US1540214A - Plush valve - Google Patents

Description

H. F. HUDSON June 2,

FLUsH'vALvE Filed July 28, 1923 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Patented .lune i?,

HAVRD F. HUDSON, 0F WICHITA, KANSAS. 'v

Application lcd July 2B,-

To aZZ whom, t lmay concern.'

Be it known that I, HAvAnD F. IIposoN, citizen ofthe United States, residing at lVichita, county of Sedgwick, and State of Kansas, have invented certain new and, useful Improvements in Flush Valves; and I do declare the following to be a full,'clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enable othersskilled in the art to whichit appertains to make and use the same, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, and to the characters of reference marked thereon, which form a part of this specification.

This invention relates to improvements in flush valves of the type employed in connection with toilet fixtures and sometimes referred to as fiushometers7 It is well known that the ordinary flushing'apparatus employed in connection with toilet fixtures are unsightly and are often unsatisfactory intheir operation. In order to enable the tank and allied float-operated valve to be dispensed with, it has been proposed that the same shall be replaced by a valve mechanism that will permit a prede' termined amount of' water to flow, which can be controlled by a pilot valve and which will automatically clse.

It is the object of this invention to produce a flushometer that shall be of simple and substantial construction, of neat and pleasing appearance, and which shall be so constructed and designed that it will be positive and reliable in its operation.

The above and other objects which will appear as the description proceeds, are attained by mea-ns of a construction which I will now describe in detail, reference for this purpose being had to the accompanying drawing in which the preferred embodiment of my invention is shown, and in which:

Fig. 1 shows a side elevation of a toilet fixture which is equipped with my improved fiush valve.`

Fig.- 2 is a vertical section through the valve and shows the relationship oi lthe parts.

Fig. 3 .is a transverse section taken on line 3-3, Fig. 2.

Fig. l is a detail showing a modified 'form of construction.

Fig.' 5 is a section taken on Fig. 4,

FLUSH VALVE.

1923. Serial No. 654,346.

Fig. 6 is a -side elevation showing the appear-ance of my modified form of construction.`

showing a booster that is occasionally required to be embodied in the combination.

Fig. 8 is a ver tical section through a house showing the relationship of the various e1ements ofv my combination. l

Fig. 9 is a side elevation of my improved pressure booster tank with portions thereof broken away.

Fig. 10 is a section taken on line 'lO- 10. Fig. 9.

Fig. 11 is a modified form of pressure tank wherein the air is contained in an airtight. bag, and this view is shown partly in section.

Fig. 12 shows a diametrical section of a modified form of pressure tank; and Fig. 13 is a section similar to that shown in Fig. 13 butv differs therefrom by having a flexible metal diaphragm.

The same reference characters will be em Fig. 7 is a longitudinal sectional detail l ployed to designate the same parts through out the several views.

Numeral 1 represents the floor and 2 the wall of a toilet or bathroom. A bowl 3 rests 'upon the floor l and is connected to the lumbing in the usual manner. A pipe 4, wiich is preferably one inch or larger, connects directly to the water supply. The flow of water throu h the pipe 4: is controlled by means o? my improved valve which I will now proceed to describe:

My valve consists of a body member 5, made somewhat in the shape of a T. The laterally projecting portion 6 is internally threaded and is designed to connect to the bowl in the manner shown in Fig. 1. The upper end 7 is externally vthreaded and adapted to receive a cap 8 of a union by means of which the body member 5 is connected to the lower end of pipe 4. The lower end 9 of the member 5 is externally threaded and has attached thereto a cylinder 10 within which is recipi'ocably mounted a piston 11. A .piston rod 12 is connected to the piston and has secured to the end thereoi a rubber or metal ball 13 which engages the inclined sides 14 vof the opening 15. When the piston 11 and the valve member loa 13 are in vtheir lower position, as shown in i from pipe 4 so tha-t lno watercan flow out therefrom, similar. to an ordinary check valve. If sutiicient pressurev is ap lied to the bottom 'of the piston 11 to force tie valve member 13 from its seat, water will flow into the interior of'member' 5, through the projecting portion 6,* through the pi e 4, and into the bowl 3. Secured to the ower end of the cylinder is a cap 16 provided with a central tubular. member 17 which terminates in a threaded portion 18. A pipe 19 extends from the threaded end 18.to the valve 20, wherever it may be located for the convenience of the user, and is secured to the end 18 by means of a cap 21. The valve casing 20 has a central opening 22 with which the pipe 19 connects. -The opening 22 connects with the enlarged portion 23, the inclined conical Walls 24 forming a valve seat for cooperating with the valve 25, Which. is secured to the inner end of the valve stem 26. The stem 26l extends out through the gland 27 and terminates in ,a head 28. A spring 29 surrounds the stem and abuts its ends against the head 28 and the cap 30 and tends to hold the valve member against the valve seat 24. A pipe 31 extends from the supply pipe 4 to the pilot valve 20 and has its upper end connected to pipe 4 by means of suitablecouplings such as shown in- Fig. 2 or by other suitable means, and a, tine screen 19A, as drawn, is inserted therein to keep dirt out of the top of the valve. If pressure is exerted on the handle 28, sufiicient to move the valve member 25 from the seat 24 it is apparent that water will flow through pipes 31 and 19 into the bottom of the cylinder between the ca 16 and the piston 11. Since the area o the piston is greater than the cross-sectional area 'of the valve member 13, it is evident that a greater force will be produced tending to move the valve to open position than is ex'- erted in the opposite direction, and the valve will therefore open and permit water from the pipe 4 to ow into the interior of mem-l ber 5^. When the valve 25 is closed, the water 'within the cylinder will bec'ome trapped, so to speak, and would maintain the valve 13 in open. position indefinitely, which, of course, would not be desirable. I have therefore rovided the cylinder with a channel 32 whic 1 extendsA practically the entire length thereof betweenv the. 'threaded portion at' each end. vThe 4trapped water which was em loyed-.for thepurpose of opening the va ve can escape through -the channel 32, thus allowing `the valve to close. By properly prop'ortioning the size or cross? sectional area of the groove 32, the valve 13 can be made to remain open a sulicient length of the time to effect the necessary ilus ing of the bowl. The amount of Water required to properl flush a bowl depends on several varying. actors and the length of pacity of the bowl.

time the water must flow is also different for different installations, depending, among other thin s, on the pressure of the water supply an the style and water-carrying ea- I have therefore found that I must provide means whereby the rate at which the valve closes can be adjusted to suit the' conditions under which the valve operates. I make the cross-section of the groove 32 suflicientl `large to permit the valve to close in t e -minimum time required. Where it is desirable to make the valve close more slowly, I employ an adjusting means comprising a screw 33 whose end projects into the groove 32. A projectingth'readed lugl 34v is provided on the cylinder and threadedly connected to this is a cap 35 which forms with the end of the lug a chamber for the reception of packing material 36. When the effective cross-section of the grooveis to be decreased in order to slow down the motion of the'piston, the screw 33 is turned so that the end thereof projects into the groove thus reducing the area of the opening through which the water must flow. v

The movement of the cylinder surface past the screw 33 tends to facilitate the removal 'of any dirt that collects at this point and keeps the passage open and in operative condition. The force which tends to close the valve 13 is the resultant of three diii'erent forces produced as follows: First, the pressure of the water in pipe 4 and its friction against the valve member 13 produces a force which tends to close the valve; second, the reaction of the water from the valve 13 against the upper surface of the piston, this last .forcebeing considerable, as the water must change its direction degrees or more; and, third, the weight of the piston pulls valve 13 into a closed position on the principle of a check-valve. The operation of the valve mechanism described above is as follows:

Y The pipe 4 is connected to the supply which must be ample to cause a good flow of water through this pipe.v This pipe must be one inch or larger. With valves 13 and 20 in closed position, no Water -will flow from pipe 4 and valve 13 will remain firmly scated against lthe valve seat due to the force produced bythe Water which -is equal to the. pressure times the area of the valve member at the point 4where it contacts with the seat. I will call attention at. this. point .to the fact that the valve seat 14 and the valve member 13 contact along surfaces which are inclined to the axis of the valve. Thepressure per endicular to the. contacting surfaces is t erefore greater than the force in the direction of the axis and varies inversely as the sine of the angle which' the surfaces in contact make with the axis, thus creating a positive closing contact pressure position shown in Figi 2 and that pressureis exerted von the head 28 sutlicient to open the same. Water will then tiow through the pipe 31, through valve 25, through pipe 19 and into the space between the cap 16 and the head of the piston 11 and move the latter upwardly, thereby openin the valve 13. After valve 13 has been ful yopened, the valve 25 is closed. The water in the cylinder below the lower surface of the piston willl now have no other way of escape than through the roove 32 and the valve 13 will close, butv on y as fast as the escape of water through the channel 32 permits and this can be regulated by means of the screw As the valve closes gradually and in accordance with the rate at which the water can escape through the channel 32, there will be no tendency for the piston and valve to hammer and the valve will operate quickly andsilently.

