US1359331A - Art of producing bearings, bushings, &c - Google Patents

Description

L. W. CHADWICKJ ART OF PRODUCING BEARINGS, BUSHINGS, 6L0- APPLICATION FILED JUNE 23, I919.

1,359,331 Patented N0v 16, 1920.

3 sng'ns-suzn 1.

' avweuboz Qbtoamup L. w. CHADWICK. ART OF PRODUCING BEARINGS, BUSHINGS', 6L0.

EETS-SHEET 3.

Patented Nov. 16, 1920.

Svwewboz 50 of bearings without individual treatment of UNITED tans w.- cr'rAnw1cK, or ROYAL. 'oax, MICHIGAN,

si ienon or ONE-EAL! CHARLES-Ra LEI-CLAIR,- orf DETROIT,:'ZDZlEIG HIGAN.

- ART or llibnuome B A I GS, nusn'mes,

To all whom it may concern: Be it known that. I, LEES W. GHADWIOK, a citizen of the United States of America, residing at Royal Oak in the county of Oakland and State of lMic higan, have in'-' vented certain new and useful Improvements in the ,Art of Producing Bearings, Bushings, .&c., of which the following is a specification, reference being had therein to 10 the accompanying drawings, v

i This invention relates to improvements in the art of producing bearings, bushings,

etc, pertaining more particularly to the production cof articles of this type made from the softer metals and which may or may not include a-Babbitt metal faces;

- Theproduction of articles of this general type becomes diflicult when an attempt is made to provide production under capacity conditions, especially where the Babbitt metaLlining is of comparatively small cross section so asto approach the conditions of r a thin skin or film-for instance, the thickness of one-thirtysecond inch. When, however, the requirements of use of the article are such as to place additional conditions or inspection tests on the completed article, the difficulties are vastly increased; For? instance, the accuracy of the active face or faces of the article becomes of great im- 'portance where the article is used in connection with comparativelyhigh speed operations, .in which case the presence of a high point or points on said face is an ab.-

solute cause "of rejection, due to thefact that under such conditions, the face is de'-' signed to be bathed in oil or other lubricant, and the presence of such high' point or points preventsfkperfect' lubricating effect, 40 Another feature or condition-is that of interchangeability, a condition which necessi-'- tatesattimes'the production of a required numberiof articles with thelimit of difference allowable less than .0005 inch.- The limits allowed in connection with. the bearings and the bushings of the Liberty motor manufactured in accordance with the methods herein disclosed were .00031 inch;

production under conditionsof this severity in or der to permitfinterchangeability each bearingor bushing with respect to the part with which it.cooperates, is obviously of great difliculty. 4 l In addition to these problems, the ques- Specification of LettersIatent.

' Applieation 'filed Jumps,

' avoid individual treatment.

appended claims.

Patented Nov, '16, 1920. i919. Seria1No.3 05,948

tion of producing the article at jcompara'itlvely low manufacturing cost is of great importance. Andthis is especially true in" connection with quantity production-where the controlllng' conditions have theseverity above indicated. While it might be'possiblej to meet the severe conditions oftests through careful hand and machine operations-although the comparatively thin Babbitt metal face, when used, becoines an additional problem when attempting,to op. erate under such conditions the cost of production-becomes so burdensome as to make it practically prohibitive where the attempt is made to provide for interchangeability. i Attempts of various Vkinds have been" made to meet these objections, but these have generally been unsuccessful by reasonof the problems presented and additionally because of .the fact that in many of.the attempts it becomes necessary to waste-a large amount of the -metal from; which initial blank is pro uced, either resulting in an actual waste of the'inetal or the necessity for, re-melting or re treating the, waste -30 metal to permit its 're-use;' in either case the cost of production is largely increased.

Thepresent invention is designed to generally overcome these difficulties and .meet the problems in such a way as to permit of 35' quantity production at comparatively low cost of manufacture and at the same time provide the characteristic ofinterchangeability between similar articles so as to.

