US1607971A - Ventilated car - Google Patents

Description

Nov. 23 1926. 1,607,971

R. J. TURNBULL ET AL VENTILATED CAR Filed July 27' 1925 4 Sheets-Sheet l Snom/Wou Nov. 23 1926. 1,607,971

R. J. TURNBULI. ET AL VENTILATED CAR Filed July 27' 1925 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 R. J. l- URNBULL ET AL VENTILATED CAR Filed-July 27, 1925 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 Nov. 23 1926.

R. J. TURNBULL ET AL VENTILATED CAR E w L D A 0 L pense for construction, maintenance and op- Patented Nov. 23, 1926.

UNITED sTATEs A1,607,971 PATENT OFFICE.

ROBERT J. TURNBULL AND GEORGE G. LYNCH. 0F WILMINGTON, JNORTH CAROLINA.

VENTILATED CAR.

Application led July 27, 1925.

This invention relates to the transportation of perishable food commodities and more particularly to a method of preserving and shipping fruits, vegetables and the like, whereby the latter will, during storage and transportatin, be prevented from spoiling or Yotherwise becoming unfitI for sale and use' by reason of excessive heat, freezing or other unfavorable atmospheric conditions.

It has heretofore been proposed to ship perishable food commodities in cars provided with artiiicial cooling means and known as refrigerator cars oi', when artificial cooling is unnecessary, to ship these foodstuffs in refrigerator cars under ventilation only.

It has also been proposed to ship fruits, vegetables, and the like in ordinary freight cars equipped at each side thereof with the usual solid, non-Hush sliding door and an additional non-flush sliding door ventilated throughout from top to-bottom and-tending, when the several doors are properly positioned, to admit air to or exclude air from -the.vinterior of the car. It has further been proposed to top-ice certain perishable food commodities stored in cars such as last referred to, with the ideaof coolin in addition to Ventilating, 'the comino ity being shipped. Y o

These constructions and methods present certaindisadvantages and defects, in that refrigerator cars, with their special cooling systems; freight cars with additional ventilated doors, eXtra door trackage, hangers and iittings; and the use of great quantities of 1ce; all involve expense for installation and maintenance. Moreover, car doors heretofore employed soon get out of repair, become difficult to operate, and afford little protection for the contents of the car against theft and the elements.

The principal objects of the present invention are to provide a car for the transportation of perishable fruits and vegetable products and a method of operating the same which would involve a minimum exeration-and shall eliiciently preserve such perishable products from serious deterioration, xparticularly when being transportedy from a warm to a cold or cooler climate. With. these objects in view, the invention consists of a car having properly insulated walls, roof and floor and provided with two oppositely disposed door openings usually Serial No. 46,457.

found in freight Cars, each of which openings is closed by a so-called liush7 door, the lower portion of whichpis contrary to `previous practice, also insulated, and the upper portion of which is provided with ventilating means which may be cheaply but strongly constructed, and with the elements so arranged thatthe said ventilator may be readily operated to open and close the. ventilator and, whether in open or closed position, Will serve to efficiently exclude rain and \the direct rays of the sun and fairly prevent theft. Said cars/vare preferably, though not necessarily provided with ventilating means at each end thereof, said ventilating means, however, being placed above the load line of the car.

No doors other than those above described I are needed, since the insulated, ventilated flush door may be used either as a ventilating means for Ventilating the upper portion of the interior of the car or for securely sealing it against the passage of aircurrents.

The invention further consists in the method of transporting fruits and other perishable vegetable products by so loading the fruits or other perishable vegetable products int@ the car as toleave a large air space vin the car above such products, the top load line 'of the car contents being below the bottom of the ventilators in either the doors or the ends of the car; inducing currents of air above the load line of the car only, by prop-v erly openin the ventilators while the car is in warm atitudes, whereby the warmest air in the car is carried out and the cooler portions of the air below the lower line of the car are undisturbed; maintaining this condition until the car reaches a locality where the outside temperature is approximately 400 F., and then securely and effectively sealing the car against a circulation of air currents by closing all of the ventilators whereby the absorbed heat in the products being transported is utilized to main- .tain a temperature above freezing even t'hough the car may pass through or remain in .many rdegrees below freezing for a con- "si'derable .pegiod of time.

