US1588209A - Permanent mold for making castings - Google Patents

Description

June 8 1926.

J. S. THOMPSiDN PERMANENT MOLD FOR MAKING cAsTmGs Filed August 11, 1924 4 Sheets-She-et 1 W Hwn- Jame 192 55.

J. S. THOMPSON PERMANENT MOLD FOR MAKING GASTINGS Filed August 11. 1924 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 J. s. THOMPSON EER'MANENT MOLD FOR MAKING CAS'TINGS Filed August 11, 1924 4 Sheets-Shae: 5

V W 21 54 57 4*? 25 4 a ZZ W Z 5"" PWW M June 8 1926. isggszmi .3. s. THGMP$ON PERMANENT MOLD FOR MAKIEG GASTIEGS Fi Amwin 1' 34 a anama iihast w:

n 757 V 9 f6 K v Izweniom Patented June 8, 1926.

JAMESS. THDMPSON, OF PELHAM, NEW YORK.

PERMANENT MOLD FOR MAKING CASTINGS.

Application filed August 11, 1824.

The object of this invention is, generally,

'to simplify and improve the means for easting in permanent molds, whereby the operation is greatly simplified and facilitated and a is enabled to he carried on with a greater degree oi ellicicncy and at a much lower maintenance and operating cost than has been possible heretofore.

\ Aliother object of the invention is to prolilzlllltft in a permanent mold a uniformly daftterfltrsting than has been customary i l'l eietoi'ore, by providing a more etlicient jmold of simpler construction adapted for a greater clean casting of desired texture and proper size vand .sliape tree from blow-holes, h'ns and other such imperfections, may be uni- .f o -mlyproduced in conditiontor the in- 2Q tendeduse without the necessity of subject- .ing the casting to any linishing operation.

Another object of the invention is to pro ride a permanent mold which easily can be apied to produce castings. ot' dili'erent 3 zes and shapes by changing one part therea of; and enabling this change to be made in a simple and expeditious manner so that a a plurality of molds laid out-on a floor in a foundry may be quickly changed to produce one casting or another, as and whenever de- Y sired.

@Xnother object of the invention isto provide the drag or relatively fixed member of .the mold with a removable liner containing a portion of the mold cavity, and to construct the liner and the drag so thata plurality of different liners may be used selectively in the same drag for making correspondingly different castings.

40 Another object of the invention is to provide a removable pouring gate'adapted to be rigidly held in place during the pouring operation and formin one end of a permanent mold for covering. the opening to the mold cavity; and also to arrange this I pouring gate to engage the drag liner for the purpose of registering the drag liner lengthwise in the mold and against the end wall of the cope whereby. when the pour- 0 ing gate is arranged in place, it will be in operative contact with the drag liner and the cope and will hold the drag liner against the opposite end of the cope.

Another objectof the invention is to proride a sand .core for use in connection with variety of work than is known in is the art. so far as I am aware, whereby a.

Serial No. 731,243.

the gate to form an end wall of the mold cavity, whereby the connection of the sprue with the casting is reduced in size and spaced from the margin of the end of the casting so that the sprue can be readily and easily knocked oti' the casting when the latter is removed from the mold without damaging the casting; and also whereby the mold, while sufliciently rigid to hold the molten metal in the mold cavity for produci ng the desired smooth and properly formed casting, is capable of such flexibility that it can be maintained in practically continuous use without liability of sticking or binding and with the casting easily removable therefrom.

Further objects of the invention are to provide a permanent mold having the cope pivotally connected to the drag and a removable pouring gate disposed opposite to said pivot and adapted'to close one end of the mold cavity and hold the parts of the mold together during the casting operation; to make the gate wedge-shaped so that it may adjust itself to relieveany expansion that may take place in the mold during continued use thereof; to provide a gate core which will not only protect the end of the mold against the cutting action of the molten metal, but which will also prevent the movable part of the mold from sticking to the relatively fixed part, which may result from shrinking, pinching or expanding during the casting operation; to space the drag liner from the walls of the drag to permit access thereto easily for removal and replacement, and also to provide an air space around the liner for ventilating pur poses; to provide for centering and locking the liner rigidly in place in the drag in a simple and ellicient manner; to'provide for the replacement of that portion of the mold cavity wall against which the stream of molten metal is initially directed whenever said wallbecomes damaged in actual use;

and to provide means whereby a. pattern number or other identification mark may be applied to the casting when it is made and for easily changing this mark whenever required.

