US1311654A - Puwkxibapm co - Google Patents

Description

F. A. KOLSTER. RADIO METHOD AND APPARATUS.

APPLHIATION HLED MAR. 3!. i916.

Patented July 29, 1919.

3 SHEETS-SHEET I.

- F. 'A. KOLSTER. RADIO METHOD AND APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 3|. I915.

, Patented Jul 29, 1919.

3 SHEETSSHEET 2-- F. A. KOLSTER. RADIO METHOD AND APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 31|1916. 1,31 1 ,654. Patented July 29, 1919. I 3 MEETS-SHEET 3.

\HB mums. PLANOGRAPH 60.. IlAlHlrln'wN. n. c.

FREDERIGK A. KOLSTEB, OF WASHINGTON, DlESTBICT OF GOLUMBIA.

mm mii'rnon AND nrrnuarus.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented July 29, 1919.

Applioation iiled mulch e1, 1916. Serial No. 87,914.

To all whom it may concern Be it known that I, Fn'nonmcn A. Konsrnn, a citizen of the United States, residing at l Vashington, District of Columbia, have invented a new and useful Radio Method and Apparatus, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to radio signaling or control systems involving the transmission through the natural media of electroradiant energy or electro ma'gnetic' 'waves' for telegraphy, telephony or' other signaling or control purposes. I

My invention resides in a method of and apparatus for the reception of electro r adiant energy for the purpose of translating the same into signals, messages, or controls with highest efliciency whereby very small electro-radiant energy or 'ele'ctro radiant energy transmitted'from greatdistances may be so translated; and it is characteristic of my apparatus for this purpose that it is extremely small and compact and may omit features of ordinary receiving apparatus, such as aerial conductor and" ground connection.

It is further characteristic of my invention that the electro-radiant energy transmitted from a distant station impinges directly upon and is transformed into high frequency oscillations in a coil or winding, constituting inductance of a resonant or tuned circuit, the inductance and capacity of that circuit being concentrated orlumped.

It is further characteristicof my invention that a plurality 'ofsuch coils may, be employed and disposed in such positions that their planes-are at an anglewi'th respect to each other and are included iii' one' andthe same tuned or resonant eireuiuer'ia associated circuits, the: coils in some instances being rotatable as a unit to vary the post: tions of their planes with respel'rt to the direction of the transmittingstation, where: by either the directionof that station may be determined with great nicety, or whereby when it is desired to prevent interference by that station or by static electrical effects the static efi'ects'or the' efl"ects 'of the station upon the timed: circuit or "circuits are; complctely eliminated; leaving the tuned circuit;

or eircuitsf 'to recei i e undisturbed eleetroradiant energy transmitted from station whose directionls' di fi'ereni fl'olti that of the first mentioned transmitting station. i

My invention resides also in the methods and apparatus hereinafter described and claimed, the foregoing and further characteristics'of my invention being'determinable from the following description.

For an'understanding of my methods and description of some of the forms my ap sratus may take, reference is to be had to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is an elementary perspective view of that form of my invention employing two coils or windings and their relation to a transmitting station.

Fig. 1" illustrates several forms of cross section of a coil illustrating the close arrangements of the conductors.

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic view of one arrangement of circuits that may be employed.

Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a modified arrangement of circuits that may be em loyed.

Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a further modification'of circuit arrangements.

Fig. 5 illustrates a further form of a paratus and an arrangement of circuits w rich maybe employed therewith.

Fig; 5* is a diagrammatic view of a further arrangement involving a double audion.

Fig. 6 is an elevational view of a coil inclosing a capacity area.

Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic view of an arrangement whereby a plurality of apparatus may beeinployed for determining the direction of a"'transmitting station, or for preventing-interference by such a station when receiving signals or messages or controls from another station.

Fig. 7 isa dia ra'mma'tic view of a modification of the'arraiigement of Fig, 7.

Fig. 8 is "an elementary representation of coils'disposed at" an angle different from that indicated in some of the prior figures.

Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic view of further modification of circuit arrangements which maybe employee. Referring to Fi 1;A'tnd B arerectangu'la'r' coils orhrviri ings whose planesare at an angle with respfct to each other; 9'0 degrees lnthe rasp illustrated, and which arerotatahleflabout the vertical axis a. (A pointer brfiieedl b rotates With the coils; and= with the needl'efmay cooperate the graduated fare or scare c which may be stationary br which is at lbast independent of k connected the receiving-. telphona the coils aiul necdle and n ay itself be mov able like a compass i-ard so as to always occupy a given position with respect to tie earths magnetic meridian. 'Bheangu-lar ex tent of the are 0 may be an thin r desired and may even reach a comp ete ci cnmleronce. I) and I) represent distant stations from each of which is transmitted-electroradiant energy.