We havefdiscovered that, in a car thus constructed and when operating according to the above method, perishable fruits may be readily transported from the State of Florida, starting with a temperature of 80o vF., and pass through all of the varying changes of temperature that occur between Florida and Canada, and arrive and be maintained for thirty-six to forty-eight hours in Canada at a temperature varying from 16 to 10 F. in most excellent condition and without either refrigeration or artilicial heat.

The invention further consists in certain l specific details of construction of the car door and the ventilators therein which will be hereinafter more specically described. The method constituting one part of this invention may be carried out by a variety off mechanical constructlons, and the car door constituting another part of the invention may be embodied in a variety of forms without departing from the spirit of the invention. One form of car door is herein shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, but it is to be expressly understood that such showing is for the purposes of illustration only and not for the purpose of delining the limits of the invention, reference being had to the appended claims for this purpose.

In said drawings:

Fig. 1 is a side elevation with parts broken away showing a ventilated freight car embodying the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a vertical sectional view on the line 2--2 of Fig. 1, showing one side of the car and a Hush ventilated door positioned in front of the doorway;

3 is an enlarged vertical sectional view, with parts broken away, taken on the line 3-3 of Fig. 1 and showing the door of Fig. 2 positioned within the doorway;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged vertical sectional view on the line 4-4 of Fig. 1, showing the door ventilator in its closed position;

Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 4 showing the ventilator in its open position;

Fig. 6 is an enlarged top plan view of a crank handle-showing the manner of sealing the same;

Fig. 7 is a perspective detail view of the ventilator frame;

Fig. 8 is a perspective detail view of a door carriage;

Fig. 9 is a rear elevation, partly in sec-` tion, of the door carriage shown in Fig. 8;

Fig. 10 is an enlarged transverse sectional view showing an alternate construction of the door carriage track;

Fig. 11 is a perspective detail view showing schematically the manner of Ventilating the car;

Fig. 12 is a perspective detail view showing one of the ventilator louvers and the manner of attaching the trunnions and clevis thereon;

Fig. 13 is a front elevation of one end of the louver shown in Fig. 12;

Fig. 14 is a vertical sectional view on the line 14--14 of Fig. 12; and

Fig. 15 is a vertical sectional view on the line 15--15 of Fig. 12.

Referring to the drawings, which illustrate one form of freight car adapted to carry out this invention, the car body comprises the usual side, end, to-p and bottom walls 5, 6, 7 and 8, all insulated by any suitable material as building paper, indicated at 9. A doorway 10 is provided in each side of the car andextending above said doorway and along the side wall 5 isa track 11 supported at suitable intervals by brackets, one of which is indicated at 12 (Figs. 1 and Each bracket is secured to the car by a bolt 13 which extends through suitable apertures in the track 11, bracket 12, side wall 5, top Stringer 14, and Z-bar 15, the latter serving to support the top Stringer and o-ne end of the rafter 16. Each track bracket is provided with a lug 17 which extends into a suitable aperture in side wall 5, thereby preventing the bracket from turning and retaining the parts in fixed relation with respect to each other.

Extending below each doorway and along the side of the car is a track 18 supported at suitable intervals by brackets, one of which is indicated at 19., Each bracket 19 is secured to the car by a long bolt 20 and a short bolt 21. The long bolt 20 extends through suitable apertures in track 18, bracket 19, side wall 5, lower stringer 22 and Z-bar 23, the latter serving to support one end of a transverse Stringer 24. to which the floor or bottom wall 8 of the car is secured. The short bolt 21 extends through suitable apertures in bracket 19, side Wall 5, lower Stringer 22, and Z-bar 23, and the bolts 2O and 21 serve to prevent bracket 1,9 from turning and .provide a rigid supporting means for said bracket and the track 18. An alternate form for they lower track is shown in Fig. 10, and consists of an L bar, the vertical flange 18 of which provides the track proper, the horizontal flange'18 serving to reenforce the track against trucks or other vehicles backing into the same. This track is secured to the car body by brackets one of which is indicated at 19', the shank of the bracket resting on flange 18 and the track being secured to the car by a bolt 20 which passes through suitable apertures in flange of doorway 10 are beveled andthe. top v thereof rabbeted to receive correspondingly shaped edges of door 25. By insulating the lower major portion of the door and providing the aforesaid beveled and rabbeted meeting edges on the door and doorway, when the door is in its closed position air will be prei/'ented from entering the car through the lower part thereof and between said meeting edges. If desired, ventilators 28, 28 in the ends of the car (Fig. 1) and above the load line may be provided.