My invention also has for its object to provide a permanent mold especially adapted for making brake shoes and having all of the advantages and producing all of the results hereinloetore mentioned, and also for locating the connection of the sprue with the end of the shoe casting below the top of the shoe to produce a clean and properly shaped end stop.

i -In the accompanying drawings I have illustrated a selected embodiment of the in- 50 Fig. 1 is a side elevation of a mold for making a brake shoe and embodying the in 'vention;

Fig. 2 is atop plan view of the mold shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a front end elevation of the mold; Fig. 4 is a sectional view on the line 44 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view on the line 5-5' of Fig. 2;

Fig. 6 is a top plan view of the drag or relatively fiXed member with the pouring .gate removed H v Fig. 7 is a perspective view of a solid metal drag liner;

Fig. 8 is a perspective viewof the pouring gate;

Fig. 9 is a transverse sectional view on the line 99 of Fig. 1.;

Fig. 10 is a longitudinal sectional view of a drag liner having the mold cavity wall formed partly of refractory material;

Fig. 11 is a longitudinal sectional view similar to Fig. 5 showing themold cavity walls made of refractory material;

Fig. 12 is a transverse sectional view on the line 12-12 of Fig. 5; A

Figs. 13 and 14 are views similar to Fig.

12 showing different drag liners for making brake shoes varying in size from that shown in Fig. 12. t

Fig. 15 is a detail sectional view showing a novel manner of securing a removable refractory plug in the mold.

Referring to the drawings the mold comprises a drag 15 and a cope 16 having a mold cavity 17 therein adapted for casting a brake shoe. The cope is pivotally connected to the drag opposite the pouring gate by means which will permit the cope to be moved rectilinearly from the drag for a limited distance and then be swung on'said pivot to an open position to permit removal of the casting and for other purposes. This operating mechanism is fully set forth in my companion application filed. eoncurrently herewith Patent No. 1,552,247, September 1, 1925), and it is believed suflicientfor the purposes of this application to indicate that on each side of the mold there is a bell crank lever pivoted to a stud on-the drag by a pin 19, the lever comprising an upwardly directed arm 20 which constitutes a part of the operating lever, and a horizontal arm 21 which is provided with a slot 22 and is engaged with a pin 23 on the rear end 24 of the cope. v

The drag comprises a shell 25 made more or less in skeleton form to reduce weight and to provide for the circulation of air, and

this shell is adapted to receive a dra liner in the drag liner may be varied in size andshape to cooperate with a standard mold cavity section in the .cope for the production of a variety of different castings. For example, in Figs. 5 and 12 the mold cavity 17 is formed partly in thedrag liner and partly in the cope, and it is shaped to provide a brake shoe of a certain size. In Fig. 13 a drag liner 26' is shown adapted for cooperation with the same cope shown in Fig. 2, but sized and shaped to produce a somewhat larger brake shoe; and in Fig. 14 is shown a drag liner 26" for cooperating with the same cope shown in Figs. 12 and 13 to produce a still larger brake shoe. Thus the mold can be changed from time to time as required to produce brake shoes of different sizes, and of the same type, by simply changing the drag liner, and this is easy to do as will hereinafter appear. This provision for substitution of drag liners to produce shoes of different sizes may be carried farther than I have shown, but it is believed that Figs. 12 to 14 showing three different drag liners for use-with the same cope and drag shell will be suflicient to indicate the possibilities which my invention presents for making a great variety of brake shoes in the same mold.

I may employ a drag liner having the mold cavity walls formed entirely of. metal as shown in Fig. 7 or I may employ a drag liner having the mold cavity walls formed .partly of refractory material 27 and partly of metal 28, 4-1, as sl1own-in Fig. 10; or the walls of the mold cavity may be all refractory in the drag liner, as shown at 29 in Fig. 11. The walls of the mold cavity in the cope may be all metal asshown in Figs. 5, 12. 13 and 14, or they may be formed with refractory material 30, as shownin Fig. 11. It is believed that these examples of the different ways in which tliemold cavity walls may be formed will be sufiiciently illustrative to indicate that many variations may be made without departing from the invent-ion .and I may say generally that I contemplate employing the invention with molds having cavity walls all metal. all refractory or part metal and part refractory in whatever'con'ibinations and arrangements may be desirable for particular castings.

