US11901697B2

US11901697B2 - Single-FET pulsed laser diode driver

Info

Publication number: US11901697B2
Application number: US17/661,184
Authority: US
Inventors: Joseph H. Colles; Steven E. Rosenbaum; Stuart B. Molin
Original assignee: Silanna Asia Pte Ltd
Current assignee: Silanna Asia Pte Ltd
Priority date: 2022-04-05
Filing date: 2022-04-28
Publication date: 2024-02-13
Also published as: US20240146023A1; TW202341591A; US20230318259A1; WO2023194828A1

Abstract

A pulsed laser diode driver includes multiple resonant laser diode driver cells, each cell including an inductor having a first inductor terminal to receive a source voltage, a source capacitor coupled between the first inductor terminal and ground, a bypass capacitor having a first terminal connected to the first inductor terminal and a second terminal connected to a second inductor terminal, a laser diode having a cathode that is connected to the first inductor terminal and an anode that is connected to the second inductor terminal, and a bypass switch connected between the second inductor terminal and ground. Each cell's bypass switch is configured to control a current flow through that cell's respective inductor to produce a high-current pulse through that cell's laser diode, the high-current pulse corresponding to a peak current of a resonant waveform developed at the anode of that cell's laser diode.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/657,973, filed Apr. 5, 2022, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Laser-based ranging systems, such as Lidar, often use a pulsed laser diode driver circuit to generate a short, high-current pulse, which is passed through a laser diode to emit a corresponding pulse of laser light. Reflected pulses of laser light are received by the Lidar system and used to determine a distance between the Lidar system and the point of reflection. Spatial resolution of Lidar systems is determined in part by the width of the pulse of laser light. Thus, it is usually desirable to generate a pulse of light having a width of about 5 ns or less. However, parasitic inductances of the pulsed laser diode driver circuit and the laser diode typically must be overcome to achieve the desired short pulse width. For example, many laser diodes have at least one bond wire which can contribute 1 nH of inductance, thereby limiting a slew rate of the current pulse unless there is very high voltage. Thus, some conventional pulsed laser diode driver circuits use a high source voltage, often greater than 40V-100V, to achieve the desired pulse width. Switching devices, such as GaN field-effect transistors (FET) are often used in conventional pulsed laser diode driver circuits as they can withstand such high voltages. However, pulsed laser diode driver circuits that use GaN technology may be more expensive, and/or may be more difficult to integrate with Silicon-based architectures.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a pulsed laser diode driver includes multiple resonant laser diode driver cells. Each resonant laser diode driver cell includes an inductor having a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal being configured to receive a source voltage, a bypass capacitor having a first terminal directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the inductor and a second terminal directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor, a laser diode having a cathode that is directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the inductor and an anode that is directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor, and a bypass switch having a drain node that is directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor and a source node that is directly electrically connected to ground. The pulsed laser diode driver includes a source capacitor that has a first terminal directly electrically connected to the first terminal of each inductor of the resonant laser diode driver cells to provide the source voltage thereto and a second terminal electrically coupled to ground, and a damping switch having a drain node that is directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the source capacitor and a source node that is directly electrically connected to ground. For each resonant laser diode driver cell, the bypass switch is configured to control a current flow through the inductor to produce a high-current pulse through the laser diode, the high-current pulse corresponding to a peak current of a resonant waveform developed at the anode of the laser diode. The damping switch is configured to discharge the source capacitor after each high-current pulse is produced.

In some embodiments, a pulsed laser diode driver includes multiple resonant laser diode driver cells. Each resonant laser diode driver cell includes an inductor having a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal being configured to receive a source voltage, a bypass capacitor having a first terminal directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the inductor and a second terminal directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor, a laser diode having a cathode that is directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the inductor and an anode that is directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor, and a bypass switch having a drain node that is directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor and a source node that is directly electrically connected to ground. The pulsed laser diode driver includes a source capacitor having a first terminal directly electrically connected to the first terminal of each inductor of the resonant laser diode driver cells to provide the source voltage thereto and a second terminal electrically coupled to ground. For each resonant laser diode driver cell, the bypass switch is configured to control a current flow through the inductor to produce a high-current pulse through the laser diode, the high-current pulse corresponding to a peak current of a resonant waveform developed at the anode of the laser diode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1C are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers of a first general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 2A-2D show simplified plots of signals related to operation of the pulsed laser diode driver shown in FIG. 1A, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a portion of an example switching sequence for operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 4A-4D are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers of a second general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5D are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers of a third general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 6A-6D are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers of a fourth general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 7A-7E are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers of a fifth general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 8A-8B are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers of a sixth general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 9A-9B are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers of a seventh general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 10A-10B are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers of an eighth general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 11-12 show simplified plots of signals related to operation of the pulsed laser diode driver shown in FIG. 10B, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 13A-13I are simplified circuit schematics of high-repetition-rate pulsed laser diode drivers, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 14 shows simplified plots of signals related to operation of the pulsed laser diode driver shown in FIG. 13I, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 15 shows a simplified circuit schematic of a pulsed laser diode driver of a ninth general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 16A-16B show simplified plots of signals related to operation of the pulsed laser diode driver shown in FIG. 15 , in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 17, 18, 19, and 20 are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers having an adjustable DC input voltage, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 21A-21B are simplified plots of signals related to operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers shown in FIGS. 17, 18, 19, and 20 .

FIGS. 22A-22C are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers of a tenth general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 23A-23B are simplified circuit schematics of multi-channel pulsed laser diode drivers of an eleventh general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 24 shows simplified circuit schematics of a resonant laser diode driver cell, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 25 is a simplified circuit schematic of a multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver of the eleventh general topology, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 26 shows simplified plots of signals related to operation of the pulsed laser diode driver shown in FIG. 25 , in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with some embodiments, pulsed laser diode driver circuits disclosed herein (“pulsed laser diode drivers”), generate high-current (e.g., 40 Amp) ultra-short pulses (e.g., 1-5 ns) to emit a laser pulse from a laser diode using a tunable resonant circuit, as compared to conventional solutions that rely on fixed, and often unavoidable, parasitic capacitances and inductances of a circuit. The tunable resonant circuit provides easily tunable parameters which control a pulse width, a peak current, a charge time, a recovery time, a decay time, and other tunable parameters of the pulsed laser diode driver. Embodiments of a switching sequence to drive the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein are operable to generate a resonant waveform at an anode of the laser diode to produce the high-current pulse through the laser diode, a voltage level of the resonant waveform being advantageously sufficient to support the high-current pulse and not of a voltage level that exceeds the voltage required to generate the high-current pulse.

Thus, embodiments of such pulsed laser diode drivers can advantageously generate the high-current pulses using a low input voltage (e.g., 6V, 9V, 15V, etc.) and can thereby use Silicon-based switches, rather than GaN-based switches which are used by many conventional solutions. Any of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein can therefore be integrated into a single semiconductor die. Embodiments of pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein advantageously use a discrete inductor (e.g., a through-hole or surface-mounted component) intentionally added to the pulsed laser diode driver to generate a resonant waveform rather than relying on parasitic inductances (e.g., of the laser diode, of bond wires, or inter-circuit connections) of the pulsed laser diode driver. As a result, embodiments of the laser drivers disclosed herein are easily tunable and have a reproducible architecture. By contrast, conventional pulsed laser diode drivers often use a variety of techniques to overcome the effects of parasitic inductances of the pulsed laser diode driver and of the laser diode itself and therefore teach away from intentionally adding yet additional inductance to the pulsed laser diode driver. In addition to such intentionally added inductors, the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein advantageously include a bypass capacitor that may be used by a designer to easily tune a desired pulse width emitted by the laser diode, as compared to conventional solutions which only have a source capacitor, or that only consider non-tunable parasitic capacitances of the pulsed laser diode driver. Once again, such conventional solutions teach away from adding yet additional capacitance to the pulsed laser diode driver. Because conventional solutions rely on parasitic capacitances and inductances of the conventional laser driver, modifying parameters such as a pulse width might require a redesign or re-layout of the conventional solution. By comparison, parameters, such as a pulse width, of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein can be tuned by simply changing a component value.

Multi-channel laser diodes are conventionally produced on a single monolithic substrate housed in a laser diode package. Conventionally, a single pin of the laser diode package is connected to all of the laser diode cathodes as a group (i.e., “common cathode”), whereas each laser diode anode is individually connected to a respective pin of the laser diode package. Pulsing each laser diode independently conventionally requires a switch in the laser diode anode current path to select which laser diode fires. However, an N-type switch conventionally requires a bootstrap circuit to level-shift a gate drive of that switch when the laser diode current path is enabled. Such bootstrap circuitry adds complexity and cost to a pulsed laser diode driver design. Thus, disclosed herein are embodiments of a multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver circuit for independently driving laser diodes of a common cathode multi-channel laser diode package advantageously using N-type switches without any bootstrap circuitry.

A repetition rate of a multi-channel laser diode driver, as well as of each of the pulsed laser diode drivers described herein, is limited by a charging time of each channel's source capacitor which is described below. The pulsed laser diode drivers described herein create narrow (e.g., 1-5 nsec) high-current pulses (e.g., 40 amp) through a driven laser diode. The instantaneous power in the driven laser diode is therefore high (e.g., in the order of hundreds of watts). For many applications (e.g., Lidar), the duty cycle of the pulse is generally 0.01% or less to limit a total power dissipated in the laser diode, which results in an upper limit to a repetition rate. In conventional pulsed laser diode driver applications, a resistor is used to charge source capacitors during each cycle. In such conventional solutions, an RC time constant of charging circuits is typically not an issue because the duty cycle is so low. However, for applications that require a higher repetition rate for laser pulses, the RC time constant of conventional charging circuits creates an undesirable limitation. Thus, in any of the embodiments disclosed herein, each source resistor of a given laser diode driver may be advantageously replaced by an actively controlled source switch that quickly charges an associated source capacitor.

Typical resonant driver designs require a damping resistor to minimize ringing duration. However, the added damping resistor dissipates power which lowers the overall power efficiency of the design. Thus, in some embodiments, a pulsed laser diode driver is disclosed that advantageously switches a damping resistor into the resonant circuit during portions of a switching sequence during which the damping resistor critically damps ringing, and switches the damping resistor out of the resonant circuit during portions of the switching sequence when the damping resistor is not providing a positive benefit to the resonant circuit, thereby increasing an overall power efficiency of the pulsed laser diode driver as compared to one that includes a damping resistor for the entirety of a switching sequence.

For some applications, the amplitude of a high-current pulse delivered by a pulsed laser diode driver, such as any of those disclosed herein, may need to be adjusted in amplitude from pulse to pulse. Thus, in some embodiments, any of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein may be advantageously configured to adjust an amplitude of the high-current pulse delivered to one or more laser diodes on a pulse-to-pulse basis.

FIGS. 1A-C are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 of a first general topology to drive a laser diode using a low-side switch, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 each generally include a source resistor R_S, a source capacitor C_S(i.e., a physical component that is not representative of a parasitic capacitance of another component), a damping resistor R_Damp, an inductor L_S(i.e., a physical component that is not representative of a parasitic inductance of another component), a bypass capacitor C_BP(i.e., a physical component that is not representative of a parasitic capacitance of another component), a laser diode D_L, a bypass switch M_BP, and a laser diode switch M_DL. The laser diode switch M_DLis configured as a low-side switch. Also shown is a controller 120,

nodes

110, 112, a parasitic inductance L_DLof the laser diode D_L, a DC input voltage V_in, a source voltage V_sat the source capacitor C_S, a current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S, a current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L, a bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP, and a laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE_DL.