The entire weight of the door is supported by two roller carriages adapted to travel on the lower track, and these carriages, together with guide brackets at the top of the door, serve to guide the door asit is slid to one side of the door opening. Each door has secured thereto near its opposite sides two crank rods, the cranks of which are journaled in the roller carriages and guide brackets, and each crank is provided with means for turning the same whereby the door can be moved into or out of its doorway. Since the several fittings at both sides of the doors are identical in construction, it will only be necessary to describe one set of the same.

Referring to Figs. 8 and 9, the carriage there shown comprises a single elongated casting bifurcated throughthe major portion of its height to provide a longitudinally extending groove 29 and guide walls 30. T he guide walls are provided near opposing ends thereof with two pairs of oppositely disposed openings receiving pins 31.I 31, on

- which are mounted bushings 32, 32, and

rollers 33, 33. Said rollers, as shown, tra-vel along track 18 and are housed within groove 29 between guide walls 30, 30, the latter extending below the top of track 18 at the sides thereof and serving to guide the carriage during the travel along said track. The bearings for pins 31. 31 are reenforced by bosses 34, 34 and ribs 35, 35, integrally formed with the carriage casting and disposed on the outer surfaces of the guide walls 30, 30. The innermost guide wall 30 has integrally formed therewith a vcentrally disposed vertical boss 36 which extends the full height of the carriage. Seated in the vertical aperture of said boss, and extending the full depth thereof, is the crank pin 37 of a crank 38, the latter being formed on one end of a crank rod 309 which at its lower end is journaled in a bracket 40 sec-ured to the lower part of the door 25 by bolts 41 (Fig.

- By this construction the weight of the door is on the carriages at the bottom, but the thrust of the crank rods is supported, not by the carriages. but by the track, and hence damage to the carriages heretofore experienced from this cause is avoided, and easy and continued operation of the door secured. The door carriages of the present invention are therefore combined with the crank operating means in a manner which constitutes an improvement overcoming the aforesaid defects, in that the crank pin 37 lies between the car body and track 18 and extends below the top of the latter so that, when the door is moved into and out of the doorway by the turning movements of the crank rods, the side thrust is distributed directly to track 18 instead of to the roller carriages. By thisconstruction, a tight fit of the door is always insured and the danger of damaging or displacing the fittings avoided. The upper end of crank rod 39 is journaled in the bracket 42 secured to the door by bolts 43 and said upper end of the crank-rod is provided with a crank 44 having a crank pin 45 journaled in a boss 46 which lies inwardly of track 171 and forms an extension of a bracket 47 slidingly mounted on track 11 and for this purpose provided with an upper groove 48 and a lower groove 49 which engage corresponding surfaces of track 11.

In accordance with the improvement above referred to, crank pin 45 lies between the car body and track 11 and extends above the lower-part of the latter, this disposition of the parts insuring that side thrust of the door during movement of the same intoand out of its doorway will be distributed directly to the track 11 instead of to bracket 47 or hangers heretofore employed. The crank shaft 39vis further secured to the door 25 by an upper journal bracket 50 and a lower journal bracket 51, and each crank shaft is provided with an operating handle 52 rigidly secured thereto below bracket 51 and serving to swing the crank shafts and move the door into and out of the doorway.

As shown in Figs. 1 and 6,.each of the handles 52 is mounted on a horizontal pivotl pin 53 carried by a collar 54 rigidly secured in any suitable manner to the crank rod 39.