' To these and other ends, therefore, the' nature of which will be readily understood as the invention is hereinafter disclosed,

said invention, consists in the improved methods of production, and the article'produced, as more fully described hereinafter, m illustrated in the accompanying drawings,

and more particularly pointed out in the,

In the accompanying similar reference characters indicate similar parts, in each v1ew,-

Figures 1 to 13 inclusive are views show-. ing in end elevation successive developments \in. the production of -a blank from which the article is produced;

Fig.4 '5 a sinilar view indicating the manner. in which the emPbryo article is pro duced from the blank;

drawings "infwhich -1o0 Fig. is a plan view of one form of ap- 1 10 paratus for providing a stage development of the embryo article;

i the shaping is completed;

Fig. 6 is a front elevation of the structure of Fig. 5, parts being omitted for clearness; Fig. 7 is an end vieyv, on anenlarged scale, of an anvil employed in the apparatus of 8 is a plan view of one form of shaping apparatus which may be employed in a later stage of the article development, the' apparatus being shown in a position before Figs. 9 and 10 are sectional views taken on the lines 949 and 10-10 respectively of Fig. 8; I

ig. 11 is a plan view of the plate emploved in the apparatus of Fig. 8; and

Fig. 12 is a perspective view of the completed article.

Before giving a method disclosed herein, a few of the problems involved in the production of bearin'gs, etc., under quantity conditions Wlll be referred to.

Since the members of a bearing must have the active face corresponding with the ciring, since each pair must be adjusted .to procumferenc'e of a circle of proper radius, the simplest form of blank is one which is circular in contour. A blank of this type can be readily machined into proper dimensions,

but-if the attempt be made to, provide these dimensions in correspondence with those of the completed article, the necessity for dividing the blank .into halves to produce the bearings, introduces a material factor in that the tool for dividing the blank has inevitably a thickness 'such'as will afiect the.

true circular contour of the two halvesif the mating faees are brought into contact; this for the reason that the material removed from the blank during the cutting operation affects the contour and destroys the true circular form.

Under present practice, where this general method is employed, this particular condition-is met by the introduction of a shim betweenthe two halves and having a thickness corresponding to the thickness of the material removed during.

the dividing operation. This inherentl requires an individual treatment of each earduce the proper circular contour. TlllS is one of the factors which tends to affectthe ability to provideforinterchangeability.

"Attempts have been made to meet these conditions by producing a special blank in -which the diameters at right angles to each .material removed during the other are different, the difference being s'ufiicient toaccommodate or compensate for the dividing action. This is more or less unsatisfactory and expensive, dueto the difiiculty of at-.

tempting tamachine the faces to proper siz'es and'the necessity for absolute accuracy in thesele'c'tion of diameter on which .the didetail description 'of the .saiddiametrical dimensions.

viding line is made. The present invention meets the several problems by a practice involving several stages which enables the machining operations, etc., which involve the faces of the bearings, to be provided under normal conditions, but entailing a minimum expense in manufacture with respect to the -may be varied in accordance with, the particular requirementsin the accuracy, etc., of thearticle but one of the essentials of the method as. now practised by inc-and which is preferred although not wholly essential-is that the machine operations are preferablycompleted while the material of the bearing is in the blank cylindrical form.

One of the essentials of. the invention is that the blank when completed by passing through the several stages of the operation will have its inner and its out; faces of greater radii than the completed article, the difference in radius of the two diameters, however, corresponding to the similar difference in the completed article, thus having the thickness of'the wall of the blank corresponding'to the thickness of the wall of the completed article.v The excess diameters of the blank over the similar dimensions of the bearings will, of course, vary with the particular-size and shape of the bearings or other article. No particular rule for detervarlations in general conditions of materials, thickness of walls, etc., necessa'rlly affects -mining the excess can, be set forth since the For the purpose, however, of presenting an example, I will hereinafter set forth the several stages and measurements employed in the production of theshort main bearings for the Liberty motor; these bearings having an external radius of one and one half inches (being known as a three inch bearing) this bearing being Babbitt .lined and having a thickness of wall in a completed article of .1851 inch, the length of the b'earing'being 1.968 inches. l

" The successive stages inproducing the blank of the bearing-referredtothe three inchbearing of the Liberty motor-includes the following: W i

Cast-the bushing of bronzeof a size to include the different, dimensions, ,Bore the bushing to .a diameter of- 2.780inches; this produces the face which is'to be Babbitt lined. Rough turn the outer face of the bushing to 3.065 inches diameter; this provides an approximate blank, shown in F ig.

