US12498484B2 - Ranging image sensor - Google Patents

Ranging image sensor

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Publication number
US12498484B2
US12498484B2 US17/788,000 US202017788000A US12498484B2 US 12498484 B2 US12498484 B2 US 12498484B2 US 202017788000 A US202017788000 A US 202017788000A US 12498484 B2 US12498484 B2 US 12498484B2
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region
semiconductor layer
image sensor
multiplication
ranging image
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US20230048727A1 (en
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Mitsuhito Mase
Jun Hiramitsu
Akihiro Shimada
Hiroaki Ishii
Toshinori Ito
Yuma Tanaka
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Hamamatsu Photonics KK
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Hamamatsu Photonics KK
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
    • H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
    • H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
    • H10F39/8033—Photosensitive area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
    • H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
    • H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S17/08—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only
    • G01S17/10—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S17/89—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S17/89—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G01S17/894—Three-dimensional [3D] imaging with simultaneous measurement of time-of-flight at a two-dimensional [2D] array of receiver pixels, e.g. time-of-flight cameras or flash lidar
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
    • G01S7/4816—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements of receivers alone
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/483—Details of pulse systems
    • G01S7/486—Receivers
    • G01S7/4861—Circuits for detection, sampling, integration or read-out
    • G01S7/4863—Detector arrays, e.g. charge-transfer gates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
    • H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
    • H10F30/21—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
    • H10F30/22—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices having only one potential barrier, e.g. photodiodes
    • H10F30/225—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices having only one potential barrier, e.g. photodiodes the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
    • H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
    • H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
    • H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
    • H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
    • H10F39/807—Pixel isolation structures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
    • H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
    • H10F39/811—Interconnections

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a ranging image sensor.
  • a ranging image sensor that acquires a distance image of an object by using an indirect TOF (Time of Flight) method
  • a ranging image sensor that includes a semiconductor layer in which a photosensitive region is provided and a photogate electrode and a transfer gate electrode provided on the semiconductor layer for each pixel (see, for example, Patent Literatures 1 and 2). According to such a ranging image sensor, the charge generated in the photosensitive region due to the incidence of light can be transferred at high speed.
  • Patent Literature 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2011-133464
  • Patent Literature 2 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2013-206903
  • the ranging image sensor described above for example, in order to increase the distance that can be measured, it may be required to improve the light receiving sensitivity.
  • a ranging image sensor includes: a semiconductor layer having a first surface on a first side and a second surface on a second side opposite to the first side and forming a plurality of pixels arranged along the first surface; and an electrode layer provided on the first surface and forming the plurality of pixels.
  • Each of the plurality of pixels includes: an avalanche multiplication region including a first conductive type first multiplication region formed in the semiconductor layer and a second conductive type second multiplication region formed on the first side of the first multiplication region in the semiconductor layer; a second conductive type charge distribution region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the second multiplication region; a second conductive type first charge transfer region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the charge distribution region; a second conductive type second charge transfer region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the charge distribution region; a first conductive type well region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer; a photogate electrode formed on the first side of the charge distribution region in the electrode layer; a first transfer gate electrode formed on the first side of the charge distribution region in the electrode layer so as to be located on the first charge transfer region side with respect to the photogate electrode; and a second transfer gate electrode formed on the first
  • the avalanche multiplication region is formed in the semiconductor layer. Therefore, high sensitivity is realized in each of the plurality of pixels.
  • the second conductive type second multiplication region is formed so as to overlap the well region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer, and on the second side of the second conductive type second multiplication region, the first conductive type first multiplication region is formed so as not to overlap the well region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer.
  • a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region that does not overlap the first multiplication region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer becomes difficult to spread toward the well region, so that the depletion layer is prevented from reaching the well region. That is, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region. Therefore, it is possible to improve the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
  • each of the plurality of pixels may further include a second conductive type barrier region formed between the second multiplication region and the well region in the semiconductor layer. Therefore, even if a depletion layer formed in the second multiplication region spreads toward the well region by applying the reverse bias to the semiconductor layer, the barrier region prevents the depletion layer from reaching the well region. That is, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region.
  • the barrier region may include the well region when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region.
  • each of the plurality of pixels may further include a second conductive type sink region formed on the first side of the barrier region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the barrier region. Therefore, since the electrons collected around the second conductive type barrier region are drawn into the second conductive type sink region, it is possible to suppress the electrons collected around the barrier region from becoming noise as parasitic electrons.
  • the sink region may be connected to the second charge transfer region. Therefore, when the second charge transfer region is used as an unnecessary charge discharge region, the charge drawn into the sink region can be discharged to the second charge transfer region.
  • the second multiplication region may include a first region overlapping the charge distribution region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer and a second region overlapping the well region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer, and a concentration of impurities in the second region may be higher than a concentration of impurities in the first region. Therefore, when a reverse bias is applied to the semiconductor layer, even if a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region that does not overlap the first multiplication region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer spreads toward the well region, the second region prevents the depletion layer from reaching the well region. That is, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region.
  • the second region may include the well region when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region.
  • each of the plurality of pixels may further include a second conductive type sink region formed on the first side of the second region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the second region. Therefore, since the electrons collected around the second conductive type first region are drawn into the second conductive type sink region, it is possible to suppress the electrons collected around the first region from becoming noise as parasitic electrons.
  • the sink region may be connected to the second charge transfer region. Therefore, when the second charge transfer region is used as an unnecessary charge discharge region, the charge drawn into the sink region can be discharged to the second charge transfer region.
  • a trench for separating each of the plurality of pixels from each other may be formed on the first surface of the semiconductor layer. Therefore, it is possible to reliably suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels.
  • the first multiplication region may be separated for each of the plurality of pixels. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels.
  • the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure may further include a wiring layer provided on the first surface so as to cover the electrode layer and electrically connected to each of the plurality of pixels. Therefore, the input and output of the electric signal to and from each of the plurality of pixels can be performed through the wiring layer.
  • a ranging image sensor capable of improving the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
  • FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a photodetector including a ranging image sensor according to a first embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of a pixel unit of the ranging image sensor according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line III-III shown in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line IV-IV shown in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method for manufacturing the ranging image sensor according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method for manufacturing the ranging image sensor according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a plan view of a part of a ranging image sensor according to a second embodiment.
  • FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VIII-VIII shown in FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 9 is a plan view of a part of a ranging image sensor according to a third embodiment.
  • FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line X-X shown in FIG. 9 .
  • FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XI-XI shown in FIG. 9 .
  • FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
  • FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
  • FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
  • FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
  • FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
  • FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
  • FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
  • a photodetector 1 includes a light source 2 , a ranging image sensor 10 A, a signal processing unit 3 , a control unit 4 , and a display unit 5 .
  • the photodetector 1 is a device that acquires a distance image of an object OJ (an image including information regarding a distance d to the object OJ) by using an indirect TOF method.
  • the light source 2 emits pulsed light L.
  • the light source 2 is, for example, an infrared LED and the like.
  • the pulsed light L is, for example, near-infrared light, and the frequency of the pulsed light L is, for example, 10 kHz or higher.
  • the ranging image sensor 10 A detects the pulsed light L emitted from the light source 2 and reflected by the object OJ.
  • the ranging image sensor 10 A is configured by monolithically forming a pixel unit 11 and a CMOS read circuit unit 12 on a semiconductor substrate (for example, a silicon substrate).
  • the ranging image sensor 10 A is mounted on the signal processing unit 3 .
  • the signal processing unit 3 controls the pixel unit 11 and the CMOS read circuit unit 12 of the ranging image sensor 10 A.
  • the signal processing unit 3 performs predetermined processing on the signal output from the ranging image sensor 10 A to generate a detection signal.
  • the control unit 4 controls the light source 2 and the signal processing unit 3 .
  • the control unit 4 generates a distance image of the object OJ based on the detection signal output from the signal processing unit 3 .
  • the display unit 5 displays the distance image of the object OJ generated by the control unit 4 .
  • the ranging image sensor 10 A includes a semiconductor layer 20 and an electrode layer 40 in the pixel unit 11 .
  • the semiconductor layer 20 has a first surface 20 a and a second surface 20 b.
  • the first surface 20 a is a surface on one side of the semiconductor layer 20 in the thickness direction.
  • the second surface 20 b is a surface on the other side of the semiconductor layer 20 in the thickness direction.
  • the electrode layer 40 is provided on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the semiconductor layer 20 and the electrode layer 40 form a plurality of pixels 11 a arranged along the first surface 20 a.
  • the plurality of pixels 11 a are aligned in a two-dimensional manner along the first surface 20 a.
  • the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 is referred to as a Z direction
  • one direction perpendicular to the Z direction is referred to as an X direction
  • a direction perpendicular to both the Z direction and the X direction is referred to as a Y direction.
  • one side in the Z direction is referred to as a first side
  • the other side in the Z direction (side opposite to the first side) is referred to as a second side.
  • FIG. 2 the illustration of a wiring layer 60 , which will be described later, is omitted.
  • each pixel 11 a includes a semiconductor region 21 , an avalanche multiplication region 22 , a charge distribution region 23 , a pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 , a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 , a plurality of charge blocking regions 28 , a well region 31 , a LOCOS (Local Oxidation of Silicon) region 33 , a barrier region 34 , and a pair of sink regions 35 .
  • Each of the regions 21 to 28 and 31 to 35 is formed by performing various processes (for example, etching, film formation, impurity injection, and the like) on a semiconductor substrate (for example, a silicon substrate).
  • the semiconductor region 21 is a p-type (first conductive type) region, and is provided along the second surface 20 b in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the semiconductor region 21 functions as a light absorption region (photoelectric conversion region).
  • the semiconductor region 21 is a p-type region having a carrier concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and the thickness of the semiconductor region 21 is about 10 ⁇ m.
  • the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the like also function as a light absorption region (photoelectric conversion region).
  • the avalanche multiplication region 22 includes a first multiplication region 22 a and a second multiplication region 22 b.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the semiconductor region 21 in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the first multiplication region 22 a is a p-type region having a carrier concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and the thickness of the first multiplication region 22 a is about 1 ⁇ m.
  • the second multiplication region 22 b is an n-type (second conductive type) region, and is formed on the first side of the first multiplication region 22 a in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the second multiplication region 22 b is an n-type region having a carrier concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and the thickness of the second multiplication region 22 b is about 1 ⁇ m.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a and the second multiplication region 22 b form a pn junction.
