US1292816A - Fraction-chart. - Google Patents

Description

A. E. LESLIE.

FRACTION CHART.

APPLICATION FILED NOV. I6. 1916.

1,292,816, Patented Jan. 28, 1919.

FRAfiEON 5 1 Jnuculoz A EJ65218 ARTHUR E. LESLIE, OF SPARR, FLORIDA.

FRACTION-CHART.

Specification of Letters Patent.

. Patented Jan. 28, 1919.

Application filed November 16, 1916. Serial No. 131,761.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, ARTHUR E. Lnsnm, a citizen of the Bahamas, B. W. 1., residing at Sparr, in the county of Marion and State of Florida, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Fraction-Charts, of which the following is a specification.

The present invention relates to a chart, and has particular reference to a chart f0r displaying fraction scales, and the relationships therebetween.

The primary object of this invention is to provide a chart of this character which has upon its face lines or demarcat ons forming series of spaces readily distingu shable from each ot er, and bearing indic a for the purpose of instruction in arithmetic in the four fundamental rules, together with the reduction of whole units to both common and decimal fractions, and vice versa; the reduction of fractional parts to whole units, and to enable a pupil or pupils to gain a clear understanding of units and the fractions thereof.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a chart having a space indicative of a unit, the space being divided into smaller equal spaces indicating fractions of the unit, and being sub-divided into equal spaces of less size indicating smaller fractions of the same unit.

It is the further aim of this invention to provide a chart of this character which is simple in construction, thoroughly reliable and eflicient in its purpose, readily and easily rolled or folded to render the same compact so that when not in use it may be storedin the least possible space for protection, and when in use may be hun upon a wall to make the same readily visibTe, and which is also inexpensive in manufacture.

The above and other objects and advantages of thisinvention will'be more clearly brought out'in the following speclfic description of the present preferred embodiment, the same being illustrated in the accompanying drawing, where1n- Figure 1 is a face view of the chart as it appears when hung upon a wall, the chart embodying the features of the present 1nvention; and

Fig. 2 is an end view of the chart rolled into compact form for convenience in handling and for storing.

Referring to this drawing, the chart comprises a sheet or section 10 which is preferstrips 11 and 12 to hold the sheet smooth when extended and to permit the same to be conveniently rolled into compact form.

The face of the chart is provided with certain hereinafter set forth horizontal and vertical lines to divide the chart into spaces of definite size. These lines are arranged to provide certain groups of spaces, such as indicated at A, B, G, D, E, F and G on the drawing. The width of the chart is adapted to designate a unit, and group A is provided with a central vertical line 13 forming a s ace at each side thereof indicative of hal units or two equal fractions thereof. This group is further divided by vertical lines 14 into fractions of one-fourth of a unit, the lines 14 being arranged centrally in the half spaces and providing therewith four spaces of equal width extending across the chart. In a like manner, each of the quarter spaces is divided into spaces indicating one-eighth of a unit by vertical lines 15, and the spaces may be continuously sub-divided by the vertical lines 16, 17 and 18, and the like, into various smaller divisions indicating various fractions of the whole unit. The group of spaces A is further defined by the provision of horizontal lines 19 which are spaced apart and pass intermediately through the spaces so as to provide, above the lines 19, spaces which are clear and which extend respectively across the chart to the extent of the divisions which they are adapted to indicate.

The group of spaces B is divided by the central vertical line 13, which is extended downwardly from group A, and by the vertical lines 20 into SIX spaces of equal width which extend entirely across the chart and which indicate sixths of the unit. Intermediately positioned vertical lines 21 are arranged in the six spaces thus formed to divide the same into twelfths, and additional vertical lines 21 are intermediately positioned in the newly formed spaces so as to further divide the width of the chart into sub-divisions of one-twenty-fourth of a unit, etc., as desired. The horizontal lines 19, as described in the defining of group A, are employed in like manner in group B so as to clearly set forth and distinguish from each other the spaces of different sizes inclicating the different fractions of the unit.

Group C is similarly formed, the same being provided with two spaced apart intermediate vertical lines 20, which may be eX- tended downwardly from group B, and which are so located as to divide the chart transversely into three spaces of equal width. Additional sub-dividing lines 20 and 21 may be used in group C to divide the third spaces into sixths, twelfths, etc. Group D is formed by the extension of the intermediate vertical lines 20 downvwardly from the group C to first divide the width of the chart into thirds. In group 1), however, the thirds are sub-divided into ninths by the provision of vertical partition lines 22 which are spaced apart intermediately of the third spaces to divide each space into three sub-divisions of equal size, and comprising nine in number across the width of the chart. Additional sub-dividing lines 22 may be used in group D to divide the ninth spaces into spaces indicative of one-twenty-seventh of a unit. This sub-division may be carried as far as is practicable to illustrate on the chart.

Group E is formed by providing vertical division lines 23 which are spaced apart transversely of the chart to provide five spaces of equal width, and to indicate fifths of the entire unit. Sub-dividing lines24c extend vertically in group E to subdivide the fifths into tenths, twentieths, fortieths, etc., by arranging thedividing lines 24 intermediately in each of the precedingly formed spaces.

Group F is formed by the provision ofthe main dividing lines 25 which extendverticallyupon the chart and which are so spaced apart as to provide seven spaces of equal width across the face of the chart. Dividing lines 26 are arranged intermediately of the sixth spaces, and are arranged successively intermedia-tely of the precedingly formed spaces to provide spaces indicating one-fourth, one-twenty-eighth, etc., accord ing to the illustration desired on the chart.