I t is apparent that the valve need not be directly attached to the toilet bowl or located 1n the positionshown vin Fig. 1, but that it can be located at any reasonable distance therefrom and the ischarge port 6 connected to the fixture by means of a pipe 4. The valve can therefore be located at any convenient place in the wall, floor or in the basement of the house and pipes 19 and 31 extended to the pilot valve 20 which must be located within convenient reach of the toilet fixture.

In Figs. 1 and 7 I have shown an element indicated bythe numeral 37, which I term a pressure booster.. This pressure booster is merely an enlarged portion of pipe 4 and may be formed integrally therewith as shown in Fig. 7, or separately and connected to'ltwo adjacent ends of the pipe. The

' water enters the pressure booster in the direction of the arrow 38 and the lower end of the upper section of pipe ltprojects into the pressure `booster chamber inthe manner indicated at 39 in Fig. 7. The pipe 31 is connected to the side of the pressure booster chamber in the manner shown in Fig. 7. The purpose of the pressure booster is to increase the pressure of the water at the point where the pipe 31 is connected, so that the pressure on the head of the piston will be greater than it otherwise would be when the water in pipe 4 is flowing.

The pressure booster operates o'n the same principle as a Venturi meter, namely, that when the velocity of flow is increased at a given point, the pressure-at the point of increased velocity w1ll decrease and conversely, when the velocity is decreased, as it will be when the-cros's-sectional area of the pipe is increased, the pressure at this point is invgradually cause water to leak b creased. The projecting flanges 39 serve to i increase the eect which would otherwise be reduced, due to the production of what is cal ed an entrance back pressure'which is present wherever water flows from a larger` pipel into a smaller pipe. The increased pressure, due to the decrease in the velocitv and to the entrance head,- is added to the pressure normally present in the supply pipe 4 when the water is flowing therein, and this increased pressure acts on the piston for opening the valve -13 when the vvalve 25 is opened. As a rule the pressure booster is not necessary because the diameter of the piston can be made so large that it will open and maintain the valve in open position under all circumstances. If, for any reason,'

the water escapes through the groove 32.

As water is incompressible, the piston can move only at a very slow rate which may be decreased toward the end of the stroke -by the simple expedient of decreasing the cross-sectional area of the channel 32 near the topv of the cylinder.

In order to adjust for wear, which will between the sides of the piston and the cy inder surface, it is only necessary to turn` the screw 33 in a direction to further decrease the cross-sectional area of the opening through which the water has to flow to the extent necessary to compensate for the added leakage,A due to wear.

Cfr

It is evident that if the valve should rev main open the samelength of time, regard'- less of the pressure of the water in the supply pipe 4, too much water would be used the pressure of the water in the supply pipe and the rate at which the water will flow outwardly through the channel 32 is directly proportioned to the pressure exerted on the piston. Therefore the faster the water flows through the valve 13, the faster the valve will close.

Y pass or channel 32 and the adjustin the dangerof stoppage, due to dirt clogging AThe arrangement of the piston 11, the byscrew 33, shown in Fig. 2 and described a ove, is considered satisfactory and takes care of all dirt found under normal conditions, due to the self-cleaning, wiping action of the piston past the point ,of screw 33, b ut in order to obviate, to the greatest poss1ble extent,