  • the charge distribution region 23 is an n-type region, and is formed on the first side of the second multiplication region 22 b in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the charge distribution region 23 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration of 5 ⁇ 10 15 to 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 , and the thickness of the charge distribution region 23 is about 1 ⁇ m.
  • Each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 is an n-type region, and is formed on the first side of the second multiplication region 22 b in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • Each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 is connected to the charge distribution region 23 .
  • the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 face each other in the X direction with a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side interposed therebetween.
  • each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and the thickness of each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 is about 0.2 ⁇ m.
  • a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side is interposed between each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 and the second multiplication region 22 b.
  • each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 functions as a charge storage region.
  • Each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is an n-type region, and is formed on the first side of the second multiplication region 22 b in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • Each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is connected to the charge distribution region 23 .
  • the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 face each other in the Y direction with a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side interposed therebetween.
  • each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and the thickness of each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is about 0.2 ⁇ m.
  • a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side is interposed between each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 and the second multiplication region 22 b.
  • each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 functions as a charge discharge region.
  • Each charge blocking region 28 is a p-type region, and is formed between each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 and the charge distribution region 23 (a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side) in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • each charge blocking region 28 is a p-type region having a carrier concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 17 to 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 , and the thickness of each charge blocking region 28 is about 0.2 ⁇ m.
  • the well region 31 is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the second multiplication region 22 b in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the well region 31 surrounds the charge distribution region 23 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the LOCOS region 33 is formed on the first side of the well region 31 in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the LOCOS region 33 is connected to the well region 31 .
  • the well region 31 forms a plurality of read circuits (for example, a source follower amplifier and a reset transistor) together with the LOCOS region 33 . Each read circuit is electrically connected to each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 .
  • the well region 31 is a p-type region having a carrier concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 16 to 5 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 , and the thickness of the well region 31 is about 1 ⁇ m.
  • STI Shallow Trench Isolation
  • the barrier region 34 is an n-type region, and is formed between the second multiplication region 22 b and the well region 31 in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the barrier region 34 includes the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. That is, the well region 31 is located in the barrier region 34 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the barrier region 34 surrounds the charge distribution region 23 .
  • the concentration of n-type impurities in the barrier region 34 is higher than the concentration of n-type impurities in the second multiplication region 22 b.
  • the barrier region 34 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration from the carrier concentration of the second multiplication region 22 b to about twice the carrier concentration of the second multiplication region 22 b, and the thickness of the barrier region 34 is about 1 ⁇ m.
  • Each sink region 35 is an n-type region, and is formed on the first side of the barrier region 34 in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the end of each sink region 35 on the second side is connected to the barrier region 34 .
  • the end of each sink region 35 on the first side is connected to each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 .
  • the concentration of n-type impurities in each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is higher than the concentration of n-type impurities in each sink region 35
  • the concentration of n-type impurities in each sink region 35 is higher than the concentration of n-type impurities in the barrier region 34 and the concentration of p-type impurities in the well region 31 .
  • each sink region 35 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration equal to or higher than the carrier concentration of the well region 31 , and the thickness of each sink region 35 depends on the distance between each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 and the barrier region 34 .
  • Each pixel 11 a includes a photogate electrode 41 , a pair of first transfer gate electrodes 42 and 43 , and a pair of second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45 in the electrode layer 40 .
  • Each of the gate electrodes 41 to 45 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 with an insulating film 46 interposed therebetween.
  • the insulating film 46 is, for example, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, or the like.
  • the photogate electrode 41 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40 .
  • the photogate electrode 41 is formed of a material having conductivity and light transmission (for example, polysilicon).
  • the photogate electrode 41 has a rectangular shape having two sides facing each other in the X direction and two sides facing each other in the Y direction when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the first transfer gate electrode 42 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40 so as to be located on the first charge transfer region 24 side with respect to the photogate electrode 41 .
  • the first transfer gate electrode 43 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40 so as to be located on the first charge transfer region 25 side with respect to the photogate electrode 41 .
  • Each of the first transfer gate electrodes 42 and 43 is formed of a material having conductivity and light transmission (for example, polysilicon).
  • each of the first transfer gate electrodes 42 and 43 has a rectangular shape having two sides facing each other in the X direction and two sides facing each other in the Y direction when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the second transfer gate electrode 44 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40 so as to be located on the second charge transfer region 26 side with respect to the photogate electrode 41 .
  • the second transfer gate electrode 45 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40 so as to be located on the second charge transfer region 27 side with respect to the photogate electrode 41 .
  • Each of the second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45 is formed of a material having conductivity and light transmission (for example, polysilicon).
  • each of the second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45 has a rectangular shape having two sides facing each other in the X direction and two sides facing each other in the Y direction when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the ranging image sensor 10 A further includes a counter electrode 50 and the wiring layer 60 in the pixel unit 11 .
  • the counter electrode 50 is provided on the second surface 20 b of the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the counter electrode 50 includes a plurality of pixels 11 a when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the counter electrode 50 faces the electrode layer 40 in the Z direction.
  • the counter electrode 50 is formed of, for example, a metal material.
  • the wiring layer 60 is provided on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so as to cover the electrode layer 40 .
  • the wiring layer 60 is electrically connected to each pixel 11 a and the CMOS read circuit unit 12 (see FIG. 1 ).
  • a light incidence opening 60 a is formed in a portion of the wiring layer 60 facing the photogate electrode 41 of each pixel 11 a.
  • a trench 29 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 so as to separate the pixels 11 a from each other.
  • the trench 29 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • a bottom surface 29 a of the trench 29 is located on the second side with respect to the avalanche multiplication region 22 . That is, the trench 29 completely separates the avalanche multiplication region 22 .
  • An insulating material 47 such as silicon oxide, is arranged in the trench 29 .
  • a metal material such as tungsten, polysilicon, or the like may be arranged in the trench 29 .
  • the second multiplication region 22 b is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region 23 , a pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 , a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 , and the well region 31 in the Z direction. That is, the second multiplication region 22 b overlaps the charge distribution region 23 , the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 , the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 , and the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. In addition, in the present embodiment, the second multiplication region 22 b and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 partially overlap when viewed from the Z direction. In the present embodiment, in each pixel 11 a, the second multiplication region 22 b reaches the trench 29 .
  • the second multiplication region 22 b completely covers each pixel 11 a surrounded by the trench 29 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region 23 , the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 , and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 and so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the Z direction. That is, the first multiplication region 22 a overlaps the charge distribution region 23 , the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 , and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 and does not overlap the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 partially overlap when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a does not reach the trench 29 .
  • the first multiplication region 22 a is separated for each pixel 11 a on the second side of the second multiplication region 22 b.
  • a part of the semiconductor region 21 provided along the second surface 20 b in the semiconductor layer 20 is arranged between the trench 29 and the first multiplication region 22 a. That is, on the second side of the well region 31 , the second multiplication region 22 b and the semiconductor region 21 are formed so as to overlap each other in the Z direction.
  • the avalanche multiplication region 22 is a region that causes avalanche multiplication. More specifically, in each pixel 11 a, in the avalanche multiplication region 22 , a region where the first multiplication region 22 a and the second multiplication region 22 b overlap each other when viewed from the Z direction can generate an electric field strength of 3 ⁇ 10 5 to 4 ⁇ 10 5 V/cm when a predetermined value of reverse bias is applied, thereby causing avalanche multiplication.
  • a negative voltage for example, ⁇ 50 V
  • a reverse bias is applied to the pn junction formed in the avalanche multiplication region 22 , so that an electric field strength of 3 ⁇ 10 5 to 4 ⁇ 10 5 V/cm is generated in the avalanche multiplication region 22 .
  • a reset voltage is applied to the pair of second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45 in each pixel 11 a .
  • the reset voltage is a positive voltage with respect to the electric potential of the photogate electrode 41 . Therefore, the electrons that have moved to the charge distribution region 23 are discharged from the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 .
  • the pulse voltage signal applied to the first transfer gate electrode 42 is a voltage signal in which a positive voltage and a negative voltage are alternately repeated with the electric potential of the photogate electrode 41 as a reference, and is a voltage signal having the same period, pulse width, and phase as the intensity signal of the pulsed light L emitted from the light source 2 (see FIG. 1 ).
  • the pulse voltage signal applied to the first transfer gate electrode 43 is the same voltage signal as the pulse voltage signal applied to the first transfer gate electrode 42 except that the phase is shifted by 180°.
  • the electrons that have moved to the charge distribution region 23 are alternately transferred to the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 at high speed.
  • the electrons stored in each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 by the transfer for a predetermined period are transferred to the CMOS read circuit unit 12 (see FIG. 1 ) as a signal through a read circuit configured by the well regions 31 and the like and the wiring layer 60 .
  • the phase of the intensity signal of the pulsed light L detected by the ranging image sensor 10 A is shifted from the phase of the intensity signal of the pulsed light L emitted from the light source 2 according to the distance d to the object OJ. Therefore, by acquiring a signal based on the electrons stored in each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 for each pixel 11 a, it is possible to generate a distance image of the object OJ.
  • a p-type semiconductor substrate 20 s is prepared, and the first multiplication region 22 a, the second multiplication region 22 b, and the charge distribution region 23 are formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s.
  • the second multiplication region 22 b is formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s so as to be continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a (see (b) of FIG. 5 ).
  • the first multiplication region 22 a is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 s overlapping the charge distribution region 23 (see (b) of FIG. 5 ), the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 (see (b) of FIG. 5 ), and the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 (see (b) of FIG.
  • each of the regions 24 to 28 and 31 to 35 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s so that each pixel 11 a includes a pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 , a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 , a plurality of charge blocking regions 28 , the well regions 31 , the LOCOS region 33 , the barrier region 34 , and a pair of sink regions 35 .
  • the semiconductor layer 20 is formed in which the trench 29 is formed (first step).
  • the semiconductor region 21 is a region of the semiconductor substrate 20 s.
  • each of the gate electrodes 41 to 45 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so that each pixel 11 a includes the photogate electrode 41 , a pair of first transfer gate electrodes 42 and 43 , and a pair of second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45 .
  • the electrode layer 40 is formed (second step).
  • the wiring layer 60 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so as to cover the electrode layer 40 , and the wiring layer 60 is electrically connected to each pixel 11 a (third step).
  • the counter electrode 50 is formed on the second surface 20 b of the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the CMOS read circuit unit 12 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s.