The (oils A and B will preferably each consist of a plurality of cpnvolut ons or turns of wire or conductor, such, wires or conductors being arranged closely or eon pactly, as indicated in any Ofdlhdfll'lill ments of Fig, lfi qr in apy qth rs ritagfe, arra11gement,'t1e individua .contiu tpm ing represente by the small cn-cles d; such arrangement he length of eachcollns very short as compared fllthJtsdtitlflBtBl, The conductor-d maybe of any su1tablamaterial and is preferablyuof. the now, in ch used litzendraht or high, frequency, ca tie The symciiig between thecondnc torsdseryes to decrease the distributedeapacity of.the coil.

In Fig. Q'is showna lnode, oficonnec t ionof. coils A and B in circuit. They arediere indicated ascounected in series with. each other by the conductor 6 and with the ad jnstable tuning .condcnserfl. In ,a circuat in shynit to the con denselnc is elnnlo ycd any; suitable detector or wave res )onsiv-e dey.1ce and an associated indicating instrument such as a telephone rece iyernovq commonly used for reception, of signals or messages. In the present example, however, the,' .de tector is an audion. or..l1ke .deyice E whielr mav be used ifldesirepl as an'oscillati g an ion for heat reception. Itco npri t e. plate 7' connected to oneetermina the condenser and the grid. g. connected. throughthe variable stopjcondcnser 71 'with the other terminal qtthe variable condenser C. The plate a gridzg, are, as known, disposedwit in an evacnestedrbullp z withiuwhic 1 is also disposed agtungsten or, otherfilament jadaptedto heron real eandescent by current frq' .thefba tery k, Between the filalnentj and: theg plate f are .andthe. high p ent l at rym vhesetpesitive, terminal connects withthe plate f an d wh negative terininal connects throughthete le phone T with the. filament y'.

It will,bevnoted that' there is no aerial conductor employed, nor is a gljqtlgkdconn er tion employed, both of: these features being very commonly. used in present hi gh. power or Iona dista ee radio systems.

While it 's all be. understood that it is characteristic of my invention tltat aerial conductor and earth connections may be dispensed with, and asa matter .of fact l:)( )thor either preferably dispensed with, my; in- "ent-ion as to some of its features 1s not liniited; to; the omission o f both or, either of them.

"IIit coils A and B are rotated to some position in which-energy transmitted from station D willproduce a response in the telephone receiver T The condenser (l is ad justed until the circuit invlmling coils A, B and condenser 1 is sharply in tune or resonant witlnthe en ergy transmitted from station D. he coils are then rotated to such position, as indicated in Fig. 1, that all responseby the tele hone T. vanishes, that is, to such. positiont at no signal or response can be, hcardi the telephone T In that position the clients of the received energy u'pon thecqilsA and are exactly op )oscd and neutraliied and, if the coils A and 3 are si ilar in allrespeets, the direction of the sta ionD will be, indicatedby the needle or pointer b. whichexa'ctly bisects the angle bethel,co.l,ls .Aand B.

I; will be notedjthat all-the inductance of the tuned circuit A, B, C is concentrated in th coilsA B, and thereis no distributed in nctancc as in tie case. Where an aerial conductor 18 employed or Where the conduo torsconnecting the coilsto the condenser are logg andthelrelitorp haye, substantial distribat. indgqtance, and that therefore maximum .tun ngcr resonance adjustment of the condenser l, may be made. In,other words, tuned. or resonance circuit approaches very ,elose,ly .tq the ideal tuned or resonant ci cuin bccause its distributed,inductance is SL1 tantially nil. Andthereceived electroradiant energy impinges directly upon the tuned ocresonant circuit and not upon an a%iaal .con ,ductor.as commonly employed and waose distr bute 5 inductance and other chaa'ac teristics prevent closest approach to ideal, conditions for, tuningor resonance.

11%,3. aerial conductor may absorb a re at aely greatenanlqunt of eleetro-radiant eaer y transmitted-from a distant station, yet y my arrangement described wherein less energyiis ahsorbed -the conditions for tun'u or resonance are so greatly improved that, t e difl'epencein the amount of ener- %iie .absorbed,in the two conditions is more t qmnensated or. y e sharpness of tundngmnd resqaance, afforded. And such s arpncss of tuningprmesonance isparticulacly ,of importance in direction finding and r er nc Pra cnti m t is ref erred. also that in, the tuned or respnant'cireuitA', B, C the ratio of the inductancetothe capacity. ShaILbeIarge, for nndensuchcircumstances selectivity is cor.- espemlinglv higher. And making the inductance, large. as compared with the capacity has the. furtherbeneficial effect of producing a greater diilerence of potential etween theeterminals of the. inductance which, is, particularly desirable when the wave-responsive device is of a potentialtill operated type as an audion or other electron discharge device.

