oil, :since each time the pilot valve opens and 'es it automatically cleans itself ot all eign matter such as may be due to lealiwhile the valve is closed and which l unzl the valve clearance. l ie rate et movement ot' the needle 16 both .i opening and closing` may be ditterent 'trein the rate olt movement of the geven i and oi the detiector, t'or instance. with a de'tlector movement ot one second the needle movement may be twelve seconds in closing or the opening movement ot the needle Yfor a. corresponding` increase in the lor-.d may be ten seconds. rilhus the rates ot movement ot the needle in opening and in closing; are not only ditlerent trom each other but are also dii'li'erent from the governor rate and dei'iector.

.ln the moditication shown in Fig; 8 the nozzle 11 has its needle 1G -with stem 34 and piston 31 pressed to the left toward closing by the spring s the pressure of which is adjusted by the sleeve 140. Fluid pressure to open 'the needle 1G is supplied through pipe ZT and is controlled by pilot valve 30. The control rod 21 through springs 2P and connection 28 tips lever 2/1 pivoted at 25 and connected to the pilot valve 30 through links 96 and collar 1-10, adjustable stops 98. 90 being provided to limit tie movement ot the pilot valve with relation to the pif-.ton 231. Movement ot rod 21 toward the. lett moves pilot valve 80 to the rient to uncover port 141 and admit premiare trom chamber to port 151.3 leadin to the end chamber 111 ot cylinder 145. l" ud pre rc in chanber 1411 moves the piston 3i to the righi comilnessiug` spring` and euhu'a'i j the opening` through nozzle 1li. 'the movement or' the piston 31 to the rigfghtcloses the port bi1 and shuts oli the pressure.

To clcse the needle 16 the rod 21 moves toward the right and slides the pilot valve 230 toward the lett to open port 114.6 thus connecting chamber' 141- to the exhaust chamber 1%?. and outlet T8 and permit the .spring s to expand and move the piston 31, stein 8&1 and needle 16 to the lett toward closed position.

Instead of the fluid pressure control the hand vvheel 150 having its hub 151-threaded on the stein 3l may be used to move the needle 16 opei against the tension ot spring s. yDuring operation of the fluid pressure means the liana Wheel is backed ofi away from the thrust bearing 152 supported on the paci" f gland collar 153.

'lhis single acting cylinder control is advantageous in that it will automatically se the nozzle needle 16 in case the oil i essure or the 'liuid pressure control means fails. instead or' the spring s a constant closing pressure may be applied, for instance, by melting the needle bulb 16 large and the stem 34 small, thereby causingV a constant tendency1 of the pressure in the nozzle to close the needle; or pressure may be intr ucer into the end chamber llof the cylinder 145.

'lhe vario parts otx the apparatus shown be inane adjustable Wherever desired as to permit final adjustn'lent of the This adjustment may ts when installed.

be changel it' required, for instance, by a the length of the rod Q1 may be made arl-- inviable or the relative lengths o'l the ends of the lever 2l so as to the relation between the needle setting and the defiector setting. i i y Instead of a deflector it is obvious that other means may be used to reduce the pressure as the needle closes and theinvention is not confined tothe `specific embodiments shown and described but is intended to Vcoversurh modilirations thereof as fall within the scope or the appended claims.

l claim:

1. Governing apparatus for a hydraulic turbine comprising means for regulating the dow to the turbine runner and means for diverting said flow, both ot said means being governor controlled, and connections between said regulating means and the governor comprising a lost motion connection permitting a predetermined invariable rate otl opening and closing movement of the regulating means irrespective of the rate of' change of' load, and adjustable means for limiting said regulating means to a predetermined n'iaizimum rate of opening and closing movement.

2. Governing apparatus for any impulse turbine comprising a. needle regulating the size of the jet7 anda defiector having a surface movino' into the jet from the Wheel 'side thereof and formed toy deflect the Whole of the jet away trom the ivheel when and only when the entering edge of the deflector reaches the center of the jet. Y

Governing apparatus forv an impulse turbine comprising a needle regulating the size of the jet, and a dellector having a surface movingl into the'jet from the Wheel side there-of and formed to deflect the Whole ot the aivay from the Wheel when and only When-the entering edge of the dellector reaches 'the center of the jet and means for interconnecting said needle and deflector so that the edge of' the deilecior is justzclear of the jet surface at each adjusted position of the needle.

lll. Governing apparatus for animpulse turbine comprising a needle 'for regulating tbeV size of the jet, and a deflector havinga surface moving into the jet from the Wheel side thereoi, said surface being so formed that when the jet is entirely deflected from the Wheel, the axis of the deflected ,jet will approximately bisect an angle, the sides of which are formed by the normal jet axis, and the line along Which-said deflector sur- Lface'ivould follow when extended.