  • the ranging image sensor 10 A is manufactured.
  • the trench 29 may be formed before each of the gate electrodes 41 to 45 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 after each of the regions 24 to 28 and 31 to 35 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s.
  • the avalanche multiplication region 22 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 . Therefore, high sensitivity is realized in each pixel 11 a .
  • the n-type second multiplication region 22 b is formed so as to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20
  • the p-type first multiplication region 22 a is formed so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region 22 b that does not overlap the first multiplication region 22 a in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 becomes difficult to spread toward the well region 31 , so that the depletion layer is suppressed from reaching the well region 31 . That is, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31 . Therefore, according to the ranging image sensor 10 A, it is possible to improve the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
  • the n-type second multiplication region 22 b and the p-type semiconductor region 21 having a lower concentration of p-type impurities than the concentration of p-type impurities in the well region 31 are formed so as to overlap each other in the Z direction.
  • a negative voltage is applied to the counter electrode 50 with the electric potential of the photogate electrode 41 as a reference, a depletion layer is formed between the n-type second multiplication region 22 b and the p-type semiconductor region 21 .
  • the depletion layer easily spreads toward the semiconductor region 21 having a lower concentration of p-type impurities, and does not easily spread toward the well region 31 on the side opposite to the semiconductor region 21 . Therefore, according to the ranging image sensor 10 A, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31 .
  • the bottom surface 29 a of the trench 29 is located on the second side with respect to the avalanche multiplication region 22 . As a result, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels 11 a.
  • the n-type barrier region 34 is formed between the second multiplication region 22 b and the well region 31 that forms a read circuit. Therefore, even if a depletion layer formed in the second multiplication region spreads toward the well region 31 by applying the reverse bias to the semiconductor layer 20 , the barrier region 34 prevents the depletion layer from reaching the well region 31 . That is, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31 .
  • the barrier region 34 includes the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. As a result, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31 .
  • the n-type sink region 35 connected to the barrier region 34 is formed on the first side of the barrier region 34 . Therefore, since the electrons collected around the n-type barrier region 34 are drawn into the n-type sink region 35 , it is possible to suppress the electrons collected around the barrier region 34 from becoming noise as parasitic electrons. In addition, by adjusting the impurity concentration in a region between the first charge transfer region 24 and each sink region 35 and a region between the first charge transfer region 25 and each sink region 35 , it is possible to form a potential energy state in which parasitic electrons are more likely to be drawn into the sink region 35 than each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 .
  • the sink region 35 is connected to each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 . Therefore, the parasitic electrons drawn into the sink region 35 can be discharged to each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 , which function as unnecessary charge discharge regions.
  • the wiring layer 60 is provided on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so as to cover the electrode layer 40 , and the wiring layer 60 is electrically connected to each pixel 11 a . As a result, the input and output of the electric signal to and from each pixel 11 a can be performed through the wiring layer 60 .
  • the wiring layer 60 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so as to cover the electrode layer 40 , and the wiring layer 60 is electrically connected to each pixel 11 a .
  • the input and output of the electric signal to and from each pixel 11 a can be performed through the wiring layer 60 .
  • a ranging image sensor 10 B is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10 A in that second charge transfer regions 26 a, 26 b, 27 a, and 27 b are arranged on both sides of the charge distribution region 23 in the X direction and a plurality of second transfer gate electrodes 44 a, 44 b, 45 a, and 45 b are arranged on both sides of the photogate electrode 41 in the X direction.
  • a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 a and 26 b are arranged on one side of the charge distribution region 23 in the X direction and on both sides of the first charge transfer region 24 in the Y direction.
  • a pair of second charge transfer regions 27 a and 27 b are arranged on the other side of the charge distribution region 23 in the X direction and on both sides of the first charge transfer region 25 in the Y direction.
  • the second transfer gate electrode 44 a is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and the second charge transfer region 26 a when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the second transfer gate electrode 44 b is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and the second charge transfer region 26 b when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the second transfer gate electrode 45 a is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and the second charge transfer region 27 a when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the second transfer gate electrode 45 b is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and the second charge transfer region 27 b when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the well region 31 is formed between the pixels 11 a so as to surround the charge distribution region 23 in the X direction when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the well region 31 is formed along a portion of the trench 29 extending along the X and Y directions.
  • the second multiplication region 22 b completely covers the pixel 11 a surrounded by the trench 29 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a covers a portion of the pixel 11 a surrounded by the trench 29 excluding the second side of the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the avalanche multiplication region 22 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 . Therefore, high sensitivity is realized in each pixel 11 a .
  • the n-type second multiplication region 22 b is formed so as to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20
  • the p-type first multiplication region 22 a is formed so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region 22 b that does not overlap the first multiplication region 22 a in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 becomes difficult to spread toward the well region 31 , so that the depletion layer is prevented from reaching the well region 31 . That is, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31 . Therefore, according to the ranging image sensor 10 B, it is possible to improve the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a is separated for each pixel 11 a .
  • the first multiplication region 22 a and the second multiplication region 22 b overlap each other when viewed from the Z direction. Since the trench 29 is formed in the portion, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of crosstalk.
  • a ranging image sensor 10 C is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10 A in that the first charge transfer region 24 is arranged in the central portion of the charge distribution region 23 , a plurality of second charge transfer regions 26 are arranged along the outer edge of the charge distribution region 23 , the photogate electrode 41 and the first transfer gate electrode 42 are formed in a ring shape, a plurality of second transfer gate electrodes 44 are arranged so as to surround the photogate electrode 41 , and the trench 29 is not formed in the semiconductor layer 20 and the avalanche multiplication region 22 is continuous over a plurality of pixels 11 a.
  • the first charge transfer region 24 is arranged in the central portion of the charge distribution region 23 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the plurality of second charge transfer regions 26 are arranged along the outer edge of the charge distribution region 23 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • Each second charge transfer region 26 is shared by two adjacent pixels 11 a .
  • the photogate electrode 41 has, for example, a rectangular ring shape and is arranged outside the first charge transfer region 24 and inside the plurality of second charge transfer regions 26 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the first transfer gate electrode 42 has, for example, a rectangular ring shape and is arranged outside the first charge transfer region 24 and inside the photogate electrode 41 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • Each second transfer gate electrode 44 is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and each second charge transfer region 26 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the well region 31 and the barrier region 34 are arranged on the intersections of a plurality of virtual lines arranged in a grid pattern so as to partition the plurality of pixels 11 a when viewed from the Z direction. For this reason, the trench 29 is not formed in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the second multiplication region 22 b is continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a .
  • the first multiplication region 22 a is continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a except for the second side of the well region 31 .
  • the avalanche multiplication region 22 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 . Therefore, high sensitivity is realized in each pixel 11 a .
  • the n-type second multiplication region 22 b is formed so as to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20
  • the p-type first multiplication region 22 a is formed so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region 22 b that does not overlap the first multiplication region 22 a in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 becomes difficult to spread toward the well region 31 , so that the depletion layer is prevented from reaching the well region 31 . That is, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31 . Therefore, according to the ranging image sensor 10 C, it is possible to improve the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
  • the sink region 35 (see FIG. 3 ) is not formed in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the barrier region 34 is separated from the first charge transfer region 24 as compared with the above-described ranging image sensor 10 A, and as a result, the electrons collected around the barrier region 34 are difficult to enter the first charge transfer region 24 .
  • the present disclosure is not limited to the first to third embodiments described above.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a may be formed so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the Z direction, or may cover a portion of the pixel 11 a surrounded by the trench 29 , excluding the second side of the well region 31 , when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a may be formed so as to be separated for each pixel 11 a.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a may be formed so as to overlap a part of the charge distribution region 23 in the Z direction
  • the second multiplication region 22 b may be formed so as to overlap a part of the charge distribution region 23 and a part of the well region 31 in the Z direction. That is, in the ranging image sensors 10 A, 10 B, and 10 C, when viewed from the Z direction, the first multiplication region 22 a and each of the regions 24 , 25 , 26 , and 27 do not need to overlap each other, and the second multiplication region 22 b and each of the regions 24 , 25 , 26 , and 27 do not need to overlap each other.
  • the first multiplication region 22 a may be formed so as to partially overlap the well region 31 in the Z direction as long as a configuration in which no current flows between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer formed in the first multiplication region 22 a reaching the well region 31 (or a configuration in which there is no practical problem even if a current flows between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 ) is obtained.
  • Each of the ranging image sensors 10 A, 10 B, and 10 C may include an electrode different from the counter electrode 50 .
  • each of the ranging image sensors 10 A, 10 B, and 10 C may include a through electrode formed by a TSV (Through-Silicon Via) structure on a semiconductor substrate.
  • each of the ranging image sensors 10 A, 10 B, and 10 C may include an electrode formed on a surface portion on the first side of the semiconductor substrate.
  • the well region 31 does not have to form a plurality of read circuits.
  • the well region 31 may function as a separation region, and a plurality of read circuits may be formed in a well region different from the well region 31 on the semiconductor substrate and electrically connected to each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 through the wiring layer 60 .
  • the barrier region 34 may not be formed in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • a part of the second multiplication region 22 b may function as a barrier region.
  • the barrier region 34 is not formed.
  • the second multiplication region 22 b includes a first region 22 c and a second region 22 d.
  • the first region 22 c is a region of the second multiplication region 22 b overlapping the charge distribution region 23 , a pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 , and a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 in the Z direction. That is, in the second multiplication region 22 b, the first region 22 c overlaps the charge distribution region 23 , the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 , and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the second region 22 d is a region of the second multiplication region 22 b overlapping the well region 31 in the Z direction. That is, in the second multiplication region 22 b, the second region 22 d overlaps the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the concentration of impurities in the second region 22 d is higher than the concentration of impurities in the first region 22 c.
  • the first region 22 c has a concentration of n-type impurities of 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or more
  • the second region 22 d has a concentration of n-type impurities of 2 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 to 3 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 .
  • the second region 22 d includes the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the sink region 35 is connected to the second region 22 d.
  • the first region 22 c may be formed so as to partially overlap the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction as long as a configuration in which no current flows between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer formed in the first region 22 c reaching the well region 31 (or a configuration in which there is no practical problem even if a current flows between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 ) is obtained.
  • the first region 22 c does not have to be formed so as not to overlap each of the regions 24 , 25 , 26 , and 27 .