When the door is to be moved within thedoorway, the operating handles are grasped by an attendant and elevated to a horizontal position, after which the handles are swung towa-rd each other, thereby turning the crank rods and moving the door into the doorway. After the door has been closed, the same may be sealed by inserting a seal or padlock 54 through the apertured free end of each handle and through a keeper 54" secured to the door. When the door is moved out of the doorway the handles depend to the full line position shown in Fig. 1, and the door may then be moved along the tracks to one side of the doorway, handle 55 being provided for this purpose. By combining the two-roller carriages, sliding brackets, and crank mechanism in the manner above described,all danger of the door binding or tending to turn about one of the upper brackets as a pivot is avoided, and the entire mounting is so constructed and proportioned that the door can, without excessive effort, be readily manipulated by a single attendant, and without danger of displacing or damaging the fittings.

The ventilators 27 for each of the two doors are so constructed andv positioned therein as to admit airto the top portion only of the car, or to exclude air from the interior of the car as desired, and by reason of the shape of the ventilator frame and the formation of the pivoted louvers mounted therein, sunlight and the elements are prevented from entering or striking through the ventilator either in its open or closed position, and damage to the contents of the car thereby avoided. To this end a suitable opening 1s provided in the top portion of each door to receive a ventilator frame comprising stiles 56, 56, a top rail 57, and a sill 58 (Figs. 1, 4, 5 and 7). This ventilator frame is preferably constructed and inserted as a unit in the opening. The Stiles 56, 56 are preferably formed from Z-bar stock and comprise front flanges 59, 59, turned outwardly to engage the face of the door adjacent the vertical edges of the ventilator opening. The medial portions 60, 60 of the stiles lie against the inner vertical sides of the ventilator opening and the rear flanges 61 of said stiles are turned 1nwardly to provide an air and watertight construction. j

The top rail 57 is formed from Z-bar stock and comprises an outer vertical flange 62 which engages the front face of the door adjacent the upper edge of the ventilator opening and terminates at its ends in angularly bent extensions 63, 63, riveted or otherwise secured at 64, 64 to the stiles 56 at the top and on the front flanges 59 thereof. The medial portion 65 of the top rail bears against the inner top side of the ventilator opening and the rear flange 66 is bent downwardly and inwardly to provide a water shed.

The sill 58 is formed from angularly bent stock and comprises a vertical flange 67 which engages the front face of the door adjacent the bottom edge -of the ventilator opening. The sill proper is constituted by two upwardly and inwardly inclined portions 68 and 69 forming a water shed and an intermediate portion 70 which extends upwardly and outwardly to provide a stop for the lowermost of the pivoted louvers to be presently described. Extending upwardly from the inner limit of sill portion 69 is a flange 71 suitably secured at its ends to the rear flanges 61 of stiles 56, as by rivets 72. The opposite'ends of the sill are bent downwardly to provide in effect angularly formed brackets 73 (Figs. 4 and 5) riveted or otherwise secured at 74 to the medial portions 60 of stiles 56. The ventilator frame is rigidly secured in the ventilator opening of the door, as by bolts 75,

open and closed positions of the louvers, rain and direct sun rays will be excluded. Furthermore, the location of the pivots for the louvers is such that during swinging movement of the same, the portions of the louvers forward of the pivots move a` greater distance than the portions to the rear of said pivots, so that bothin their open and closed positions the louvers lie entirely and compactly within the ventilator frame, thus providing a ventilator flush with the door and one which may be readily operated from the exterior of the car.

To the above ends, each louver is stamped or otherwise suitably formed from metal stock, in a suitable machine by a single operation, which produces a substantially wide medial portion 79 and reversely bent narrower front and rear flanges indicated respectively at 80 and 81. At the same time, the bending line of flange 81 is indented as at 82 to receive the pivot means 77 and a hole 83 is punched centrally -of the louver in the portion 79 and adjacent the bending line of flange 80. The indentations 82 may be of any desired length even to the extent of the entire length of the bending line of flange 81, without departing from the spirit of our invention, and the pivot means 77 may be separate ( pins 77, 77 as shown, or any other form, an located in the indentation and secured therein by spot welding or otherwise.