. 1 in'end view, the blank being indicated as A, the different diameters being indicated. Babbitt the bushings. Gut off the gate and bore the Babbitt to 2.650 inches diameter.

Turn the outside diameter to 3.035 inches and cut the bushing to aleiigth of 1.968 indhes; this produces the approximate blank, the dimensions of which are indicated in Fig. 2 of the drawings, the Babbitt bein in-' dicated at B. The blank of Fig. 3 has een completed by first broaching the Babbitt lining to diameter of 2.6555 mches, and grinding the outside diameter of the bushing to 3.0257 inches. This provides inner and outer diameters of the Babbittlined bushing larger than those required in the completed bearings-the latter havlng an external radius of 1.5 inches and an interior radiusof 1.3149 inches-with"the thickness of the wall .1851 inches, this.thickness -being the same in the completed bearings and in the blanks, the latter being shown in finished form in Fig. 3.

The blank is then divided diametrically,

as shown in Fig. 4. In the particular example referred to this dividing was provided by a sawhaving a cutting width of onethirty-secondinch. As willbe understood, the dividing has the effect of reducing the segmental length an amount substantially equal to the thickness of the sawt he same reduction being made on the points of intersection. with the saw of the cylinder blank, the material removed in providing the cut, obviously being equal to two thicknesses of the saw, or the total decrease in the length of the mylinde'r circumferentialy of one-sixteenth inch;

The'division of the blank' into its two halves produces duplicate segments, each of which is designed to" produce one of the faces of the embryo formation, this being had without affecting the thickness of the segment wall or disturbing the faces which were prepared in the original-blank form.

In the example indicated this result was obtained by the use of three operations and two formsof apparatus. The particul ir number of operations employed, and the particular character of the apparatus may obviously be varied, depending somewhat upon'the thickness of the wall of the bearing as well as the material, and upon thedegree of accuracy of production desired. The particular operations of the-example referred to are as follows:

The embryo structure is first subjected to a bending action, the particular apparatus employed being indicated in Figs. 5 to 7 inclusive, in which 1-5 indicates a frame having guides 16 within which are reciprocatlvely mounted three shaping dies 17, 17 and 18, the dies 17 and 17 being substantlally alined and having their operating faces opposing each other these operating faces are adapted to be opposite the parting line edges of the hearing when the latter is n position in the apparatus, these faces being formed on an arc corresponding concentrically with the opposing portions of the operating face of an anvil member 19, shown more particularly in Fig' 7. Die member or block 18 has its movements in directions '.transverse .to those of dies 17 and 17 and x has an operating face of greater length than either of said dies, said operating face being curved on an are which conforms substan-' tially to that of dies 17 and 17.

Each of the dies 17 17 and 18 is adapted to be moved inwardly by suitable means, the drawings indicating this meansas in the form of operating levers 20'havingcam faces adapted to operate against the rear faces of the .dies, this arrangement being such as 'to permit of the application of pressure on to the embryo formation when the latter is seated external of theactive face of the anvil 19.

The structure thus described is designed to effect a change in the embryo formation in the direction of shortening the inner and outer radii of the embryo formation. Since the embryo formation was of bronze and 110 Babbitt lined, the arrangement was such as to tend to set up a change in the shape of the embryo formation and this was provided -by,attemp.ting to change the general diameter dimensions to radii less than those of the desired article, the change being controlled more or 'less by' the particular dimensions and configurations of the active face of anvil 19 for reasons presently pointed out, this face was given a more or less spe- 12.