With apparatus of the character described, the direction of a transmitting station may be determined with extreme nicety and with far greater nicety than by any other method or apparatus of which I am aware.

By way of example merely it may be stated that the direction of a transmitting station, as D, may be determined with an accuracy of less than one degree of arc. That is to say, when the circuit A, B, C has been sharply tuned and the coils A and B rotated in such direction that the response in the telephone T becomes fainter .and fainter, such response eventually-entirely vanishes, and audible responses are obtained if the coils A and B are rotated: ineither direction from the true direction of the station D by an amount less than one-half degree of arc.

Assuming that there is a second station D located in a different direction, and that it is desired to receive signals or messages from the station D while the station I) is transmitting signals or messages, and that the frequencies of the electric-radiant energies transmitted by these stations are either equal .or differ from each other. very slightly, in-

terference by station D, maybe prevented by moving the coils A and Bito the position indicated in Fig. 1, in ,which the needle 1; points at the station D and there is no response to station D by the telephone T. This will prevent any efiect upon the receiving apparatus by the station D, but energy received from the. station D since it comes from another direction, will affect the receiving apparatus, and signals from station D will be heard in the telephone T.

And similarly static or natural electrical disturbances are prevented from interfering by rotating the coils to that position in which those disturbances produce equal and opposite effects in the coils.

It will be understood thatthe coils A and B are so wound or connected that when they occupy the position indicated in Fig. 1 the electro-m'agnetic 'efi'ect oif onelis neutralized by thatoftheiother, but that in all other positions the difference in their effects is reater than zero, and signals will be heard in the telephone T.. For example, by rotating the coils A andB from the position indicated in Fig. 1 they may beused as an apparatus for receiving signals or messages from station D. ,1 7

While I have described the employment of two coils, it will be understood that a greater number at varionsangles may be employed in practising the principle of my invention... ,r 5 .1 21 a It will beunderstood that my =iriventionis not limitedto the; use oft: plurality of coils as described but comprehends also the use; of

a single coil on which directly im inges the radiant energy and in which su stantially all of the ener y is received directly from the natural me ia.

lVith apparatus of the character above dcscribed, the coils A and B may be so small that the may be mounted in an ordinary room. y way of example merely, I may state that with coils A and B each of about 25 turns when connected in series and each approximately eleven feet square, I have received at \Vashington, D. C., radio signals from a station in German the wave lengths extending over a range 0 from 5,000 meters to 12,000 meters. The maximum dimension of such a coil, as the diameter or length of a side, is a very small fraction of the wave length of the energy received thereby.

For the detector E in connection with an of the herein described arrangements, l preferably use a potentially operated de tector or wave responsive device, though my invention is not limited thereto and may be practised when using a current operated detector or Wave responsive device.

In Fig. 3 there is included in circuit with the coils A, B and the adustable tuning condenser C the primary p, of only one or a very few turns, of an oscillation transformer whose secondary s is adjustable and included in circuit with the adjustable tuning condenser C in shunt to which is connected the circuit of the detector E including the stopping condenser 71.. A telephone T is suitably associated with the detector. The oscillation transformer ma be adjustable as to its co-efiicient of coup ing.

111 Fig. i the circuit. arrangements are somewhat different from Fig. 2 in that there are present two tuning condensers C and C each having a terminal in common with the common terminals of coils A and B whose remaining terminals connect to the remaining terminals of the condensers C and C One terminal of the detector E is connected to the common terminals of the coils and condensers and its other terminal is connected through stopping condensers h and k with the remaining terminals of the tuni condensers C and C respectively. Telep one receiver T is suitably associated with the detector E.

In Fig. 5 the coils A and B are indicated diagrammatically, though it will be under stood that they may be used in any of the positions and modes described herein or in any other suitable relation. The coil A is shunted by a tuning condenser C and the coil B by the tuning condenser C, and, as in Fig. 4, both circuits are tuned to sharp resonance with the received energy.

1 Within each of the coils, or either of them, may be disposed a capacity area F which may be'ofainy suit-able structure, for example, as illustrated, a sheet of metallic gauze,

or any; other suitable material. A capacity arearaml coil are shownon adarger scale in Fig. 6. Each capacity area-.is connected by a conductor n to one termi nal'of each of the condensers (.1 and (J whoseother terminal have a common connection to earth at 0.