the channel 32, I have designed an a ternative construction shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 6. In this construction the cap 16, shown in Fig. 2, is replaced by a cap 161 having a' central tubular member 40 whose lower end 41 is closed'and provided with a lateral nipple 42 to which the by-pass pipe 43 is connected. rIhis ipe has its other end connected to the cylmder l() at a point above the highest point reached by the piston 111. Secured to the head ofthe piston is a. rod 44 which lits the opening 1n the tubular member 40, which opening is preferably cylindrical and has one side flattened in the manner shown in Figs. 4 and 5. A. screw 333 has a threaded connection with the inside of the tubular nipple 45 and has its inner end flattened so that it will cooperate with the ilattened surface of the rod 44. By rotating the screw 333, the opening between it and the flattenedy side of the rod 44 can be adjusted at will. As the rod 44 cannot rotate, due to the action of the screw and the flattened side, and as the piston '111 is free to rotate, it is evident that the rod 44 must be -attached to the piston "by` means which permit relative rotation. I have therefore provided the upper end of the rod 44 with an enlarged head 46 which fits into a cavity in the head or' the iston and is held in pla-ce by a suitable pliite 47. The valve casing 2O is connected to the cap 161 and controls the water under pressure that opens the valve by raising piston 111. When water is admitted to the cylinder bclow the lower surface of the piston, the latter naturally moves upward as long as the valve 25 is held in open position until it has reached the limit of its upward travel. lVhen. valve 25 is closed the water in the lower end of the cylinder has no way of escape, except through the tubular member 40 and the pipe 43 and therefore the piston 111 can move downward only as fast as the water escapes through 40, 42 and 43 to the upper end of the cylinder and the rate of escapo through this passage can be controlled by means of the screw 333 in the mannerA explained. Since the rod 44 rcciprocates as the piston'reciprocated in the cylinder, it will always keep the opening clean.

When the pressure is sufficient and the house has a sulliciently large supply pipe, which should be at least a one inch pipe, the valve can be installed in the manner shown and described above, but where the ltheupper end of the tank, all in a manner that is broadly old and which -will be hereinafter described more in detail.

It .has been` found that where pressure flow booster tanks of the general type referred to have been installed, difficulty has invariably been experienced, due to the fact that the air in the tank '.vill be gradually absorbed bythe water and that after some time the air supply therein will fall below that which is necessary for successful operation. When the air supply becomes too low, it-is necessary to disconnect the piping or take other means for replenishing the air supply.

In order to overcome the difficulty referred to above, I have constructed my tank in such a manner that any absorbed air will be separated from the water as the latter leaves the tank. There are two well known ways of separating absorbed air from water. @ne is to heat the water and the other is to decrease the pressure. It is., of course, not practical to heat the water that is used for ushing a toilet and therefore this method may be disregarded. Where a pressure ilow increasing tank is employed, the pressure is e ilow booster tank comprises a decreased whenever the toilet is flushed and therefore -a large amount of the absorbed air is automatically released at the time that the lushometer is operative. Although the periodic reduction of the pressure liberates a large .amount of the absorbed air when the water. from the mainfis normally well charged with air, yet when the water from the main is deficient in air content, then enough air is retained by the Water to gradua'lly deplete the supplyr inthe tank. I

have found that if I impart to the water in the tank a rotary motion at its time of leaving, when the decrease of pressure liberates a part of the absorbed air, then the centrifugal forces will throw these minute bubbles l of liberated air to the center and out of the water and into the top of the tank where the air is needed. I have therefore arranged the supply pipe from the mains in such a manner that the water lwill enter the tank in a tangential direction. This will cause the water to rotate and the centrifugal action will operate to move the air towards l l ment.

the centerof rotation where the minute -air bubbles will coalesce and form lar ei-.bubbles which will-rise to the surface an join with the air in the tank. By this simple'expedient, I have' obtained results that are a great improvement over the l supply pipes to `the fixtureA 3; The pipe 51 connects the tank 50'With the water supply and-'may be of any size. lThis pipe has its end secured to the side of thel tank in, the f manner shown most lclearly inQFig. 104 so that the water when it en ters will-be given a rotary motionfin the direction of the` ar:

in which the flushometer is closed and the piping, including the flow/booster pressurel tank 50, are emplty and then turn. the water into the same t rough the supply pipe 51,

f the water will iiow into the tank 50-and as it cannot leave'throughthe pipe 4, it willl compress the air above the surface of the water until the 'air pressure becomes equal to the water' pressure whenv further flow of water will cease. The pi e 4 should be at vleast a one inch pipe an in the tank 50, im lled b the therefore where the lushometer valve is o-pened the water iorce of the compressed air, wi 1 rush t rough the pipe/1 at a rate corresponding to the lpressure of the air, regardless of the capacity of the supply pipe 51. As the water leaves through the pipe 4, the pressure on the inside of the 4 tank will decrease and this permits water to enter through pipe 51 with thevresult that the water in they tank will be caused to ro- Although'- the rotary motion imparted Ato the water assistsl reatly in the liberation tate, as above explained, and this concentrates the air and causes it to become sepa rated from the water.