Each louver is provided with a clevis 85,

preferably U-shaped in cross-section and secured to the louver by a rivet 86 which passes through the bottom of the clevis and through hole 83. The louver and the clevis are further secured together at the sides of the latter by spot welding as indicated at 87, whereby the clevis will be prevented from turning on its fastening means should the latter work loose.

The openings 78 for pivot pins 77 are l0- cated to the rear of medial portions 60 of the stiles and adjacent the bending lines of flanges 61 and 'the spacing o-f said openings is such that when the louvers are assembled in the ventilator frame and closed, the flange 81 of the upermost louver overlaps frame flange 66 at the rear thereof and the flange 80 of the lowermost louver overlaps frame flange 70 at the front thereof, the flanges ofthe intermediate louvers having succes.

sively overlapping relation and v-the flanges 80 of said louvers being disposed forwardly of their Hanges 81 (Fig. 4).

The clevises 85 are secured to the medial portions 79 of the" louvers, s o `as--tdproject outwardly substantially horizontal when the louvers are closed, and a rod 87 is secured to the several clevises by pins 88 which pass through aline'd openings in said rod and the free ends of the clevis arms. A connecting rod 89 is pivotally secured to rod 87 by a bolt 90 (Fig. 1), said rod 89 also being connected to the crank 91 of a crank shaft 92 journaled in brackets 93 bolted or otherwise secured to the lower part of door 25. An operating handle 94 is rigidly secured to one end of crank shaft 92, and by turning the handle up and down the louvers may be opened and closed. The apertured free end ot handle 94 is adapted to be engaged oyer apertured keepers 95, 95, and, in the lowermost position of said handle, suitable sealing means may be passed through the same and the lower keeper, thereby sealing the -ventilator in closed position. In a like manner, when the handle is in its uppermost position, suitable sealing means may be passed through the same'and the upper keeper thereby sealing the ventilator in open position.

The parts of the ventilater operating mechanisml are so proportioned and arranged that when the same are actuated to move the louvers to their fully open position, said louvers lie wholly within the ventilator frame, the medial portions 79 being inclined downwardly so as to shed water, etc., and

` the anges 80 and '81 extending vertically in overlapped spaced relation (Fig. 5). The flange 81 of the uppermost louver lies back of the frame4 flange 66 in overlapping spaoe'd relation therewith and the flange 8O of the lowermost louver lies forwardly of intermediate sill portion in overlapped spaced relation with the same. The ends of the louvers in all positions of the same overlap the stile flanges 61 and it will thus appear that, in both the open`and closed positions of the ventilator, the entrance of direct sun rays, rain, etc., between the louvers or between the ventilator frame and the louvers is positively prevented. To further assist in producing a water-tight ventilator struc-ture, a flashing strip 9 6 is secured by any suitable means to the door so as to overlap the front flange 62'of the ventilator-frame top rail 57.

Referring to Fig. 10, perishable commodities, such.as fruit, vegetables or the like, are

stored in a -car constructed and vequipped substantially as above described and said commodities may be contained in crates 97 or other suitable receptacles, orl the same may be uncrated, as desired. The car is loaded to a height which may vary to some extent in accordance with the construction of the particular car, and which is herein indicated by the dotted load line extending slightly below the sill 58 of the ventilator. If, for example, the car is loaded with fruit in a southern latitude, the doors are closed and the door ventilators opened and sealed. If end ventilators are employed, the same may also be opened. Opening of the ventilators permits the warmer air over the top ,of the' load to escape while the cooler air in the bottom part of the car remains undisturbed. The cooler'air in the lower part of y the car being insulated by the car 'walls and lower parts of the doors maintains the contents ot the car at a temperature considerably lower than outside temperatures encountered during transit through the warmer latitudes. When the car reaches a point where the outside temperature approaches the freezing point, andpreterably at approximately 40 F. (as for example during travel through northern latitudes during the winter season), the ventilators are closed and the load, together with any air in the car, is thus maintained in an insulated condition. The absorbed heat of the commodity being shipped maintains the contents of the car at a temperature considerably above the cold outside temperatures. Experience has shown that the temperature of the car may be thus 'maintained above the freezing point for a period of forty-eight or more Ihours when the outside temperature ranges from 10 to 16 above zero.