The last group G, preferably placed atthe bottomof the chart, is provided with main partition lines 27 which are so spacedapart as to divide the chart transversely into five spaces of equal width. These fifth spaces are divided into two equal parts by vertical lines 28 to form ten divisions .across the chart of equal size, and each tenth space is preferably sub-divided by ten division lines 29 into spaces indicating one one-hundredth of a unit.

It will be noted from the drawing that in eachof the above described groups the horizontal lines 19 are similarly arranged so as to clearly set off or distinguish the spaces from each other.

In use, when demonstrating the division of units into fractions, and in the reduction of units to fractions, the chart may be used "in various ways according to the problems met with. For instance, if it is desired to demonstrate how many twelfths in a unit, it is only necessary to find on the chart the twelfth column, and to count across the chart the number of spaces in such horizontal column. To facilitate the finding of these various spaces it is desirable, as shown in the drawing, to mark in each space the fraction of the unit which the space represents.

Again, if it is desired to show the number of twelfths equivalent to one-half of a unit, the first horizontal row o f-spaces is referred to, and the dividing line 13 indicating onehalf of the unit is followed down the chart until the twelfth column is reached, when, by counting, it will be found that ,there are six twelfth divisions from the edge of the chart over to the line 13. Further, if it be desired to find out what two-thirds of threefourths is, it will only be necessary to locate the fourths column on the chart and count three spaces of -this-colu1nn from oneedgeef the chart, which will terminate at the division line 14:. ol-low-ingthis'division line 14: downwardlyon the face of thec'hart into the twelfth column, where it will be found that thedivision line 21 constitutes a continuation of the line 14:, and counting from I said edge of the chart the number of twelfth spaces it will be found that there are nine such spaces, and that consequently two-thirds of these nine twelfth spaces, or of three-fourths, is equal to siX-twe'lfths or one-half.

From the above illustrations, it will be evident that the: chart may be used in various ways for multiplying d ividing and adding fractions, and that by the provision -of :these spaces and the peculiar manner of distinguishing the same from each other, the relationships of the various fractions to each other and tea unit may beclearly explained.

'It is of course understood that the chart may be constructed in any suitable manner, and the defining lines on the face of 'the chart may be made in-various colors, thicknesses and lengths to clearly distinguish the spaces for the above and other purposes :to which the chart may be applied. "Having thus described' m y invention, claim:

'1. A fraction chart consisting ofa length of flexible material, saidmaterial being inscribed with a longitudinal series of-transversely-arranged columns, the separation lines of said columns 'being blacker than other lines within any column, eaohlcolumn being divided into a series of transverselyarranged sections, the-sections of the several columns being so arranged in number, that the successive sections are devoted to fractions progressing regularly from a higher to a lower value, while the sections of any of said columns are related to each other in multiples. I

2. A chart inscribed with a longitudinal series of transverse columns, the columns being separated by heavy black lines, each column having a plurality of transverse lines setting apart horizontal columns, a separate series of vertical lines intersecting the horizontal lines in each column, so as to provide transversely-extending sections, the several horizontal columns of each main column be ing divided into equal parts of itself by means of said vertical lines, each main column of the chart beginning with a high fraction and ending in lower fractions.

3. In a chart, a flexible length of material inscribed with a series of transversely-disposed main columns, the border lines of which are conspicuously black, each main column being divided by transverse lines into a series of sub-transverse columns the majority of the main columns and sub-transverse columns therein being bisected by vertical lines to set apart similarly-sized sections, the sub-transverse columns of each section of each main column being divided by vertical lines into a progressively increasing number of aliquot parts arranged in multlple relation.

4. In a chart a flexible length of material inscribed with a series of transversely-dis posed main columns, the border lines of which are conspicuously black, each main column being divided by a transverse line into an upper transverse sub-column, the several successive sub-columns of the main columns being divided by lines into aliquot parts of unity forming sub-sections designated by the fractions representing these copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the aliquot parts, the fractions indicated in the successive sub-column of the main volumes being of a progressively lesser value so that each succeeding sub-column will be divided into a gradually larger number of aliquot parts, and a plurality of additional transverse sub-columns below the sub-columns of each main column divided by vertical lines into a progressively increasing number of aliquot parts arranged in multiple relation with respect to the aliquot parts of the firstnalned transverse sub-columns and having indicated therein the fractions representing these aliquot parts.

5. A chart longitudinall divided into a series of transverse main co umns, and transverse sub-columns within the main columns,

some of said main columns being divided by vertical lines into an even number of aliquot parts and others into an odd number of aliquot parts, the fractions representing these aliquot parts being indicated at the upper end of said main columns, the even fractions and the odd fractions of said main columns being severally arranged in a progressively lower order, the series of transverse sub-columns associated .with the main columns being progressively divided by division lines into the multiple parts of the fractions to which their several main columns a ply and being designated by these multiple ractions,

many of the last-named multiple transverse sub-columns for both the even and odd fractions having common division lines.

In testimony whereof I aifix my signature in the Presence of two witnesses.

ARTHUR E. LESLIE. Witnesses:

EMMETT S. STEPHENS, W. W. HOOKER.

Commissioner of Patents.

Washington, D. 0."

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