Topologies of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 vary with respect to the placement of the bypass capacitor C_BP. In each of the topologies of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103, a first terminal of the source resistor R_Sis configured to be directly electrically connected to the DC input voltage V_in. A first terminal of the source capacitor C_Sis directly electrically connected to a second terminal of the source resistor R_S, and a second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sis directly electrically connected to a first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp. A second terminal of the damping resistor R_Dampis directly electrically connected to a bias voltage node such as ground. Thus, the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sis electrically coupled to the bias voltage node. A first terminal of the inductor L_Sis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source resistor R_Sand to the first terminal of the source capacitor C_S. A drain node of the bypass switch M_BPis directly electrically connected to a second terminal of the inductor L_S, and a source node of the bypass switch M_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. An anode of the laser diode D_Lis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_S, and a cathode of the laser diode D_Lis directly electrically connected to a drain node of the laser diode switch M_DL. A source node of the laser diode switch M_DLis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node.

The bypass switch M_BPis configured to receive the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BPat a gate node, the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BPbeing operable to turn the bypass switch M_BPon or off based on a voltage level of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP. Similarly, the laser diode switch M_DLis configured to receive the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE_DLat a gate node, the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE_DLbeing operable to turn the laser diode switch M_DLon or off based on a voltage level of the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE_DL. In some embodiments, the pulsed laser diode driver circuits disclosed herein include one or more bootstrap circuits or other level-shifting circuits to drive one or more high-side switches. Either or both of the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DLcan be implemented as N-type switches or P-type switches. In some embodiments, the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DLare implemented as Silicon-based or Silicon-Carbide-based field-effect transistors (FETs). Two or more components described herein as having terminals that are directly electrically connected have a DC current path between the respective terminals of the two or more components. For example, a first and second component are not directly electrically connected via a capacitor or inductor connected in series between the first component and the second component.

As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 101 of FIG. 1A, in some embodiments a first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to the anode of the laser diode D_L. In such embodiments, a second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 102 of FIG. 1B, in some embodiments, the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to the anode of the laser diode D_L. The second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 103 of FIG. 1C, in some embodiments, the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to the anode of the laser diode D_L. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the drain terminal of the laser diode switch M_DLand to the cathode of the laser diode D_L.

In some embodiments, the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 are configured to receive the DC input voltage V_inhaving a voltage range from about 10V to 20V, which is advantageously lower than an input voltage used by many conventional pulsed laser diode drivers. The inductor L_Sis a physical component added to the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 (i.e., as opposed to a representation of a parasitic inductance caused by components or interconnections such as bond wires). Similarly, the bypass capacitor C_BPis a physical component added to the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 (i.e., as opposed to a representation of a parasitic capacitance). One advantage of using physical inductor and capacitor components rather than using parasitic inductances is that values of the inductor L_Sand the bypass capacitor C_BPcan be easily modified by a designer or even an end-user. By comparison, conventional designs that rely on parasitic reactances may require re-design and/or re-layout to change an operating parameter.

As disclosed herein, values of the DC input voltage V_in, the inductance of the inductor L_S, the capacitance of the source capacitor C_S, the resistance of the damping resistor R_Damp, and the capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPcan advantageously be selected (“tuned”) to achieve a desired operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 (e.g., a charge time, a pulse width, a pulse voltage, a pulse current). For example, a pulse width of the current i_DLflowing through the laser diode D_Lcan be tuned by adjusting the capacitance value of the bypass capacitor C_BP. A peak current level of the pulse of current i_DLflowing through the laser diode D_Lcan be tuned by adjusting the source voltage V_son the supply capacitor C_S. A capacitance value of the source capacitor C_Scan be tuned to adjust a timing delay of the current pulse and an upper range of the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L. Resistance values of the damping resistor R_Dampare dependent on the capacitance value of the supply capacitor C_Sand can be tuned within a range of values such that at a lower resistance, a lower frequency resonance of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein is underdamped (e.g., at about R_Damp=0.1 Ohm), or is critically damped (e.g., at about R_Damp=0.4 Ohm). The damping resistor R_Dampis operable to prevent current of the generated resonant waveform from becoming negative which could thereby enable a body diode of the bypass switch M_BPor the laser diode switch M_DL. Although a resulting maximum current level of the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_Lis lower for the critically damped case, the current level can be easily adjusted by raising the voltage level of the DC input voltage V_in. In other embodiments, the damping resistor R_Dampis removed entirely from the design (i.e., the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node). In yet other embodiments, the resistance value of the damping resistor R_Dampis set to zero Ohms.

In some embodiments, the DC input voltage V_inis about 15V, the inductance of the inductor L_Sis about 6 nH, the capacitance of the source capacitor C_Sis about 100 nF, the resistance of the damping resistor R_Dampis about 0.1 Ohms, and the capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPis about 1 nF. In some embodiments, a voltage at the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Dampis received by the controller 120 to provide an indication of a current flow through the damping resistor R_Damp.

In some or all of the embodiments disclosed herein, to produce around a 40 A high-current pulse through the laser diode (or laser diodes) D_L, the DC input voltage V_inmay range from 10-15 volts. In some such embodiments, the inductance of inductor L_Smay range from 5-10 nH, the value of which determines the amount of flux delay to produce the required current. In some such embodiments, the inductance of the inductor L_Sis selected to be an order of magnitude greater than a parasitic inductance of a printed circuit board (PCB) in which the pulsed laser diode driver is implemented. In some embodiments, the resistance of the damping resistor R_Sranges from 100-200 mOhm. A capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPdetermines the pulse width of the high-current pulse through the laser diode(s) D_L, and in some embodiments ranges in capacitance from 1-5 nF. In some such embodiments, a capacitance of the supply capacitor C_Sranges from 25-100 nF depending on a peak current of the high-current pulse through the laser diode(s) D_Lthat is required or desired. The smaller the supply capacitor C_S, the higher the DC input voltage V_inis needed to get the required or desired peak current of the high-current pulse through the laser diode(s) D_L. In some such embodiments, a smallest capacitance value of the supply capacitor C_Sthat can still deliver the needed or desired peak current of the high-current pulse through the laser diode(s) D_Lis selected because all the remaining energy after the high-current pulse is shunted to ground and is wasted, thereby lowering a power efficiency of the pulsed laser diode driver.

The controller 120 may be integrated with any embodiment of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein, or it may be a circuit or module that is external to any embodiment of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein. The controller 120 is operable to generate one or more gate drive signals having a voltage level that is sufficient to control one or more laser diode switches M_DLand one or more bypass switches M_BP. Additionally, the controller 120 is operable to sense a voltage and/or current at any of the

nodes

110 and 112 and at nodes that are similar to, or the same as, the

nodes

110 and 112 as described herein, or at still other nodes of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein. The controller 120 may include one or more timing circuits, look-up tables, processors, memory, or other modules to control the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein. Operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 is explained in detail with respect to simplified plots 201-207 of FIGS. 2A-D and an example switching sequence 300 shown in FIG. 3 .

FIGS. 2A-2D show simplified plots 201-207 of signals related to operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 101 shown in FIG. 1A, in accordance with some embodiments. However, signals related to the operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103, 401-404, 501-504, 601-604, 701-705, 801-802, and 901-902 are similar to, or are the same as, those shown in the simplified plots 201-207.

The simplified plot 201 illustrates a voltage plot of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220, a voltage plot of the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE _DL 221, a current plot of the current i_LSthrough the inductor L _S 222, a current plot of the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D _L 223, and a voltage plot of the source voltage V _S 224 at the source capacitor C_S, all over the same duration of time. Details of these signals are described below. The voltage plots of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220 and the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE _DL 221 have been level-shifted for readability, but are, in actuality, low voltage inputs. Additionally, the voltage plots of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220 and the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE _DL 221 assume that the laser diode switch M_DLand the bypass switch M_BPare NFET devices. However, if PFET devices are used instead, the polarity of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220 and the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE _DL 221 are inverted.

Upon receiving (e.g., from the controller 120) an asserted level of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220 at the gate node of the bypass switch M_BP, the bypass switch M_BPis enabled (i.e., transitioned to an ON-state). Similarly, upon receiving (e.g., from the controller 120) an asserted level of the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE _DL 221 at the gate node of the laser diode switch M_DL, the laser diode switch M_DLis enabled. As highlighted in the plot 202, when the bypass switch M_BPis enabled, the rising current i _LS 222 begins to flow through the inductor L_S, thereby building magnetic flux at the inductor L_S. When the current i _LS 222 has reached a desired level (e.g., as determined by the controller 120 using sensed current, voltage, a timer circuit, or as determined by design constraints), a de-asserted level of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220 is received (e.g., from the controller 120) at the gate node of the bypass switch M_BP, thereby disabling the bypass switch M_BP(i.e., transitioned to an OFF-state). As highlighted in the plot 203, when the bypass switch M_BPis disabled, the current i _LS 222 which has built up through the inductor L_S, having no other current path, is redirected through the laser diode D_L, causing a short (e.g., 1 ns-5 ns), high-current (e.g., >30 A) pulse to flow through the laser diode D_L, thereby causing the laser diode D_Lto emit a pulse of laser light. Because energy in the form of flux has been stored at the inductor L_S, the high-current pulse i_DLthat flows through the laser diode D_Lcan be significantly greater than the current i_LSthat flows through the inductor L_S. Values of the reactive components of the laser diode drivers disclosed herein can be advantageously selected to generate a desired current amplitude of the high-current pulse i_DL.

After emission from the laser diode D_L, the bypass switch M_BPis reenabled by an asserted level of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220, and the laser diode switch M_DLis maintained in an enabled state by an asserted level of the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE _DL 221. As highlighted in the plot 204, the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DLare both advantageously maintained in the enabled state as the source voltage V _S 224 stored at the source capacitor C_Sis discharged. As highlighted in the plot 205, while the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DLare maintained in the enabled state, the current i _DL 223 through the laser diode D_L(and importantly, through the parasitic inductance L_DLof the laser diode D_L) diminishes to zero. Thereafter, both the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DLare disabled by de-asserted levels (e.g., from the controller 120) of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220 and the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE _DL 221. Because the laser diode switch M_DLis not disabled until a current through the parasitic inductance L_DLof the laser diode D_Lhas diminished to zero, a high voltage spike advantageously does not develop at the anode of the laser diode D_Las there is no rapid change in current through the parasitic inductance L_DL. Because such high voltage spikes are advantageously mitigated, the laser diode switch M_DLdoes not need to be selected to withstand high voltages, thereby simplifying the design and reducing the cost of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein as compared to conventional solutions. Additionally, because such high voltage spikes are mitigated, the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein do not require voltage snubbing circuits that are commonly used in conventional solutions, thereby further simplifying the design and reducing the cost of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein as compared to conventional solutions.

The high-current pulse 223 is a first and largest peak of the resonant waveform developed by reactive components of the pulsed laser diode driver circuit. These reactive components include the source capacitor C_S, the inductor L_S, the parasitic inductance L_DLof the laser diode D_L, and the bypass capacitor C_BP. In addition to the advantages described above, the bypass switch M_BPalso reduces subsequent resonant waveform “ringing” of the resonant waveform after the high-current pulse 223 is generated. As shown in the plot 206, if a bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220′ is not asserted after a high-current pulse i_DL 223′ is generated, ringing occurs on the current i _LS 222′ through the inductor L_S, on the current i _DL 223′ through the laser diode D_L, and on the source voltage V _S 224′ at the source capacitor C_S. As shown, the high-current pulse 223 through the laser diode D_Lcorresponds to a peak (e.g., maximum, or local maximum, amplitude) current of a resonant waveform of current i _DL 223′ developed at the anode of the laser diode D_L.