cial configuration as indicated in Fig. 7. As

fshownin said figure the general centerlm Fig. 7) of the active face configuration is located on a linear: extending parallel to and spaced from an edge :0 of the anvilfland Hi the distance from said center to said'face on said line has a length whichcorresponds to the radiusof an are forming the portion of said face at .the extremes of such line, this radius being shown as 1.279 in.; the 181 active face corresponding to an arc bisected by a line m extending perpendicular to line m from center 00 so that at points of the at a point on the active face intersecting line 00' the arcs described have the same radius; these particular points are" those directly opposite the active faces of dies 17,

17" and 18. As will be seen, however, the. active face of anvil 19 has two arcs ofincreased radius spaced from each other by. the arc of line no, the spacing being such that radii (indicated at 4%) which approximately, bisect the arcs, will extend at right angles to each other (approximately). and

practically bisect'the right angles formed b the lines as and m; the increase in radius wi 1 be shown from the fact that these particula r radii are 1.281 inches. These portions of larger radius are blended into ,the portio s of less radius. The active face is thus made up of a'rcs having the radius of,lines wand a," spaced apart by arcs having the radius of lines m, the arcs being more ed together. i

When, therefore, pressure is applied to the three actuating members 20those for dies 17 and 17 being preferably actuated in advance of that of die 18+the embryo formation will be sprung in the direction-of shorter diameters (the acti-vefaces'of the three dies or less blendhaving radii based on.a diameter of 2.932

. in.), settingof the cam levers.20 to apply the springing pressure will thus'temporarily spring the embryo formation to a basis of smaller diameters and tend to slightly de- .form the angular directionof length from that of a trueacircle, due to'the small difference in radii of theanvil' .By

ing inthe ends throughthe act1on of dies st spring- 17 and 17', a bending effect isfirst produced at the central portion of the embryojformaing 1ine) inward through a bodily advance deformation of theembryo formation is of short duration, the dies being opened, thus releasing the embryo structure from the pressure. W hen, the pressure is released there is a spring back of the middle, of the "in every-instance, it is generally the .case

that there is more'orless springing of the 7 member in giving it the shape desired byembryo. bearingtoward its originalishape and sizeybut this is only partial, leaving the bent structure approximately of the de- .sired dimensions, the curved length of the bearing, however, being slightly deformed for the reasons heretofore pointed out. As will be understood, the fact that the radiusor radii of the inner and outer faces of the bearings having been chan ed to decrease the length of suc'h radii, an i this action has not been effective in shortenin the curved length of the bearings, it will be obvious that the result has been to take up all or-a major portion of the loss roduced b the face corresponding to the ends of line 00' and p y dividing operations of the blank, so that the parting line is approximately such as to more or less mate the similar face of a complemental bearing member without the outer face of the finished bearing member in the particular example shown, this, face extends en a radius of 1.5 inches the recess extends throughout one dimension of the" I body portion 21, and the latter has a face adapted to receive a complementalface of a member 22, the latter having a block or anvil 23 having a curved face, the curvature I face of the bearing memberfor instance, it may be drawn on a radius of 1.3145; block 23 is so positioned that when body portion 21 and the member 22 'are'properly locatedin respect to each other, the curved faces ofrecess 21 and that of block 23 will be con centric, the two members being spaced apart a distance to provide a semi-circular space itherebetweeii correspondlng to the thickness of which corresponds to that of the inner of the wall ofthe bearing member, The

body portion 21 and the member 22 are de- -drawn together aft r the embryo hearing has been placed 24 applying pressure in such manner as to correct any inaccuracy 'or deformation which was produced when operating inthe bending apparatus previously described.

