US1604981A

US1604981A - Selective circuit

Info

Publication number: US1604981A
Application number: US404679A
Authority: US
Inventors: Henry W Elsasser
Original assignee: American Telephone and Telegraph Co Inc
Current assignee: AT&T Corp
Priority date: 1920-08-19
Filing date: 1920-08-19
Publication date: 1926-11-02
Anticipated expiration: 1943-11-02

Description

H. W. ELSASSER sELEGTlVxI"l CIRCUIT NOV. 2 Q

Filed August 19, 1920 2 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTOR H f/Sasser fVy/g ATTORNEY H. W. ELSASSER SELECTIVE CIRCUIT Nov. 2 1926- Filed August 19, 1920 2 Sheets-.Sheet 2 if W INVENTOR [Z M1/Jawa' ATTORNEY Patented Nov. 2, 1926.

PATENT oFFlcE.

HENRY W. ELSASSEB, 0F NEW YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNOR TO AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAIH COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

sELEcrIvn CIRCUIT.

Application nled August 19, 1920. Serial No. 404,679.

This application is a continuation, as to common subject matter, of application Serial No. 327,556, filed September 30, 1919. The invent-ion of this application relates to signaling systems, and more particularly to selective apparatus for such systems. c

One of the objects of the invention is to provide a method of combining a Wave filter with terminal apparatus. Another obJect of the invention is to utilize the reactance component of the impedance of the termlnal apparatus or device as the Whole or part of the impedance of the end section of the Wave tilter, and to utilize the resistance component of the terminal arrangement or device as the terminating impedance of the wave filter and to overcome the distortion eii'ect of the antenna or other terminal apparatus.. Other and further objects of the invention will more fullyv appear hereinafter.

The impedance. of many transmitting and receiving devices such as relays. telephone receivers and antennae, are functions of the frequency. These impedances, furthermore, are reactive and their reactive components may, in many cases, be represented by simple inductances and capacities or by an inductance and a capacity placed in series or m parallel. Then such devices are used for receiving` the amount of received energy varies with the frequency (even though the resistance component does notvary) unless the rcactance component is annulled. Similarly, when such apparatus is used for transmitting, the amount. of energy transferred to the'receiving device will vary with the frequency.

lave filters, which are approximately non-dissipative structures. are made up of combinations` of induetances and capacities. By utilizing the reactance component ol the terminal device as the whole or part of the reactance of the terminal section of the filter. it is possible to prevent` or counteract the variation with frequency of the energy transmitted. which is caused by the variation of the reactanee of the terminal impedance with the frequency.

The manner in ywhich it is proposed to apply these ideas may be more fully understood from the following description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, Figures 1 to 4 inclusive of which shoiv various arrangements for combining, an antenna` with a wave lilter so as to utilize the react-ance ycomponent of the antenna as an element of the end section of the filter; Fig. 5 o f which illustrates an arrangement forutillzmg the reactance component of an antenna as an element of the end sections of each of the plurality of wave filters connected in parallel; Figs. 6, 7 and 8 of which show arrangements for employing the reactance components of transmitting and receivlng devices as elements of the end sections of Wave filters; and Fig. S) of which illus trates an arrangement for employing theapacity between the filament and plate of ay vacuum tube asan element of the end section of a filter with which the vacuum tube is associated.

Referring to Fig. 1, A represents an antenna of any ordinary construction, having associated therewith a band filter RF1, the purpose of the filter being to enable the combination of antenna and iilter to freely trans mit or receive the desired range of frequencies. The band lilter is of the general type disclosed in the U. S. patents to George A. Campbell, Nos. 1.227.113 and 1,227,114, issued May 22, 1917. The band lilterBF., as illustrated, comprises a number of sections, each .section including a series impedance element consisting of a series inductance L.. and a series capacity C., said inductance and capacity being serially related to each other.l

Each section of the filter also includes a shunt impedance element comprising a parallel combination of inductance Lg and capacity Cg. The one side of the ilter and the antenna are connected to ground.