As previously described, values of the source capacitor C_S, the inductor L_Sand the bypass capacitor C_BPmay be advantageously selected or “tuned” by a designer to meet desired performance criteria of the pulsed laser diode driver disclosed herein. For example, a capacitance value of the bypass capacitor C_BPmay be selected based on a desired pulse width of the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L. The plot 207 shows the pulse 223 generated when the capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPis equal to 1 nF, and a pulse 223″ generated when the capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPis equal to 4 nF. In use cases where a wider pulse, such as the pulse 223″, is desired, the source voltage V_Smay be raised accordingly. Additionally, in some embodiments, the width of the de-asserted portion of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE _BP 220 is widened to accommodate a wider pulse.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of an example switching sequence 300 for operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 shown in FIG. 1A-B, in accordance with some embodiments, and as was described with reference to FIGS. 2A-C. However, the switching sequence 300 is similar to, or the same as, respective switching sequences related to the operation of other embodiments of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein, including but not limited to the pulsed laser diode drivers 401-404, 501-504, 601-604, 701-705, 801-802, and 901-902.

At a precharge step 301, the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DLare off (i.e., not conducting). During the precharge step 301, the source capacitor C_Sis charged through the source resistor R_S. At a preflux step 302, the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DLare transitioned to an ON-state, thereby allowing the current i_LSto flow through the inductor L_Sto store energy in the form of magnetic flux at the inductor L_S. Even though both of the switches (M_DL, M_BP) are in an ON-state at the preflux step 302, the bypass path through the bypass switch M_BPwill carry all of the current i_LSbecause a bandgap voltage of the laser diode D_Lneeds to be overcome to allow current to flow through the laser diode D_L.

In some embodiments, the laser diode switch M_DLis transitioned to an ON-state after the bypass switch M_BPis transitioned to an ON-state. At a pulse generation step 303, the bypass switch M_BPis transitioned to an OFF-state while the laser diode switch M_DLis maintained in an ON-state, thereby generating the high-current pulse through the laser diode D_L. When the bypass switch M_BPis transitioned to the OFF-state, voltage at the anode of the laser diode D_Lrises quickly, until the bandgap voltage of the laser diode D_Lis overcome and the laser diode D_Lbegins to conduct current. Because of a resonant circuit formed by the bypass capacitor C_BPand the parasitic inductance L_DLof the laser diode D_L, the voltage formed at the anode of the laser diode D_Lwill advantageously rise as high as necessary to overcome the bandgap voltage of the laser diode D_Land will generally be higher than the source voltage V_S.

At a discharge step 304, the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DLare maintained in an ON-state to drain charge stored at the source capacitor C_S, thereby reducing the current i_DLthrough the parasitic inductance L_DLto advantageously eliminate a high voltage spike at the anode of the laser diode D_Lwhen the laser diode switch M_DLis transitioned to an OFF-state. At step 305, the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DLare transitioned to an OFF-state, thereby returning to the precharge state at step 301. Because the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_Sis completely discharged at the end of the discharge step 304, there is very little current through the laser diode D_L. Thus, there is advantageously very little overshoot when the switches M_DL, M_BPare transitioned to the OFF-state at step 305, thereby preventing damage to the laser diode D_Land the switches M_DL, M_BP. The time interval of the overall pulse and bypass signals is selected, in some embodiments, such that the source capacitor C_Sis fully discharged before the switches M_DL, M_BPare transitioned to the OFF-state at step 305.

Other topologies of pulsed laser drivers, having the same or similar advantages and having similar operation as that of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103, are disclosed below. The example topologies disclosed herein are not an exhaustive list of possible topologies that have the same or similar advantages and similar operation as that of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103. For example, one of skill in the art will appreciate that some modifications can be made while still adhering to the general principle of operation disclosed herein. Such modifications include placement of the bypass capacitor C_BP, component values, and the addition of serially connected components that provide a DC current path.

FIGS. 4A-D are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers 401-404 of a second general topology that is configured to drive two or more laser diodes in a common anode arrangement, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode drivers 401-404 each generally include the source resistor R_S, the source capacitor C_S, the damping resistor R_Damp, the inductor L_S, the bypass capacitor C_BP, two or more laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ, and the bypass switch M_BP. The pulsed laser diode drivers 401-402 each include two or more laser diode switches M_DL ¹-M_DL ⁿ, whereas the pulsed laser diode drivers 403-404 include a single laser diode switch M_DL ¹.

Also shown is the controller 120,

nodes

410, 412, respective parasitic inductances L_DL ¹-L_DL ⁿof the laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ, the DC input voltage V_in, the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_S, the current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S, respective currents i_DL ¹-i_DL ⁿthrough the laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ, and the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP. The pulsed laser diode drivers 401-402 each utilize respective laser diode switch gate driver signals GATED_DL ¹-GATE_DL ⁿ, whereas the pulsed laser diode drivers 403-404 use a single laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE_DL ¹. Electrical connections of the pulsed laser diode drivers 401-404 are similar to, or the same as, those described with respect to the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103. Topologies of the pulsed laser diode drivers 401-404 vary with respect to the placement of the bypass capacitor C_BP.

As shown in the simplified circuit schematics of the pulsed laser diode driver 401 of FIG. 4A and the pulsed laser diode driver 404 of FIG. 4D, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to the anodes of the laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode drivers 402-403 of FIGS. 4B-C, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to the respective anodes of the laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp. In some embodiments, values of the DC input voltage V_in, inductance of the inductor L_S, capacitance of the source capacitor C_S, resistance of the damping resistor R_Damp, and capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPare similar to, or the same as, those respective values as described with reference to the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103. However, the values of the DC input voltage V_in, inductance of the inductor L_S, capacitance of the source capacitor C_S, resistance of the damping resistor R_Damp, and capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPcan advantageously be selected to achieve desired operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers 401-404 (e.g., a charge time, a pulse width, a pulse voltage, a pulse current level). Operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers 401-404 is similar to, or the same as, operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103 as explained in detail with respect to the simplified plots 201-206 of FIGS. 2A-D, as well as the example switching sequence 300 shown in FIG. 3 .

In some embodiments, the controller 120 is configured to determine how many of the laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿare enabled simultaneously and to adjust a voltage level of the DC input voltage V_inin accordance with that determination to supply a required amount of current (e.g., using a digitally adjustable voltage source (described below) controlled by a digital control signal from the controller 120).

FIGS. 5A-D are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers 501-504 of a third general topology that is configured to drive a laser diode using a high-side switch, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode drivers 501-504 each generally include the source resistor R_S, the source capacitor C_S, the damping resistor R_Damp, the inductor L_S, the bypass capacitor C_BP, the laser diode D_L, the bypass switch M_BP, and the laser diode switch M_DL. The laser diode switch M_DLis configured as a high-side switch.

Also shown is the controller 120,

nodes

510, 512, the parasitic inductance L_DLof the laser diode D_L, the DC input voltage V_in, the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_S, the current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S, the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L, the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP, and the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE_DL. Most of the electrical connections of the pulsed laser diode drivers 501-504 are similar to, or the same as, those described with respect to the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103. However, in contrast to the low-side configuration of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103, the drain node of the laser diode switch M_DLis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to the drain node of the bypass switch M_BP. The source node of the laser diode switch M_DLis directly electrically connected to the anode of the laser diode D_L, and the cathode of the laser diode D_Lis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. Topologies of the pulsed laser diode drivers 501-504 vary with respect to placement of the bypass capacitor C_BP.

As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 501 of FIG. 5A, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to the drain node of the laser diode switch M_DL. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 502 of FIG. 5B, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the source node of the laser diode switch M_DLand to the anode of the laser diode D_L. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 503 of FIG. 5C, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_S, to the drain node of the bypass switch M_BP, and to the drain node of the laser diode switch M_DL. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 504 of FIG. 5D, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the source node of the laser diode switch M_DLand the anode of the laser diode D_L. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp.

FIGS. 6A-D are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers 601-604 of a fourth general topology that is configured to drive two or more laser diodes in a common cathode configuration using a high-side switch, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode drivers 601-604 each generally include the source resistor R_S, the source capacitor C_S, the damping resistor R_Damp, the inductor L_S, the bypass capacitor C_BP, the bypass switch M_BP, two or more laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ, and two or more respective laser diode switches M_DL ¹-M_DL ⁿ.

Also shown is the controller 120,

nodes

610, 612, 614, respective parasitic inductances L_DL ¹-L_DL ⁿof the laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ, the DC input voltage V_in, the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_S, the current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S, respective currents i_DL ¹-i_DL ⁿthrough the laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ, the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP, and respective laser diode switch gate driver signals GATE_DL ¹-GATE_DL ⁿof the laser diode switches M_DL ¹-M_DL ⁿ.

Most of the electrical connections of the pulsed laser diode drivers 601-604 are similar to, or are the same as, those described with respect to the pulsed laser diode drivers 501-504. However, topologies of the pulsed laser diode drivers 601-604 vary from one another with respect to placement of the bypass capacitor C_BP.

As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 601 of FIG. 6A, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to respective drain nodes of the laser diode switches M_DL ¹-M_DL ⁿand the bypass switch M_BP. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 602 of FIG. 6B, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the source node of any of the laser diode switches (M_DL ⁿis shown) and to the anode of the laser diode coupled to that laser diode switch (D_L ⁿis shown). In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. In some embodiments, multiple bypass capacitors C_BPmay be used, each of the bypass capacitors being connected across a respective laser diode. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 603 of FIG. 6C, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to respective drain nodes of the laser diode switches M_DL ¹-M_DL ⁿand the bypass switch M_BP. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 604 of FIG. 6D, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the source node of any of the laser diode switches (M_DL ¹is shown) and to the anode of the laser diode coupled to that laser diode switch (D_L ¹is shown). In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp. In some embodiments, multiple bypass capacitors C_BPare be used, each of the bypass capacitors C_BPhaving a first terminal that is directly electrically connected to a respective anode of each laser diode and a second terminal that is directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_S.

In some embodiments, the controller 120 is operable to determine how many of the laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿare enabled simultaneously and to adjust a voltage level of the DC input voltage V_inin accordance with that determination to supply a required amount of current (e.g., using a digitally adjustable voltage source (described below) controlled by a digital control signal from the controller 120).

FIGS. 7A-E are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers 701-705 of a fifth general topology that is configured to drive a laser diode using a half-bridge configuration, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode drivers 701-704 each generally include the source resistor R_S, the source capacitor C_S, the damping resistor R_Damp, the inductor L_S, the bypass capacitor C_BP, the bypass switch M_BP, the laser diode D_L, and the laser diode switch M_DL. The pulsed laser diode driver 705 additionally includes two or more laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ, rather than the single laser diode D_L, each of the two or more laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿhaving a respective parasitic inductance L_DL ¹-L_DL ⁿ, and respective current representation i_DL ¹-i_DL ⁿ. However, the pulsed laser diode driver 705 lacks independent control of the two or more laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ.

Also shown is the controller 120,

nodes

710, 712, the parasitic inductance L_DLof the laser diode D_L, the DC input voltage V_in, the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_S, the current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S, the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L, the currents i_DL ¹-i_DL ⁿthrough the two or more laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿ, the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP, and the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE_DLof the laser diode switch M_DL.