of absorbed. air'an4 will maintain the air supply when the Water from the main is adequately charged .with air, yetin cities f where the water is inadequate in air content,

some of the air will invariably be carried away from the inside of the tank, with the,

result that thereinainder will, after awhile, y become too small in amount to properly operate the flushometer". In order to automaticall increase the volume of gas in the tank, I iave provided the following means:

I provide a carbide generator. consisting of a cup-shaped member 53 which is 'adapted to contain a quantity of carbide 54. The cup 53 is provided about its top with an outwardly extending `lange 551 which isl adapted to be secured to a corresponding flange of the cap member 56 by means of bolts 57. A pipe 58 is connected to the tank 50 at a point sufficiently near the top to be above the liquid level when the norordinary arrange- --water down belowthe i ized canvas.

mal quantity of air or gas v"is compressed to the pressure of the water supply.v Pipe 58- connects with and projects-into the acety` 'of thev acetylene generator with the `top of l the tank 50. This pipe has a' valve 61 which,

.together withfvalve 59,-- serve to close thel H pipes whenever the carbide supplyris lto be renewed.- 'It 'is evident that whenever the waterlevel extendsabove the level of pipe 58 thatwater will/'enter this pipe and 'flow through the same and comein contact with @the carbide. Acet`ylene gas `will then be u, generated and this will ow into the tank rows 52. Ifwegassume a condition to exist until the volume ofthe pas will forcethe evel of pipe "58. The valve 59 should be so adjusted that'the ywater will only enter the generator drop `by drop orat least very slowly 'so tha'tthe generation of gas `will not become'excessive. Gaswill be generated for some time after the water has been forced down below the level .of the pipe 58 and this will v.cause f the level of the waterto be movedv down wardly 'to such an extent that it willstake some time forl the water to absorb a sufficient amount of air or gas to again lenableI it to enter the pipe 58. l By the arrangement just described, it is evident that the gaseous medium in the tank 50 will always be automatically re plenished whenever the occasion requires.

The above described automatic gas re plenishing means is notl absolutely necessary where the wateris iven a rotary motion inl the manner descrili prevent the airfrom being depleted for a very long time, when the suppl water is deficient in air content, but cani) may be 'smaller than -tank 50 and the air,

instead of being in contact with the inside of the tank and with thewater, is contained in an :ui-:tight bag 65 which may be made 4of rubber likethe inner tube of an automobile tire, orit may be made of rubber- The bag 65 is of such size that-'it vfills the tank 64 and is separated from the sides about the opening 66 by means of a foyraminated plate 67. Air is admitted into ed, 'as .this valone will I e applied-v in addition whenever the conditions require be under considerable initial pressure, it

,is evident that the tank'can be much smaller l than tank Afor. the reason that'itA is onl Inecessary that theairv be compressed in' vo,-`

ume to Vthcacfxte'nt l'offthe volumetric 'quanf` tity of j water required flush I .the toilet fixture. As the pressureofthe air on; the inside of the bagii's the-same as' ,the pressure ofthe, water on the outside,- it Y is evif dent that therelis no tendency. for the air to flow out, except during the short-interval of time during which the tank is emptymg.

Since the bag is-ke t cool by the water and is protectedfrom t e li ht and the dry-v in action of the air, it wil last almost 1n. .d

Instead `of 'a tank .likei thatl shown f.'