1n the construction shown, the drag liner is arranged to rest at its ends 31 upon the dragshell. The depending end .24 of the cope abuts against the rear end of the drag liner to close the rear end of the mold cavity. The front end of the cope is llush with the front end of the drag liner and this end of the mold cavity is exposed. A, removable pouring gate it; is arranged to be supported in position at the forward end of the mold by a support 33 which is bolted or otherwise secured to the forward end of the drag. This pouring gate is-generally wedge-shaped and is provided on its back with a rib 32' which engages a projection 33 on the support 33. The rib and projection form what may be termed a point contact for the pouring gate with its support which is amply sutlicient to keep the pouring gate in proper position in the mold,

while at the same time it facilitates positioning the gate in the-mold and removing the'gate from the mold. The gate fits snugly bet-ween the cope and drag and the support. and that face which engages the cope and drag is flat and smooth to avoid cracks and crevices into which the molten metal may run and provide tins and projections which are hndesirable. The support 33 is recessed at 34 to receive the tapered'lower end 32 of the pouring gate. and the construction is such that the lower end of the pouring gate will lit snugly in this recess against the drag liner, while the upper portion of the pouring gate will fit snugly against the cope. and the gate will be held in this position by its wedge-shaped engagement with the lower end of the support and by the engagement of the projection 3 3 with the rib 252. The cavity 35 in the pouring gate tapers downwardly to register at its lower end with the adjacent end of the mold cavity. The gate is provided with a lip 36 at the top of the rib 32 which projects over the support 33 and forms a sort of handle for positioning the gate and a projection which can he struck with a tool to loosen the gate in event any part of the mold tends to stick. The cavity 35 is continned in the form of a groove at the top of this lip 36 so that it' more metal is poured into the mold than the mold cavity and the gate cavity will hold, the excess metal will overflow the gate through the groove 35 and fall upon the tloor clear 01 all parts of /9. thereby avoiding the trouble and annoyance which might result if the excess metal over-flowed upon parts of the mold.

A core 37 is arranged in the cavity of the pouring gate and against the ends of the cope and the drag liner. This core may be conveniently made of sand, like. or substantially like. hard sand cores as are customarily made in foundry practice. The core is com paratively thin and tapers both'in width and in thickness from its top to its bottom to lit snugly in the mold cavity and against the rope and drag liner. The side walls of the core are preferably tapered to lit in the pouring gate cavity. The lower end of the core terminates above the bottom of the pouring gate cavity and projects below the top of the mold cavity at the forward end thereof so that the discharge of the pouring gate cavity into the mold cavity at $55 is located at or about centrally of the end of the mold cavity so that. when the casting is removed from the mold, the sprue will be connected with the casting at the end thereof and at or about centrally of the end and at some distance from the margin 0%, the end. I have found in practice that this sprue can be easily knocked oil of the casting by a comparatively light blow immediately alter the casting is removed from the mold. This can be done without breaking the. corners or margin or otherwise damaging the casting, and as a gcperal rule only a. slight protuberance is left on the end of the casting. This protuberance is not objectionable in a brake shoe casting, but in any casting it can be easily removed by a little grinding or chipping.

The pouring gate core is not absolutely necessary for the successful use of a permanent mold embodying my invention. but I have Found it desirable because it serves many useful purposes. 1 have already point ed out that it serves to restrict the discharge of the pouring gate cavity and I may say further that .\\'llCll the casting is removed from the mold, that portion 01 the core which is located opposite the end of the mold cavity will remain in the recess, which it .lorms. between the end of the shoe casting and the spruc, even though the remainder oi the core is broken in opening the mold. The core also protects the end of the cope. with which the molten metal would otherwise contact. from the cutting action of the molten metal in pouring; it relieves any tendency of the cope to stick after the metal Ell . sides df the shell at 38 to space the liner from the sides of the shell and providing these sides with guides 39 midway between their ends to form wedge-shaped guideways 39 for the wedge-shaped lugs 40 on the sides of the liner (Figs. 6, 7). In the practical use of this invention I have made the guide lugs of a size to fitsnugly between the sides of the shell but with some degree of looscness between the lugs 39 so that the liner is capable of a little adjustment lengthwise of the shell. The drag liner can be easily removed from the drag shell by inserting the prongs of tongs in the recesses 38 to engage the underside of the drag liner, whereupon the drag liner may be lifted out of the shell and another drag liner similarly engaged may be replaced in the shell.