Most of the electrical connections of the pulsed laser diode drivers 701-704 are similar to, or the same as those described with respect to the pulsed laser diode drivers 501-503. However, in contrast to the high-side configuration of the pulsed laser diode drivers 501-503, the drain node of the bypass switch M_BPis directly electrically connected to the source node of the laser diode switch M_DLand to the anode of the laser diode D_L. The source node of the bypass switch M_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. Thus, as shown in the simplified circuit schematics of the pulsed laser diode drivers 701-704, the laser diode D_Lmay be driven by the half-bridge configuration of the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DL. Topologies of the pulsed laser diode drivers 701-704 vary with respect to placement of the bypass capacitor C_BP.

As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 701 of FIG. 7A, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to the drain node of the laser diode switch M_DL. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 702 of FIG. 7B, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the source node of the laser diode switch M_DL, to the drain node of the bypass switch M_BP, and to the anode of the laser diode D_L. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 703 of FIG. 7C, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand to the drain node of the laser diode switch M_DL. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp. As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 704 of FIG. 7D, in some embodiments the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the source node of the laser diode switch M_DL, the drain node of the bypass switch M_BP, and the anode of the laser diode D_L. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp.

As shown in the simplified circuit schematic of the pulsed laser diode driver 705 of FIG. 7E, two or more laser diodes D_L ¹-D_L ⁿmay be driven simultaneously by the half-bridge configuration of the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode switch M_DL. In the example shown, the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp. However, other configurations of the bypass capacitor C_BP, such as those described with reference to FIGS. 7A-D may be used.

FIGS. 8A-B are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers 801-802 of a sixth general topology that is configured to drive a laser diode using a high-side switch, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode drivers 801-802 generally include the source resistor R_S, the source capacitor C_S, the damping resistor R_Damp, the inductor L_S, the bypass capacitor C_BP, the laser diode D_L, the bypass switch M_BP, and the laser diode switch M_DL. Also shown is the controller 120,

nodes

810, 812, the respective parasitic inductances L_DLof the laser diode D_L, the DC input voltage V_in, the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_S, the current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S, the current i_DLthrough the laser diodes D_L, the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP, and the laser diode switch gate driver signal GATE_DL. Electrical connections of the pulsed laser diode driver 801 are similar to, or the same as those described with respect to the pulsed laser diode driver 101. The pulsed laser diode drivers 801-802 differ in that the drain node of the laser diode switch M_DLis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source resistor R_Sand to the first terminal of the source capacitor C_S. The source node of the laser diode switch M_DLis directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the inductor L_S. The anode of the laser diode D_Lis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand the cathode of the laser diode D_Lis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown, the pulsed laser diode drivers 801-802 are advantageously configured such that the laser diode switch M_DLis electrically connected between the inductor L_Sand the source capacitor C_S. As a result, the drain node of the laser diode switch M_DLdoes not receive a high voltage spike developed at the second terminal of the inductor L_Swhen the bypass switch M_BPis disabled to generate the high-current pulse through the laser diode D_L.

The pulsed laser diode drivers 801-802 differ in placement of the bypass capacitor C_BP. As shown in FIG. 8A, in some embodiments, the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_S, to the anode of the laser diode D_L, and to the drain node of the bypass switch M_BP. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown in FIG. 8B, in some embodiments, the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_S, to the anode of the laser diode D_L, and to the drain node of the bypass switch M_BP. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp.

In other embodiments, the respective positions of the inductor L_Sand the laser diode switch M_DLin either of the pulsed laser diode drivers 801-802, can be exchanged such that the first terminal of the inductor L_Sis directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the source capacitor C_S, and the drain terminal of the laser diode switch M_DLis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_S.

FIGS. 9A-B are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers 901-902 of a seventh general topology that is configured to drive a laser diode using only a bypass switch, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode drivers 901-902 generally include the source resistor R_S, the source capacitor C_S, the damping resistor R_Damp, the inductor L_S, the bypass capacitor C_BP, the laser diode D_L, and the bypass switch M_BP. Also shown are

nodes

910, 912, the respective parasitic inductances L_DLof the laser diode D_L, the DC input voltage V_in, the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_S, the current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S, the current i_DLthrough the laser diodes D_L, and the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP. Electrical connections of the pulsed laser diode drivers 901-902 are similar to, or the same as, those described with respect to the pulsed laser diode driver 101. The pulsed laser diode drivers 901-902 differ in that the laser diode switch M_DLis eliminated. The anode of the laser diode D_Lis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_Sand the cathode of the laser diode D_Lis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. In such embodiments, the voltage level of the DC input voltage V_inis restricted to a voltage level that does not surpass the forward bias voltage of the laser diode D_L, thereby maintaining the laser diode D_Lin an OFF-state (i.e., not conducting) until a voltage higher than the forward bias voltage is developed at the second terminal of the inductor L_Swhen current flow through the bypass switch is momentarily disabled.

The pulsed laser diode drivers 901-902 differ in placement of the bypass capacitor C_BP. As shown in FIG. 9A, in some embodiments, the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_S, to the anode of the laser diode D_L, and to the drain node of the bypass switch M_BP. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the bias voltage node. As shown in FIG. 9B, in some embodiments, the first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor L_S, to the anode of the laser diode D_L, and to the drain node of the bypass switch M_BP. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BPis directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sand to the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp.

Embodiments of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein are additionally or alternatively operable to provide current pulses to devices other than laser diodes. For instance, embodiments of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein are operable to provide a current pulse to a light-emitting diode (i.e., a non-laser LED). Additionally, embodiments of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein are operable to provide a current pulse to another circuit or device, having no laser diode, that is configured to receive a current pulse for a purpose other than emitting light.

In some embodiments, two or more instances of the laser diode drivers disclosed herein are configured to drive respective laser diodes. For example, four instances of the pulsed laser diode driver 802 may be used to drive a laser diode package that includes four laser diodes. In such an embodiment, each of the laser diodes in the laser diode package is driven by an instance of the pulsed laser diode driver 802.

FIGS. 10A-10B are simplified circuit schematics of pulsed laser diode drivers 1002/1004 of an eighth general topology that is configured for multi-channel, individual control of multiple laser diodes, in accordance with some embodiments. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002 shown in FIG. 10A is configured to independently drive n laser diodes where n is a number ranging from two to 128 or more. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002 is operable to cause a pulse to be emitted from any individual laser diode of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002 in isolation, or combined with one or more other pulses emitted from other laser diodes of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002 generally includes n source resistors Rs¹through Rsⁿ, n source capacitors C_S ¹through C_S ⁿ, an optional damping resistor R_Damp, n inductors Ls¹through Lsⁿ, n bypass switches M_BP ¹through M_BP ⁿ, n bypass capacitors C_BP ¹through C_BP ⁿ, n laser diodes D_L ¹through D_L ⁿ, and a laser diode switch M_DL, coupled as shown. Also shown is the controller 120 discussed above, respective parasitic inductances L_DL ¹through L_DL ⁿof the laser diodes D_DL ¹through D_DL ⁿ, respective currents i_LS ¹through i_LS ⁿof the inductors Ls¹through Lsⁿ, respective currents i_DL ¹through i_DL ⁿof the laser diodes D_L ¹through D_L ⁿ, and the DC input voltage V_in. The damping resistor R_Dampis used in some embodiments for current measurement purposes and can be omitted by connecting each of the source capacitors C_S ¹through C_S ⁿto ground. In some embodiments, the bypass switches M_BP ¹through M_BP ⁿand the laser diode switch M_DLare each N-type FET switches and advantageously do not require bootstrap circuitry to drive the respective gates of those switches because of their respective low-side configurations.

The source resistor Rs¹, the source capacitor C_S ¹, the inductor Ls¹, the bypass switch M_BP ¹, the bypass capacitor C_BP ¹, and the laser diode D_L ¹are associated with a first channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002. Similarly, the source resistor Rsⁿ, the source capacitor C_S ⁿ, the inductor L_S ⁿ, the bypass switch M_BP ⁿ, the bypass capacitor C_BP ⁿ, and the laser diode D_L ⁿare associated with an n^thchannel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002, where n is a number greater than one (e.g., two, three, four, eight, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc.). By controlling (e.g., by the controller 120) respective switch timings (i.e., an on/off duration) of the bypass switches M_BP ¹through M_BP ⁿin conjunction with controlling a switch timing of the laser diode switch M_DLeach of the laser diodes D_L ¹through D_L ⁿare advantageously independently controlled. Operation of each channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002 is similar to, or the same as, operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 101 described with reference to FIG. 1A and the switching sequence 300 shown in FIG. 3 . Because each of the bypass switches M_BP ¹through M_BP ⁿand the laser diode switch M_DLare configured as low-side switches (i.e., a source node of each aforementioned switch is directly electrically connected to ground), a gate control signal of those switches does not need to be level-shifted by bootstrap circuitry, thereby advantageously simplifying the design and reducing the cost of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002 as compared to a laser diode driver circuit that requires bootstrap circuitry.

An example embodiment of a four-channel (i.e., n=4) multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 is shown in FIG. 10B. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 is operable to independently drive four laser diodes. That is, the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 is operable to cause a pulse to be emitted from any individual laser diode of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 in isolation, or combined with one or more other pulses emitted from other laser diodes of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 generally includes four source resistors Rs¹through Rs⁴, four source capacitors Cs¹through Cs⁴, the optional damping resistor R_Damp, four inductors Ls¹through Ls⁴, four bypass switches M_BP ¹through M_BP ⁴, four bypass capacitors C_BP ¹through C_BP ⁴, four laser diodes D_L ¹through D_L ⁴, and the laser diode switch M_DL, directly electrically connected as shown. Also shown is the controller 120, respective parasitic inductances L_DL ¹through L_DL ⁴of the laser diodes D_L ¹through D_L ⁴, the DC input voltage V_in, nodes 1011 through 1014, and nodes 1021 through 1024. The damping resistor R_Dampis used in some embodiments for current measurement purposes and can be omitted by connecting each of the source capacitors C_S ¹through C_S ⁴to ground. In some embodiments, the bypass capacitors C_BP ¹through C_BP ⁴are connected to the cathodes of the laser diodes D_L ¹through D_L ⁴. In some embodiments, the bypass switches M_BP ¹through M_BP ⁴and the laser diode switch M_DLare each N-type FET switches and advantageously do not require boot-strap circuitry to drive the respective gates of those switches as described above.

The source resistor Rs¹, the source capacitor C_S ¹, the inductor Ls¹, the bypass switch M_BP ¹, the bypass capacitor C_BP ¹, and the laser diode D_L ¹are associated with a first channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004; the source resistor Rs², the source capacitor C_S ², the inductor Ls², the bypass switch M_BP ², the bypass capacitor C_BP ², and the laser diode D_L ²are associated with a second channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004; the source resistor Rs³, the source capacitor C_S ³, the inductor Ls³, the bypass switch M_BP ³, the bypass capacitor C_BP ³, and the laser diode D_L ³are associated with a third channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004, and the source resistor Rs⁴, the source capacitor C_S ⁴, the inductor Ls⁴, the bypass switch M_BP ⁴, the bypass capacitor C_BP ⁴, and the laser diode D_L ⁴are associated with a fourth channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004. The laser diode switch M_DLis associated with each of the channels of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004.

As described above, each channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 has an associated source resistor, source capacitor, inductor, bypass switch, bypass capacitor, and laser diode. By controlling (e.g., by the controller 120) respective switch timings (i.e., an on/off duration) of the bypass switches M_BP ¹through M_BP ⁴in conjunction with controlling a switch timing of the laser diode switch M_DL, each of the laser diodes D_L ¹through D_L ⁴is advantageously independently controlled.