It will thus appear that with our invention the cost of shipping perishable food stuffs will be greatly reduced; that the use of expensive equipment for this purpose will .no longer be necessary; and that fruits, vegetables and the like can be shipped to and through any desired point or points regardless of climate, without danger of the load spoiling, or otherwise becoming unfit for sale and use.

What is claimed is 1. The combination with a car body having a doorway, of an upper track and a lower track both extending along the car body adjacent said doorway, a pair of carriages mounted on the lower track, each carriage having two. rollers engaging the upper surface of the track, and a boss oHset from the inner side of the carriage and 'extending between the lower track and the car body, ar

track both extending along the car bodyl adjacent said doorway, a pair of roller carriages mounted 'on the lower track and each provided intermediate opposed extremities thereof with an inwardly disposed oiiset boss extending between the lower track and the car body, a door, a pair of guide brackets therefor slidably engaging the upper track and each provided at its under side with an offset boss extending between the upper track and the car body, and a pair of rods rotatably secured on the door and provided with crank pins journaled in said carriage and bracket bosses and extending between said tracks and the car body.

3. The combination with a car body having a doorway, of an upper track and a lower track both extending` along the car body adjacent the doorway, a pair of carriages mounted on the lower track and each having two rollers engaging the upper surface thereof, a door, a pair of brackets secured to the door and slidably engaging the upper track, and a pair of rods rotatably secured to the door and provided with crank pins journaled on said carriages and brackets and extendingbetween the tracks and the car body.

4. The combination with a car body having a doorway, of an upper track and a lower track both extending along the car body adjacent said doorway, a pair of carriages mounted on the lower track, a door, a pair of brackets secured'to the door and slidably engaging the upper track, and a pair of rods secured to the door and having crank pins journaled on said carriages and brackets and extending between the tracks and the car body. i

5. The combination with a car body having a doorway, of an upper track and a lower track both extending along the car body `adjacent said doorway, a door, guide means on the door slidably engaging the A-upper track, means on the lower track for the same alon supporting the door, and crank means for swinging the door into and out of the doorway, and provided with crank pins journaled on said door supporting and guiding means and extending between the tracks and the car body.

6. The combination with a car body having a doorway, of an upper track and a lower track both extending along the car body adjacent said doorway, a door, guide means on the door slidably engaging the uper track, means on the lower track supporting the door and providing for movement of said track, crank means rotatably secure on the door and having crank pins journaled on said door guide and supporting means so as to extend between the tracks and the car body, and means for operating said crank means to move the door into and out of the doorway.

7. The combination with a car body having a doorway, of a track extending along the car body below the doorway, a pair of' carriages mounted on said track and each having two rollers engaging the upper surface thereof, a door, and means rotatably secured to the door whereby the same is supported on said carriages for movement into and out of the doorway, said-means including a pair of rods provided with crank pins journaled in the carriages and extending between the track and the car body.

8. The combination with a car body having a doorway, of a track extending along the car body below said doorway, a pair of roller carriages mounted on the track and each provided intermediate the ends thereof with an inwardly disposed boss extending between the track and the car body, a door, and means rotatably secured to the door whereby the same is supported on the carriages for movement into and out of the doorway, said means including a pair of rods provided with crank pins journaled in said carriage bosses, and extending between the track and car body.

9. The combination with an insulated car body provided at each side thereof with a doorway, of a door having an insulated lower part and slidably mounted on each side of the car and movable into and out'of the corresponding doorway, a ventilator in the upper part of each door, a ventilator in each end of the car above the bottom line of the door ventilator and means mounted on each door adjacent the lower part thereof and connected with the door ventilator for operating the same.

10. In a ventilator, the combination of a frame, and a plurality of louvers pivotally mounted in said frame, the louvers having medial portions and reversely bent front and rear anges, and the pivots for the louvers being located on the bending llines of said rear flanges.