5. Governing' apparatus for an impulse turbine comprising avneedle for regulating the size of the jet, and a deflector having a surface moving into the jet from the Wheel side thereof, said surface being so formed that when the jet is entirely deflected from the wheel, the axis ot the deflected jet will approximately bisect an angle', the sides of which are formed by the normal et airis and the line along which said deflector surface would follow when extended, the entering edge of said deflector being at the normal jet axis only when complete jet deflection is obtained. f

6. In a. turbine adapted to receive Water from a source ot supply, means for controlling said turbine by varying the supply of Water from said source, means for diverting water from the turbine runner, a governor, a connection between said governor and said -latter means whereby said latter means respends Without substantial delay to the acj tion of said governor,` a fluid operated device comprising a piston adapted to actuate said supply'controlling meansa valve member operated inresponse to said governor and movable relative to said piston to admit 'fluid pressure to one side'ot said piston and to relieve pressure from the other side,

`whereby said supply controlling means is moved in response to said governor and adjusting means limiting the relative movement between saidv valve member and piston to varyrthe rate of movement of said supply controlling means.

7. In a'turbine adapted to receive Water from a source of supply, meansv for controlling said turbine by varying thesupply of Water from said source, a second means for controlling said turbine, a governor, a connection between said governor and said lsecond means where-by said second means responds without substantial delay to the action et said governor and a duid operated device adapted to actuate said supply controlling means, said device comprising a cylinder, a piston movable therein and formed with a bore and inlet and 0utlet pas sages communicating with said bore, a piston valve movable within said bore, means cooperating with said valve and movable with .said piston tor controlling the relative movement between said piston and valve, opeiating means tor said valve and a connection between said valve and governor and a resilient lost motion connection between said valve and governor.

8. In a turbine ot the impulse type a runner nozzle adapt-ed to torni a jet ot water, means'tor controlling said turbine by varying the quantity ol water supplied to said jet, means tor changing the direction ot the water oi' said jet so that a portion only ot' said water is eli'ective to operate said runner, a governor, a connection between raid governor and said latter means whereby said latter means responds without substantial delay to the action oit' said governor, a member connected directly to said governor, controlling means 'for said first-named means comprising a connect-ion biased to a certain position relative to said member, means 'For limiting the extent to which said connection may iiollow the movements oi said governor in either direction whereby the rate at which said lirst named means is operated is limited and means responsive to the condition oi' said first named means tor varying the limiting effect oiu said last named means.

9. Regulating means for the jet of an impulse turbine comprising a nozzle, a needle, and a fluid pressure operated piston connected thereto to move said needle, a pilot valve tor controlling the fluid pressure supply to said piston, said valve being normally movable during piston mov-ement, and adjustable means tor limiting the movement ot' said pilot valve to restrict the rate of movement ot the piston to a predetermined maximum.

10. Regulating means for the jet ot an iinpulse turbine comprising a nozzle, a needle, and a fluid pressure operated piston connected thereto to move said needle, a pilot valve normally movable during needle movement for controlling the tluid pressure supply to said piston, and adjustable means tor limiting the movement ot vsaid pilot valve to reiet the rate ot closing movement ot the piston to a predetermined maximum.

ll. Regulating means tor the jet o an inipulse turbine comprising a nozzle, a needle, and a fluid pressure operated piston connected thereto to move said needle, a pilot valve ter controlling the fluid pressure supply to sai-al pistou, normally movable during needle movement and adjustable means tor limiting the movement ot said pilot valve to restrict the raie ot closing movement ot' the piston to a predetermined maximum andL separately adjustable means tor limiting the movement 0f said pilot valve to restrict the rate ot opening movement ot the piston to a predetermined maximum.

12. In an impulse turbine a nozzle, a needle ior regulating the size of the jet from said nozzle and means for moving the needle comprising a cylinder and a piston movable therein, means to supply fluid to said cylinder, the sides ot' said piston and cylinder having between them an inlet chamber so constructed and arranged that the pressure oi' the Huid therein assists in sustaining the weight of the piston. i

i3. ln an impulse turbine a nozzle, a needle for regulating the size ot the jet from said nozzle and means i'ior moving the needle comprising a cylinder and a piston movable therein, means to supply fluid to said cylinder, the sides ot said piston and cylinder having between them opposite connected inlet chambers so arranged that the inlet pressure assists in sustaining the weight ot the piston.

la. ln an impulse turbine a nozzle, a needle for regulating the size of the jet from said nozzle and means for moving the needle comprising a cylinder and a piston movable therein, means to supply Huid to said cyliir der, the sides ot' said piston and cylinder having between them opposite connected inlet chambers and opposite connected discharge chambers so arranged that the inlet pressure assists in sustaining the weight ot the piston.

l5. Governing apparatus for a hydraulic turbine comprising means for regulating flow to the turbine runner and means for diverting said flow, governor mechanism, and connections between said regulating and diA verting means and governor mechanism including a lost motion connection operative during opening movement` ot said regulating means, whereby a time delay is had between the operation of said regulating means and diverting means.

lo. Regulating means for a turbine flow control mechanism including a fluid pressure operated piston connected to said coni trolling mechanism to move the same, and a pilot valve normally movable during said movement to control the supplying ot fluid whichoperates said piston. l

17. Regulating means lor the i'low control mechanism ot a turbine, comprising a tluid pressure operated piston connected to said controlling mechanism to move the same, means whereby said piston is moved in un opening direction by fluid pressure, and means tor directly controlling the supplying oi' operating Huid to said piston, said latter means including a pilot valve normallyv movable during piston operation. l

CHARLES A RTI-TUR JACYSON.