Operation of each channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 is similar to, or the same as operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 101 described with reference to FIG. 1A and the switching sequence 300 shown in FIG. 3 . A channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 is selected for output by turning that channel's bypass switch off (e.g., by the controller 120) while the laser diode switch M_DLis off such that the DC input voltage V_incharges that channel's source capacitor to a desired voltage level to store energy in that source capacitor (e.g., step 301 of FIG. 3 ). After the desired voltage level is reached at the source capacitor, a selected channel's bypass switch is turned on (e.g., by the controller 120), such that current builds in that channel's inductor between that channel's bypass switch and that channel's source capacitor (e.g., step 302 of FIG. 3 ). If that channel's bypass switch is thereafter turned off for a short time and the laser diode switch M_DLis turned on, that channel's inductor current will resonate with the anode capacitance of that channel's laser diode, thereby creating a voltage across that channel's laser diode that is higher than the DC input voltage V_inand the developed current will be forced to flow through that channel's laser diode (e.g., step 303 of FIG. 3 ) to emit a laser pulse. In some embodiments, a discharge sequence similar to step 304 of FIG. 3 is performed, whereby both that channel's bypass switch and the laser diode switch M_DLare turned on may then follow. By sequentially selecting each channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004, that channel's laser diode can be independently pulsed. A channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 is unselected for output by leaving that channel's bypass switch on (e.g., by the controller 120) through each of the steps 301 through 305 shown in FIG. 3 , thereby preventing the DC input voltage V_infrom charging that channel's source capacitor.

Simplified example waveforms

1102 of signals related to the operation of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 are shown in FIG. 11 , in accordance with some embodiments. Also shown is a legend 1101 and expanded regions of

interest

1104, 1106, 1108, and 1110 of the waveforms 1102.

As indicated by the legend 1101, the simplified waveforms 1102 of FIG. 11 include a laser diode switch gate driver signal Gate_DL, a first bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ¹, a second bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ², a third bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ³and a fourth bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ⁴over a 20 μs duration. With reference to FIG. 10B, the laser diode switch gate driver signal Gate_DLis operable to control the laser diode switch M_DL, the first bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ¹is operable to control the bypass switch M_BP ¹, the second bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ²is operable to control the bypass switch M_BP ², the third bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ³is operable to control the bypass switch M_BP ³, and the fourth bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ⁴is operable to control the bypass switch M_BP ⁴.

Each of the expanded regions of

interest

1104, 1106, 1108, and 1110 illustrate a pre-flux interval of a selected channel during which an inductor current of that channel's inductor is ramping up, a very short pulse interval during which current through that channel's inductor is directed through that channel's laser diode, and a discharge interval in accordance with steps 301 through 305 described with reference to FIG. 3 . Per the description above, the region of interest 1104 illustrates pulse generation for the first channel (i.e., laser diode D_L ¹) of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004, the region of interest 1106 illustrates pulse generation for the second channel (i.e., laser diode D_L ²) of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004, the region of interest 1108 illustrates pulse generation for the third channel (i.e., laser diode D_L ³) of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004, and the region of interest 1110 illustrates pulse generation for the fourth channel (i.e., laser diode D_L ²) of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004.

Additional simplified example waveforms 1202 of signals related to the operation of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 of FIG. 10B are shown in FIG. 12 . The simplified example waveforms include waveforms 1211 through 1214 illustrating respective anode voltages of the laser diodes D_L ¹through D_L ⁴at the nodes 1011 through 1014, and waveforms 1221 through 1224 illustrating respective voltages of the source capacitor C_S ¹through C_S ⁴at the nodes 1021 through 1024. Also shown are waveforms 1231 through 1234 which illustrate when a respective channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 is enabled.

As shown, when a first channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 is enabled (illustrated by waveform 1231), an anode voltage 1211 at node 1011 of the laser diode D_L ¹rises in conjunction with a rising voltage at node 1021 of the source capacitor C_S ¹. Upon enabling the laser diode switch M_DLand momentarily disabling the bypass switch M_BP ¹, current flows through the laser diode D_L ¹, thereby emitting a laser pulse as described above. Similarly, when a second channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 is enabled (illustrated by waveform 1232), an anode voltage 1212 at node 1012 of the laser diode D_L ²rises in conjunction with a rising voltage at node 1022 of the source capacitor C_S ². Upon enabling the laser diode switch M_DLand momentarily disabling the bypass switch M_BP ², current flows through the laser diode D_L ², thereby emitting a laser pulse as described above. Operation of the third and fourth channels of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 are similar.

A repetition rate of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004, as well as each of the pulsed laser diode drivers described above, is limited by a charging time of each channel's source capacitor. The pulsed laser diode drivers described above create narrow (e.g., 1-5 nsec) high-current pulses (e.g., 40 amp) through a driven laser diode. The instantaneous power in the driven laser diode is therefore high (e.g., in the order of hundreds of watts). However, for many applications (e.g., Lidar), the duty cycle of the pulse is generally 0.01% or less to limit the total power dissipated in the laser diode which results in an upper limit to a repetition rate. In conventional laser diode driver applications, a resistor is used to charge storage (i.e., source) capacitors during each cycle. In such conventional solutions, an RC time constant of such charging circuits is typically not an issue because the duty cycle is so low. However, for applications that require a high repetition rate for laser pulses, the RC time constant of conventional charging circuits creates an undesirable limitation. In any of the embodiments disclosed herein, each source resistor of a given pulsed laser diode driver may be advantageously replaced by an actively controlled source switch that quickly charges an associated source capacitor. Activation of the source switch is synchronized with switching the one or more bypass switches and one or more laser diode switches of a given pulsed laser diode driver such that the source switch is enabled prior to a laser diode pulse generation interval. FIG. 13A through FIG. 13I provide examples of previously described laser diode drivers in which the respective source resistor R_Shas been replaced by an actively controlled source switch M_Sto rapidly charge the respective source capacitor C_S. In some embodiments, the actively controlled source switch is implemented as a P-type switch that advantageously does not require bootstrap circuitry. Respective actively controlled source switches M_Sshown in FIG. 13A through FIG. 13I are activated only during a pre-charge step (i.e., during step 301 as described with reference to FIG. 3 ), and thus prior to a pre-flux step (i.e., prior to step 302 as described with reference to FIG. 3 ).

FIG. 13A shows a first example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 1301 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 101 of FIG. 1A, with the exception of the source resistor R_Sof FIG. 1A which has advantageously been replaced in FIG. 13A by an actively controlled (e.g., by the controller 120 using gate control signal GATE_S) source switch M_Sto rapidly charge the source capacitor C_S. In other example embodiments (not shown), the respective source resistors Rs of the pulsed laser diode driver 102 of FIG. 1B and the pulsed laser diode driver 103 of FIG. 1C are similarly replaced by a respective actively controlled source switch to rapidly charge the respective source capacitors C_Sof the laser diode drivers 102/103.

FIG. 13B shows a second example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 1302 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 401 of FIG. 4A, with the exception of the source resistor Rs of FIG. 4A which has advantageously been replaced in FIG. 13B by an actively controlled (e.g., by the controller 120 using gate control signal GATE_S) source switch M_Sto rapidly charge the source capacitor C_S. In other example embodiments (not shown), the respective source resistors Rs of the pulsed laser diode driver 402 of FIG. 4B, the pulsed laser diode driver 403 of FIG. 4C, and the pulsed laser diode driver 404 of FIG. 4D are similarly replaced by a respective actively controlled source switch to rapidly charge the respective source capacitors C_Sof the laser diode drivers 402/403/404.

FIG. 13C shows a third example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 1303 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 501 of FIG. 5A, with the exception of the source resistor Rs of FIG. 5A which has advantageously been replaced in FIG. 13C by an actively controlled (e.g., by the controller 120 using gate control signal GATE_S) source switch M_Sto rapidly charge the source capacitor C_S. In other example embodiments (not shown), the respective source resistors Rs of the pulsed laser diode driver 502 of FIG. 5B, the pulsed laser diode driver 503 of FIG. 5C, and the pulsed laser diode driver 504 of FIG. 5D are similarly replaced by a respective actively controlled source switch to rapidly charge the respective source capacitors C_Sof the laser diode drivers 502/503/504.

FIG. 13D shows a fourth example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 1304 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 601 of FIG. 6A, with the exception of the source resistor Rs of FIG. 6A which has advantageously been replaced in FIG. 13D by an actively controlled (e.g., by the controller 120 using gate control signal GATE_S) source switch M_Sto rapidly charge the source capacitor C_S. In other example embodiments (not shown), the respective source resistors Rs of the pulsed laser diode driver 602 of FIG. 6B, the pulsed laser diode driver 603 of FIG. 6C, and the pulsed laser diode driver 604 of FIG. 6D are similarly replaced by a respective actively controlled source switch to rapidly charge the respective source capacitors C_Sof the laser diode drivers 602/603/604.

FIG. 13E shows a fifth example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 1305 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 701 of FIG. 7A, with the exception of the source resistor Rs of FIG. 7A which has advantageously been replaced in FIG. 13E by an actively controlled (e.g., by the controller 120 using gate control signal GATE_S) source switch M_Sto rapidly charge the source capacitor C_S. In other example embodiments (not shown), the respective source resistors Rs of the pulsed laser diode driver 702 of FIG. 7B, the pulsed laser diode driver 703 of FIG. 7C, the pulsed laser diode driver 704 of FIG. 7D, and the pulsed laser diode driver 705 of FIG. 7E are similarly replaced by a respective actively controlled source switch to rapidly charge the respective source capacitors C_Sof the laser diode drivers 702/703/704/705.

FIG. 13F shows a sixth example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 1306 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 801 of FIG. 8A, with the exception of the source resistor Rs of FIG. 8A which has advantageously been replaced in FIG. 13F by an actively controlled (e.g., by the controller 120 using gate control signal GATE_S) source switch M_Sto rapidly charge the source capacitor C_S. In other example embodiments (not shown), the source resistor Rs of the pulsed laser diode driver 802 of FIG. 8B is similarly replaced by an actively controlled source switch to rapidly charge the source capacitor C_Sof the pulsed laser diode driver 802.

FIG. 13G shows a seventh example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 1307 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 901 of FIG. 9A, with the exception of the source resistor Rs of FIG. 9A which has advantageously been replaced in FIG. 13G by an actively controlled (e.g., by the controller 120 using gate control signal GATE_S) source switch M_Sto rapidly charge the source capacitor C_S. In other example embodiments (not shown), the source resistor Rs of the laser diode driver 902 of FIG. 9B is similarly replaced by an actively controlled source switch to rapidly charge the source capacitor C_Sof the laser diode driver 902.

FIG. 13H shows an eighth example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 1308 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1002 of FIG. 10A, with the exception of the source resistors R_S ¹though R_S ⁿof FIG. 10A which have advantageously been replaced in FIG. 13H by respective actively controlled (e.g., by the controller 120 using gate control signals GATE_S ¹through GATE_S ⁿ) source switches M_S ¹through M_S ⁿto rapidly charge the source capacitors C_S ¹through C_S ⁿ.

FIG. 13I shows a ninth example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 1309 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1004 of FIG. 10B, with the exception of the source resistors R_S ¹through R_S ⁴of FIG. 10B which have advantageously been replaced in FIG. 13I by respective actively controlled (e.g., by the controller 120 using gate control signals GATE_S ¹through GATE_S ⁴) source switches M_S ¹through M_S ⁴to rapidly charge the source capacitors C_S ¹through C_S ⁴.

