US1585623A

US1585623A - Friction fabric and process for making same

Info

Publication number: US1585623A
Application number: US680186A
Authority: US
Inventors: Heany John Allen
Original assignee: WORLD BESTOS CORP
Current assignee: WORLD BESTOS Corp
Priority date: 1923-12-12
Filing date: 1923-12-12
Publication date: 1926-05-18
Anticipated expiration: 1943-05-18

Description

May 18 1926.

J. A. HEANY FRICTION FABRIC AND PROCESS FOR MAKING SAME Filed Dec. 12, 1923 2 Sheets-Sheet l I ATTORNEY May 18 1926.

J. A. HEANY FRICTION T43R10 AND PROCESS FOR MAKING SAME Filed Dec. 12 1923 2 Sheets-Shee .v 2

INVENTOR mm an; I.

ATTORNEY mental May is, 1926.

UNITED {EST/RATES PATENT OFFICE.

Join: ALLEN Ham, orf n'nw- HAVEN, conna'c'ricu'r, ASSIGNOIR- T0 WORLD nns'ros' coaroaa'rrom or ra'rnnsou, NEW JERSEY, A conroaa'rron or DELAWARE.

' rnrorrou Fann e AND rnoenss FOB, Maxine same.

' a pncauoii f a 'ea December 12,1923. Serial 1%. 680,186.

This invention relates to mateiials usable as friction elements, in any typezof machinery but having particular utility, however, in connection with the brake mechanism of automotive vehicles.

In general, the invention comprehends the use in a friction fabric of asbestos yarn formed of asbestos paper strip or tape, which is preferably reinforced by one or more strands or filaments of metal or ofa fibrous material, such as cotton, the fabric formed of the yarn being shaped and compressed to render the fabric relatively dense and close in texture.

Among the objects of the, invention, therefore, is the provision of a friction fabric in which is embodied asbestos paper-like material as one of the constituent elements.

Another important object is the provision of a friction fabric formed of material which is amenable to sha ing when subjected to pressure and which by compression tends to become smoothly compacted and brought to a texture highly suitable for use as brake lining material. I

Another object contemplated is the utilization in friction fabric of yarn in which is embodied at least one strengthening element or filament, either of metallic or of nonmetallic material, having greater tensile strength than the asbestos paper.

Another object involved is the employ-- ment of a fabric containing binding material which may be readily loosened to permit working of the material and to permit adherent interengagement of the component yarns, and Whichsubsequentl will harden to give added tenacity and co erence t0 the fabric. p

The above objects and other objects will become apparent from consideration of the mode of manufacture, which may .be preferred, hereinafter detailed and illustrated in the accompanying drawings in relation specifically to brake lining fabrics, in which:

Fig. 1 is a View of the core'element of an illustrative form of yarn used in forming a friction fabric according to the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a view of asbestos tape used in the construction of such yarn;

Fig. 3 shows such yarn in completed form Fig. 4 is an enlarged detail of a portion of a completed brake lining showing'the type of weave;

Fig. 5 is a detailed view ofa portion of the fabric formed in accordance 'with the process of the present invent-ion;

Fig. 6 is adiagramatic showing of an apparatus for working .fabric after it comes from the loom;

Fig. '7 is a diagrammatic view. ofa'modified arrangement of the apparatus shown in Fig. 6;

Fig. Sis a detail showing the specific type of calendering rolls employed.

One form of yarn used in makin the fabric consists of a core element 10, which may be of metal,. as brass, or of cotton or of any material having the requisite tensile stren th, this core element being combined with as estos paper strip or band 11, to form the completed yarn 12, as shown in Fig.3. The

method of application of the paper strip or band to the core is further brought out in applicants co-pending applications as, for example, in application Serial No. 516,129, and need not be considered herein detail further than to state that the yarn making process includes generally a moistening step, and rubbing andtwisting steps and that generally two or more strands are intertwistedv to give the requisite binding and holding force, although any one or more of these steps may be omitted, depending upon the manufacturing requirements.

