US1270784A - Electrolyte for electrolytic cells, such as lightning-arresters, condensers, and the like. - Google Patents
Electrolyte for electrolytic cells, such as lightning-arresters, condensers, and the like. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1270784A US1270784A US86466614A US1914864666A US1270784A US 1270784 A US1270784 A US 1270784A US 86466614 A US86466614 A US 86466614A US 1914864666 A US1914864666 A US 1914864666A US 1270784 A US1270784 A US 1270784A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- solution
- molecules
- electrolyte
- acid
- film
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title description 42
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 41
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 28
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 235000010338 boric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 26
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229960002645 boric acid Drugs 0.000 description 26
- 239000002195 soluble material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- WYXIGTJNYDDFFH-UHFFFAOYSA-Q triazanium;borate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] WYXIGTJNYDDFFH-UHFFFAOYSA-Q 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NGPGDYLVALNKEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanium;azane;2,3,4-trihydroxy-4-oxobutanoate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O NGPGDYLVALNKEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- YWYZEGXAUVWDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N triammonium citrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O YWYZEGXAUVWDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
- H01M6/181—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with polymeric electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
Definitions
- My invention relates to electrolytes which may be used in electrolytic cells such as lightning arresters, condensers, rectifiers and the like.
- films which are formed upon aluminum and other filmforming' metals by immersing them in a suitable electrolyte and subjecting them to an electric'current flow, possess the property of allowing current to flow from. the electrolyte to the electrode with but of opposing strongly the current tendmg to flow from the electrode to the electrolyte.
- Electrolytes of various characters have been used which generally comprised chemical constituents that imparted either basic or neutral reactions to the electrolytes.
- electrolytes have been acidulated bythe addition of small quantities of a suitable ample, an electrolyte consisting ofa solution of borax which has been slightly acidulated with a small quantity of boric acid.
- borax which has been slightly acidulated with a small quantity of boric acid.
- the resistance of the films may he considerably increased.
- the acid constituent of the electrolyte L should comprise a relatively large portion of the dissolved chemicals.
- NH BO and boric acid which solution has. very different film forming characteristics for difierent relative percentages of the salt and the acid constituents.
- boric acid is added of salt in the sothe ammonium borate being largely in excess, the. films formed'on the film-forming metal electrodes,- as, for
- aluminum electrodes are capable of resisting voltages of about 300 volts only wlthout rupturing.
- the proportion of the boric-acid constituent relato the. ammonium .borate constituent I have found that, within certain limits, the dielectric resistance of the films formed on the electrodes may-be rapidly increased.
- Films ot highest resistance .over range of impressed voltageslnay be -a wide formed acid or acids, as, for 8X' of acid in of developing a.-'
- the boric acid constituent comprises between .75 per cent. to 98 per cent. of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material present, namely, borate, although filmshav'ing high specific resistance may be formed when the boricfacid constituent comprises at least per cent, of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material present.
- the films are capable of resisting substantially 500 volts without being ruptured.
- An electrolyte comprising boric acid and ammonium borate is particularly desirable because the solution 'formed is an inorganic solution which does 'not rapidly deteriorate.
- alummum cells are commonly used as lightning arresters which are usually disposed in inaccesslble places where the cells may not be frequently inspected.
- electrolytes have been made of organic substances in which fungus growths develop,
- the electrolyte should consist of at least a saturated solution of the acid, in this case, boric acid, which is accomplished by adding the above-mentioned excess crystals.
- any solvents may be used in which the salts and the acids selected for my and frequently'it may electrolyte are soluble, be desirable to use aqueous solutions for electrolytes embodying my invention, but
- electrolyte made in accordance with my invention and containing a solution of boric. acid and ammonium borate may form films on 'film forming metals which are capable of resisting a pressure of substantiallv 500 volts without bein ruptured.