The capacity areas Fmay be used in similar relations with thecoils of any other of the herein described arrangements.

As a detector as utilized in the relation shownin Fig. 5 or in any other of the suitable arrangements herein shown, as for example that of Fig 4, maybe. employed a double andion E comprising thefilaments j and j connected in series with each other and with their energizing battery is; the grids g and g connected through the stopping condenser h to the common: terminals of the condensers C and C yand' the plates f and f! areiconnected respectively to the other terminals of the condensers (3 and C and through the high potential batteries m and m and telephone 'll'withthe filaments j and j.

The application of the. double audion to the arrangement shown in Fig. 4 is illustrated in Fig. 5

In Fig. 7 is shown anarrangemcnt for any. of the purposes herein described, as interference prevention, direction finding, etc., wherein two pairs of rotatablecoils areemployed and disposed ata distance from each other. With one air of coils A, B is associated adjustable tuningcondenser (J, a needle or pointerv b" and graduated scale a. With the other pair. of coils-A B is assodated the pointer b and scalec and adjustable tuning condenser C.

From the terminals of condenser C extend the conductors q and 9' to oneset of terminals of-the double-throw switch t; and from the terminals of the condenser C extend the conductors g and r to another pair of terminals of the switch t. Connected to the blades of the switch 25 are-the detector E, of any suitable type, and the stoppingcondenser Ir, a telephone Tbeingsuitablpasso: ciated with the detector. E.

With the switch 6. thrown: over. into C0111- munication with conductors g and? the circuit including-the condenser C is tuned to the energy transmitted from. the station D by varyingv the condenser C. The coils A and B are then shifted to such positionthat there is no response in the telephone T, in which case the needle 3) will point at the station D. Then throwing the switch If over into its other positionwith conductors g and r the circuit containing condenser C is similarly tuned and the. direction of Sta tion D found as before, in which casethe pointer b will point toward the station D.

We then have, a triangle whose sides are m, y and 2, the last being the line between thepivotal axes of the two pairs of coils.

The length of'aside/ a is hnowmandthe two angles between 2 and a: and oetwieenra and y have 'beemdetermined' hy thv positions: of theipointembumd rbi and-ithereforethediree tiom of; the: statilomD is not only accurately kirjilown, buti its. distance is readilycompnt a e;

In place of the two condensers C and C there-:may be employed providedthe conductor-s g, 1w and-q r are not long enough to; havesuflicient distributed inductanceto prevent sharp" direction findingt a single tuning); condenser (E withvone-tenninal connectedit/o one blade and l the otherterminal ta the othemblade of the switch t; as indi cated on Fig. 7'

In I such case: the operator :may be located at som e; point between' the two: pairs of coils.

'Dhe pointers b :and' lb are mowed in parallelism with; thee pointers b and b respectively-, by switablwgeeringg belting or other meohaznicalccennecti 'ons-w, 4: Q1 by operating the rhandles or otherremote controlled devices-1 and 2 the twnpairs of coils may beirotatedsfrom ardistance as from the point where-the :telephoneT'is locatedandthe directions found; and in such case 'the positions of the pointers b and b WlilbB indicated by b andb :respeot/ively.

While the angle between :the coils has hereinbefore" bee l -indicated as 96) degrees, it willlbei understood that my inventioli'is not limited-thereto and that any othersuitable angle may. employed:- Ian-Fig. 8 thecoils A land B are disposed less than: 90 degrees bet weemeachq other :with regard 1 to *the angle which is biseetedby the po nter b.

InIEig'. Q theWertical coils A and B are stationary thab is are-notrotatable. They may beat w degrees with respect to each otheeras indicated', on-at any other suitable angle a A. stationary coil a has its plane parallel: with the:p1aneofa coil A and is connecteddn series= with the coil-A- and the tuning condenseen- (J. Similarly, there is a stationary coil bfconneeted in series with coil Bzand thetun-ing eondenserG, the coil b n having: its planeparallel' with the plane of thevooil Ba 0 isa coiLw-ith-"its plane vertical: and rotatable about the vertical pivotal axisd in= indnetive 'relation with the vert'ioal'coils a and -6 Movable-With this: coil c is the) needle or pointer b coiiperating' with the-scaleci Inserieswith the coil 0 :is th s tnningncondenser C and in shunt to the latter. is a circuit; containing the stopping condenser h and detector E;' and--the telephmne is: suitably asseciated with the detecton- Et- Wihen thendireetim of any station is sought,- theicondemsersc, G andwO are adjusted so that their respectivemcireuits shalt he: sharply? in: resonance for the frequenscy of the; energy transmitted e from that. station: Inethis case the coi'l a only is-rotated and in that position for which there is no response by telephone T the pointer b will indicate the direction of the station.