  • the second region 22 d may be formed so as to partially overlap the charge distribution region 23 , the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 , and the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 in the Z direction. That is, the second region 22 d may be formed so as to overlap a part of the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the bottom surface 29 a of the trench 29 may be located in the avalanche multiplication region 22 in the Z direction. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels 11 a.
  • the bottom surface 29 a of the trench 29 may be located on the first side with respect to the avalanche multiplication region 22 , and the second multiplication region 22 b may be continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a .
  • the trench 29 may not be formed in the semiconductor layer 20 , and the second multiplication region 22 b may be continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a .
  • the first multiplication region 22 a is separated for each pixel 11 a on the second side of the second multiplication region 22 b. Therefore, since a current is prevented from flowing between the avalanche multiplication regions 22 of adjacent pixels 11 a, it is possible to sufficiently suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels 11 a.
  • each sink region 35 does not have to be connected to each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 .
  • the sink region 35 may not be formed in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the charge blocking region 28 may not be formed in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the sink region 35 connected to the barrier region 34 may be formed in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the sink region 35 connected to each of the barrier region 34 and the second charge transfer region 26 may be formed in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • the charge blocking region 28 may be formed in the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • an embedded region 36 may be formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a .
  • the embedded region 36 formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a suppresses the generation of dark current in each pixel 11 a.
  • the ranging image sensor 10 A shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10 A in that a plurality of charge blocking regions 28 are not formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a and the embedded region 36 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a .
  • the configuration of the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a in the ranging image sensor 10 A shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 is as follows.
  • the charge distribution region 23 is formed so as to overlap the photogate electrode 41 when viewed from the Z direction and so as not to overlap a plurality of transfer gate electrodes 42 , 43 , 44 , and 45 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the embedded region 36 is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the semiconductor layer 20 . That is, the charge distribution region 23 is embedded in the semiconductor layer 20 by the embedded region 36 .
  • the well region 31 surrounds a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side and the embedded region 36 . A part of the well region 31 is located between the embedded region 36 and each of the charge transfer regions 24 , 25 , 26 , and 27 .
  • the barrier region 34 surrounds a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side.
  • the inner edge of the barrier region 34 surrounding the charge distribution region 23 is located further inward than the inner edge of the well region 31 surrounding the charge distribution region 23 and the embedded region 36 .
  • the ranging image sensor 10 B shown in FIG. 16 is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10 B in that a plurality of charge blocking regions 28 are not formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a and the embedded region 36 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a .
  • the configuration of the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a in the ranging image sensor 10 B shown in FIG. 16 is as follows.
  • the charge distribution region 23 is formed so as to overlap the photogate electrode 41 when viewed from the Z direction and so as not to overlap a plurality of transfer gate electrodes 42 , 43 , 44 a, 44 b, 45 a, and 45 b (see FIG. 7 ) when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the embedded region 36 is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the semiconductor layer 20 . That is, the charge distribution region 23 is embedded in the semiconductor layer 20 by the embedded region 36 .
  • the well region 31 surrounds a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side and the embedded region 36 .
  • a part of the well region 31 is located between the embedded region 36 and each of the charge transfer regions 24 , 25 , 26 a, 26 b, 27 a, and 27 b (see FIG. 7 ).
  • the barrier region 34 surrounds a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side. When viewed from the Z direction, the inner edge of the barrier region 34 surrounding the charge distribution region 23 is located further inward than the inner edge of the well region 31 surrounding the charge distribution region 23 and the embedded region 36 .
  • the ranging image sensor 10 C shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10 C in that the embedded region 36 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a, the well region 31 (hereinafter, referred to as an “inner well region 31 ”) is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 so as to include the first charge transfer region 24 in each pixel 11 a, the well region 31 (hereinafter, referred to as an “outer well region 31 ”) is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 so as to include a plurality of second charge transfer regions 26 in each pixel 11 a, and the barrier region 34 is formed on the second side of each of the inner well region 31 and the outer well region 31 .
  • the configuration of the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a in the ranging image sensor 10 C shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 is as follows.
  • a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side is formed so as to overlap the photogate electrode 41 when viewed from the Z direction and so as not to overlap a plurality of transfer gate electrodes 42 and 44 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the embedded region 36 is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the semiconductor layer 20 . That is, the charge distribution region 23 is embedded in the semiconductor layer 20 by the embedded region 36 .
  • the embedded region 36 has, for example, a rectangular ring shape when viewed from the Z direction, similarly to the photogate electrode 41 .
  • the embedded region 36 surrounds the inner well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the outer well region 31 surrounds the embedded region 36 when viewed from the Z direction.
  • the counter electrode 50 may be formed of a material having conductivity and light transmission (for example, polysilicon).
  • the electrode (electrode on the first conductive type side) connected to the first multiplication region 22 a side, such as an electrode connected to the semiconductor region 21 is not limited to the counter electrode 50 , and may be a through electrode extending from the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 to the semiconductor region 21 , an electrode formed on the surface of the semiconductor region 21 reaching the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 , and the like.
  • At least one first charge transfer region, at least one second charge transfer region, at least one first transfer gate electrode, and at least one second transfer gate electrode may be provided for one pixel 11 a, and the method of applying a voltage to the first transfer gate electrode and the second transfer gate electrode and the method of extracting and discharging the charge from the first charge transfer region and the second charge transfer region are not limited to those described above.
  • each of the conductive types of p-type and n-type may be reversed from those described above.
  • the plurality of pixels 11 a may be aligned in a one-dimensional manner along the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 .
  • 10 A, 10 B, 10 C ranging image sensor, 11 a : pixel, 20 : semiconductor layer, 20 a : first surface, 20 b : second surface, 20 s : semiconductor substrate, 22 : avalanche multiplication region, 22 a : first multiplication region, 22 b : second multiplication region, 22 c : first region, 22 d : second region, 23 : charge distribution region, 24 , 25 : first charge transfer region, 26 , 26 a, 26 b, 27 , 27 a, 27 b : second charge transfer region, 29 : trench, 29 a : bottom surface, 31 : well region, 34 : barrier region, 35 : sink region, 40 : electrode layer, 41 : photogate electrode, 42 , 43 : first transfer gate electrode, 44 , 44 a, 44 b, 45 , 45 a , 45 b : second transfer gate electrode, 60 : wiring layer.

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Abstract

In a ranging image sensor, each pixel includes an avalanche multiplication region, a charge distribution region, a pair of first charge transfer regions, a pair of second charge transfer regions, a well region, a photogate electrode, a pair of first transfer gate electrodes, and a pair of second transfer gate electrodes. The first multiplication region of the avalanche multiplication region is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region and so as not to overlap the well region in the Z direction. The second multiplication region of the avalanche multiplication region is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region and the well region in the Z direction.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates to a ranging image sensor.
BACKGROUND ART
As a ranging image sensor that acquires a distance image of an object by using an indirect TOF (Time of Flight) method, a ranging image sensor is known that includes a semiconductor layer in which a photosensitive region is provided and a photogate electrode and a transfer gate electrode provided on the semiconductor layer for each pixel (see, for example, Patent Literatures 1 and 2). According to such a ranging image sensor, the charge generated in the photosensitive region due to the incidence of light can be transferred at high speed.
CITATION LIST Patent Literature
Patent Literature 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2011-133464
Patent Literature 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2013-206903
SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem
In the ranging image sensor described above, for example, in order to increase the distance that can be measured, it may be required to improve the light receiving sensitivity.
It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a ranging image sensor capable of improving the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM
A ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes: a semiconductor layer having a first surface on a first side and a second surface on a second side opposite to the first side and forming a plurality of pixels arranged along the first surface; and an electrode layer provided on the first surface and forming the plurality of pixels. Each of the plurality of pixels includes: an avalanche multiplication region including a first conductive type first multiplication region formed in the semiconductor layer and a second conductive type second multiplication region formed on the first side of the first multiplication region in the semiconductor layer; a second conductive type charge distribution region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the second multiplication region; a second conductive type first charge transfer region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the charge distribution region; a second conductive type second charge transfer region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the charge distribution region; a first conductive type well region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer; a photogate electrode formed on the first side of the charge distribution region in the electrode layer; a first transfer gate electrode formed on the first side of the charge distribution region in the electrode layer so as to be located on the first charge transfer region side with respect to the photogate electrode; and a second transfer gate electrode formed on the first side of the charge distribution region in the electrode layer so as to be located on the second charge transfer region side with respect to the photogate electrode. The first multiplication region is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region and so as not to overlap the well region in a thickness direction of the semiconductor layer, and the second multiplication region is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region and the well region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer.
In the ranging image sensor, the avalanche multiplication region is formed in the semiconductor layer. Therefore, high sensitivity is realized in each of the plurality of pixels. In addition, on the second side of the first conductive type well region, the second conductive type second multiplication region is formed so as to overlap the well region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer, and on the second side of the second conductive type second multiplication region, the first conductive type first multiplication region is formed so as not to overlap the well region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer. Therefore, when a reverse bias is applied to the semiconductor layer, a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region that does not overlap the first multiplication region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer becomes difficult to spread toward the well region, so that the depletion layer is prevented from reaching the well region. That is, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region. Therefore, it is possible to improve the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, each of the plurality of pixels may further include a second conductive type barrier region formed between the second multiplication region and the well region in the semiconductor layer. Therefore, even if a depletion layer formed in the second multiplication region spreads toward the well region by applying the reverse bias to the semiconductor layer, the barrier region prevents the depletion layer from reaching the well region. That is, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, the barrier region may include the well region when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, each of the plurality of pixels may further include a second conductive type sink region formed on the first side of the barrier region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the barrier region. Therefore, since the electrons collected around the second conductive type barrier region are drawn into the second conductive type sink region, it is possible to suppress the electrons collected around the barrier region from becoming noise as parasitic electrons.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, the sink region may be connected to the second charge transfer region. Therefore, when the second charge transfer region is used as an unnecessary charge discharge region, the charge drawn into the sink region can be discharged to the second charge transfer region.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, the second multiplication region may include a first region overlapping the charge distribution region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer and a second region overlapping the well region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer, and a concentration of impurities in the second region may be higher than a concentration of impurities in the first region. Therefore, when a reverse bias is applied to the semiconductor layer, even if a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region that does not overlap the first multiplication region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer spreads toward the well region, the second region prevents the depletion layer from reaching the well region. That is, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, the second region may include the well region when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region and the well region due to the depletion layer reaching the well region.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, each of the plurality of pixels may further include a second conductive type sink region formed on the first side of the second region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the second region. Therefore, since the electrons collected around the second conductive type first region are drawn into the second conductive type sink region, it is possible to suppress the electrons collected around the first region from becoming noise as parasitic electrons.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, the sink region may be connected to the second charge transfer region. Therefore, when the second charge transfer region is used as an unnecessary charge discharge region, the charge drawn into the sink region can be discharged to the second charge transfer region.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, a trench for separating each of the plurality of pixels from each other may be formed on the first surface of the semiconductor layer. Therefore, it is possible to reliably suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels.