accurately shaped to a true semiecylindrical I formation withoutaifec'ting either the inner riding the original blank. While the de formation of the blank may not be present the apparatus just described, so :that when the members 21 and 22 have been moved to tachably engageable through suitable means, the particular arrangement shown being that of a pair of pivoted bolts 24 adapted to swirig to and froma position in advance of member 22 aslshown in Fig, 8. -This ar-' rangement permits the two members to be position between the curved faces, tightening of the studs or bolts H As a result, the bearmg. member will be I their closed positions, there is likely to be a strained condition of the member. And

thesemembers, it is necessary that this ing a radius substantially that of an inter mediate radius between the radii of the inner and outer faces of the bearings in finished form-in the particular example shown, this radius is one and thirteen thirtyseconds inch, and one of the openings is shown as located at a point substantially midway of the curved length of the bearing,

two other openings being located at points adjacent the opposite ends of the bearings. These openings are adapted to receive pins 26 yieldably supported on springs 27 as shown in Fig. 9, the arrangement being such that the pins project upwardly. into ,the space between the opposing faces of the body portion 21 and block 23 and form a rest or support for the embryo "bearing which is positioned between the faces, thus locating one longitudinal end of the bearing on the pins and spaced from the plane of the face of plates 25;

The body portion21 recess greater than the length of the bear} ing, so that when the latter is positioned between the opposing faces, and supported on pins 26, the opposite end of the hearing; will be spaced from the opening formed by the v this space thus left is placed-a member28 opposing faces 21" and of block 23. Into which forms apunch and practically conforms to-the contour of the bearing in its angular dimensions, the member 28 having a length to project from the assembled mem- The. assembly is then placed in a suitable press and pressure applied'on the projecting portion of member 28, this pressure serving to move the member 28 and'the bearing por- .tion which is inadvance of ittoward the face of the plate 25, pins 26 yielding'under the pressure; This movementfcontinues until the opposing end of the bearing comes in contact with the face of the plate 25 when the advance of the bearing is, of course checked and the continued application 0 the pressure produces the setting action.

' jThe pressure applied is preferably, although bearing provided when the advance end of not essentially,-on the order of a'blow or hammer eflect, produced for instance, by the effect of the check in the movement of the the bearing contacts with plate 25; this check in advance -movement, whilev the pressure has the length of its" applying member still attempting to advance, sub'ectsthe .blank to the action of opposing orces at its opposite ends, these. .forces being suddenly applied through checking action.'- And this becomes of -ad-- vantage where the opposing forces are made active by the movement of the bearing it-' self, since-the forces thus become active more or less in directions corresponding in lines connecting the points of application of forces, the sudden jar or. blow tending to bring about such molecular changes as may be necessary in order to set the bearing to the shape desired. r

This hammer blow effects can be; produced by placing the assembly on the support of a press in the path of travel of a reciprocating member and in position 'sothat the latter will contact with the projecting portion of member 28' as, the reciprocating member is approaching its extreme of travel in onedirection. As the approach continues the bear ing is being moved within the assembly and contact with plates 25 can be had just prior to the time when the extreme position is are provided by a pitman, the contact would be had just, prior to the time when the latter is crossing its dead center, thus making it possible to control the power of the blow to any desired extent through varying the parreached; for instance, if the reciprocations ticular time in the travel of the-pitman when initialcontact'is'had. This control is of advantage in that it is not designed to pro- Y vide a pressureor blow which willchange the shape of the bearing itself, the purpose of the blow effect being simply to sufliciently jaw the bearing and to set up the necessary molecular action as to relieve the strain placed uponthe bearing by fthe closing of the'members 21 and 22, thepressure being appliedin non-radial directions at the time Figs. '8 tell can'be changed in a simple manner so' as to permit of placing the blow on the edgeswhich correspondto the parting line of the bearing, the arrangement be.-

a blow simultaneously and, this would be ing such that thetwo edges would be given communicated-in angular directions through k the bearing, the blow likewisefb'eing delivered .in non-radial direction.

of what maybe termed the swaging opera the bending'step'may be omitted and the entire shaping operation be through the use of-the swa 'ng apparatus. It'is genera lly preferred, owever,' to apply While I have specifically'pointedom thew; bending of the embryo structure in advance step where extreme accuracy in the bearing methods herein referred to is substantially completed, the finishing having no effect on the, general characteristics of the article. For instance, it is the practice in producing the bearing for the Liberty motor referred to, to subject the product resulting from the swaging action to an operation for finishing the parting line, and after which the product is drilled, filleted and burred, these being well known operations.