The arrangement of Fig. 9 may obviously also be used as an interference preventer by pointing the coil 0 in the direction of the station whose transmitted signals it is sought to suppress or in the direction of a source of static disturbances, then there will be heard in the telephone T si nals from. any other station which may e transmitting from some other direction to the exclusion of the first station and static efl'ects.

The condensers h, h and k are employed to prevent flow in the circuits or paths containing them of direct or continuous current or low frequency alternating or fluctuating current, and are known to those skilled in the art as stop or stopping condensers.

In the herein described apparatus the radiant energy impinges directly upon and is directly received in the coil or coils, and substantially all of the energy received is received by the coil or coils directly from the natural media, the associated connections, condenser and in some cases the primary of an oscillation tranformer being substantially idle as regards absorption or reception of the radiant energy.

What I claim is:

1. The method of translating electro-radiant energy, which consists in absorbing from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy directly in a lumped inductance in a path whose distributed inductance is substantially nil, attuning the path of the oscillations in said inductance to the frequency of said electroradiant energy, and translating said oscillations.

2. The method of translating electro-radiant energy, which consists in subjecting an oscillation path or circuit whose distributed inductance is substantially nil directly to the electro-radiant energy, attuning said path or circuit to the electro-radiant energy, and translating the resultant oscillations 1n said path or circuit.

3. The method of translating electro-ra d-iant energy, which consists in absorbing from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy directly in a lumped inductance, attuning the path of the oscillations in said inductance to the frequency of said electro-radiant energy, the ratio of inductance to capacity in said path being large, and translating said oscillations.

4. The method of translating electro-radiant energy, which consists in subjecting an oscillation path or circuit whose distributed inductance is substantially nil directly to the electro-radiant energy, attuning said path or circuit to said electro-radiaut energy by tuning inductance which is substantially the entire radiant energy received from said source directly in lumped inductances disposed in different planes and in a path or paths whose distributed inductance is substantially m'l, translating said oscillations, and rotating an inductance to position in which the effect of the translated oscillations attains a maximum or a minimum.

7. The method of determining the direction of a source of electro-radiant energy, which consists in absorbing from the natural media the received radiant energy directly in a path whose distributed inductance is substantially m'l, attuning said path to the electro-radiant energy, translating the resultant oscillations, and rotating said path until the translated oscillations attain a predetermined value.

8. The method of determining the direction of a source of electro-radiant energy, which consists in absorbing from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy directly in an inductance included in an oscillation path whose distributed inductance is substantially nil, translating the oscillations resulting in said path, and rotating said inductance to a position in which said oscillations attain a predetermined value.

9. The method of determining the direction of a source of electro-radiant energy, which consists in absorbing from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy directly in inductances disposed in different planes and included in a path or paths whose distributed inductance is substantially m'l, attuning said path or paths to the radiant energy, translating the oscillations, and rotating said inductances to a position in which said oscillations attaina predetermined value.

10. The method of preventing interference, which consists in absorbing from the natural mediadirectly in a path whose distributed inductance is substantially nil electro-radiant energies from a plurality of sources, attuning said path to the desired radiant ener y, rotating said path until the oscillations ue to the undesired radiant enall) .engy are suitably oliniinishedlin strength, and translating the oscillations reuniting in said: ath frern the desired radiant energy.

1-11. The methed of preventing interference, which eensistsrin absorbingrfrom the natural media diiectlyin an inductance in a path whose distributed inductance is substantially mil electromadiant energies air-om plu gulihy of sources,- attuning. said path to the dealt-ed electro-radiant energy,.rotatmg said imluctzancemo a pesition where the oecillations due to the undesiredaelectrnrradiant energy are :suitablyi reduced in streng h, and rtranelating fthecscillations due to the desired.-electme-mdiant energy- :12.\f1 he method Qf-zpreventing interter- 'ence, which iconeietedn (absorbing from [the natural media directly in'inkluctanees dispencil in diflerent planes aelectrorradiant energies :fnom a plurality cf -.so-urces, attuning the path: orlpathsqofi said inductanees to the desired e'leetm'nadiant (energy, rotating an inductance until the oscillations due to the undesired electro-radiant energy are rendered suitably ineffective, and translating the oscillatinns due to the desired electroradiant energy.