To protect the drag liner against the cutting action of the molten metal as it enters the mold cavity, I have found it desirable to provide a renewable section 41 (Fig. 5) in the bottom wall of the mold cavity at the end thereof adjacent the pouring gate. This renewable section is preferably made of some heat resistant metal and it may be conveniently secured in place by a bolt 42 passing through the drag liner from the bottom thereof.

A modern brake shoe is generally providednvith a reinforcing'back and a steel lug, whichare embedded in the shoe during the casting operation. Thecope is provided .with a recess 17 to receive the steel lug and the core therefor (not shown) and this recess may be formed in a plug 43 (Fig. 5) which. is removably secured in a tapered opening 4.4 in the cope by means of bolts 45 and cross-pieces 46. The steel back (not shown), which is supported in the mold cavity for embedment inthe back of the shoe casting, may be held in place for the casting operation by supporting devices engaged therewith and entering openings 47 in the plug. Vents 47 may also he'provided 1n the plug. or the openings 47 may be made sutficiently large for this purpose. The plug 43 may be made of metal (Figs. 5, 12, 13, 14)

'and instead of being removable it may be an integral part of the cope; or the plug may be made of refractory material (Fig. 11). So far as the present invention is concerned, these features of the mold may be varied in many ways.- some of which are set. forth in my Patents No. 1,484,421 to No.

1,484,438, inclusive, and also in my ending applications SerialNo. 727,100 and Serial No. 727,101, filed July 21, 1924. In Fi 15 I have shown the refractory plug 43 a apted to be secured in the opening 44 in the cope by a bolt 45' which engages the crosspiece 46. The head 45 of the bolt is engaged with the refractory plug and the nut permit that degree of flexibility which is afforded by relying upon the weight of the cope to hold it in closed position, because if any unusual amount of gas is produced during the casting operation or the ventsv become plugged, or anything else happens which would tend to lift the cope, it will simply lift and accommodate itself to these unusual circumstances. In such case, the casting may be unfit for use, but it is more important that the mold is not damaged, for when the casting is removed, the mold can be made ready again for another casting operation.

Iv desire to have the cope register properly upon the drag liner and fit snugly thereon when it comes to closed, position and without the necessity of any manual manipulation or adjustment. To this end- I provide'the cope with tapered lugs 48 to engage beveled seats 49 on the drag liner (Figs. 7, 9). I prefer to provide two of these tapered lugs at each side of the cope,

adjacent the ends thereof, and an equal number of beveled seats correspondingly disposed in the upper edges of the drag liner, so'that when the cope is lowered into position upon the drag liner, the lugs 48 engag ing the beveled seats 49 will register the cope and the dra liner with each other so that the cope will fit snugly in its proper position upon the drag liner (Fig. 9). When the mold is closed by lowering the cope to its seat on the drag liner and the pouring gate is placed in position the liner will beheld rigidly between the depending rear end of the cope and. the gate, and in,

sorting the gate will position the liner in the shell. If necessary the gate can be tapped with a tool to force it into place.

In casting brake shoes it is customary to place a pattern number or other identification mark on one of the end stops of the shoe, and I provide a plate 50 (Fig. 5), which is preferably wedge-shaped and is adapted to be removably secured in a Wedgeshaped opening 51 adjacent the cope end 24 ll,5t38,209

by a bolt 52. The lower end of this plate projects into the recess 17 of the mold cavity 17, which is provided to form one end stop of the brake shoe, and this end of the'plate is provided-with characters to cast numbers, patent marks or other identificationniarks on the shoe during the casting operation; This plate projects above the cope andis provided with an eye so that it canbe readily changed. when the drag liner is changed.

Instead of the plate 50 at the rear endot the cope I may provide an identification plate 54 in a recess 55 in the front end of the cope and hold this plate removably in operative position by means of a locking device 56 secured to the cope by a bolt 57 and having a projection 58 to engage the top of the plate. I prefer the identification plate 50 (Fig. 5) because the plate 54 (Fig. 11) is comparativelythin and may become sufficiently distorted by the heat of the molten metal to cause parts of the mold to stick in use, particularly if a sand core is not used in the pouring gate; and even if a core is used to protect this plate which formsthe front or part of the front end of the cope. The plate 50 is rigidly held in a substantially wedge-shaped opening formed wholly within the cope and cannot become distorted or caus'e parts of the mold to stick.

The impression face 50 of the plate 50 may possibly be affected by the heat but it cannot become so distorted as to cause parts of the mold to stick or interfere with the operation thereof.