In the manufacture of, he asbestos yarns use maybe made of either long or short fibrcd asbestos material bound and formed into thin uniform paper-like strips or bands of suificientcohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations. As described in said co-pending'application, Serial No. 516,129, the asbestos material is formed into a pulp and passed through an ordinary paper-making machine to form a, web which is rolled up in the usual manner. This web, which in t e dere sufficiently dry and com act to have the necessary strength, particu arly inthe surface portions thereof, is separated preferably by a slitting machine into narrow strips or hands to be utilized in yarn manufacture. Satisfactory 'results in forming said strips are obtained by combining with the asbestos material in the pulp suitable binding material, which serves to increase the stren tllOf the finished web or paper, thus renciring it suitable to withstand the stresses to which it is subjected in'yarn and fabric making operations. In practice, the strips, as they are fed from the slitting machine, are wound into fiat rolls for convenience in treating and handling the strips or hands. The strips or bands are then united with filaments, as b rubbing, and further united therewith, as y twisting. The yarn, shown in Fig. 3, is supplied from la sufficient number of spools to form a sheet of warp 'arns and this sheet is wound on a warp am which is then put into a loom (not shown) of usual construction. Such warp yarns together with a woof yarn supplied from a shuttle are then woven into the fabric having approximate dimensions of the brake lining desired. This fabric 13, Fig. 6, is carried over rollers 14 in a moistened condition the warp and the woof preferably being moistened just rior to the -weaving operation, although in some instances, such moistening is omitted and the fabric comes throu h relatively dry. The material is then led through pressure rolls 15, which in practice may be of such shape as to determine the shape or size of the lining fabric and thence over drying rolls 16 in the drying tower 17, through calendering rolls 18, having a pressure regulating device 19 through the impregnating vat 20 over guide rolls 21, thence through a second drying tower 22 over drying rolls 23 through a second pair of calendering rolls 24 to reeling apparatus 25 where the fabric is in the final form of brake lining and ready for use.

The first calender 18 may also serve to give size or form to the fabric,- the peripheries of the rolls having the conformation illustrated in Fig. 8. From this figure, it is evident that the lower roll 26 has a flat periphery and the upper roll 27 has a flanged periphery, the flanges 26 including the outer edge of the lower roll 26. The rolls 26 and 27 are sufficiently displaced relative to each other so as to permit the insertion of the brake lining 13 and due to the flanges 28 of the uper roll, the fabric is boxed and consequenty sized or gauged, there being sufiicient pressure applied to square off the face and the edge of the fabric and compact the material.

paper-making operation has been ren- I The pressure applied, however, in the cal endering rolls {18 is insufficient to prevent absorption of the impregnating fluid in the vat 20 through which the fabric is passed.

Any suitable impregnating solution may be employed such as linseed oil or gilsonite, and the fabric then thorou hly dried in the drying tower 22. The fabric is then subjected to a second ressure o eration in the calendering rol s 24 whic bring it to exact dimensions as required in the trade and the completed brake lining is then reeled for storage or shipment.

paratus as utilized in the first form of the process.

In certain aspects, the present invention involves the process of makin asbestos friction fabric and the like, which consists in forming yarns from paper-like strips of asbestos material bound with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacit to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fa ric forming operations and adherently interengaging said yarns,

preferably by weaving, into a fabric; and also invo ves such resulting fabric. But in its broadest aspect the invention resides in an asbestos fabric or the like, combining asbestos material present in the fabric in deformed, flexible pa er-like stri formation, said material being ound toget er with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication and to impart strength, cohesiveness and tenacity to the fabric.

It is important to note that the basic material of which the brake lining is composed is asbestos paper which is through the manu-- facturing steps brought at least once to a softened or plastic condition, but that the same retains its form by the employment of centering or holding cores. The susceptibility to softening permits the material to be readily compressed and sized to any degree of stiffness or shape desired and, inasmuch as asbestos is non-lnflammable and little, if

any, inflammable substance is used in the manufacture of the fabric, the final brake lining is such as to meet the most rigid requirements of active practice. Asbestos fibre lends itself also readily to impregnation and by the use of a proper impregnating solution, an additional body is given the materialso that the final product is a highly condensed, moisture impervious and retaining the'degree of flexibility desired by is apparent also that where the greatest tenthe trade. It is noteworthy also that it is not necessaryv touse long-fibred asbestos, although in manyinstances such use is desirable as due to the fact that the asbestos is formed as a paper strip in which the fibres of asbestbs are held together by an adhesive binder, such as starch, it is imma-' terial whether the fibres of asbestos are short or long; Brake lining with asbestos of very short fibres has been used with marked success.