11. In a ventilator, the combination of a frame, and a plurality of louvers pivotally mounted in said fra-me, the louvers having medial portions and reversely bent front and rear iianges narrower than said medial portions, the pivots for the louvers being located on the bending lines of said rear flanges.

12. In a ventilator, theA "combinationof a frame, and a plurality of/louvers pivotally mounted on the rear of opposed sides of said frame, the louvers having medial portions and reversely bent front and rear anges narrower than said medial portions, the louver ivots being located on the bendinglines o? centrally to each louver near the bending line o the front flange, and a rod pivotally connected with the clevises for simultaneously turning the louvers about their pivots.

13. In a ventilator, the combination of a frame, a plurality of louvers having medial the rear flanges, a clevis attached portions and reversely bent front and. rear flanges, each louver having a de ression in the ends thereof on the bending ine of the rear flange, and pivot pins welded in the end depressions of the louvers and journaled in opposed sides of the ventilator frame.

14. In a ventilator, the combination of a frame provided in rear portions of its opposed sides with a plurality of spaced -fianges openings, a plurality of louvers having medial portions and reversely bent front and rear flanges, the opposed ends of the louvers each having a depression therein on the bending line of the rear fiange, and pivot pins welded in the end depressions of the louvers and journaled in said spaced openings in the sides of the ventilator frame.

15. In a ventilator, the combination of a frame, a plurality of louvers pivotally mounted in rear portions of opposed sides of said frames, the louvers having medial portions and reversely bent front and rear flanges narrower. than said medial portions, the pivots for the louvers being welded in end depressions located on the bending lines of said rear fianges, centrally to each louver near the bending line of its front flange by a rivet and spot welding, and a rod pivotally connected with .the clevises for simultaneously turning the louvers about their pivots.

16. In a ventilator. the combination of a frame, and a plurality of louvers pivotally mounted in said frame, the louvers having reversely bent front and rear flanges disposed in overlapping relation and defining downwardly and outwardly .inclined medial portions, the pivots for the louvers being 1ocated on the bending lines of said rear 17. In a ventilator, the combination with a framehaving a top rail provided with a downwardly inclined water shed and a sill providing two upwardly inclined water shed portions and an intermediate stop portion, of a plurality of louvers mounted in the sides of said frame, said louvers having reversely bent front and rear flanges disposed in overlapping relation and defining medial portions inclined downwardly and outwardly, the top flange of the uppermost louver being disposed rearwardly of the top rail a clevis attached` water shed and the bottom flange of the lowermost louver being disposed forwardly of the sill stop portion, and pivot pinssecured to the louvers on the bending lines of the rear flanges and journaled in the sides of the ventilator frame.

18. A ventilator louver having reversely bent front and rear flanges defining a medial portion wider than said flanges, said louver having a depression in each end thereof located on the bending line of the rear flange and a pin secured in each depression by spot welding. U 19. A unitary ventilator element comprisand rear flanges defining a medial portion wider than said flanges, said louver having a depression in each end thereof located on the bending line of the rear flange, a pin secured in each ldepression by spot welding, and a clevis attached centrally to the louver near the bending line of the front flange by a rivet and spot welding.

20. A ventilator frame comprising a pair of side stiles substantially Z-shaped in cross section, a top rail havinga front flange provided with extensions secured to the front flanges of the side stiles and a rearwardly extending and downwardly inclined portion providing a water shed, and a sill having downwardly extending bracket portions secured to the. mQedial .portions of the side Stiles, and rearwardly extending and upwardly inclined sill portions providing a water shed.

21. A ventilator frame comprising a pair of side stiles substantially Z-shaped in cross section, a top rail having a front iiangeiprovided wit-hlextensions secured to the front flanges of the side stiles and a rearwardly extending Harige a portion of which is inclined downwardly to provide a wat-er shed, anda sill having downturned ends secured I to the medial portions of the side Stiles, and

a flange including two rearwardly extending and upwardly inclined portions providing a water shed, and an intermediate portion providing a ventilator louver stop.

ing a louver having reversely bent front In testimony whereof we have signed this specification.

ROBERT J. TURNBULL. GEORGE G. LYNCH.

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