From the above, it will be readily understood that the product carries a number of characteristics which are more or less individual to itself. For instance, the body portion is of the softer metal group, as for instance bronze; the Babbitt lining is practically uniform in thickness and may be of small cross section without affecting the ability to produce the article or rendering the latter inefiicient in operation; since the wall thickness is produced while the bearing is an integral part of-the blank, its faces are truly curved, and the operations on the bearing after it has been divided out of the blank does not materially affect these faces, the several operations tending to improve the texture and skin effect of the faces and at the same -time eliminate any deformations which may have been produced in an intermediate stage operation; the shaping to the propersize is by pressure action, with the operationor operations so arranged as to produce a proper molecular formation with the bearin in an accurate contour, this molecular ormation being made permanent while the bearing is in a more or less strained relation, so that the set of the metal will retain the structure in its proper condi tion, requiring positive strain in different directions in order toafi'ect the accuracy of the bearing itself. In other words, the embryo formation is strained or stressed to thedesired dimensions, and while under such strain or stress is subjected to such action as will produce the molecular formatin necest0 retain'it in suchcondition';

v e I have herein disclosed ways in which the invention may be carried out, it

' will be readily understood that changes and modifications therein may be required or desired in meeting the exigencies of use and I do not-limit myself thereto but reserve the right to make any andall such changes or modifications therein as may be found neces r desirab e. inso' far as the'samc may fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the claims when broadly construed.

What I claim is 1. In the art of producing bearings, bush blank having its walls corresponding 1n thickness to that of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of such completed article, then dividing the blank diametrically to produce a pair of embryo articles, and completing the article by reducing the radii of such inner and outer faces by pressure application and applying asetting action thereto when the shape and radii dimensions substantially correspond to I the similar characteristics and dimensions of the completed article.

2. In the art ofproducing bearings, bush ings, etc., the method of producing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank of circular contour, treating the blank to provide a wall thickness corre sponding' to that of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of such completed article, then dividin the blank diametrically to produce apair o em-' bryo articles,' and completing the article by reducing the ra'diiof such inner and outer faces by pressure application and applying a setting action thereto when the shape and radii dimensions substantially correspond to the similar characteristics and dimensions of the completed article.

3. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc.,-the method of producing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank with a Babbitt lining and having its wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article with its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of such completed article, then dividing the blank diametrically to produce a pair of embryo articles, ,and completing the article by reducing the radii of such inner and outer faces by pressure application and applying a. setting action thereto when the shape and radii dimensions substantially correspond -to the similar characteristics and dimensions of the completed article.

4. In the art of producing bearings, bush? ings, etc., the methodof producing articles which consists in producing atubular blank having its wall corresponding in thickness ticles', and shaping the article to reduce the r diiof such inn r and ou e aces y s ain-J3 ing'the embr article in angular direction to place its aces'dn the desired radii, and subjecting the article to a sudden impact while undergoing strain.

5. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method of producing articles .Which consists in prodhcing a tubular blank having its wall corresponding in thickness tothat of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of said completed article, then dividing the blank dia- 'metrically to produce a pair of embryo articles, and shaping the article to reduce the radii of such inner and outer faces by straining the enibryo article in angular direction to place its faces on the desired radii, and subjecting thearti cle to a sudden impact while undergoing strain, with the direction of impact exerted non-radially.

6. In the art of producing bearings, bush-' ings, etc., the method of producing articles which consists in producing a tubular blank having its wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the, corresponding radii of said com pleted article, then dividing the blank dia- I metrically to produce a pair of embryo arti- 30 cles, and shaping the article .to reduce the radii of such inner and outer faces by strainingthe embryo article in angular direction to place its faces on the desired radii,and subjecting the article to a sudden impact while undergoing strain, with the direction of impact exerted longitudinally of the article.

,7.In the'art of producingbearings, bushings, etc., the method of producing articles which consists in producing a tubular blank having its wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of said completed article, then dividing theblank diametrically to produce a pair of embryo articles, and shaping the article to reduce the radii of such inner and outer faces bystraining the embryo article in angular direction to place its faces on the desired radii, and subjecting the article to a sudden impact while'undergoing strain, with the to the direction of axis of the'article.