It should be noted that the asbestos paperlike material is such that it may be softened or rendei'ed more plastic by suitable treatment to facilitate the manufacture of yarn and fabric. made from such yarn. After the fabric, is completed, it is treated to prevent such softening or plastieizing and to give the fabric such characteristicsa's are necessary for satisfactory service. In a specific form of carrying out the invention; use is made of binding materialfincluding starch, which may be softened by moistening. The such capability of being softened by moistening is, however, undesirable in thefinal fabric. The fabric is therefore treated or impregnated with some material such as linseed oil or gilsonite, which tends tow'atert proof the material and therefore tends to prevent softening or plasticizing of the paper-like materialfl Such impregnating .materials also possess certain lubricating qualitles and serve to impart a certain degree of flexibility to the starch or other bind; ing material, which would otherwise become so stiff as to crack easily in the yarn or finished fabricl lVhile I have described brake lining as being formed of a single strip of woven fabric, it isevident that a fabric of double or treble or any multiples of the desired width may be used, the same being folded over and compressed to the sizedesired. 1t

sile strength is desired,- it is'esseritial to use a metal reinforced yarn and that insteadofusing a single strand of the same, the yarrr formed of several'strands twisted together, each strand having a metal core, should be used. The fabric built up of yarns of this type which have been subsequently moist-' ened and impregnated and subjected to the pressure operations of the calender rolls, thus compacting the whole, will meet the severest requirements of brake lining usage.

It is obvious also that the fabric is not necessarily limited in its uses to brake lining, but is usable as a friction element for any purposes,"such, for example, as clutch facings. j

1 It should be understood that. the term asbestos material, wherever it appears in montziining a plurality the specification and claims, is intended to refer to material having 'a substantial percentage of' asbestos fibres, suclr as to give more or less the characteristics of asbestos as far as Working and handling are concerned, and the term asbestos material where used in the specification and claims shall be considered-as thus defined.

While the invention has been described as relating to a specific apparatus and process and fabric resulting therefrom and as applied specifically to brake lining fabrics, it

should be understood that applicant does not hereby desire to limit the invention to the specific means and elements detailed,

nor, to the use of the fabric alone to brake lining, but to include such subject matter and equivalents as come into the scope of the claims hereunto ,appended.

What is claimed is:

1. An asbestos friction fabric or the like,

containing a plurality of interengagell and deformed paper-like strips of asbestos material bound with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergofabrication, said str ps being present in the fabric in paper-like formation.

2. An asbestos friction fabric or the like of interengaged strips of asbestos material present in deformed paper-like strip formation, each of said strips being bound together by binding material with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication.

3. An asbestos friction fabric or the like, containing asbestos material present in the fabric in deformed, flexible paper-like formation, said material being bound together with sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication and to impart durability and tenacity to thefabric.

4. An asbestos friction fabric or ,the like, containing compacted and reinforced asbestos material present in the fabric in creased or deformed, flexible paper-like formation, the fibres of said material being united along their entire longitudinal lengths and bound together with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacityto undergo fabrication and to impart durability and coherence tb the fabric.

5. An asbestos friction fabric 101' the like, containing asbestos material present in the fabric in deformed, flexible paper-like formation, said material being bound together by binding material with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication andto impart durability and coherence to the fabrim c 6. An asbestos friction abrio orthe like,

containing a plurality O of interengaged strips of asbestos material, each .of $3.16. strips being bound by binding material with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication and to impart cohesive ness, tenacity and strength to the fabric, and each of said strips also being present in the fabric in deformed, flexible paper-like formation.

7. An asbestos friction fabric or the like, containing asbestos material present in flexible paper-like formation, said material being bound together by binding material with sufiicieiit cohesiveness and tenacity to underg0 fabrication and having reinforcing filaments associated therewith to impart strength, tenacity and cohesiveness to the fabric.

8. An asbestos friction fabric or the like, containing a plurality of interengaged strips of asbestos material present in deformedflexible paper-like strip formation, each of said strips being formed and bound together by binding material with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication and having one or more reinforcing filaments, combined therewith to impart strength, tenacity and cohesiveness to the fabric.

9. An asbestos friction fabric or the like,

containing a plurality of compacted, flexible and inter-engaged strips of asbestos, material longitudinally arranged therein and present in deformed paper-like formation; the fibres of said strips being united alon their entire longitudinal lengths and mind together with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication" and to impart cohesivcness,- tenacity and strength to the fabric.

10. An asbestos friction fabric or the like, containing a plurality of compacted, flexible and interengaged strips of asbestos material longitudinally arranged therein and present in deformed paper-like formation, the fibres cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication and with one or more reinforcing filaments combined therewith to impart strength, tenacity and cohesiveness to the fabric. 4

12. An asbestos friction fabric or the like,

containing a plurality of closely compacted,

- flexible and interengaged strips of asbestos material longitudinally arranged therein and present in' longitudinally and transversely creasedor deformed flexible paper-like formation, each of said strips having the fibres thereof united along their entire longitudinal lengths and bound closely together by binding material with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication and also having one or more reinforcing filaments associated therewith to impart strength, tenacity and cohesiveness to the fabric.