- the total num er of plates or electrodes comprising a cell which is adapted to be utilized at a certain voltage, may be materially reduced, or cells-may be made which are adapted for use under very highvoltage service conditions, which cells will not embody a large number of plates or electrodes.
- boric acid present being 80% to 98 of the total gram-molecules of the soluble ma terial 11.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
Description
ELEGTROLYTE FOR nnnoinorzrre CELLS, SUCH AS DENSERS, AND THE LIKE.
1 370,784. No Drawing, To all whom it may concern."
Be it knownthat and a resident gheny and State of Pennsylvania, have invented a new and useful Improvement in an Electrolyte for Electrolytic Cells, Such as Lightning-Arresters, Condensers, and the like, of which the following is a specification.
My invention relates to electrolytes which may be used in electrolytic cells such as lightning arresters, condensers, rectifiers and the like.
More particularly, to ,certain electrolytes which form high-re sistance films upon the surfaces of aluminum, tantalum, platinum, magnesium, and other film-forming metals when they'are immersed in these electrolytes and subjected to electric current.
It is well known that films,'-which are formed upon aluminum and other filmforming' metals by immersing them in a suitable electrolyte and subjecting them to an electric'current flow, possess the property of allowing current to flow from. the electrolyte to the electrode with but of opposing strongly the current tendmg to flow from the electrode to the electrolyte. To current flowing in the last indi-' cated direction, sively thin, presents ance and a high dielectric strength and, consequently, is able to withstand considerable voltage without rupture.-
Heretofore, it has 'been'subst'antially impossible toform permanent high-resistance films on the film-forming metals of the .usual character, which films constantly resist substantially high voltage pressures. As a result, it has been necessary to provide electrolytic cells of large capacityv and adapted" for big -voltageservicewith an unduly large number of plates or electrodes which have added considerably to the weight and the first cost of such cells One object of my invention is to provide electrol es of the character indicated, w ereby high may be conveniently and chea ly formed on film-formin metals,-which high ' Specification of Letters mm. Application filedOctober 2, 1914. Serial No. 864,666.
'I, LEWIS W. GHUBB, a
citizen of the United States,
of Edgewood Park, in the county of Alle-- my invention refers little opposition,
the film, althoughexces a high specific resistmonium borate,
tive abovereslstance films.
will be'of er res stante and h g r d e tr LIGHTNING-ARRESTERS, CON- PatentedJuly 2, 1918.
strength 7 than those of 'films heretofore formed with the common electrolytes.
Other features of novelty of my invention will be more fully disclosed in the following description to which reference may now be had.
Electrolytes of various characters have been used which generally comprised chemical constituents that imparted either basic or neutral reactions to the electrolytes. I am also aware that electrolytes have been acidulated bythe addition of small quantities of a suitable ample, an electrolyte consisting ofa solution of borax which has been slightly acidulated with a small quantity of boric acid. However, I have discovered that, unless the electrolyte contains a large amount proportion to the amount lution, it is not capable high-resistance film of maximum strength "upon the film-forming metal electrodes.
By means of a long series of tests, I have discovered that, if certain salts which, in solution, are capable of forming films on film-forming metals, are combined with suitable acids in the proper roportion, the resistance of the films may he considerably increased. To obtain the most efi'ective results, the acid constituent of the electrolyte Lshould comprise a relatively large portion of the dissolved chemicals. For example, I have made a most desirable prising a solution of ammonium borate, (NH BO and boric acid (H BO which solution has. very different film forming characteristics for difierent relative percentages of the salt and the acid constituents. of boric acid is added of salt in the sothe ammonium borate being largely in excess, the. films formed'on the film-forming metal electrodes,- as, for
instance, aluminum electrodes, are capable of resisting voltages of about 300 volts only wlthout rupturing. By increasing the proportion of the boric-acid constituent relato the. ammonium .borate constituent, I have found that, within certain limits, the dielectric resistance of the films formed on the electrodes may-be rapidly increased.