Simplified example waveforms 1402 of signals related to the operation of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1309 of FIG. 13I are shown in FIG. 14 , in accordance with some embodiments. The simplified example waveforms 1402 include waveforms 1421 through 1424 illustrating respective voltages across the source capacitor C_S ¹through C_S ⁴at nodes 1021 through 1024 of FIG. 13I, respectively. Also shown are waveforms 1431 through 1434 which illustrate when a respective channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1309 is enabled, a clock signal 1441, and high-current pulses 1451 through 1455. As shown, the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 1309 is operable to emit a high-current pulse 1451 through 1455 to drive a respective laser diode D_L ¹through D_L ⁴, a pulse being emitted every 10 μs. The examples shown in FIGS. 13A-13I are merely select examples of pulsed laser diode driver circuits configured to advantageously use a source switch (i.e., M_S) for rapid charging of a source capacitor (i.e., C_S). In some embodiments, any of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103, 401-404, 501-504, 601-604, 701-705, 801-802, 901-902, 1002-1004 are configured to use a source switch (i.e., M_S) instead of a source resistor (i.e., R_S) to rapidly charge a source capacitor (i.e., C_S).

FIG. 15 shows a simplified circuit schematic of a pulsed laser diode driver 1501 of a ninth general topology, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode driver 1501 generally includes a source switch M_S, a source capacitor C_S, a damping resistor R_Damp, an inductor L_S, a bypass capacitor C_BP, a laser diode D_L, a bypass switch M_BP, and a flux switch M_FLUX. The flux switch M_FLUXis configured as a low-side switch. Also shown is the controller 120, node 110, a parasitic inductance L_DLof the laser diode D_L, a DC input voltage V_in, a source voltage V_sat the source capacitor C_S, a current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S, a current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L, a bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP, and a flux switch gate driver signal GATE_FLUX.

As shown in FIG. 15 , a first terminal of the source switch M_Sis directly electrically connected to the DC input voltage V_in. In other embodiments (not shown), the source switch M_Smay be replaced with a source resistor R_S. A second terminal of the source switch M_Sis directly electrically connected to a first terminal of the source capacitor C_S. A second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sis directly electrically connected to a bias voltage node such as ground. The second terminal of the source switch M_Sis directly electrically connected to a cathode of the laser diode D_L, a first terminal of the damping resistor R_Damp, a first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BP, and a first terminal of the inductor L_S. A second terminal of the damping resistor R_Dampis directly electrically connected to a first terminal of the flux switch M_FLUX, and a second terminal of the flux switch M_FLUXis directly electrically connected to a bias voltage node such as ground. An anode of the laser diode D_Lis directly electrically connected to a second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BP, a second terminal of the inductor L_S, and to a first terminal of the bypass switch M_BP. A second terminal of the bypass switch M_BPis directly electrically connected to a bias voltage node such as ground.

The bypass switch M_BPis configured to receive the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BPat a gate node (e.g., from the controller 120), the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BPbeing operable to turn the bypass switch M_BPon or off based on a voltage level of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP. The source switch M_Sis configured to receive the source switch gate driver signal GATE_Sat a gate node (e.g., from the controller 120), the source switch gate driver signal GATE_Sbeing operable to turn the source switch M_Son or off based on a voltage level of the source switch gate driver signal GATE_S. Similarly, the flux switch M_FLUXis configured to receive the flux switch gate driver signal GATE_FLUXat a gate node (e.g., from the controller 120), the flux switch gate driver signal GATE_FLUXbeing operable to turn the flux switch M_FLUXon or off based on a voltage level of the flux switch gate driver signal GATE_FLUX. Any or all of the bypass switch M_BP, the source switch M_S, and/or the flux switch M_FLUXcan be implemented as N-type switches or P-type switches. In some embodiments, the bypass switch M_BP, the source switch M_S, and/or the flux switch M_FLUXare implemented as Silicon-based or Silicon-Carbide-based field-effect transistors (FETs).

In some embodiments, the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 is configured to receive the DC input voltage V_inhaving a voltage range from about 10V to 20V, which is advantageously lower than an input voltage used by many conventional pulsed laser diode drivers. The inductor L_Sis a physical component added to the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 (i.e., as opposed to a representation of a parasitic inductance caused by components or interconnections such as bond wires). Similarly, the bypass capacitor C_BPis a physical component added to the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 (i.e., as opposed to a representation of a parasitic capacitance). One advantage of using physical inductor and capacitor components rather than using parasitic inductances and capacitances is that values of the inductor L_Sand the bypass capacitor C_BPcan be easily modified by a designer or even an end-user. By comparison, conventional designs that rely on parasitic reactances may require re-design and/or re-layout to change an operating parameter.

As disclosed herein, values of the DC input voltage V_in, the inductance of the inductor L_S, the capacitance of the source capacitor C_S, the resistance of the damping resistor R_Damp, and the capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPcan advantageously be selected (“tuned”) to achieve a desired operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 (e.g., a charge time, a pulse width, a pulse voltage, a pulse current). For example, a pulse width of the current i_DLflowing through the laser diode D_Lcan be tuned by adjusting the capacitance value of the bypass capacitor C_BP. A peak current level of the pulse of current i_DLflowing through the laser diode D_Lcan be tuned by adjusting the source voltage V_son the supply capacitor C_S. A capacitance value of the source capacitor C_Scan be tuned to adjust a timing delay of the high-current pulse and an upper range of the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L. Resistance values of the damping resistor R_Dampare dependent on the capacitance value of the supply capacitor C_Sand can be tuned within a range of values such that at a lower resistance, a lower frequency resonance of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein is underdamped (e.g., at about R_Damp=0.1 Ohm), or is critically damped (e.g., at about R_Damp=0.4 Ohm). The damping resistor R_Dampis operable to prevent current of the generated resonant waveform from becoming negative which could thereby enable a body diode of the bypass switch M_BPor the flux switch M_FLUX. Although a resulting maximum current level of the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_Lis lower for the critically damped case, the current level can be easily adjusted by raising the voltage level of the DC input voltage V_in.

In some embodiments, the DC input voltage V_inis about 15V, the inductance of the inductor L_Sis about 6 nH, the capacitance of the source capacitor C_Sis about 100 nF, the resistance of the damping resistor R_Dampis about 0.1 Ohm, and the capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPis about 1 nF. In some embodiments, a voltage at the first terminal of the damping resistor R_Dampis received by the controller 120 to provide an indication of a current flow through the damping resistor R_Damp.

Typical resonant driver designs often require a damping resistor to minimize ringing duration. However, the added damping resistor R_Dampdissipates power which may lower the overall power efficiency of the design as compared to a resonant driver that does not have a damping resistor. Thus, in some embodiments, the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 advantageously allows current to flow through the damping resistor R_Dampduring portions of a switching sequence (e.g., the switching sequence 300) in which the damping resistor R_Dampcritically damps ringing, and prevents current from flowing through the damping resistor R_Dampduring portions of the switching sequence when the damping resistor R_Dampis not needed to damp ringing. The pulsed laser diode driver 1501 allows current to flow through the damping resistor R_Dampby enabling the flux switch M_FLUXand prevents current from flowing through the damping resistor R_Dampby disabling the flux switch M_FLUX. Such dynamic control of current flow through the damping resistor R_Dampadvantageously increases an overall power efficiency of the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 as compared to a pulsed laser diode driver circuit that allows current to flow through a damping resistor for the entirety of a switching sequence.

During operation, the source capacitor C_Sis discharged through the inductor L_Sby the bypass switch M_BP. This configuration provides a maximum peak current through the laser diode L_DLbut requires the series damping resistor R_Dampto prevent the waveform from ringing for a long duration. Until the ringing stops and the voltage and current are zero, the bypass switch M_BPcannot be turned off. Unfortunately, the damping resistor R_Dampdissipates power as long as current flows through the damping resistor R_Damp. Thus, the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 advantageously provides an optimal power efficiency by preventing current from flowing through the damping resistor R_Dampduring an initial precharge step (e.g., step 301 of FIG. 3 ), a preflux step (e.g., step 302 of FIG. 3 ), and a pulse generation step (e.g., step 303 of FIG. 3 ) of a switching sequence (e.g., the switching sequence 300 of FIG. 3 ). However, current is allowed, by the flux switch M_FLUX, to flow through the damping resistor R_Dampafter the high-current pulse has been generated (e.g., at step 303 of FIG. 3 ) to remove remaining ringing by critically damping the RLC network of the pulsed laser diode driver 1501.

During the precharge step (e.g., step 301 of FIG. 3 ), the preflux step (e.g., step 302 of FIG. 3 ), and the pulse generation step (e.g., step 303 of FIG. 3 ) of the switching sequence (e.g., the switching sequence 300 of FIG. 3 ), the flux switch M_FLUXis disabled, thereby creating an undamped LC network. However, after pulse generation, the flux switch M_FLUXis enabled and the damping resistor R_Dampcreates a parallel RLC network to critically damp ringing and thereby provide a maximum power efficiency and fast recovery of the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 to start a next switching sequence.

For example, FIGS. 16A-16B show simplified plots, 1620 a-b, 1621 a-b, 1622 a-b, 1623 a-b, 1624 a-b, and 1625 a-b, of signals related to operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 shown in FIG. 15 , in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 16A illustrates operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 when a damping resistor (i.e., the damping resistor R_Damp) underdamps ringing of the pulsed laser diode driver 1501. In comparison, FIG. 16B illustrates operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 when a damping resistor (i.e., the damping resistor R_Damp) is used to critically damp ringing of the pulsed laser diode driver 1501.

With reference to FIGS. 16A-16B, the simplified plots illustrate voltage plots of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP 1620 a-b, voltage plots of the flux switch gate driver signal GATE_FLUX 1621 a-b, current plots of the current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S 1622 a-b, current plots of the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L 1623 a-b, voltage plots of the source voltage V_S 1624 a-b at the source capacitor C_S, and voltage and current plots 1625 a-b of a voltage and current source used to establish a plot scale, all over the same duration of time. Details of these signals are described below. The voltage plots of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP 1620 a-b and the flux switch gate driver signal GATE_FLUX 1621 a-b have been level-shifted for readability, but are, in actuality, low voltage inputs. Additionally, the voltage plots of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP 1620 a-b and the flux switch gate driver signal GATE_FLUX 1621 a-b assume that the flux switch M_FLUXand the bypass switch M_BPare NFET devices. However, if PFET devices are used instead, the polarity of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP 1620 a-b and the flux switch gate driver signal GATE_FLUX 1621 a-b are inverted.

In the example shown in FIG. 16A, with reference to FIG. 15 , a resistance value of 10 Ohms is used for the damping resistor R_Dampof the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 in which L_S=6 nH, and C_BP=1 nF, and L_DLis about 1 nH. As expected, the waveforms 1622 a and 1624 a are very underdamped as shown by prolonged oscillations (i.e., “ringing”). As is known in the art, for a parallel RLC circuit, the damping coefficient d is expressed as:

\begin{matrix} d = \frac{1}{2 R} \times \sqrt{\frac{L}{C}} . & (Equation 1) \end{matrix}

Thus, if a critically damped waveform is desired, an optimal resistance R value of the damping resistor R_Dampcan be determined by setting the damping coefficient din Equation 1 to a value of d=1 and solving Equation 1 for R using the values mentioned above. In the example shown in FIG. 16B, a resistance value of 0.175 Ohms is used for the damping resistor R_Dampof the pulsed laser diode driver 1501. As expected, the waveforms 1622 b and 1624 b are thereby critically damped as shown by the absence of prolonged oscillations (i.e., “ringing”).

In some embodiments, the damping resistor R_Dampcan be eliminated by using a weak switch having an on-resistance Rdson that is about the desired resistance value determined using Equation 1. In such embodiments, if adjustment of the resistance value is desired, a segmented FET can be used to thereby allow the on-resistance Rdson to be modified to match the damping resistance required.