The series and shunt impedance elements of the various filter sections are so proportioned and related to each other.- in accordance with thel principles of the above mentioned patents to George A. Campbell. that the filter as a Whole will freely transmit a desired band of frequencies with uniform attenuation. While substantially suppressing frequencies lying without the desired range. Since the impedance of the antenna structure tends to vary rapidly with frequency. the transmission obtained for the different frequencies. lying in the free range of the filter Would vary considerably if the filter was associated with the antenna in the same manner as a filter of this kind may be associated with a ,Wire transmission line. Ac-

cordingly it isproposed by this invention l to so design theelements of the filter section that the effective antenna capacity' 1ndicated in dotted lines at C, may be utilized as the whole or a part of the series capacity element of the last section of the filter. By means of this expedient the sharply resonant characteristic of the combination of the antenna and the usual receiving apparatus disappears and the antenna becomes in effect an element of al network which functions as a band filter of the Campbell type. rIhe underlying theory of the Campbell filter, however, presupposes a filter having an infinite number of sections. In practice it is not expedient to provide such an 1nfinite number of sections and only va relatirely small number of sections will ordinarilyv be provided. In associating such a filter with a transmission circuit such as an antenne, refiection losses will be set up, which would impair the transmission over the circuit, such refiection losses being due to the difference in impedance between the antenna and the filter. In order to prevent these reflection losses, the antenna is so designed or adjusted, or the filter is so designed with respect to the antenna, that the effective resistance Ra of the antenna will afford a proper terminating impedance for thefilter.

` In referring to filter sections as in the foregoing part of this specification, the sections intcnded to be understood are mid-series sections. Looking at the left of Fig. l, it will be seen that the series impedance depends on l/QLs and QCS, whereas the other series impedances depend on Ls and Cs. This shows that the series impedance at the left is only half as much as in the other cases. The first section, beginning at the left, is to be thought of as extending far enough through the first LS, Cs combination to take half of its impedance, and then the second section is to be thought as beginning and comprising the remainder of the impedance of the same LS, Cs combination. Y

Following the mid-Series sections through from left to right, it will be noticed that the last series impedance is again only one-half of Ls, and to complete this mid-series section of the filter requires a capacity of value QCS, just as at the extreme left. This capacity is found in the Effective antenna capacity, as labeled on Fig. l. Fig. 2 illustrates the same principle applied to a band filter in which the shunt impedance elementconsists simply of capacities Cg, the series elements comprising inductan`ces Ls and capacities Cs as before. In this case the antenna is so designed that its effective capacity Ca will function as the whole or part of the series capacity of the.

last section, while its effective resistance Rl will function as a teimiirating impedance for the filter.

As pointed out in the patents to Campbell, above mentioned, a simple form of filter freely transmitting all frequencies below a definite frequency and known as the low pass filter, may be'formed by a series of sections, the series element of each of which is a simple inductance and the shunt element of each of which is a simple capacity. So also a socalled high pass filter vwhich will freely transmit all frequencies above a limiting value,'may be constructed by arranging each section so that the series element is a simple capacity and the shunt element a simple inductance. By designing two filters of this character so that the lower limit of transmission of the high pass filter is belowT the upper limit of transmission of the low pass filter and connecting the two filters in series, the combination will freely transmit a band of frequenc1es lying between the two limiting frequencies of the two filters, while suppressing frequencies` on either side of the limiting frequencies. Fig. 3 illustrates the invention as applied to Such an arrangement of filters. In this figure BF3 is a low pass filter, the sections of which are made up of series inductance Ls and shunt capacity Cg, while BFS is a high pass filter whose sections are made up of series capacity elements Cs and shunt inductance elements Iig. The effective capacity Ca of the antenna A is arranged to function as the Whole or part of the series capacity element of the last section of the filter, while the effective resistance Ra forms the terminating impedance for the filter.

Fig. 4 illustrates the invention as applied to a high pass filter BF, made up of sections, each section comprising series capacity Cs and shunt influctance Lg. Here also the effective capacity C.. of the antenna is utilized as the Series capacity of the last section of the ltcr and the eective resistance Ra of the antenna serves as the terminating impedance for the filter structure. Fig. 5 illustrates an extension of' the scheme to provide for the efficient reception or transmission on a single antenna of a number-of frequency bands. As indicated, three band filters` l. 2 and 3, are connected in multiple to a common antenna structure A, the lower side of each of the filters being connected to ground. These filters may be of any type, but are illustrated as band filters of the Campbell type, employing for each full section a series element comprising an inductance Ls in series with a capacity Cs and a shunt element comprising an inductance Lg in parallel with a capacity CE. Where a number of filters are connected in parallel, it is always possible to terminate each filter so that its impedance in the nontransmission range is large compared to its llO may also impedance in the free .transmission range. If each'aof the filters is so terminated as to produce this result, it will be apparent that with regard to the filter 1, for example, the

filters

2 and 3 will act as shunts across its terminal which is connected to the antenna, butfas the impedances of each of the filters fand 3 will be extremelylarge in the transmitting range of the filter 1, said filters ma be practically disregarded so far as their effect upon transmission through thefilter 1 to the antenna Ais concerned. 1t is, therefore, possible to employ the effective capacity Cn of the antenna A at the average transmitting frequency of the filter 1, as a part of the terminating section of the filter 1, regardless of the fact that the other filters are fso connected to the antenna,