In the ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure, the first multiplication region may be separated for each of the plurality of pixels. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels.
The ranging image sensor according to an aspect of the present disclosure may further include a wiring layer provided on the first surface so as to cover the electrode layer and electrically connected to each of the plurality of pixels. Therefore, the input and output of the electric signal to and from each of the plurality of pixels can be performed through the wiring layer.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a ranging image sensor capable of improving the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a photodetector including a ranging image sensor according to a first embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a pixel unit of the ranging image sensor according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line III-III shown in FIG. 2 .
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line IV-IV shown in FIG. 2 .
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method for manufacturing the ranging image sensor according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method for manufacturing the ranging image sensor according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a part of a ranging image sensor according to a second embodiment.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VIII-VIII shown in FIG. 7 .
FIG. 9 is a plan view of a part of a ranging image sensor according to a third embodiment.
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line X-X shown in FIG. 9 .
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XI-XI shown in FIG. 9 .
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a ranging image sensor of a modification example.
 DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the diagrams. In addition, the same or equivalent portions in the diagrams are denoted by the same reference numerals, and repeated description thereof will be omitted.
First Embodiment Configuration of Photodetector
As shown in FIG. 1 , a photodetector 1 includes a light source 2, a ranging image sensor 10A, a signal processing unit 3, a control unit 4, and a display unit 5. The photodetector 1 is a device that acquires a distance image of an object OJ (an image including information regarding a distance d to the object OJ) by using an indirect TOF method.
The light source 2 emits pulsed light L. The light source 2 is, for example, an infrared LED and the like. The pulsed light L is, for example, near-infrared light, and the frequency of the pulsed light L is, for example, 10 kHz or higher. The ranging image sensor 10A detects the pulsed light L emitted from the light source 2 and reflected by the object OJ. The ranging image sensor 10A is configured by monolithically forming a pixel unit 11 and a CMOS read circuit unit 12 on a semiconductor substrate (for example, a silicon substrate). The ranging image sensor 10A is mounted on the signal processing unit 3.
The signal processing unit 3 controls the pixel unit 11 and the CMOS read circuit unit 12 of the ranging image sensor 10A. The signal processing unit 3 performs predetermined processing on the signal output from the ranging image sensor 10A to generate a detection signal. The control unit 4 controls the light source 2 and the signal processing unit 3. The control unit 4 generates a distance image of the object OJ based on the detection signal output from the signal processing unit 3. The display unit 5 displays the distance image of the object OJ generated by the control unit 4.
Configuration of Ranging Image Sensor
As shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 , the ranging image sensor 10A includes a semiconductor layer 20 and an electrode layer 40 in the pixel unit 11. The semiconductor layer 20 has a first surface 20 a and a second surface 20 b. The first surface 20 a is a surface on one side of the semiconductor layer 20 in the thickness direction. The second surface 20 b is a surface on the other side of the semiconductor layer 20 in the thickness direction. The electrode layer 40 is provided on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20. The semiconductor layer 20 and the electrode layer 40 form a plurality of pixels 11 a arranged along the first surface 20 a. In the ranging image sensor 10A, the plurality of pixels 11 a are aligned in a two-dimensional manner along the first surface 20 a. Hereinafter, the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 is referred to as a Z direction, one direction perpendicular to the Z direction is referred to as an X direction, and a direction perpendicular to both the Z direction and the X direction is referred to as a Y direction. In addition, one side in the Z direction is referred to as a first side, and the other side in the Z direction (side opposite to the first side) is referred to as a second side. In addition, in FIG. 2 , the illustration of a wiring layer 60, which will be described later, is omitted.
In the semiconductor layer 20, each pixel 11 a includes a semiconductor region 21, an avalanche multiplication region 22, a charge distribution region 23, a pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25, a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27, a plurality of charge blocking regions 28, a well region 31, a LOCOS (Local Oxidation of Silicon) region 33, a barrier region 34, and a pair of sink regions 35. Each of the regions 21 to 28 and 31 to 35 is formed by performing various processes (for example, etching, film formation, impurity injection, and the like) on a semiconductor substrate (for example, a silicon substrate).
The semiconductor region 21 is a p-type (first conductive type) region, and is provided along the second surface 20 b in the semiconductor layer 20. The semiconductor region 21 functions as a light absorption region (photoelectric conversion region). As an example, the semiconductor region 21 is a p-type region having a carrier concentration of 1×1015 cm−3 or less, and the thickness of the semiconductor region 21 is about 10 μm. In addition, the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the like also function as a light absorption region (photoelectric conversion region).
The avalanche multiplication region 22 includes a first multiplication region 22 a and a second multiplication region 22 b. The first multiplication region 22 a is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the semiconductor region 21 in the semiconductor layer 20. As an example, the first multiplication region 22 a is a p-type region having a carrier concentration of 1×1016 cm−3 or more, and the thickness of the first multiplication region 22 a is about 1 μm. The second multiplication region 22 b is an n-type (second conductive type) region, and is formed on the first side of the first multiplication region 22 a in the semiconductor layer 20. As an example, the second multiplication region 22 b is an n-type region having a carrier concentration of 1×1016 cm−3 or more, and the thickness of the second multiplication region 22 b is about 1 μm. The first multiplication region 22 a and the second multiplication region 22 b form a pn junction.
The charge distribution region 23 is an n-type region, and is formed on the first side of the second multiplication region 22 b in the semiconductor layer 20. As an example, the charge distribution region 23 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration of 5×1015 to 1×1016 cm−3, and the thickness of the charge distribution region 23 is about 1 μm.
Each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 is an n-type region, and is formed on the first side of the second multiplication region 22 b in the semiconductor layer 20. Each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 is connected to the charge distribution region 23. The pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 face each other in the X direction with a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side interposed therebetween. As an example, each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration of 1×1018 cm−3 or more, and the thickness of each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 is about 0.2 μm. In addition, a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side is interposed between each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 and the second multiplication region 22 b. In the present embodiment, each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 functions as a charge storage region.
Each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is an n-type region, and is formed on the first side of the second multiplication region 22 b in the semiconductor layer 20. Each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is connected to the charge distribution region 23. The pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 face each other in the Y direction with a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side interposed therebetween. As an example, each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration of 1×1018 cm−3 or more, and the thickness of each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is about 0.2 μm. In addition, a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side is interposed between each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 and the second multiplication region 22 b. In the present embodiment, each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 functions as a charge discharge region.
Each charge blocking region 28 is a p-type region, and is formed between each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 and the charge distribution region 23 (a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side) in the semiconductor layer 20. As an example, each charge blocking region 28 is a p-type region having a carrier concentration of 1×1017 to 1×1018 cm−3, and the thickness of each charge blocking region 28 is about 0.2 μm.
The well region 31 is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the second multiplication region 22 b in the semiconductor layer 20. The well region 31 surrounds the charge distribution region 23 when viewed from the Z direction. The LOCOS region 33 is formed on the first side of the well region 31 in the semiconductor layer 20. The LOCOS region 33 is connected to the well region 31. The well region 31 forms a plurality of read circuits (for example, a source follower amplifier and a reset transistor) together with the LOCOS region 33. Each read circuit is electrically connected to each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25. As an example, the well region 31 is a p-type region having a carrier concentration of 1×1016 to 5×10 17 cm−3, and the thickness of the well region 31 is about 1 μm. In addition, as a structure for electrically separating the pixel unit and the read circuit unit from each other, STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) may be used instead of the LOCOS region 33, or only the well region 31 may be used.
The barrier region 34 is an n-type region, and is formed between the second multiplication region 22 b and the well region 31 in the semiconductor layer 20. The barrier region 34 includes the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. That is, the well region 31 is located in the barrier region 34 when viewed from the Z direction. The barrier region 34 surrounds the charge distribution region 23. The concentration of n-type impurities in the barrier region 34 is higher than the concentration of n-type impurities in the second multiplication region 22 b. As an example, the barrier region 34 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration from the carrier concentration of the second multiplication region 22 b to about twice the carrier concentration of the second multiplication region 22 b, and the thickness of the barrier region 34 is about 1 μm.
Each sink region 35 is an n-type region, and is formed on the first side of the barrier region 34 in the semiconductor layer 20. The end of each sink region 35 on the second side is connected to the barrier region 34. The end of each sink region 35 on the first side is connected to each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27. The concentration of n-type impurities in each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 is higher than the concentration of n-type impurities in each sink region 35, and the concentration of n-type impurities in each sink region 35 is higher than the concentration of n-type impurities in the barrier region 34 and the concentration of p-type impurities in the well region 31. As an example, each sink region 35 is an n-type region having a carrier concentration equal to or higher than the carrier concentration of the well region 31, and the thickness of each sink region 35 depends on the distance between each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 and the barrier region 34.
Each pixel 11 a includes a photogate electrode 41, a pair of first transfer gate electrodes 42 and 43, and a pair of second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45 in the electrode layer 40. Each of the gate electrodes 41 to 45 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 with an insulating film 46 interposed therebetween. The insulating film 46 is, for example, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, or the like.
The photogate electrode 41 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40. The photogate electrode 41 is formed of a material having conductivity and light transmission (for example, polysilicon). As an example, the photogate electrode 41 has a rectangular shape having two sides facing each other in the X direction and two sides facing each other in the Y direction when viewed from the Z direction.
The first transfer gate electrode 42 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40 so as to be located on the first charge transfer region 24 side with respect to the photogate electrode 41. The first transfer gate electrode 43 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40 so as to be located on the first charge transfer region 25 side with respect to the photogate electrode 41. Each of the first transfer gate electrodes 42 and 43 is formed of a material having conductivity and light transmission (for example, polysilicon). As an example, each of the first transfer gate electrodes 42 and 43 has a rectangular shape having two sides facing each other in the X direction and two sides facing each other in the Y direction when viewed from the Z direction.