. 8. In the art of producing bearings, bushimpact exerted in a direction corresponding ings, etc., the method of producing articles WhlCh consists in producing a tubular blank having its wall corresponding in' thickness pleted article, then dividing the blank diato'that of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of said commetrically to producea pairof embryo articles, .shaping the article to reduce the radii of .such inner "and outer faces by straimng subjecting I while undergoing strain, said blowbeing the embryo article in an angular direction to place its faces on the desired radii, and subjecting the article to a hammer blow While undergoing strain, said blow being cles, shaping the article to reduce the radii of such inner and outer faces by straining the embryo article in an angular direction to place its faces on the desired radii, and the. article to a hammer-blow exerted in the direction of the axis'of the article, and exerted at of the article.

10. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method of producing articles which consists in producing atubular blank having its Wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of. said completed article, then dividing the blank the opposite ends' diametrically to produce a pair of embryo articles shaping the article to reduce the radii of such inner and outer faces by straining the embryo article in an angular direction to place its faces on the desired radii, and subjecting the article to a hammer blow while undergoing strain', with the blow excited in a non-radial direction and applied at opposing edge portions of the article.

11..In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method of producing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank having its wet I correspondin in thickness to that of the completed ar i cle and having its inner and outer faces of.

greater radii than the corresponding-radii of the completed article; then dividing the blank diametrically to produce a pair-0f embryo articles, and completing the article by successively applying a spring setto the article in the direction of final dimensions and in straining the sprung article to its true radii dimensions, applying'h blow effect to thearticle while under such strain.

12. In the .art of producing bearings, bushings, etc.,themethod of producing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank having its wall corresponding in thickness to that of. the. completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of the completed article then dividing the blank diametrically to produce a pair of emi lso bryo articles, and completing the article by to the article while under-such strain, with the blow deliv ered in a direction to be ineffective to change the thickness of the article wall.

13. In the art of producing bearings bushings, etc., the method of producing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank having its wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of the completed article, then dividing the blank diametrically to produce a' pair of embryo articles, and completing the article by successively applying a spring set to the article in the direction of its curved length and straining the sprung article to its final true radii dimensions, and applying a blow.

effect to the article while-under such strain.

14. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method of producing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank having its. wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding. radii of the completed article, then dividing the blank diametrically toproduce a pair of .embryo articles, and completing the article by applying a bending strain to the article inthe direction of its curved length to produce a spring set thereto, applying a pres sure application -to the sprung article 'to strain it to its true radii dimensions, and the completed article and having its innerapplying a blow effect to the article while under such strain.

15. In the 'art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method of producing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank having its wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article andhavingits inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of the completed article,-'then dividing the blankidiamet'rically to produce a pair of embryo articles, and completing the article by'applying a bending strain to the article in the direction of its curved length to pro-' the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the. corresponding radii of the completed article, the steps which consist in completing the article by reducing the radii of such inner "and outer faces by pressure application and applying a setting action thereto when the shape and radii dimensions substantially 1 duce a spring setthereto, applying. a pres- I correspond to the similar characteristics and dimensions of the completed article.

- 17, In the art of producing bearings,

bushings, etc., the method of producing the article from an' embryo blank having its wall corresponding in thickness 'to that of the completed article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of thecompleted article, the steps which consist in-shaping the embryo article to reduce the radii of such embryo article in angular direction to place its faces on the desired radii, and subjecting the article. to a sudden impact while under strain.

18. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method of producing the article from an embryo blank having its wall corresponding in thickness to that'of and outer faces of greater'radiith'an the corresponding radii of the completed article,

the steps which consist in successively applying a spring setto the embryo article and 1n straining the sprung article to its true radii dimensions,and applying a blow efi'ect to the article while .under such strain.

. In te'stimonywhereof I 'afiix my signature 7 I in the preserfce of two witnesses. .LEESW. CHADWICK.

' Witnessesz,

LEWIS E. FnA DERs, ANNA M. DORR.

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