-Ap anatus; n translating. eleetmrladiantenergy! cqmpnising iatpath ,wahose distribut d iinductance "is: Su stantially abcurbing d reetly'finomthematunal lined-1a substantilally the: ntir i'reeeivedlrafi ant energy, and a devic magma-r am -:the cselllatmns set up in said pat 14.: Apparatus for tnanslating electromd;innt enelgy comprising awlxnmp-ed inductance ababrbang dinect1y-fuem the natural media: substantially, theentinel receivedradiant enengy, an escillation iplath including said {inductance having distributed inductance which is'nubstdntially 0121*, means for tuning theaoecizhlntion with including said induetanceazand an sdfivifiifl ltranlnting; the absorbed nergy.

15. Apparatus for translating: [electroradiant {energy momfifisimig: can inductance absorbing .-.dlnectlyvinem :the matural media Substantially thleienitiize'receited inadi-ant anetgy, eapaeitygfnr rtlfliingl ltlie path of 1 said inductance, 1t niaitio aof the; inductance r130 the capacity being :large, and a ldfl libfl fer tinnsiatin the labsoi bedieneligy.

'rlfi. zip m-tu's for; translating lielectroiladiant energy icomprising' a path insullated from earth'uhd having puzactic'ally no disvtribnted indimflance: absorbing directly from the natural media substantially theehtire received radiant energy, means Manamizl said path'to'thezneceii ednenirgy, and'a d ice for translating lthe dbsoi'bed enengy.

1-7. Apparatus for translating "electronadiant 'ieilqrgty comprising an inductance nbsnrbing dirbctlry dfrbmthe inataral media adbs'tantially the entire :rcceicegl radi ant energ-y, the oscillation path including said inductancc being insulated from earth and having substantially no distributed inductance, meansfer attu-ning said path to'the received energy, andla device for translating the received energy.

'18. Apparatus for translating electroradiai'ltcnergy comprising a closed path rotatable with respect to the direction of propagation of the radiant energy and having substantially no distributed inductance, .nieane fer attuning saidipath. to the received energy, and a device for translating the re ceived. energy.

'19. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising a capacity and a rotatable lumped inductance in circuit therewith, said circuit having substantially no distributed inductance and said inductance absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy, and a device 'for translating the recei ed energy.

20. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising a path whose distributed inductance is substantially niZ including capacity a'nd'inductance, said inductance absorbing directly from "the natural media substantially the lentire receivecl radiant energy, a path in inductive relation to said path, and'a device associated with said second path for tranSlating-the received energy.

21; Apparatus -for lt-nanalat'ing electroratiiant energy comprising a dumped inductance abeorbin directly from the natural media substantially rthe:entirexeceived'radiant energy, a-capacity associated with said inductance fer attuning the oscillationpath of the said inductance to the received energy, the'distriibuztedinductance of said path beingnubstantiallynil, a path inductively associnzted iivithnaid first n-tuned path, and a device aseociated with said second named path for. translatin =th'e received-energy.

'22. Apparatus 0r translating electroradiant energy comprissing' a lumped inductance absorbing directly new the natural media x-subatahtihlly: the mine received radiant energy, a, capacity associated with said inductance for attuning the oscillatien path'of said inductance to the received energy, the distributed inductance of said path being substantially m'l, a pathinduc- -t-ively associated with .sa-id first named path, means for attuning said iseeend r named path, and a device associated with said second named path for translating the received energy.

-28. Apparatus for translating electr0 mama ener comprising-a lut'nped'inductanee abtbrblng directly from the natural media substantially the :en-tireu eceived ra dinnt energy, a capacity 'i'nr 'attuning the path including said inductance to the radiant energy, the ratio of the inductance to the capacity being large, a path in inductive relation with said first named path, means for attuning said second named path, and a device associated with said second named path for translating the received energy.

Apparatus for translating electro radiant energy comprising a plurality of closed paths disposed in different planes and having substantially no distributed inductance absorbing the radiant energy directly from the natural media, and means for translating the energy absorbed in said paths.

25. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising lumped inductances disposed in difi'erent planes in a path or paths whose distributed inductance is substantially nil and absorbing the radiant energy directly from the natural media, tuning capacity associated with said inductances, and means for translating the energy absorbed by said induct-ances.

26. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising rotatable lumped inductances disposed in different planes in a path or paths whose distributed inductance is substantially ml and absorbing the radiant energy directly from the natural media, tuning capacity associated with said indu-ctances, and means for translating the energy absorbed by said inductances.

27. Apparatus of the character described comprisin a resonant circuit including capacity and lumped or concentrated inductance, said inductance being directly subjected to received electro-radiant energy, a capacity area associated with said inductance, and a wave responsive device subjected to the oscillations set up in said circuit.

28. Apparatus of the character described comprising a plurality of concentrated or lumped inductances disposed at an angle with respect to each other and subjected directly to electro-radiantenergy, tuning capacity associated with said inductances, a wave responsive devicesubjected to the resulting oscillations, and a ca; acity area associated with each of said in uctances.