Films ot highest resistance .over range of impressed voltageslnay be -a wide formed acid or acids, as, for 8X' of acid in of developing a.-'
When a relatively small percentageto a solution of am and ammonium tartrate;
when the boric acid constituent comprises between .75 per cent. to 98 per cent. of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material present, namely, borate, although filmshav'ing high specific resistance may be formed when the boricfacid constituent comprises at least per cent, of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material present. When the boric-acid constituent comprises substantially 97 per cent. and not over 98 per cent. of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material, the films are capable of resisting substantially 500 volts without being ruptured.
While a solution of bor c acid and ammonium borate is particularly desirable because of its ability to form very high-resistance fi s, solutions of other acids and other salts of acids may be suitable to develop high-resistance films on electrodes, and I wish it to be understood that my invention -may be applied to electrolytes comprising solutionsof substances which form insoluble compounds of the film-forming metals. For example, I have made electrolytes having good film-forming qualities of citric acidand ammonium citrate and of tartaric acid Other acids and other salts of acids which may be useful in making electrolytes in accordance with my.
inventlon and which may be characterized as being suitableto form high-resistance films are mentioned above, are immersed 1n solutions that contain ingredients capable of formin films thereupon by electrolytic ac t1on, w ich films may serve asdi-electrics of hlgher or lower resistance, such solutions may be characterized as film-forming electrolytes. All such the term fil1n-forming as it is used n the subs oined claims.
An electrolyte comprising boric acid and ammonium borate is particularly desirable because the solution 'formed is an inorganic solution which does 'not rapidly deteriorate.
This is highly desirable because alummum cells are commonly used as lightning arresters which are usually disposed in inaccesslble places where the cells may not be frequently inspected. In the past, many electrolytes have been made of organic substances in which fungus growths develop,
boric acid and ammonium properties for a long time.
carbonates, Of course, it
substances as hereinbe-[ fore indicated are embraced by terial.
thereby rendering the aluminum cell inefiective' as a lightmn arrester. In an electrolyte of boric aci and ammonium borate, fungus growths cannot ,develop. Again, such an electrolyte maintains its chemical In practice, it will'probably be advantageous to add an excess of crystals ofboric acid to the electrolyte. In other words, the electrolyte should consist of at least a saturated solution of the acid, in this case, boric acid, which is accomplished by adding the above-mentioned excess crystals.
Of course, any solvents may be used in which the salts and the acids selected for my and frequently'it may electrolyte are soluble, be desirable to use aqueous solutions for electrolytes embodying my invention, but
it will beapparent that I do not desire to lifii't my invention to aqueous solutions 0 A? electrolyte made in accordance with my invention and containing a solution of boric. acid and ammonium borate may form films on 'film forming metals which are capable of resisting a pressure of substantiallv 500 volts without bein ruptured. In vie-.1 of this, the total num er of plates or electrodes comprising a cell, which is adapted to be utilized at a certain voltage, may be materially reduced, or cells-may be made which are adapted for use under very highvoltage service conditions, which cells will not embody a large number of plates or electrodes.
While I have described in detail one electrolyte made in accordance with m invention, it will be understood that I esire to have only such limitations imposed as are ndicated in the appended claims.
I claim as my invent'ron:
1. A film-forming electrolyte containing a solution of an acid and a solution of a salt,the number of gram-molecules of acid present being 45% to 98% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
2. A film-forming electrolyte containing a solution of an'acid and'a solution of an ammonium salt,-the number of gram-molecules of acid present being-45% to 98% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble ma 3. A' film-forming electrolyte containing a solut1on ,'of an acid and a solution of ammonium borate, the number of gram-molecules of acld present being 45% to 98% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
4. A film-forming electrolyte containing a solution of boric acid and a solution of a salt, the number of gram-molecules of boric acid present being 45% to 98% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
5. A film-forming electrolyte containing a solution of boric acid concentrated to at least saturation and a smaller amount, relative to the amount of dissolved acid, of a solution of an ammonium salt..