For example, if the filter in Fig. 5 is to have a series termination, that is, if the filter is to terminate in the series element of' a complete section or a fractional part thereof, the series element of the end section may be composed of an inductance mL, and a capacity l aC-f Where a: represents the fractional termination. It the antenna A at the average frequency of the free transmission rangeof the filter 1 has a capacity` reactance equivalent to a capacity Ca, the filter 1 may be designed by making Cs equal to 03GB. In some cases it be possible to modify the antenna constants if this is desirable in order to obtain satisfactory designs for the filters. This will determine the element CE of each filter section and in a Well known manner, the elements Ls. Lg and Gg may be chosen so as to give thc filter the desired range of free transmission and an impedance which substantially prevents reflection losses. lt is, of course, well known to any one skilled in the art, that for maximum efficiency the filter` should be so designed that its impedance in the free range is approximately equal to the resistance of the antenna. The effective capacity Cn will then function with the inductance alla as the cud section of the filter and the effective resistance RL, of the antenna willforni a suitable termination for the filter 1 to prevent substantial reflectionlosses in the range of free transmission of r the filter, it beingunderstood that within this range the impedance of the filter will act as a pure resistance. f

lVith regard to the filter 2` it will in general be found that the effective capacity Ca of the antenna A will be different at the average frequency of free transmission for the filter 2 from its value in the range of free transmission of the filter l. Having deterinined the value of this effective capacity r for the average frequency of free transmis Sion 0f the lter 2, however. Hm. elements of the filter 2. may be designed by setting the effect-ive capacity C., equal to This will determine the value of the element Cs for the filter 2, and the remaining nductances and capacities may then be determined in a Well known manner with reference to the limits of free transmission and the characteristic impedance of the filter. The effective capacity Ca of the antenna at the frequency of free transmission of the filter 2 will then constitute with the inductancc Lsf the series element of the terminating section of the filter. The effective capacitv will thus act in the range of free transmission of the filter 2 regardless of its relation to the

filters

1 and 3. for in this range of free transmission, the filters 1l and 3, as already stated, will have impedances so large that their shunting effect ;upon the filter 2 mav be neglected. i

ln a similar manner, the filter of Fig. 3 may be designed with respect to the effective capacity of the antenna A at the average frequency of free transmission for the filter, so. that the effective capacity of the antenna will function with the inductance il, as the fractional series element of the end section, while the effective resistance will form a proper termination for the filter with 1cgard to reflection losses,

The. principles already described are also capable of application to the connection of filters with other apparatus than antenna Structures. For example, a receiving device or a transmitting device may be associated with a filter in such a manner that the l' reactance component of the transmitting or receiving device will function as one ofthe reactance elements of the filter, and the resistance component will function as a terminal arrangement for the filter. ln general, any translating apparatus of this character may be combinedy with a filter of any type, although for purposes of illustration7 sev-h eral different types of translating devices arel shown associated with but a' single form of l u filter, in order to avoid the unnecessary illustration of combinations which will be apparent to anyone skilled in the art.

For example, Fig. 6 illustrates the association of a filter with a magnetic receiving device R, which may be either a relay or an ordinary telephone receiver.' The full series elementv of each section of the filter is illus trated as being formed of an inductance L... and the shunt eleme-nt as being formed of a capacity CE. The terminal section of the filter may be of any character desired but since it is common in practice to terminate a filter in a mid-series section, that is, a section having a series element whose value is llfi ' as indicated in dotted lines.

' lter,

. ance element of the last end in a series element lL.. The inductance of the receiver R is schematically indicated at Lr. Its value may be made equal to the elemeiit La so that the inductance of the receiver acts as the series element of the last section of the filter. Likewise, if the receiver is pro erly designed, or if the filter is properly esigned with respect to the receiver, the equivalent resistance R, of the receiver will have such a value as to correspond to the characteristic impedance of the filter over the range of free transmission. The characteristic impedance of the filter over this range will be substantially a pure resistance so that if the equivalent resistance of the receiver has the proper-value, the refiection losses will be negligible for practical transmission purposes.