29. Apparatus of the character described comprising a plurality of concentrated or lumped rotatable inductances disposed at an angle with respect to each other and sub jected directly to electro-radiant energy, tuning capacity associated with said inductances, a wave responsive device subjected to the resulting oscillations, and. a capacity area rotatable with each of-saidinductances.

30. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprisinga lurality of rotatable inductances disposed in different planes and absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy, a tuning condenser in circuit with each of said inductances, and wave-responsive means subjected to the oscillations in the circuits of said inductanccs, the circuits of said inductances have practically no distributed inductance.

31. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising an inductance absorbing radiant energy directly from the natural media, a capacity area inclosed by said inductance, and a device for translating the energy absorbed by said inductance.

32. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising a plurality of inductances disposed in different planes and absorbing the radiant energy directly from the natural media, capacity areas inclosed by said inductances, tuning capacity associated with said inductanccs, and means for translating the energy absorbed by said inductances.

33. Apparatus of the character described comprising a plurality of concentrated or lumped inductanccs disposed at an angle with respect to each other and subjected directly to electro-radiant energy, said inductances connected in series with each other and with a tuning condenser, and a wave responsive device.

34. Apparatus of the character described comprising a plurality of lumped or concentrated inductances disposed at an angle with respect to each other and subjected directly to electro-radiant energy, a tuning condenser and the primary of an oscillation transformer connected in series with said inductances, means for tuning the secondary circuit of said transformer, and a wave rcsponsive device associated with said second ary circuit.

35. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy coniprising a circuit or path having substantially no distributed induc tance and absorbing the radiant energy directly from the natural media, said circuit or path being rotatable to change its position with respect to the direction of propagation of the radiant energy, and a device for translating the energy absorbed by said circuit or path.

36. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy coi'nprising an inductance absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy, a tuning condenser, a closed circuit or path having substantially no distributed inductance including said inductance and said condenser, and a device for translating the energy absorbed'by said inductance.

'37. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising a plurality of indu'ctances disposed in different planes and connected in series with each other, tuning capacity associated with said'inductunws, the ratio of the inductance tot-he capacity being large, and a potential-operatcd wave responsive device for translating-the energy absorbed by said inductances.

38. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising inductances disposed in different planes, a circuit including said inductanccs, tuning capacity and the primary of an oscillation transformer, and a wave-responsive device associated with the secondary circuit of said transformer.

39. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising an axially short inductance coll absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy and consistin of a pluralit of turns forming an oscilation path w ose distributed inductance is substantially nil, and a device for translating the energy absorbedby said inductance coil.

40. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising anaxially short inductance coil absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy and consisting of a plurality of turns of conductor spaced from each other and disposed in a plurality of layers, a tuning condenser, a closed circuit or path having substantially no distributed inductance including said inductance coil and said condenser, and a device for translating the energy absorbed by'said inductance coil.

41. Apparatus for translating electroradiant energy comprising an axially short inductance coil absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy and consisting of a plurality of turns, the maximum dimension of said inductance coil being a very small 'fraction of the Wave length of said energy, an oscillation path having substantially no distributed inductance and including said inductance and a'tuni-ng condenser, and a device for translating the energy absorbed by said inductance.

42. Apparatus for translating 'electm' radiant energy comprising a lumped inductance absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entirereceived energy and consisting of a plurality of turns ofconducto-r spaced from each other and disposed in a plurality of =layers, the maximum dimension of said inductance coil bein a very small fraction of the wave lengt h of said energy, and aclosed circuit whose distributed inductance is substantially nil includingseid inductance and a tuning condenser, and a device for translating the energy absorbed by-said inductance.

43. Receivingapparatus comprising aplurality of rotatable axially short inductance coils disposed at an angle with respect to each other wnd each consisting of a plurality of turns of conductor spaced from each other and disposed "in ;a plurality of layers, said inductance coils absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire receivedenergy, a path orpaths including said inductances and'tuni'ng capacity, and oscillation translating means simultaneously subjected t/o the joint effects of oscillations in said inductances.

44. Receiving apj iaratus com prising a pl urality of lumped indiictances disposed at an angle with respect'toeach other and each consisting ofaplurality of turns, saiil inductances absorbing directly from thenatural media substantially the entire received energy, apathoripaths whose distributed ind'uctance is-substantiallym'l and including saidinductances and tuning capacity, and means for translating the received ener y.