Additionally, although it would initially appear that placing the source capacitor C_Sin series with the laser diode D_Lwould raise the required anode voltage to pulse the laser diode D_L, the voltage and current of the source capacitor C_Sare 90-degrees out of phase with one another. As shown by waveforms 1624 a-b, because the current pulse (i.e., 1623 a-b) through the laser diode D_Lis advantageously aligned with a peak current amplitude, voltage at the source capacitor C_Sat that time is zero due to the 90-degree phase shift. In some embodiments, a beginning of the high-current pulse could be determined by sensing when the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_Sis at zero, at which point the high-current pulse through the laser diode D_Lshould begin.

For some applications, the amplitude of a high-current pulse delivered by a resonant circuit such as any of those disclosed herein may need to be adjusted in amplitude from pulse-to-pulse. Thus, in some embodiments, any of the pulsed laser drivers disclosed herein are advantageously operable to configure an amplitude of the high-current pulse delivered to one or more laser diodes on a pulse-to-pulse basis.

As shown in FIG. 17 , FIG. 18 , FIG. 19 , and FIG. 20 , the DC input voltage V_inis advantageously provided by an adjustable voltage supply (i.e., a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)). In some embodiments, an output voltage level of the adjustable voltage supply is set using the controller 120. For example, FIG. 17 illustrates a pulsed laser diode driver circuit 1701 that is the same as the pulsed laser diode driver 101 shown in FIG. 1A with the exception that the DC input voltage V_inis generated by a DAC 1730. FIG. 18 illustrates a pulsed laser diode driver circuit 1801 that is the same as the pulsed laser diode driver 1301 shown in FIG. 13A with the exception that the DC input voltage V_inis generated by a DAC 1830. FIG. 19 illustrates a pulsed laser diode driver circuit 1901 that is the same as the pulsed laser diode driver 1308 shown in FIG. 13H with the exception that the DC input voltage V_inis generated by a DAC 1930. FIG. 20 illustrates a pulsed laser diode driver circuit 2001 that is the same as the pulsed laser diode driver 1501 shown in FIG. 15 with the exception that the DC input voltage V_inis generated by a DAC 2030. The examples shown in FIG. 17 , FIG. 18 , FIG. 19 , and FIG. 20 are merely select examples of pulsed laser diode driver circuits configured to receive a DC input voltage from an adjustable voltage source (e.g., a DAC or a different adjustable voltage source as is known in the art). In some embodiments, any of the pulsed laser diode drivers 101-103, 401-404, 501-504, 601-604, 701-705, 801-802, 901-902, 1002-1004, 1301-1309, and/or 1501 are configured to receive the DC input voltage V_infrom an adjustable voltage source such as a DAC.

Use of an adjustable voltage supply, such as a DAC, to provide the DC input voltage V_into the pulsed laser diode driver circuits disclosed herein is possible because of the advantageously low input voltage requirements for such embodiments. In some embodiments, the adjustable voltage supply is clocked such that the adjustable voltage supply charges the source capacitor C_Sdescribed herein only during a first portion of a clock period (e.g., a positive portion). As such, the value of the DC input voltage V_inand a current amplitude of the high-current pulse delivered to the laser diode(s) disclosed herein may be advantageously varied between consecutive high-current pulses through the laser diode(s).

FIGS. 21A-21B show simplified plots, 2102 a-b, 2104 a-b, 2106 a-b, of signals related to operation of the pulsed laser diode drivers shown in FIGS. 17, 18, 19 , and 20, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 21A includes examples of high-current pulses 2102 a (i.e., through the laser diode(s) D_L), a source voltage V_sat the source capacitor C _S 2106 a, and a linearly varying supply voltage 2106 a of a variable input voltage supply (e.g., a DAC) that provides the DC input voltage V_in. As shown, a current amplitude of the high-current pulses 2102 a is advantageously varied from pulse to pulse.

FIG. 21B includes examples of high-current pulses 2102 b (i.e., through the laser diode(s) D_L), a source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C _S 2106 b, and a stepped supply voltage of a variable input voltage supply (e.g., a DAC) that provides the DC input voltage V_in. As shown, a current amplitude of the high-current pulses 2102 b is advantageously varied from pulse to pulse. Although an output voltage transition of the variable input voltage supply is fast, change in the source voltage level V_Sat the source capacitor C _S 2106 b is limited by the time constant of the source capacitor C_Sand an on-resistance of an input switch (e.g., the source switch M_Sdescribed above) or an input resistor (e.g., the source resistor R_Sdescribed above).

In some embodiments, high-current pulses to drive a laser diode may be advantageously produced using a single switch, such as a FET, thereby reducing an overall part count, size, and complexity of a design as compared to designs that require more than one switch. For example, FIG. 22A shows a simplified circuit schematic of a pulsed laser diode driver 2201 of a tenth general topology, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode driver 2201 generally includes the source resistor R_S, the optional controller 120, a source capacitor C_S, an inductor L_S, a bypass capacitor C_BP, a laser diode D_L, and a bypass switch M_BP. Also shown is an optional damping resistor R_Damp, an optional damping switch M_DAMP, a refresh current i_Refresh, a node 2210, a parasitic inductance L_DLof the laser diode D_L, a DC input voltage V_in, a source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_S, a current i_LSthrough the inductor L_S, a current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L, a bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP, and a damping switch gate driver signal GATE_DAMP. Either or both of the bypass switch M_BPand/or the damping switch M_DAMPcan be implemented as N-type switches or P-type switches. In some embodiments, the bypass switch M_BPand/or the damping switch M_DAMPare implemented as Silicon-based, or Silicon-Carbide-based field-effect transistors (FETs).

Because the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 advantageously requires only one switch (i.e., the damping switch M_DAMPis optional), printed circuit board layout considerations for the pulsed laser diode driver 2201, especially when reducing parasitic inductances, is simplified as compared to printed circuit board layout considerations for designs having two switches. This is because the single switch (M_BP) can be placed in close proximity to other components of the design, such as the laser diode D_L. Additionally, the laser diode switch M_DLused in other designs described above must handle considerably more current than the optional damping switch M_DAMPmust handle. This is because the optional damping switch M_DAMPjust has to drain residual charge from the source capacitor C_Sas compared to handling a high current pulse that travels through the laser diode D_L. Thus, even in embodiments disclosed herein that include the optional damping switch M_DAMP, size and design complexities of the laser diode driver are advantageously reduced as compared to pulsed laser diode drivers that require two larger switches such as the bypass switch M_BPand the laser diode driver switch D_DL.

As shown in FIG. 22A, a first terminal of the source capacitor C_Sis configured to receive the refresh current i_Refreshfrom the DC input voltage V_into charge the source capacitor C_S. The first terminal of the source capacitor C_Sis directly electrically connected to a cathode (first terminal) of the laser diode D_L, a first terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BP, and a first terminal of the inductor L_S. A second terminal of the source capacitor C_Sis electrically coupled to a bias voltage node such as ground. An anode (second terminal) of the laser diode D_Lis directly electrically connected to a second terminal of the bypass capacitor C_BP, a second terminal of the inductor L_S, and to a drain node of the bypass switch M_BP. A source node of the bypass switch M_BPis directly electrically connected to a bias voltage node such as ground.

In some embodiments, the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 includes the optional damping resistor R_Damp. In such embodiments, the second terminal of the source capacitor is electrically coupled to ground through the optional damping resistor R_Damp. Resistance values of the optional damping resistor R_Dampare dependent on the capacitance value of the supply capacitor C_Sand can be tuned within a range of values such that at a lower resistance, a lower frequency resonance of the pulsed laser diode drivers disclosed herein is underdamped (e.g., at about R_Damp=0.1 Ohm), or is critically damped (e.g., at about R_Damp=0.4 Ohm). The optional damping resistor R_Dampis operable to prevent current of the generated resonant waveform from becoming negative which could thereby enable a body diode of the bypass switch M_BP.

In other embodiments, the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 includes the optional damping switch M_DAMP. In such embodiments, the first terminal of the source capacitor C_Sis directly electrically connected to a drain node of the optional damping switch M_DAMP. A source node of the optional damping switch M_DAMPis directly electrically connected to ground. As was described above, at discharge step 304 of a switching cycle described with reference to FIG. 3 , charge stored at the source capacitor C_Sis drained before any switches that control current through the laser diodes are transitioned to an OFF-state to advantageously eliminate high-voltage spikes that could damage or destroy components of the pulsed laser diode driver 2201. Thus, in some embodiments, after pulse emission, the damping switch M_DAMPis configured to receive the damping switch gate driver signal GATE_DAMPat a gate node (e.g., from the controller 120) to rapidly discharge any remaining charge at the source capacitor C_S. During the precharge step (e.g., step 301 of FIG. 3 ), the preflux step (e.g., step 302 of FIG. 3 ), and the pulse generation step (e.g., step 303 of FIG. 3 ) of the switching sequence (e.g., the switching sequence 300 of FIG. 3 ), the damping switch M_DAMPis disabled, thereby creating an undamped LC network. However, after pulse generation, the damping switch M_DAMPis enabled to advantageously provide fast recovery of the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 to start a next switching sequence.

Control of the bypass switch M_BPusing the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BPis similar to, or the same as, that described with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 101 and the steps 301 through 305 described with reference to FIG. 3 . The bypass switch M_BPis configured to receive the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BPat a gate node (e.g., from the controller 120), the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BPbeing operable to turn the bypass switch M_BPon or off based on a voltage level of the bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP. However, a laser diode switch, such as the laser diode switch M_DLis advantageously not needed to control a current flow through the laser diode D_Lof the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 because the laser diode D_Lis reverse biased during the precharge and preflux stages.

Although it would initially appear that placing the source capacitor C_Sin series with the laser diode D_Lwould raise the required anode voltage to pulse the laser diode D_L, the voltage and current of the source capacitor C_Sare 90-degrees out of phase with one another. As was shown by waveforms 1624 a-b in FIG. 16A and FIG. 16B, because the current pulse (i.e., 1623 a-b) through the laser diode D_Lis advantageously aligned with a peak current amplitude, voltage at the source capacitor C_Sat that time is zero due to the 90-degree phase shift. In some embodiments, a beginning of the high-current pulse could be determined by sensing when the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_Sis at zero, at which point the high-current pulse through the laser diode D_Lshould begin.

In some embodiments, the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 is configured to receive the DC input voltage V_inhaving a voltage range from about 10V to 20V, which is advantageously lower than an input voltage used by many conventional pulsed laser diode drivers. The inductor L_Sis a physical component added to the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 (i.e., as opposed to a representation of a parasitic inductance caused by components or interconnections such as bond wires). Similarly, the bypass capacitor C_BPis a physical component added to the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 (i.e., as opposed to a representation of a parasitic capacitance). One advantage of using physical inductor and capacitor components rather than using parasitic inductances and capacitances is that values of the inductor L_Sand the bypass capacitor C_BPcan be easily modified by a designer or even an end-user. By comparison, conventional designs that rely on parasitic reactances may require re-design and/or re-layout to change an operating parameter.

To elaborate, values of the DC input voltage V_in, the inductance of the inductor L_S, the capacitance of the source capacitor C_S, the resistance of the optional damping resistor R_Damp, and the capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPcan advantageously be selected (“tuned”) to achieve a desired operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 (e.g., a charge time, a pulse width, a pulse voltage, a pulse current). For example, a pulse width of the current i_DLflowing through the laser diode D_Lcan be tuned by adjusting the capacitance value of the bypass capacitor C_BP. A peak current level of the pulse of current i_DLflowing through the laser diode D_Lcan be tuned by adjusting the source voltage V_Son the source capacitor C_S. A capacitance value of the source capacitor C_Scan be tuned to adjust a timing delay of the high-current pulse and an upper range of the current i_DLthrough the laser diode D_L.