Fig. 7 illustrates the lassociation of an electro-magnetic transmitter TM` with a band of which the series element of a full section comprisesy an inductance L, and a' capacity Cs, while the shunt element comprises an inductance Lg and a capacity C8. In this case, the equivalent inductance L, of the transmitter will function as the inductsection of the filter, and the equivalent resistance Rt of the transmitter will form the terminating impedance for the filter. Since the transmitter functions to generate an alternating current, the equivalent circuit shown in dotted lines may be considered to have a potential Eg applied to the open terminals as illustrated.

Fig. 8 shows a similar arrangement for a condenser transmitter TC. The reactance of the transmitter TC is acapacity reactance C, and this capacity reactance may function as one of the capacity elements of the filter Since the transmitter functions as a generator, the potential Eg may be considered as applied to the terminals of the circuit as indicated, and the equivalent resistance Rt will function as the terminal impedance to be connected across the filter.

An arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 9 for associating a vacuum tube VT with a filter.- As is well known, a vacuum tube is usually provided with an inductance L,l connectedacross its output circuit to afford a path for the plate current flowing between the filament and the plate. A certain amount of capacity exists between the filament and the plate of the vacuum tube, and at high frequencies this capacity acts lthe output circuit. This result may be avoided by arranging this capacity to act as one of the capacity elements of the filter with which the vacuum tube is associated. This filter is` illustrated as having sections is possible, 1f the filter is terminated in a shunt termination, to utilize the capacity Cv of the tube in parallel with the inductance' 1L, as the shunt termination of the filter.

`It will be understood, of course, that by a tions,

as a shunt across shunt termination is meant a termination in which the shunt impedance element of the terminal sections will be e ual to or have a fractional value of that of t e full shunt element. The values of the full shunt impedance elements of each filter section may be so chosen that the inductance Lv, in parallel with the capacity Cv, will function as the proper end section termination of the filter.

It will be obvious that the general principles herein disclosed may be embodied in many other. organizations widely different from those illustrated, without departin from the spirit of the invention as define in the following claims.

The sections of the filter disclosed herein are similar in the sense that each section is made up of like reactances,A coils and condensers similarly arranged. The corre; sponding reactances in successive sections -may be equal, but the use ofthe word similar is not intended to imply that they are necessarily equal, for they may be graded along the filter from section to section. i

What is claimed is:

1. Thel combination with an antenna, of a-filter comprising a plurality of similar seceach section including series and shunt impedance elements so proportioned that the filter structure will free y transmit with equal attenuation a band of frequencies, While substantially suppressing frequencies lying without said band, the effective capacity of the antenna functioning` as atleast a portion of the series impedance of. the last section of the filter.-

2. The combination with an' antenna, of a filter comprising a plurality of similar sections, each section including series and shunt impedance elements so proportioned that the filter structure will freely transmit with equal attenuation a band -of frequencies, while substantially suppressing frequencies lying without said band, the effective capac# ity of the antenna functioning as at least a portion of the series impedance. of the last section of the filter, and the effective resistance of the antenna functioning as a yterminating impedance for the filter, to subthe series impedanc-e element of each section including a capacity, and said series and shunt lmpedance elements being so proportioned and related that the filter will freely transmit with uniform attenuation a band of. frequencies, while substantially supressing frequencies lying Without said band, the effective capacity of the antenna functioning as a capacity element of the last section of the filter.

4. The combination with an antenna, of a filter comprising a plurality of similar sections, each section including series and shunt impedance elements, the series impedance element of each section including a capacity,y and Vsaid series and shunt impedance elements being so proportioned and related that the filter will freely transmitwith uniform attenuation a band of frequencies, While substantially suppressing frequencies lying Without said band,A the effective resist-ance of the antenna functioning as a terminating impedance for the filter to lsubstantially prevent refiection losses.

5. The combination with an antenna, of a broad band filter comprisinga plurality of similar sections, each section including series and shunt impedance elements, the series impedance elements comprising an inductance and capacity in series with each other, and said series and shunt impedance elements being so proportioned and related that the filter Will freely transmit with substantially e ual attenuation a band of frequencies, Wqhile substantially suppressing frequencies lying Without said band, and the effective capacity of the antenna functioning as a series capacity element of the last section of the filter.

6. The combination with an antenna, of a broad band lter comprising a, plurality of similar sections, each section including series and shunt impedance elements, the series impedance elements comprising an inductance and capacity in serles with each other and said series and shunt impedance elements being so proportioned and related that the filter Will freely transmit With substantially equal attenuation a band of freuencies, while substantially suppressing requencies lying Without said band, the effective capacity of the antenna function ing as a series capacity element of the last section of the `filter, and the effective resistance of the antenna functioning as ythe terminating impedance for the filter, to substantially prevent reflection losses.