The second transfer gate electrode 44 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40 so as to be located on the second charge transfer region 26 side with respect to the photogate electrode 41. The second transfer gate electrode 45 is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the electrode layer 40 so as to be located on the second charge transfer region 27 side with respect to the photogate electrode 41. Each of the second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45 is formed of a material having conductivity and light transmission (for example, polysilicon). As an example, each of the second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45 has a rectangular shape having two sides facing each other in the X direction and two sides facing each other in the Y direction when viewed from the Z direction.
The ranging image sensor 10A further includes a counter electrode 50 and the wiring layer 60 in the pixel unit 11. The counter electrode 50 is provided on the second surface 20 b of the semiconductor layer 20. The counter electrode 50 includes a plurality of pixels 11 a when viewed from the Z direction. The counter electrode 50 faces the electrode layer 40 in the Z direction. The counter electrode 50 is formed of, for example, a metal material. The wiring layer 60 is provided on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so as to cover the electrode layer 40. The wiring layer 60 is electrically connected to each pixel 11 a and the CMOS read circuit unit 12 (see FIG. 1 ). A light incidence opening 60 a is formed in a portion of the wiring layer 60 facing the photogate electrode 41 of each pixel 11 a.
A trench 29 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 so as to separate the pixels 11 a from each other. The trench 29 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20. A bottom surface 29 a of the trench 29 is located on the second side with respect to the avalanche multiplication region 22. That is, the trench 29 completely separates the avalanche multiplication region 22. An insulating material 47, such as silicon oxide, is arranged in the trench 29. In addition, instead of the insulating material 47, a metal material such as tungsten, polysilicon, or the like may be arranged in the trench 29.
In each pixel 11 a, the second multiplication region 22 b is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region 23, a pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25, a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27, and the well region 31 in the Z direction. That is, the second multiplication region 22 b overlaps the charge distribution region 23, the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25, the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27, and the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. In addition, in the present embodiment, the second multiplication region 22 b and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 partially overlap when viewed from the Z direction. In the present embodiment, in each pixel 11 a, the second multiplication region 22 b reaches the trench 29. Specifically, the second multiplication region 22 b completely covers each pixel 11 a surrounded by the trench 29 when viewed from the Z direction. On the other hand, in each pixel 11 a, the first multiplication region 22 a is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region 23, the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25, and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 and so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the Z direction. That is, the first multiplication region 22 a overlaps the charge distribution region 23, the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25, and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 and does not overlap the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. In the present embodiment, the first multiplication region 22 a and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 partially overlap when viewed from the Z direction. In the present embodiment, the first multiplication region 22 a does not reach the trench 29. Specifically, the first multiplication region 22 a is separated for each pixel 11 a on the second side of the second multiplication region 22 b. When viewed from the Z direction, a part of the semiconductor region 21 provided along the second surface 20 b in the semiconductor layer 20 is arranged between the trench 29 and the first multiplication region 22 a. That is, on the second side of the well region 31, the second multiplication region 22 b and the semiconductor region 21 are formed so as to overlap each other in the Z direction.
The avalanche multiplication region 22 is a region that causes avalanche multiplication. More specifically, in each pixel 11 a, in the avalanche multiplication region 22, a region where the first multiplication region 22 a and the second multiplication region 22 b overlap each other when viewed from the Z direction can generate an electric field strength of 3×105 to 4×105 V/cm when a predetermined value of reverse bias is applied, thereby causing avalanche multiplication.
An example of the operation of the ranging image sensor 10A configured as described above is as follows. In each pixel 11 a of the ranging image sensor 10A, a negative voltage (for example, −50 V) is applied to the counter electrode 50 with the electric potential of the photogate electrode 41 as a reference (that is, a reverse bias is applied to the pn junction formed in the avalanche multiplication region 22), so that an electric field strength of 3×105 to 4×105 V/cm is generated in the avalanche multiplication region 22. In this state, when the pulsed light L is incident on the semiconductor layer 20 through the light incidence opening 60 a and the photogate electrode 41, electrons generated by the absorption of the pulsed light L are multiplied in the avalanche multiplication region 22 and move to the charge distribution region 23 at high speed.
When generating a distance image of the object OJ (see FIG. 1 ), a reset voltage is applied to the pair of second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45 in each pixel 11 a. The reset voltage is a positive voltage with respect to the electric potential of the photogate electrode 41. Therefore, the electrons that have moved to the charge distribution region 23 are discharged from the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27.
Then, a pulse voltage signal is applied to the pair of first transfer gate electrodes 42 and 43. As an example, the pulse voltage signal applied to the first transfer gate electrode 42 is a voltage signal in which a positive voltage and a negative voltage are alternately repeated with the electric potential of the photogate electrode 41 as a reference, and is a voltage signal having the same period, pulse width, and phase as the intensity signal of the pulsed light L emitted from the light source 2 (see FIG. 1 ). On the other hand, the pulse voltage signal applied to the first transfer gate electrode 43 is the same voltage signal as the pulse voltage signal applied to the first transfer gate electrode 42 except that the phase is shifted by 180°.
Therefore, the electrons that have moved to the charge distribution region 23 are alternately transferred to the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 at high speed. The electrons stored in each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 by the transfer for a predetermined period are transferred to the CMOS read circuit unit 12 (see FIG. 1 ) as a signal through a read circuit configured by the well regions 31 and the like and the wiring layer 60.
As shown in FIG. 1 , when the pulsed light L is emitted from the light source 2 and the pulsed light L reflected by the object OJ is detected by the ranging image sensor 10A, the phase of the intensity signal of the pulsed light L detected by the ranging image sensor 10A is shifted from the phase of the intensity signal of the pulsed light L emitted from the light source 2 according to the distance d to the object OJ. Therefore, by acquiring a signal based on the electrons stored in each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 for each pixel 11 a, it is possible to generate a distance image of the object OJ.
Method for Manufacturing Ranging Image Sensor
As shown in (a) of FIG. 5 , a p-type semiconductor substrate 20 s is prepared, and the first multiplication region 22 a, the second multiplication region 22 b, and the charge distribution region 23 are formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s. At this time, the second multiplication region 22 b is formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s so as to be continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a (see (b) of FIG. 5 ). The first multiplication region 22 a is formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 s overlapping the charge distribution region 23 (see (b) of FIG. 5 ), the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 (see (b) of FIG. 5 ), and the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 (see (b) of FIG. 5 ) when viewed from the Z direction. Then, as shown in (b) of FIG. 5 , the trench 29 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20. Then, as shown in (a) of FIG. 6 , each of the regions 24 to 28 and 31 to 35 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s so that each pixel 11 a includes a pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25, a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27, a plurality of charge blocking regions 28, the well regions 31, the LOCOS region 33, the barrier region 34, and a pair of sink regions 35. As described above, the semiconductor layer 20 is formed in which the trench 29 is formed (first step). In addition, the semiconductor region 21 is a region of the semiconductor substrate 20 s.
Then, as shown in (b) of FIG. 6 , each of the gate electrodes 41 to 45 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so that each pixel 11 a includes the photogate electrode 41, a pair of first transfer gate electrodes 42 and 43, and a pair of second transfer gate electrodes 44 and 45. As a result, the electrode layer 40 is formed (second step). Then, as shown in FIG. 3 , the wiring layer 60 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so as to cover the electrode layer 40, and the wiring layer 60 is electrically connected to each pixel 11 a (third step). Then, the counter electrode 50 is formed on the second surface 20 b of the semiconductor layer 20. In parallel with the formation of the pixel unit 11 on the semiconductor substrate 20 s, the CMOS read circuit unit 12 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s. As described above, the ranging image sensor 10A is manufactured. In addition, the trench 29 may be formed before each of the gate electrodes 41 to 45 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 after each of the regions 24 to 28 and 31 to 35 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 20 s.
Operations and Effects
In the ranging image sensor 10A, the avalanche multiplication region 22 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20. Therefore, high sensitivity is realized in each pixel 11 a. In addition, on the second side of the p-type well region 31, the n-type second multiplication region 22 b is formed so as to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20, and on the second side of the n-type second multiplication region 22 b, the p-type first multiplication region 22 a is formed so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20. Therefore, when a reverse bias is applied to the semiconductor layer 20, a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region 22 b that does not overlap the first multiplication region 22 a in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 becomes difficult to spread toward the well region 31, so that the depletion layer is suppressed from reaching the well region 31. That is, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31. Therefore, according to the ranging image sensor 10A, it is possible to improve the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
The effect of the ranging image sensor 10A will be further described. On the second side of the p-type well region 31, the n-type second multiplication region 22 b and the p-type semiconductor region 21 having a lower concentration of p-type impurities than the concentration of p-type impurities in the well region 31 are formed so as to overlap each other in the Z direction. When a negative voltage is applied to the counter electrode 50 with the electric potential of the photogate electrode 41 as a reference, a depletion layer is formed between the n-type second multiplication region 22 b and the p-type semiconductor region 21. However, the depletion layer easily spreads toward the semiconductor region 21 having a lower concentration of p-type impurities, and does not easily spread toward the well region 31 on the side opposite to the semiconductor region 21. Therefore, according to the ranging image sensor 10A, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31.
In the ranging image sensor 10A, the bottom surface 29 a of the trench 29 is located on the second side with respect to the avalanche multiplication region 22. As a result, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels 11 a.
In the ranging image sensor 10A, the n-type barrier region 34 is formed between the second multiplication region 22 b and the well region 31 that forms a read circuit. Therefore, even if a depletion layer formed in the second multiplication region spreads toward the well region 31 by applying the reverse bias to the semiconductor layer 20, the barrier region 34 prevents the depletion layer from reaching the well region 31. That is, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31.
In the ranging image sensor 10A, the barrier region 34 includes the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. As a result, it is possible to suppress the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31.
In the ranging image sensor 10A, the n-type sink region 35 connected to the barrier region 34 is formed on the first side of the barrier region 34. Therefore, since the electrons collected around the n-type barrier region 34 are drawn into the n-type sink region 35, it is possible to suppress the electrons collected around the barrier region 34 from becoming noise as parasitic electrons. In addition, by adjusting the impurity concentration in a region between the first charge transfer region 24 and each sink region 35 and a region between the first charge transfer region 25 and each sink region 35, it is possible to form a potential energy state in which parasitic electrons are more likely to be drawn into the sink region 35 than each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25.