Fig. 11,-I` may utilize onemade like that shownin cross-section in Fi 12. In this modification the tank is ma e of two substantiall identical members 69 and 70, each` with flanges 71 between which aj provide rubber diaphragm or a loose fitting rubber'- ized canvas bag l72 is'clamped by means of bolts 73. "-A valve stem 74 permits air to, be pumped into the space between the mem; if ber 69 and the diaphragm 72. untilA the latter assumes the dotted line position. Thel pressure of the airand the size of the'parts should be such that when the airpressure has reached that 'ofthe water supply, then the diaphragm shall have been displaced.. to such an extent that the water between it.V 7 0 'is .suliicient to.'

and the side of member flush the toilet. i

In Fi 13 I have show'nan arrangement which differs from that of Fig. `12 merely in this, that the rubber diaphragm 72 is re-v placed by a corrugated metal iaphragm 75 made 'in the manner `common .in 4aneroid barometers. When either oneof the modifications shown in Figs. 11, -12andz13 are used, .the air does not come into contact with loss by' absorption.-

the water and consequently there'icanbe-no When 1t 1s desired that the illpiston.-'tshall' .I

move to normal or closed' v ve position fat ra variable-rate of speed, thesurface ofv the rod 44, which cooperates vviththe end space at different pointsof the stroke. i

Although' attention has previously been called to the fact that -there arel three separate forces acting to close the valve when it has been opened, I wish to emphasize this feature of the construction, as 1t is exceed.

ingly important. The valve 13 is located on the supply side of the seat and conse-- ressure of uently is acted upon by the p t e water; then the friction of t e water as itiows by the .valve and its momentum act# ing upon 4the top of theA iston, whilelast but notleast, the weight o the piston tends to close the'valve. j he valve actssimilar to that of an ordinary check-valve and re-l qures no pressure on 'the piston to hold the valve closed.' Thisl avoids pressure on the piston and prevents leaks` By (puttin the valve 13 onthe pressure side, o not ave any needof pressure on'the iston and this Iprevents any tendency'to lea s. I'consider that the '.arrangementof valve and cylinder.l

- in which the valveis on the pressure side off' i' the valve seat and in'which the three forces,

vtend to close the valve my construction and forms a part pointed outabove'," 1s new 1 n of my ln'ventionp.

ometer that is ofl simple and su stantialconstruction and'which can be readily attached toexistin toilet fxtureswithout alteration 1 From .the above descriptitui,A it is evident'v .that I have produced ,an im roved flush-v 4as Lthereof. have also produced a combinabeemployed evenwhene the capacity of the tion of meanswhereby -theflushometer can. no

supply is insuicient to `suppl the necessary v amount of water.v I have 'a pressure booster tank provided whereby airwill not -be .absorbed waterA and Acarried away, and which c'oo crates with the broad combination to t e extent that itprevents the same from becoming inoperative," air inthe tank.

Having now described Iclaim as new isfl- 1. A liushometer comprisin ber formed in the sha of a having two axially a' 1 v third opening commumcating with the firstdue to the depletion oi mentioned-openings, aconical valve seat inA one of said ahgned'g openings, avalve mem'- ber cooperative-ly 'e'lated to the valve seat,

the openinglhavingthevalvev 'seat being adapted to ave the Water supply pipe connected thereto', a cylinder connected tothe body member, ai piston; in said cylinder," f. the piston .andi the valve member, a'cylin er head se- 135 the supplyside of the valve, a normall closed of the screw to delimt the area ofthe open-l Va ing throughl which the water passes, can be curved so as to enlarge or diminish the v. means for operatively connectin cured to said cylinder, a pipe connecting the Aspace between the end of the piston wit my invention, what a body 'mem-i; said member gned openings, and a l vein said pipe, said cylinder wal havingv a groove on its innersurface and a screw 2. A flushometer comprising, in combination, a valve, means for opening and closing said valve, said means comprisin .a cylinder, -a piston slidably mountedv therein, means comprising a rod for connectiner the .piston to the valve, said chamber having a groove on its inner surface for forming a passage connecting spaces at opposite ends of the piston, and means for controlling the electve area of said passage, said means comprising a screw operatively related to said groove and adapted to control the effective cross-sectional area of said passage.

3. A iushometer comprising, in combination, a valve, mea-ns for opening and closing lsaid valve, said "means comprising a cylinder, a piston slida'bly mounted therein, means comprising a rodI for connectingthe piston to the valve, said chamber having a groove on its inner surface for/ forming a passage connecting spaces at opposite ends,I of the piston, and means forcontrolling the effective area of said passage, said means comprising a. screw operatively related to said groove and ada ted to control the efective cross-sectiona area of saidl passage,

and a piston eingmovable past-the end of the screw, whereby a cleaning action is obtaine .y f v Y In testimony whereof Iat'xx my signature.

' l lIPIYVARD F. HUDSON.

ortion of the outer surface of the l

Images