My present invention is the result of a thorough knowledge of foundry practice and a verycareful investigation and study of the difticulties encountered in the use of permanent molds for making castings of dilierent kinds. sizes and character on a commercial scae. It has been my object to produce a mold which can be used continuously for a full day, and day after day, in commercial practice for making castings of such perfection that they can be put at once into commercial use without any, or at least, with very little, finishing work thereon; and also to produce a mold which can be rapidly and easily operated to reduce the labor and the cost. I have accomplished thew results with this invention, and I have successfully.

demonstrated every feature of the invention in practical foundry practice under the usual conditions which prevail. I appreciate that the mold as herein shown, adapted "for making brake shoes of a well-known type may be refined for this purpose, and also changed and refined to adapt it for making other castings, by improvements which may or may not amount to invention, but I believe that in every case the basic principles of this invention will always be found desirable in any modifications, improvements or refinements of the mold for making brake shoes or other castings to be made by a quick change of the liners withoutnecessitatin achange of mold lay-outs on the floorz; iis change can be accomplished without delay:

ing the casting operations and with very little labor. This is an important feature of the invention because many castings, such as brake shoes, are made in many sizes or varieties of a single type and the change from one size or variety to. another can be eil'ec'ted by simply changing the drag liner. Thus it will be seen that the provision of means for the manufacture of different lots of shoes or other castings without changing the lay-out on the floor and without delaying the casting operation or interfering with the work of the operators will result in a great saving in time and labor.

I find it convenient to makethc drag shell drag linersliccause it enables a variety of in skeleton form partly to lighten it and partly to ventilate the mold to reduce the heat during continuous molding operations and to prevent the possible sticking of the parts. I have provided this construction also to enable the use of tongs for the insertion andremoval of the drag liner.

It am aware that changes in the form, construction and arrangement of parts may be desirable or necessary to adapt theinvention for different castings or to meet different conditions and I consider myself entitled to make all such changes as fairly fall within the scope of the accompanying claims.

I claim:

1. A permanent. mold for making castings and comprising two members having'a mold" cavity therein, one of said members being in the form of a shell, and aliner rcmovably seated in said shell and containing a portion of the mold cavity.

2. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising; two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members being in the form of a skeleton shell, and a liner'removahly seated in said shell and containing a portion of the mold cavity.

23. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members being in the form of a shell, and a liner containing a portionot the mold cavity and removably seated in the shell and having portions thereof spaced from the shell.

4. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein one 0t said members being in the form ofa skeleton shell having-openings therein, and a liner containing'a portion of the mold cavity and removably seated in the shell and having portions thereof spaced from the shell.

5. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising'two members havin a mold cavity therein, one of said members eing in the form of a shell recessed interiorly at its sides and-provided with openings, and a liner containing a portion of the mold cavity and removah y seated in the shell.

6. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members havin amold cavity therein, one of said members being in the form of a shell, a liner containing a portion of the mold cavity and removably seated in the shell, and interengaging guiding means on the shell and liner.

8. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members being in the form of a shell, a liner containing a por tion of the mold cavity and removably seated in the shell, and wedge-shaped guid-' ing means on the shell and liner.

9. A permanent moldfor making castings and com rising two members havinga mold cavity t ierein, one of said members being i in the form of a shell having vertically disposed guideways in its sides, and a liner containing a portion of the mold cavity and removably seated in the shell and having lugs on its sides to engage said uideways.

10. A permanent mold ings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members being in the form of a shell having recesses in each side thereof and guideways between said recesses, and a liner containing a portion of the mold cavity and removably I seated in the shell and having lugs on its sides to engage said guideways.

11. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members being in the form of a shell having openings in its bottom and recesses in its sides, a liner containing a portion of the mold cavity and removably seated in the shell, the openings and recesses providing space for tongs in insorting the liner in and removing it from the shell, and interengaging means on the shell and liner.

12. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members being pivotally engaged with the other or making cast- 1,see,aoo

ing a mold cavity therein, said drag being iirthe form of a shell having recesses in its sides, the cope being pivotally engaged with the drag and having an end forming an end wall for the mold cavity, a liner containing a portion of the mold cavity and removably seated in the shell with its end abutting said end wall, and interengaging means on the shell andliner.

14. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein open at one end, a support on one of the said members,anda removable pouring gate engaged with said support and abutting the ends of said members, said pouring gate covering the open endof the mold cavity and having its pouring cavity in communication with the mold cavity.

15. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein opening through one end of "said members, a support on one member, and a removable pouring gate engaged with said support and abutting said end of the members, said pouring gate covering said open end of the mold cavity and having its pouring cavit in communication with the open'end of t e mold cavity.

16. A permanent mold for making castings and comprisin two members having a mold cavity therein opening through one end of said members, a support on one member, and a wedge-shaped pouring gate en gaged with said-supportand the end of said members and having its pouring cavity communicating with the mold cavity.

17. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, a support on one mem her having a pro ection, and a wedge-shaped pouring gate engaged with said projection and with the ends of said members and having its pouring cavity communicating with ber having a projection, and a wedgeshapcd gate positioned between said sup port and'the end of SZIldHIC IDlXI'S and havmg a rib to engage SilidPIOJOCtiOH.

:20. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold 'avity therein, and an inclined support on one member, a wedge-shaped pouring gate open at one side arranged to be positioned between the support andthe end of said members with its open side abutting the 'members and its pouring cavity communicating with the mold cavity, s'aid support having a projection and said pouring gate having a rib to engage said projection.

21. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold -avity therein, a removable pouring gate, and means for securing the pouringgate in'position against the members with the pouring cavity communicating with the mold cavity, 'said'pouring gate having a lip witha groove therein to permit the escape of excess metal ,without dripping on the mold.

22. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising a drag and a cope having a mold cavity therein, the cope being pivoted to the drag at one end thereof, a support at the other end of the drag, and a removable pouring gate engaged with said support and abutting the adjacent end of the drag and cope with its pouring cavity communicafting with the mold cavity.

2 A permanent mold for making castings and comprising a drag and a cope havinga mold cavity therein, the cope being pivoted to the drag at one end thereof, an inclined support at the other end of the drag, and a removable wedge-shal'ied pouring gate engaged with said support and with the adjacent end of the drag and cope and having its pouring cavity communicating with the mold cavity.

24. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising a drag and a cope having a mold cavity therein, the cope having an end wall extending over one end of the mold cavity-and pivotally engaged with the drag, a support at the other end of the drag inclined relatively to said end, and a wedge shaped pouring gate engaging said support and abutting the end of said members and having a pouring cavity commum atmg with said mold cavity.

A permanent mold for making castings and comprising a drag and a cope having a mold cavity therein. the cope being pivoted to the, drag at one end thereof, a 511 )port at the other end of the drag inclined relatively to said end and forming with the end a. seat for the pouring gate. and a wedge-shapei'l pouring gate positioned in the seat formed between the support and the adjacent end of the drag and abutting the pouring cavity and the end of the-cope to protect the cope against the cutting or burnmg action of the molten metal.

27. A permanent mold for making castings and having a mold cavity therein open atone end, a pouring gate rcmovably engaged with the mold and covering the open end of the mold cavity with its pouring cavity communicating with the mold cavity, and a core supported in the pouring gate against the end of the mold.

28. A permanent mold for making castings and having a mold-cavity therein, a removable pouring gate open on one side. and

having its open side abutting the end of the mold with the pouring cavity communicatmg" with the mold cavity, and a core arranged in the pourirn gate and held thereby against the end of the mold.

2!). A permanent mold for making cast ings and comprising a drag and a cope having a mold cavity therein, a support at one end of the drag, a wedge-shaped pouring gate engaged with said support and having its pouring cavity communicating with the mold cavity,'and a core held by the pouring gate against the end of the mold.

30. A permanent mold for making castings and having a mold cavity therein opening through the mold, a pouring gate arranged with its pouring cavity connnunicating with the mold cavity. and a core arranged between the pouring gate and the mold and forming with the pouring gate a pouring cavity tapering to the mold cavity.

31. A permanent mold for making castings and having a mold cavity therein opening through one end of the mold. a removable p uring gate having its pouring cavity communicating with the mold cavity, and a core arranged between the pouring. gate and the mold and partly covering the open end of the mold cavity.

32. A permanent mold for making castings and having a mold cavity therein opening through the mold, a pouring gate open at one side and arranged with its open side abutting the end of the mold and with its pouring cavity communicating with the mold cavity, and a core held by the pouring gate against the end of the mold and partly covering the open end of the mold cavity.