In the ranging image sensor 10A, the sink region 35 is connected to each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27. Therefore, the parasitic electrons drawn into the sink region 35 can be discharged to each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27, which function as unnecessary charge discharge regions.
In the ranging image sensor 10A, the wiring layer 60 is provided on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so as to cover the electrode layer 40, and the wiring layer 60 is electrically connected to each pixel 11 a. As a result, the input and output of the electric signal to and from each pixel 11 a can be performed through the wiring layer 60.
In the method for manufacturing the ranging image sensor 10A, after the gate electrodes 41 to 45 are formed, the wiring layer 60 is formed on the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 so as to cover the electrode layer 40, and the wiring layer 60 is electrically connected to each pixel 11 a. As a result, in the manufactured ranging image sensor 10A, the input and output of the electric signal to and from each pixel 11 a can be performed through the wiring layer 60.
Second Embodiment
As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 , a ranging image sensor 10B is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10A in that second charge transfer regions 26 a, 26 b, 27 a, and 27 b are arranged on both sides of the charge distribution region 23 in the X direction and a plurality of second transfer gate electrodes 44 a, 44 b, 45 a, and 45 b are arranged on both sides of the photogate electrode 41 in the X direction.
In each pixel 11 a of the ranging image sensor 10B, a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 a and 26 b are arranged on one side of the charge distribution region 23 in the X direction and on both sides of the first charge transfer region 24 in the Y direction. A pair of second charge transfer regions 27 a and 27 b are arranged on the other side of the charge distribution region 23 in the X direction and on both sides of the first charge transfer region 25 in the Y direction. The second transfer gate electrode 44 a is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and the second charge transfer region 26 a when viewed from the Z direction. The second transfer gate electrode 44 b is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and the second charge transfer region 26 b when viewed from the Z direction. The second transfer gate electrode 45 a is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and the second charge transfer region 27 a when viewed from the Z direction. The second transfer gate electrode 45 b is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and the second charge transfer region 27 b when viewed from the Z direction.
In each pixel 11 a of the ranging image sensor 10B, the well region 31 is formed between the pixels 11 a so as to surround the charge distribution region 23 in the X direction when viewed from the Z direction. The well region 31 is formed along a portion of the trench 29 extending along the X and Y directions.
In each pixel 11 a of the ranging image sensor 10B, the second multiplication region 22 b completely covers the pixel 11 a surrounded by the trench 29 when viewed from the Z direction. In each pixel 11 a of the ranging image sensor 10B, the first multiplication region 22 a covers a portion of the pixel 11 a surrounded by the trench 29 excluding the second side of the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction.
Also in the ranging image sensor 10B, similarly to the ranging image sensor 10A described above, the avalanche multiplication region 22 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20. Therefore, high sensitivity is realized in each pixel 11 a. In addition, on the second side of the p-type well region 31 forming the read circuit, the n-type second multiplication region 22 b is formed so as to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20, and on the second side of the n-type second multiplication region 22 b, the p-type first multiplication region 22 a is formed so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20. Therefore, when a reverse bias is applied to the semiconductor layer 20, a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region 22 b that does not overlap the first multiplication region 22 a in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 becomes difficult to spread toward the well region 31, so that the depletion layer is prevented from reaching the well region 31. That is, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31. Therefore, according to the ranging image sensor 10B, it is possible to improve the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
In addition, also in the ranging image sensor 10B, the first multiplication region 22 a is separated for each pixel 11 a. As a result, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels 11 a. In particular, in a portion of the boundary between the adjacent pixels 11 a along the X direction, the first multiplication region 22 a and the second multiplication region 22 b overlap each other when viewed from the Z direction. Since the trench 29 is formed in the portion, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of crosstalk.
Third Embodiment
As shown in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11 , a ranging image sensor 10C is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10A in that the first charge transfer region 24 is arranged in the central portion of the charge distribution region 23, a plurality of second charge transfer regions 26 are arranged along the outer edge of the charge distribution region 23, the photogate electrode 41 and the first transfer gate electrode 42 are formed in a ring shape, a plurality of second transfer gate electrodes 44 are arranged so as to surround the photogate electrode 41, and the trench 29 is not formed in the semiconductor layer 20 and the avalanche multiplication region 22 is continuous over a plurality of pixels 11 a.
In each pixel 11 a of the ranging image sensor 10C, the first charge transfer region 24 is arranged in the central portion of the charge distribution region 23 when viewed from the Z direction. The plurality of second charge transfer regions 26 are arranged along the outer edge of the charge distribution region 23 when viewed from the Z direction. Each second charge transfer region 26 is shared by two adjacent pixels 11 a. The photogate electrode 41 has, for example, a rectangular ring shape and is arranged outside the first charge transfer region 24 and inside the plurality of second charge transfer regions 26 when viewed from the Z direction. The first transfer gate electrode 42 has, for example, a rectangular ring shape and is arranged outside the first charge transfer region 24 and inside the photogate electrode 41 when viewed from the Z direction. Each second transfer gate electrode 44 is arranged between the photogate electrode 41 and each second charge transfer region 26 when viewed from the Z direction.
In each pixel 11 a of the ranging image sensor 10C, the well region 31 and the barrier region 34 are arranged on the intersections of a plurality of virtual lines arranged in a grid pattern so as to partition the plurality of pixels 11 a when viewed from the Z direction. For this reason, the trench 29 is not formed in the semiconductor layer 20. In the present embodiment, the second multiplication region 22 b is continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a. On the other hand, the first multiplication region 22 a is continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a except for the second side of the well region 31.
Also in the ranging image sensor 10C, the avalanche multiplication region 22 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20. Therefore, high sensitivity is realized in each pixel 11 a. In addition, on the second side of the p-type well region 31 forming the read circuit, the n-type second multiplication region 22 b is formed so as to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20, and on the second side of the n-type second multiplication region 22 b, the p-type first multiplication region 22 a is formed so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20. Therefore, when a reverse bias is applied to the semiconductor layer 20, a depletion layer formed in a portion of the second multiplication region 22 b that does not overlap the first multiplication region 22 a in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer 20 becomes difficult to spread toward the well region 31, so that the depletion layer is prevented from reaching the well region 31. That is, it is possible to prevent the current from flowing between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer reaching the well region 31. Therefore, according to the ranging image sensor 10C, it is possible to improve the light receiving sensitivity while maintaining the signal reading accuracy.
In addition, in the ranging image sensor 10C, the sink region 35 (see FIG. 3 ) is not formed in the semiconductor layer 20. This is because, in the ranging image sensor 10C, the barrier region 34 is separated from the first charge transfer region 24 as compared with the above-described ranging image sensor 10A, and as a result, the electrons collected around the barrier region 34 are difficult to enter the first charge transfer region 24.
Modification Examples
The present disclosure is not limited to the first to third embodiments described above. In the ranging image sensor 10A, the first multiplication region 22 a may be formed so as not to overlap the well region 31 in the Z direction, or may cover a portion of the pixel 11 a surrounded by the trench 29, excluding the second side of the well region 31, when viewed from the Z direction. In addition, in the ranging image sensor 10C, the first multiplication region 22 a may be formed so as to be separated for each pixel 11 a.
In the ranging image sensors 10A, 10B, and 10C, the first multiplication region 22 a may be formed so as to overlap a part of the charge distribution region 23 in the Z direction, and the second multiplication region 22 b may be formed so as to overlap a part of the charge distribution region 23 and a part of the well region 31 in the Z direction. That is, in the ranging image sensors 10A, 10B, and 10C, when viewed from the Z direction, the first multiplication region 22 a and each of the regions 24, 25, 26, and 27 do not need to overlap each other, and the second multiplication region 22 b and each of the regions 24, 25, 26, and 27 do not need to overlap each other. In addition, in the ranging image sensors 10A, 10B, and 10C, the first multiplication region 22 a may be formed so as to partially overlap the well region 31 in the Z direction as long as a configuration in which no current flows between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer formed in the first multiplication region 22 a reaching the well region 31 (or a configuration in which there is no practical problem even if a current flows between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31) is obtained.
Each of the ranging image sensors 10A, 10B, and 10C may include an electrode different from the counter electrode 50. As an example, each of the ranging image sensors 10A, 10B, and 10C may include a through electrode formed by a TSV (Through-Silicon Via) structure on a semiconductor substrate. Alternatively, each of the ranging image sensors 10A, 10B, and 10C may include an electrode formed on a surface portion on the first side of the semiconductor substrate.
In the ranging image sensors 10A, 10B, and 10C, the well region 31 does not have to form a plurality of read circuits. In this case, the well region 31 may function as a separation region, and a plurality of read circuits may be formed in a well region different from the well region 31 on the semiconductor substrate and electrically connected to each of the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25 through the wiring layer 60.
In the ranging image sensors 10A, 10B, and 10C, the barrier region 34 may not be formed in the semiconductor layer 20. In addition, in the ranging image sensors 10A, 10B, and 10C, a part of the second multiplication region 22 b may function as a barrier region. As an example, in the ranging image sensor 10A shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 , the barrier region 34 is not formed. In addition, in the ranging image sensor 10A, the second multiplication region 22 b includes a first region 22 c and a second region 22 d. The first region 22 c is a region of the second multiplication region 22 b overlapping the charge distribution region 23, a pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25, and a pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 in the Z direction. That is, in the second multiplication region 22 b, the first region 22 c overlaps the charge distribution region 23, the pair of first charge transfer regions 24 and 25, and the pair of second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 when viewed from the Z direction. The second region 22 d is a region of the second multiplication region 22 b overlapping the well region 31 in the Z direction. That is, in the second multiplication region 22 b, the second region 22 d overlaps the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. The concentration of impurities in the second region 22 d is higher than the concentration of impurities in the first region 22 c. As an example, the first region 22 c has a concentration of n-type impurities of 1×1016 cm−3 or more, and the second region 22 d has a concentration of n-type impurities of 2×1016 cm−3 to 3×1016 cm−3. The second region 22 d includes the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. The sink region 35 is connected to the second region 22 d.