4J5. Receiving apparatus comprising a p urality 'o'f rotatable lumped 'inductances dis posed at an'anglewith respect to each other and each consisting of aplurality of turns, said inductances absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, a path or paths whose distributed capacity is substantially ml and including said-inductances and tuning capac-ity, and means for translating the received. ener gyi T46. Receiving apparatus com rising a'plu rality ofmtatably'lumped ind iictahces disposed atanarrgle'with respect to each other and each consisting of a plurality of turns, said inductanoes absorbing directly from the natural medi'a substantially the entire received'energy, a path or paths including said inductances and tuning capacity, and a translating device simultaneously subjected to the joint eil ects of oscillations in said inductances.

47. Receiving apparatus comprising a plurality of lumped inductances disposed at an angle with respect to each other andeach consisting of a pluralitynf turns, said inductances absorbin directly from the natural media substantially the entire received eneigy, a circuit including said inductances connectedfin series With each other andtuning capacity, and a wave responsive device subjected to the eflects produced by the receiv'ed energy in said inductan'ces.

=48. Receiving apparatus comprising a pluralityof rotatable lumped inductances disposed at an ahgle With'respectto each other and each consisting of a plurality of'turn's, said inductance; absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, a circuit including said inductancesconneeted in series with each other andtunlngcapacity, and a wave responsive device subjected to the eflects reduced by the received'ienergy'in said ind ctances.

49. Receiving apparatus comprising a plurality of lumped inductances disposed at an angle with respect to each other and each consisting of a plurality of turns, said inductances absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, a circuit whose distributed inductance is substantially nil including said inductances connected in series with each other and tuning capacity, and a Wave responsive device subjected to the effects produced by the received energy in said inductances.

50. Receiving apparatus comprising a plurality of rotatable lumped inductances disposed at an angle with respect to each other and each consisting of a plurality of turns, said inductances absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, a circuit whose distributed inductance is substantially nil including said inductances connected in series with each other and tuning capacity, and a wave responsive device subjected to the effects produced by the received energy in said inductances.

51. Receiving apparatus comprising a plurality of rotatable lumped inductances disposed at an angle with respect to each other and each consisting of a plurality of turns, said inductances absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, the maximum dimension of each of said inductances being a very small fraction of the wave length of the radiant energy received thereby, a path or paths including said inductances and tuning capac ity, and oscillation translatin means simultaneously subjected to the joint effects of oscillations in said inductances.

52. Receiving apparatus comprising rotata'ble lumped inductances disposed at an angle with respect to each other and each consisting of a plurality of turns, said inductances absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, a path or paths including said inductances and tuning capacity, a circuit in inductive relation with said path or paths, and means associated with said circuit for translating the energy received therein.

53. Receiving apparatus comprising rotatable lumped inductances disposed at an angle with respect to each other and each consisting of a plurality of turns, said inductances absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, the maximum dimension of each inductance being a very small fraction of the wave length of the energy received therein, a path or paths including said inductances and tuning capacity, a circuit in inductive relation with said path or paths, and means for translating the energy received in said circuit.

54-. Receiving apparatus comprising a lumped inductance consisting of a plurality of turns, said inductance absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, the maximum dimension of said inductance being a very small fraction of the Wave length of the energy received therein, a closed circuit whose distributed inductance is substantially m'l i11- cluding said inductance and tuning capacity, a second circuit in inductive relation with said circuit, and means associated with said second circuit for translating the energy received therein.

55. Receiving apparatus comprising a 1'0- tatable lumped inductance consisting of a plurality of turns, said inductance absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, the maximum dimension of said inductance being a very small fraction of the wave length of the energy received therein, a closed circuit whose distributed inductance is substantially nil including said inductance and tuning capacity, a second circuit in inductive relation with said circuit, and means associated with said second circuit for translating the energy received therein.

56. Receiving apparatus comprising inductance coils disposed at an angle with respect to each other and each consisting of. a plurality of turns, said inductances absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received energy, the maximum dimension of each inductance being a very small fraction of the wave length of the energy received therein, a path or paths including said inductances and tuning capacity, the ratio of inductance to capacity being large, and a thermionic device subjected to the effects of the energy absorbed by said coils.

57. Apparatus for translating electro-radiant energy comprising an inductance coil absorbing directly from the natural media substantially the entire received radiant energy an consisting of a plurality of turns, a tuning condenser in circuit with said coil, the distributed inductance of the circuit being substantially m'Z and the ratio of inductance to capacity being large, and a thermionic device subjected to the eflects of the energy absorbed by said inductance coil.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto afiixed my signature this 25th day of March, 1916.

FREDERICK A. KOLSTER.

Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cent: each, by addressing the commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. O.

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