13; An asbestos friction fabric orthe like,

containing yarns formed from paper-like strips of asbestos material bound together with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric 1 forming operations.

14. An asbestos friction fabric or the like, the major portion of which comprises adhering yarns formed from paper-like strips of asbestos material bound together with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations.

. 15. An asbestos friction fabric or the like, the major portion of which comprises yarns, each of which is formed from a filament twistedpvith a paper-like strip of asbestos material bound together with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations.

16. An asbestos friction fabric or the like,

the inajo'r, portion of which comprises adhering yarns formed from paper-like strips of asbestos material bound together with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to under:

.go subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations, and reinforcing filaments combined with said strips.

17. An asbestos friction fabric or the like composed of interengaged yarns, the major portion of the yarns of said fabric comprising paper-like strips of asbestos material bound together with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations.

18. A woven asbestos friction fabric or the like, the warp threads of which comprise adhering yarns formed from paperlike strips of asbestos material bound together with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo-subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations, and reinforcing filaments combined with said strips.

19. An asbestos friction fabric or the like composed of adherently interengaged yarns, each of said yarns being formed fro-m at least one filament twisted with at least one paper-like strip of asbestos material bound together with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations.

20. An asbestos friction fabric or the like, the warp threads of whidh comprise adhering yarns formed from paper-like strips of asbestos material bound together with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo associated with said strips.

21. An asbestos friction fabric or the like composed of a plurality of adhering yarns, each of said yarns comprising a filament combined with a paper-like strip of asbestos material having workable binding-material therein.

22. An asbestos friction fabric or the like comprising yarns, the major portion of which comprises adhering yarns formed from paper-like strips of asbestos material bound together with workable binding material with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations.

23.' The process of making asbestos friction fabric and the like, which comprisesthe following steps: of forming asbestos material united with workable binding material into paper-like strips or hands of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and, fabric forming operations; of forming yarns from said strips or bands; of adherently interengaging -such yarnslrto form a fabric; and of thereafter ,compacting said fabric.

24. ,The process of making asbestos friction fabric and the like, which comprises the following steps: of forming asbestos material united" with workable binding -material into paper-likestrips or bands of sufficient cohesivene and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming op-' erations; of forming yarns from said strips or bands; of interengaging such yarns to .form a plastic fabric; of com acting said fabric while in plastic conditlon; and of destroying its plastic condition.

25. The process of making asbestos friction fab icand the like, which comprises the followin g steps: of forming asbestos material united with workable binding material into paper-like strips or bands of sufficient cohesiveness and strength to undergo subsequent strand,.yarnand fabric forming operations; of uniting said strips or hands with filaments to form yarns; of interengaging and moistening such yarns to form a fabric;

of compressing said fabric while in a moistened condition; and of drying said fabric.

26. The process of making asbestos frictiori fabric and the like, which comprises the following steps: of forming asbestos 'mate rial united with workable binding material into paper-like strips or bands of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subse-' ,quent strand,,yarn and fabric forming. op-

erations; of'moistening said strips orbands to render" the binding material more 'work- ,able;-of uniting the moistened. strips with filaments; to form p yarns; of interengaging such yarnsgwhile moist to form afabric;

tion fabric or the like, which comprises the of compressing said fabric while moist; and of drying said fabric.

27 The process of making asbestos frictionfabric or the like, which comprises the following steps: of binding and forming asbestos materialinto paper-like strips or bands of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations; of forming asbestos yarns from said strips or bands/while retaming' the strip or band formation there- 111; and of adherently interengaging yarns, including such asbestos yarns, to form a fab- I'1c containing a substantial proportionof asbestos material.

28. The process of making asbestos friction fabric or the like, which comprises the following steps: of forming asbestos material united with workable bindin material into paper-like strips or bands of sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations of forming asbestos yarns from said strips or bands; of interenga 'ng yarns, including such asbestos yarns, form a plastic fabric containing a substantial proportion of asbestos material; of compacting said fabric while in plastic condition;and

of destroying such plastic condition.

29. The process of making asbestos fricfollowing steps: of binding and forming asbestos material into paper-like strips or bands of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fab ric forming operations; of uniting said Strips or bands with filaments to form asbestos yarns; and of adherently interengaging yarns, including such asbestos yarns, to form a fabric containing a substantial proportion of asbestos material.