Even with this, the same effect as when forming the barrier region 34 in the semiconductor layer 20 is obtained by the second region 22 d. In addition, the first region 22 c may be formed so as to partially overlap the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction as long as a configuration in which no current flows between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31 due to the depletion layer formed in the first region 22 c reaching the well region 31 (or a configuration in which there is no practical problem even if a current flows between the avalanche multiplication region 22 and the well region 31) is obtained. In addition, the first region 22 c does not have to be formed so as not to overlap each of the regions 24, 25, 26, and 27. The second region 22 d may be formed so as to partially overlap the charge distribution region 23, the first charge transfer regions 24 and 25, and the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27 in the Z direction. That is, the second region 22 d may be formed so as to overlap a part of the well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction.
In the ranging image sensors 10A and 10B, the bottom surface 29 a of the trench 29 may be located in the avalanche multiplication region 22 in the Z direction. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels 11 a.
In the ranging image sensors 10A and 10B, the bottom surface 29 a of the trench 29 may be located on the first side with respect to the avalanche multiplication region 22, and the second multiplication region 22 b may be continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a. Alternatively, in the ranging image sensors 10A and 10B, the trench 29 may not be formed in the semiconductor layer 20, and the second multiplication region 22 b may be continuous over the plurality of pixels 11 a. Even in these cases, in the ranging image sensors 10A and 10B, the first multiplication region 22 a is separated for each pixel 11 a on the second side of the second multiplication region 22 b. Therefore, since a current is prevented from flowing between the avalanche multiplication regions 22 of adjacent pixels 11 a, it is possible to sufficiently suppress the occurrence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels 11 a.
In the ranging image sensors 10A and 10B, each sink region 35 does not have to be connected to each of the second charge transfer regions 26 and 27. In the ranging image sensors 10A and 10B, the sink region 35 may not be formed in the semiconductor layer 20. In the ranging image sensors 10A and 10B, the charge blocking region 28 may not be formed in the semiconductor layer 20.
In the ranging image sensor 10C, the sink region 35 connected to the barrier region 34 may be formed in the semiconductor layer 20. In the ranging image sensor 10C, the sink region 35 connected to each of the barrier region 34 and the second charge transfer region 26 may be formed in the semiconductor layer 20. In the ranging image sensor 10C, the charge blocking region 28 may be formed in the semiconductor layer 20.
As shown in FIGS. 14 to 18 , in the ranging image sensors 10A to 10C, an embedded region 36 may be formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a. The embedded region 36 formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a suppresses the generation of dark current in each pixel 11 a.
The ranging image sensor 10A shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10A in that a plurality of charge blocking regions 28 are not formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a and the embedded region 36 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a. The configuration of the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a in the ranging image sensor 10A shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 is as follows.
As shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 , the charge distribution region 23 is formed so as to overlap the photogate electrode 41 when viewed from the Z direction and so as not to overlap a plurality of transfer gate electrodes 42, 43, 44, and 45 when viewed from the Z direction. The embedded region 36 is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the semiconductor layer 20. That is, the charge distribution region 23 is embedded in the semiconductor layer 20 by the embedded region 36. The well region 31 surrounds a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side and the embedded region 36. A part of the well region 31 is located between the embedded region 36 and each of the charge transfer regions 24, 25, 26, and 27. The barrier region 34 surrounds a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side. When viewed from the Z direction, the inner edge of the barrier region 34 surrounding the charge distribution region 23 is located further inward than the inner edge of the well region 31 surrounding the charge distribution region 23 and the embedded region 36.
The ranging image sensor 10B shown in FIG. 16 is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10B in that a plurality of charge blocking regions 28 are not formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a and the embedded region 36 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a. The configuration of the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a in the ranging image sensor 10B shown in FIG. 16 is as follows.
As shown in FIG. 16 , the charge distribution region 23 is formed so as to overlap the photogate electrode 41 when viewed from the Z direction and so as not to overlap a plurality of transfer gate electrodes 42, 43, 44 a, 44 b, 45 a, and 45 b (see FIG. 7 ) when viewed from the Z direction. The embedded region 36 is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the semiconductor layer 20. That is, the charge distribution region 23 is embedded in the semiconductor layer 20 by the embedded region 36. The well region 31 surrounds a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side and the embedded region 36. A part of the well region 31 is located between the embedded region 36 and each of the charge transfer regions 24, 25, 26 a, 26 b, 27 a, and 27 b (see FIG. 7 ). The barrier region 34 surrounds a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the second side. When viewed from the Z direction, the inner edge of the barrier region 34 surrounding the charge distribution region 23 is located further inward than the inner edge of the well region 31 surrounding the charge distribution region 23 and the embedded region 36.
The ranging image sensor 10C shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 is mainly different from the above-described ranging image sensor 10C in that the embedded region 36 is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a, the well region 31 (hereinafter, referred to as an “inner well region 31”) is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 so as to include the first charge transfer region 24 in each pixel 11 a, the well region 31 (hereinafter, referred to as an “outer well region 31”) is formed in the semiconductor layer 20 so as to include a plurality of second charge transfer regions 26 in each pixel 11 a, and the barrier region 34 is formed on the second side of each of the inner well region 31 and the outer well region 31. The configuration of the semiconductor layer 20 of each pixel 11 a in the ranging image sensor 10C shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 is as follows.
As shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 , a portion of the charge distribution region 23 on the first side is formed so as to overlap the photogate electrode 41 when viewed from the Z direction and so as not to overlap a plurality of transfer gate electrodes 42 and 44 when viewed from the Z direction. The embedded region 36 is a p-type region, and is formed on the first side of the charge distribution region 23 in the semiconductor layer 20. That is, the charge distribution region 23 is embedded in the semiconductor layer 20 by the embedded region 36. The embedded region 36 has, for example, a rectangular ring shape when viewed from the Z direction, similarly to the photogate electrode 41. The embedded region 36 surrounds the inner well region 31 when viewed from the Z direction. The outer well region 31 surrounds the embedded region 36 when viewed from the Z direction.
In the ranging image sensors 10A to 10C, it is possible to make light incident on the semiconductor layer 20 from both the first side and the second side. For example, when light is incident on the semiconductor layer 20 from the second side, the counter electrode 50 may be formed of a material having conductivity and light transmission (for example, polysilicon). The electrode (electrode on the first conductive type side) connected to the first multiplication region 22 a side, such as an electrode connected to the semiconductor region 21, is not limited to the counter electrode 50, and may be a through electrode extending from the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20 to the semiconductor region 21, an electrode formed on the surface of the semiconductor region 21 reaching the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20, and the like. In any of the ranging image sensors 10A to 10C, at least one first charge transfer region, at least one second charge transfer region, at least one first transfer gate electrode, and at least one second transfer gate electrode may be provided for one pixel 11 a, and the method of applying a voltage to the first transfer gate electrode and the second transfer gate electrode and the method of extracting and discharging the charge from the first charge transfer region and the second charge transfer region are not limited to those described above. In any of the ranging image sensors 10A to 10C, each of the conductive types of p-type and n-type may be reversed from those described above. In any of the ranging image sensors 10A to 10C, the plurality of pixels 11 a may be aligned in a one-dimensional manner along the first surface 20 a of the semiconductor layer 20.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
10A, 10B, 10C: ranging image sensor, 11 a: pixel, 20: semiconductor layer, 20 a: first surface, 20 b: second surface, 20 s: semiconductor substrate, 22: avalanche multiplication region, 22 a: first multiplication region, 22 b: second multiplication region, 22 c: first region, 22 d: second region, 23: charge distribution region, 24, 25: first charge transfer region, 26, 26 a, 26 b, 27, 27 a, 27 b: second charge transfer region, 29: trench, 29 a: bottom surface, 31: well region, 34: barrier region, 35: sink region, 40: electrode layer, 41: photogate electrode, 42, 43: first transfer gate electrode, 44, 44 a, 44 b, 45, 45 a, 45 b: second transfer gate electrode, 60: wiring layer.

Claims (12)

The invention claimed is:
1. A ranging image sensor, comprising:
a semiconductor layer having a first surface on a first side and a second surface on a second side opposite to the first side and forming a plurality of pixels arranged along the first surface; and
an electrode layer provided on the first surface and forming the plurality of pixels,
wherein each of the plurality of pixels includes:
an avalanche multiplication region including a first conductive type first multiplication region formed in the semiconductor layer and a second conductive type second multiplication region formed on the first side of the first multiplication region in the semiconductor layer;
a second conductive type charge distribution region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the second multiplication region;
a second conductive type first charge transfer region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the charge distribution region;
a second conductive type second charge transfer region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the charge distribution region;
a first conductive type well region formed on the first side of the second multiplication region in the semiconductor layer;
a photogate electrode formed on the first side of the charge distribution region in the electrode layer;
a first transfer gate electrode formed on the first side of the charge distribution region in the electrode layer so as to be located on the first charge transfer region side with respect to the photogate electrode; and
a second transfer gate electrode formed on the first side of the charge distribution region in the electrode layer so as to be located on the second charge transfer region side with respect to the photogate electrode,
the first multiplication region is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region and so as not to overlap the well region in a thickness direction of the semiconductor layer, and
the second multiplication region is formed so as to overlap the charge distribution region and the well region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer.
2. The ranging image sensor according to claim 1,
wherein each of the plurality of pixels further includes a second conductive type barrier region formed between the second multiplication region and the well region in the semiconductor layer.
3. The ranging image sensor according to claim 2,
wherein the barrier region includes the well region when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer.
4. The ranging image sensor according to claim 2,
wherein each of the plurality of pixels further includes a second conductive type sink region formed on the first side of the barrier region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the barrier region.
5. The ranging image sensor according to claim 4,
wherein the sink region is connected to the second charge transfer region.
6. The ranging image sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the second multiplication region includes a first region overlapping the charge distribution region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer and a second region overlapping the well region in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer, and
a concentration of impurities in the second region is higher than a concentration of impurities in the first region.
7. The ranging image sensor according to claim 6,
wherein the second region includes the well region when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer.
8. The ranging image sensor according to claim 6,
wherein each of the plurality of pixels further includes a second conductive type sink region formed on the first side of the second region in the semiconductor layer and connected to the second region.
9. The ranging image sensor according to claim 8,
wherein the sink region is connected to the second charge transfer region.
10. The ranging image sensor according to claim 1,
wherein a trench for separating each of the plurality of pixels from each other is formed on the first surface of the semiconductor layer.
11. The ranging image sensor according to claim 1,
wherein the first multiplication region is separated for each of the plurality of pixels.
12. The ranging image sensor according to claim 1, further comprising:
a wiring layer provided on the first surface so as to cover the electrode layer and electrically connected to each of the plurality of pixels.
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