7. In a selective circuit arrangement, a filter comprising a plurality of similar sections, each complete section consisting of lumped reactive series and shunt impedance elements so proportioned that the filter structure will transmit with substantially equal attenuation a predetermined band of frequencies of a. considerable range, While substantially suppressing frequencies lying Without the band, and a translating' device associated with said filter, said translating device being so connected to the filter and the reactance values of said impedance elements and of said device being so related that the reactance of said device functions as at least a portion of the series reactance element of the last section of the filter.'

8. In a selective circuit arrangement, a filter com rising a plurality of similar sec-- tions, eaci complete section consistinof of lumped reactive series and shunt impec ance elements so proportioned that the filtenstructure will transmit with substantially equal attenuation a predetermined band of frequencies of a considerable range while substantially suppressing frequencies lying without the band, and a translating device associated with said filter, said translating device being so connected with the filter and its reactance and resistance values being so related with the reactance values of said impedance elements that the effective reactance of said device functions as at least a portion of one of the reactance elements of the filter and the effective resistance of said device functions as terminating im pedance for the filter to substantially prevent reflection losses. ,l

9. In a selective circuit arrangement, a filter comprising a plurality of similar sections, each complete section consisting .of lumped reactive series and shunt impedance elements so proportioned that the filter structure will transmit with substantially equal attenuation a predetermined band of frequencies of a considerable range While s'ubstant-ially suppressing frequencies lying Without the band, and a translating device associated with said filter, said translating device being so connected to the filter and its resistance value being so related to said impedance elements that the effective resistance of said device" functions as a terminating impedance for the filter to substantially prevent reflection losses.

10. ln a selective circuit arrangement, a filter comprising a pluralityv of similar sections, each complete section consisting of lumped reactive series and shunt impedance elements so proportioned that thc filter structure will transmit with substantially equal attenuation a predetermined band of frequencies of a considerable range, while substantially suppressing frequencies lying Without the band, and a translating device associated with said filter, said translating device being so connected to the filter and its react-ance and resistance values beingcso related to said impedance elements that the reactance of said device functions as a series reactance element of the last section of the filter, and the effective resistance of said device functions as a terminating impedance for the filter to substantially prevent reection losses.

11. In a selective circuit arrangement, a

llO

filter comprising a plurality of similar sections, each section including reactive series and shunt impedance elements, so proportioned th,t the filter structure will transmit with equal attenuation a predetermined band of frequencies, while substantially suppressing fre uencies lying Without the band, and a trans ating device associated with said filter, said translating device being so con` nected to the filter that its effective capacity functions as a series capacity element of the last section of the filter.

12. The combination with an antenna, of a filter comprising a plurality of similar sections, each complete section consisting of lumped series and shunt impedance elements so proportioned that the filter structure will freely transmit with equal attenuation a band of frequencies, While substantially suppressing frequencies lying Without said band, the reactance of the antenna functioning as at least a portion of the series impedance of the last section of the filter.

13. The combination With an antenna, of a filter comprising a plurality of similar sections, each section including series and shunt impedance elements so proportioned that the filter structure will freely transmit with equal attenuation a band of frequencies, While substantially suppressing frequencies lying Without said band, the reactance of the antenna functioning as at least a portion of the series impedance of the last section of the filter, and the effective resistance of the 35 antenna functioning as a terminating impedance for the filter, to substantially prevent reiiection losses.

14. The combination with a filter sections, lumped series and shunt impedance elements, the series impedance element of each sectlon including a capacity, and said series and .shunt impedance elements being so proportioned and related that the filter will freely transmlt with uniform attenuation a bandof frequencies, While substantially suppressing frequencies lying without said band, the reactance of the antenna functioning as an lmpedancc element of the last section of the filter.

15. The combination with an antenna, of a, band filter comprising a plurality of similar sections, each complete section consisting of lumped series and shunt impedance elements, the series impedance elements comprising an inductance and capacity in series Wlth each other, and said series and shunt impedance elements being sovproportioned an antenna, of comprlsing a plurality of similar and related that the filter will freely transmit with substantially equal attenuation a. band of frequencies, While substantially suppressing frequencies lying without said band. and the reactance of the antenna function# ing as a series impedance element of the last section of the filter.

In testimony whereof, I have signed my namey to this specification this 17 th day of August 1920. f

HENRY W. ELSASSER.

each complete section consisting of 40