33. A. permanent mold for making casti ngs and comprising a drag and a cope having a mold cavity therein open atone end,

- siti'on at the open end of the mold, and a removable core adapted to be inserted in the pouringv gate against the cope to protect the co e against the cutting or'burning action' of the molten metal and forming with the pouring gate a tapering pouring cavity which discharges into the mold cavity. 7

A permanent 'mold for making castings and comprising a drag and a cope having a mold cavity therein open at one end, a pouring gate open on one side and removsupported at the open end of the mold,

bl v and acomparatively'thintaperingcore arranged between the'pouringgate and the cope and forming a facing for the end of cope to protect it against the cutting or burning action of the molten metal and also forming with the pouring gate a tapering pouring cavity which discharges into the mold cavity.

35. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members being in the form of-a shell, a liner removably seated in the shell and having beveled seats,,the other member having tapered lugs to engage: said beveled seats for registering the members. 7

36. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising twomembers having a moldcavity therein, a pouring gate having its pouring cavity communicating with said mold cavity, and a removable heat resisting section in the Wall of the mold cavity where the molten metal first engages when it enters said mold cavity.

37. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising a drag and a cope having' a mold cavity, therein, a pouring gate having its pouring cavity communicating With the mold cavity',said drag having a removable section in the wall of the mold cavity which the molten metal engages when it enters the mold cavity.. I 38. A permanent mold for making cast-' ings and comprising two members having amold cavity therein open at one end, a pour-' ing gate having its pouring cavity arranged to discharge into the open end of the mold cavity, and a heat resisting section in the bottom of the mold cavity which the molten metal engages when it enters the mold cavity.

39. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members having a removable liner arranged to abut at one end against the other member, and a removable pouring gate adapted to be engaged with said members and the other end of said liner to secure the liner rigidly in place for the casting operation.

40. A permanent mold for making castings' and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members having a portion thereoi formin an end wall of the mold cavity and the other member having a movable liner arranged to abut at one end against said portion of the other member, and a removable pouring gate adapted to be engaged with said liner for securing the liner in fixed position during the casting operation.

41. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising-two members having a mold cavity therein, one of .said members having a depending end and the other member having a movable liner arranged to abut at one end againstsaid depending end, and a removable pouring gate adapted to be engaged with said liner to hold it in fixed position between said depending end and the pouring gate during the casting operation.

42. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein open at one end, one of said members having a movable liner abutting at one end against the other member, and aremovable pouring openend of said .mold cavity and engaging the other end of the liner to hold the liner rigidly in place during the casting operation.

43. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members having a mold cavity therein, one of said members having a rigid end and the other member having a movable liner which abuts at one end against said rigid end, -and a removable pouring gate adapted toenga e the other end of said liner to hold the liner in fixed position between said; rigid end, and the pouring gate during the casting operation.

44. A permanent mold for making castings and comprising two members havin a mold cavity therein,-.an endwise mova le gate covering the V liner in one of said members, and means for tively arranged in, said shell, and means for securing the liner rigidly in the shell.for the casting operation.

46. Ina permanent mold for making castings, a member comprising a shell, a remov- 'able liner for said shell having a part of the mold cavity therein, and a section of refractory material seated in the liner to form a wall of the mold cavity.

. 47. In a permanent mold for making eastings, a member comprising a shell, a removable liner for said shell having a mold cavity therein and a recess extending lengthwise of the liner and spaced from the ends thereof, and a section of refractory material seated in said recess and forming ivith the ends of the liner a composite refractory and metal wall for the mold cavity.

48. A permanent mold for making castings having a mold cavity therein and an opening communicating with said cavity, a refractory plug removably seated in the opening, and means comprising a bolt extending through said plug for securing the plugin the opening;

49; A permanent mold for making castings having a mold cavity therein and an opening communicating with said cavity,a refractory plug removably seated in the opening, means comprising a cross-piece extending across the opening and engaging the mold, and a bolt engaging the plug and said cross-piece for securing the plug in the opening. I

Y 50. A permanent mold for making'caatl9 ings having a mold cavity therein and an opening communicating with said cavity, a refractory plug removably seated the o ening, means comprising a bolt extending t 'ropgh the plug for securing the plug in the opening, said bolt having a vent opening extending therethrough. 51. A rmanent mold for makmg castings having a mold cavity therein and an opening communicating with said cavity, a

refractory plug rgmovahly seated in the opening, means comprising a cross-piece extending across the opening and engaging the s

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