30. The process of making asbestos friction fabric or the like, which comprises the. 'followin steps: of formin asbestos material united with workable binding material into paper-like strips orbands ofsufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric formin operations; of moistening said strips or ands to render the binding material more workable; of uniting the moist strips orbands with filaments to form moist asbestos yarns; of interengaging yarns, including such moist asbestos yarns to forma moist asbestos fabric I containing a substantial proportion of asbestos material; of compressing saidfabric while moist; and ofdrying said fabric.

31. The process of making asbestos friction fabric or the like, which comprises the following steps: of binding and forming asbestos material into paper-like strips or 125 bands of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations; of uniting said I forming reinforced yarn from filaments and,

said fabric:

following steps: of binding and forming as- I bestos material into paper-like strips or bands of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo sub equent strand, yarn and fabric forming oyierations; of forming asbestos yarns from said strips or bands; of moistening and binding warps of such asbestos yarn into a moist fabric; and of compacting said fabric While in moistened condition.

33. The process of making asbestos friction fabric or the like, which comprises the following steps: of forming asbestos material united with workable" binding material into a paper-like strip or band of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations; of uniting at least one of such strips or bands with at least one filament to form an asbestos yarn; of interengaging and moistening yarns,,including such asbestos yarns, to form a fabric containin a substantial proportion of asbestos material; and of compressing said fabric while ina moistened condition.

34. The process of making asbestos friction fabric and the like, which consists in,

forming yarn from paper-like strips of as bestos material united with workable bind ing material, moistening said yarn, formingsa1d yarn wh le moist into a fabric, and subsequently compressing and drying the fabr1c. 35.-The process of manufacturing asbestos friction fabric and the like, which consists in forming reinforced yarn from cores and paper-like strips of asbestos material'bound with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarnand fabric forming operations, moistening the yarn, forming said yarn while moist into, a fabric, and su sequently compressing and drying V36.'The process of making asbestos friction fabric and the like, which consists in mo st paper-like strips of asbestos material bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations, forming said yarn while moist into a fabric, and subjecting said fabric to pressure and drying operations.

37. The process of making asbestos fric tion fabricand the like,'which consists in forming yarns-from paper-like strips of asbest m erial boun th. s fi ien 0 hesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations, and adherently interengaging said yarns into a fabric.

38. The process of making asbestos friction fabric and the like, which consists in forming yarns from paper-like strips of asbestos material bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations, formlngsaid yarns into a fabric,

and effecting an adherent engagement be-.

tween individual yarns.

39. The process of making asbestos friction fabric and the like, which consists in forming yarns from paper-like strips of asbestos material bound by workable binding material with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand, yarn and fabric forming operations, weaving said yarns into a fabric, and effecting an adherentengagement between individual yarns.

4=O.'The process of making asbestos friction fabric or the like, which includes forming asbestos material united with binding material, which maybe softened or plasticized, into paper-like strips or bands of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted for yarn manufacture; forming asbestos yarns from such strips or bands; interengaging yarns, including such asbestos \yarn, to form a fabric containing a substantial roportion of asbestos material; and treating said fabric to prevent subsequent softening or plasticizing of the binding material and to impart greater durability to the fabric. w

41. A'fiexible asbestos friction fabric or the like, containing reinforcin filaments combined with asbestos paper-1i e material present in the fabric in paperlike fonnation, said material being bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication.

42. A flexible asbestos friction fabric or the like, a substantial proportion of the weft,

threads of which consists of yarns formed from one or more reinforcing filaments com-- warp threads of which consists of yarns formed. from one or more reinforcing filaments combined with asbestos material present in the fabric in paper-like formation,

and bound with sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity'to undergo strand and yarn manufacture. i

44. A flexible friction fabric, containing asbestos material present in paper-like for-] mation and bound together with sufficient 00- hesiveness and tenacity to undergo fabrication and to retain its pa er-like characteristics. in the fabric, an reinforcing fila ments or strands assoc-iated'with said asbestos material for reinforcing said fabric.

45). A friction fabric or the like, including longitudinal filaments and weft yarn formed from asbestos paper-like material bound with suflicient cohesiveness and te- 10 nacity and adapted for yarn manufacture.

46. A friction fabric or the like, including longitudinal filaments and weft yarn formed from at least one filament and at least one strip or band of asbestos material bound together with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted for yarn manufacture.

In testimony whereof; I affix my signature.

JOHN ALLEN HEANY.