6. A film-formingelectrolyte containing a solution of boric acid and a solution of an ammonium salt, the number of gram-molecules of boric acid present being 45% to 98% of the -total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
7; An electrolyte containing a solution of boric acid and a solution of ammonium borate, the number of gram-molecules of boric acidpresent being to 98% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
8. A. film-formingelectrolyte containing a solution of boric acid and a solution of a salt, the number of gram-molecules of boric acid present being 80% to 98% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
molecules of boric acid 9. A film-forming electrolyte containing a solution of boric acid and a solution of an ammonium salt, the number of grampresent being 80% to 98% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
10. An electrolyte containing a solution of boric acid and a solution of ammonium borate, the number -of gram-molecules of.
boric acid present being 80% to 98 of the total gram-molecules of the soluble ma terial 11. A film-forming electrolyte containing a solution of boric acid and a solution of a salt, the number of gram-molecules of 'a solution of boric of the total boric acid present being substantially 97% ofthe total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
12. A film-forming electrolyte containing acid and a solution of an ammonium salt, the number of grammolecules of boric acid present being sub stantially' 97% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material. a
13. An electrolyte containing a solution of boric acid and a solution of ammonium borate, the number of gram-molecules of boric acid present being substantially 97% gram-molecules of the soluble material. 7
14'. A film-forming electrolyte containing a solution of an acid and a solution of a salt of the same acid, the number of grains molecules of the acid present being to 98% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
15. A film-forming'electrolyte containing a solution of an acid and a solution of an ammonium salt of the same acid, the number of gram-molecules of acid present being 45% to 98% of the total gram-molecules of the soluble material.
In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name this 29th day of Sept,
LEWIS W. CHUBB. Witnesses B. B. Hines, M. C. Mnnz
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US86466614A US1270784A (en) | 1914-10-02 | 1914-10-02 | Electrolyte for electrolytic cells, such as lightning-arresters, condensers, and the like. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US86466614A US1270784A (en) | 1914-10-02 | 1914-10-02 | Electrolyte for electrolytic cells, such as lightning-arresters, condensers, and the like. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1270784A true US1270784A (en) | 1918-07-02 |
Family
ID=3338416
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US86466614A Expired - Lifetime US1270784A (en) | 1914-10-02 | 1914-10-02 | Electrolyte for electrolytic cells, such as lightning-arresters, condensers, and the like. |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1270784A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2890394A (en) * | 1955-04-13 | 1959-06-09 | Gen Electric | Electrolyte for electrolytic capacitors |
| DE974207C (en) * | 1942-06-27 | 1960-10-20 | Siemens Ag | Process for the formation of traveling baths of electrode foils for electrolytic capacitors, preferably made of aluminum |
| US2965690A (en) * | 1958-01-10 | 1960-12-20 | Sprague Electric Co | Electrical capacitors |
| DE1193168B (en) * | 1956-09-14 | 1965-05-20 | Western Electric Co | Electrolyte for electrolytic capacitors or rectifiers |
| US3246212A (en) * | 1966-04-12 | Electrolytic capacitor and electrolyte therefor |
-
1914
- 1914-10-02 US US86466614A patent/US1270784A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3246212A (en) * | 1966-04-12 | Electrolytic capacitor and electrolyte therefor | ||
| DE974207C (en) * | 1942-06-27 | 1960-10-20 | Siemens Ag | Process for the formation of traveling baths of electrode foils for electrolytic capacitors, preferably made of aluminum |
| US2890394A (en) * | 1955-04-13 | 1959-06-09 | Gen Electric | Electrolyte for electrolytic capacitors |
| DE1193168B (en) * | 1956-09-14 | 1965-05-20 | Western Electric Co | Electrolyte for electrolytic capacitors or rectifiers |
| US2965690A (en) * | 1958-01-10 | 1960-12-20 | Sprague Electric Co | Electrical capacitors |
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