In some embodiments, the DC input voltage Vin is about 10 V-20 V, the inductance of the inductor L_Sis about 4 nH-8 nH, the capacitance of the source capacitor C_Sis about 80 nF-120 nF, the resistance of the optional damping resistor R_Dampis about 0.08 Ohm-0.5 Ohm, and the capacitance of the bypass capacitor C_BPis about 0.8 nF-1.2 nF. In some embodiments, a voltage at the first terminal of the optional damping resistor R_Dampis received by the controller 120 to provide an indication of a current flow through the damping resistor R_Damp.

FIG. 22B provides an example of a laser diode driver that has an actively controlled refresh circuit, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 22B shows an example embodiment of a pulsed laser diode driver 2202 having all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 of FIG. 22A, with the exception of the source resistor R_Sof FIG. 22A which has advantageously been replaced in FIG. 22B by an optional refresh circuit 2225 to rapidly charge the source capacitor C_Sto a desired or required voltage level. Additionally, the optional controller 120 has been replaced by an optional controller 2220. In some embodiments, the damping switch M_DAMPis integrated within the refresh circuit 2225.

The refresh circuit 2225 controls a current amplitude of the refresh current i_Refreshin response to a charge level (V_S) of the source capacitor C_Susing internal threshold voltages and/or switch groupings. The amplitude of the refresh current i_Refreshin turn controls how quickly or slowly the source capacitor C_Sis charged, or “refreshed”. While it is often desirable that the source capacitor C_Sbe charged as quickly as possible, such rapid charging may result in undesirable voltage overshoot at the source capacitor C_S. Thus, one role of the refresh circuit 2225 is to optimize a charge rate of the source capacitor C_Swhile at the same time preventing voltage overshoot. The charge rate of the source capacitor C_Smay be optimized by the refresh circuit 2225. For example, in some embodiments, the controller 2220 is operable to configure the refresh circuit 2225 using a fixed configuration setting, or to adaptively configure the refresh circuit 2225 between one or more pulse emissions of one or more laser diodes. In some embodiments, the controller 2220 may transmit a control signal Ctrl to the refresh circuit 2225 that includes high-level information, such as an indication of a maximum target voltage V_maxthat the source capacitor C_Sshould be charged to, and a specified pulse repetition frequency for the laser diode driver circuit. In such embodiments, the refresh circuit 2225 uses the high-level information included in the control signal Ctrl to configure threshold voltages and switch groupings internally to achieve the maximum target voltage V_maxwithout overshoot and to achieve the specified pulse repetition frequency. In other embodiments, the controller 2220 determines low-level configuration settings for the refresh circuit 2225, such as specific voltage levels for the threshold voltages and specific switch groupings, and transmits such low-level configuration settings to the refresh circuit 2225 to configure the refresh circuit 2225. In such embodiments, the controller 2220 may determine, based on a measured charge-rate of the source capacitor C_S, that an achieved pulse repetition frequency of the pulsed laser diode driver circuit is not equal to the specified pulse repetition frequency and may accordingly transmit updated low-level configuration settings to the refresh circuit 2225 to change one or more of the voltage levels of the threshold voltages and/or to change the specific switch groupings. Similarly, in some embodiments, the controller 2220 may determine, based on a measured or compared voltage amplitude of the source voltage V_S, that voltage overshoot has occurred at the source capacitor C_Sand may accordingly transmit updated low-level configuration settings to the refresh circuit 2225 to change one or more of the voltage levels of the threshold voltages and/or to change the specific switch groupings.

A clocking signal clkp, generated by the controller 2220, is received at the refresh circuit 2225. The clocking signal clkp functions as an enable signal for the refresh circuit 2225 such that the refresh circuit 2225 only charges the source capacitor C_Sduring appropriate portions of a laser pulse emission cycle that were described above with reference to FIG. 3 .

In some embodiments, the refresh circuit 2225 or the controller 2220 may select the initial or ongoing voltage levels of the threshold voltages and/or the switch groupings based on using determined or specified information about the particular source capacitor or source capacitors used within the pulsed laser diode driver circuit, and/or an on-resistance of the switches within the refresh circuit 2225 as an input to an RC time-constant equation, T=RC, as is known in the art.

In other embodiments, the refresh circuit 2225 itself is operable to determine, based on a measured charge-rate of the source capacitor C_S, that the pulse repetition frequency of the pulsed laser diode driver circuit is not equal to the specified pulse repetition frequency and to accordingly change one or more of the voltage levels of the threshold voltages and/or to change the specific switch groupings to control an amplitude of the refresh current i_Refresh. Similarly, in some embodiments, the refresh circuit 2225 may determine, based on a measured or compared voltage amplitude of the source voltage V_S, that a voltage overshoot has occurred at the source capacitor C_Sand may accordingly change one or more of the voltage levels of the threshold voltages and/or change the specific switch groupings.

The DC input voltage V_inmay be a fixed voltage from a fixed voltage source or may be a voltage from a variable voltage source, such as from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) (not shown). A voltage level of the DC input voltage V_inmay be set by the fixed or variable voltage source in accordance with a desired amplitude of a laser pulse emitted by the respective pulsed laser diode driver. The voltage level of the DC input voltage V_inmay remain fixed during operation of the pulsed laser diode driver or may vary pulse-to-pulse. In other embodiments, the refresh circuit 2225 receives a fixed DC input voltage V_inand acts as a variable voltage source to charge one or more source capacitors C_Sto a desired voltage level in accordance with a desired amplitude of a laser pulse emitted by the respective pulsed laser diode driver. Details of the refresh circuit 2225 and the controller 2220 are further detailed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/653,349, filed Mar. 3, 2022, all of which is incorporated by reference herein in entirety for all purposes.

FIG. 22C provides an example of a multi-channel laser diode driver 2205 that includes two or more of the laser diode driver modules 2204 that were shown in FIG. 22B, in accordance with some embodiments. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2205 is configured to independently drive n laser diodes where n is a number ranging from two to 128 or more. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2205 is operable to cause a pulse to be emitted from any individual laser diode of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2205 in isolation or combined with one or more other pulses emitted from other laser diodes of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2205.

In the example shown, the pulsed laser diode driver circuit 2205 includes the refresh circuit 2225 introduced in FIG. 22B to provide the refresh current i_refreshto n laser diode driver modules 2204, where n is an integer number of laser diode driver modules (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.). Each of the n laser diode driver modules 2204 implements the laser diode driver module 2204 shown in FIG. 22B and control of each of the laser diode driver modules 2204, e.g., by the optional controller 2220, is the same as, or is similar to, control of the laser diode driver 2201 that was described with reference to FIG. 22A. As such, the laser diode driver 2205 is advantageously operable to drive two or more individual laser diodes.

FIG. 23A shows a simplified circuit schematic of a multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2301 of an eleventh general topology, in accordance with some embodiments. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2301 is configured to independently drive n laser diodes where n is a number ranging from two to 128 or more. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2301 is operable to cause a pulse to be emitted from any individual laser diode of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2301 in isolation or combined with one or more other pulses emitted from other laser diodes of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2301.

The pulsed laser diode driver 2301 is similar to the pulsed laser diode driver 2201, except that the pulsed laser diode driver 2301 includes n resonant laser diode driver cells 2310, where n is an integer number of resonant laser diode driver cells (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.). Each of the resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 includes a respective laser diode D_L ⁿ, a bypass capacitor C_BP ⁿ, an inductor L_S ⁿ, and a bypass switch M_BPn. Also shown, for each of the n resonant laser diode driver cells, is a respective parasitic inductance L_DL ⁿof that cell's laser diode D_L ⁿ, a respective current i_LS ⁿthrough that cell's inductor L_S ⁿ, a respective current i_DL ⁿthrough that cell's laser diode D_L ⁿ, and a respective bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_PB ⁿat a gate node of that cell's bypass switch M_BP ⁿ.

In addition to the n resonant laser diode driver cells 2310, the pulsed laser diode driver 2301 generally includes the previously described source resistor R_S, the optional controller 120, and the source capacitor C_S. Also shown is the optional damping resistor R_Damp, the optional damping switch M_DAMP, the refresh current i_Refresh, the node 2310, the DC input voltage V_in, a source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_S, and a damping switch gate driver signal GATE_DAMP.

Either or both of the bypass switches M_BP ⁿand/or the damping switch M_DAMPcan be implemented as N-type switches or P-type switches. In some embodiments, the bypass switches M_BP ⁿand/or the damping switch M_DAMPare implemented as Silicon-based or Silicon-Carbide-based field-effect transistors (FETs). Operation of each of the resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 of the pulsed laser diode driver 2301 is similar to the operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 and is described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 26 .

FIG. 23B provides an example of a multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2302 that has an actively controlled refresh circuit, in accordance with some embodiments. The multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2302 has all of the components, signals, and nodes described above with reference to the pulsed laser diode driver 2301 of FIG. 23A, with the exception of the source resistor R_Sof FIG. 23A which has advantageously been replaced in FIG. 23B by the optional refresh circuit 2225, described above, to rapidly charge the source capacitor C_S. Additionally, the optional controller 120 has been replaced by the optional controller 2220, described above. In some embodiments, the damping switch M_DAMPis integrated within the refresh circuit 2225.

FIG. 24 shows simplified circuit schematics of the resonant laser diode driver cell 2310, in accordance with some embodiments. As described above, the resonant laser diode driver cell 2310 includes a respective laser diode D_L ⁿ, a bypass capacitor C_BP ⁿ, an inductor L_S ⁿ, and a bypass switch M_BP ⁿ. Also shown is a respective parasitic inductance L_DL ⁿof that cell's laser diode D_L ⁿ, a respective current i_LS ⁿthrough that cell's inductor L_S ⁿ, a respective current i_DL ⁿthrough that cell's laser diode D_L ⁿ, a respective bypass switch gate driver signal GATE_BP ⁿat a gate node of that cell's bypass switch M_BP ⁿ, a node labeled SOURCE_BP ⁿat a source node of that cell's bypass switch M_BP ⁿ, and a node labeled CATHODEⁿat a cathode node of that cell's laser diode D_L ⁿ. As shown, a schematic representation of the resonant laser diode driver cell 2310 is simplified as the schematic representation 2310 n.

FIG. 25 shows a simplified circuit schematic of a multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2501 of the eleventh general topology, in accordance with some embodiments. The pulsed laser diode driver 2501 is similar to the pulsed laser diode driver 2302, except that the pulsed laser diode driver 2501 specifically shows n=4 resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 a-d, each of which implements a respective one of the resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 shown in FIG. 24 .

Each of the resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 a-d includes a respective one of a laser diode D_L ⁿ, bypass capacitor C_BP ⁿ, inductor L_S ⁿ, and bypass switch M_BP ⁿas shown in FIG. 24 . That is, the resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 a-d include respective laser diodes D_L ^1-4, respective bypass capacitors C_BP ^1-4, respective inductors L_S ^1-4, and respective bypass switches M_BP ^1-4. Because each of the resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 a-d advantageously requires only one switch, printed circuit board layout considerations for the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2501, especially when reducing parasitic inductances, is simplified as compared to printed circuit board layout considerations for designs having two switches per cell. Additionally, because each of the respective bypass switches M_BP ¹through M_BP ⁴of the resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 a-d are configured as low-side switches (i.e., a source node of each aforementioned switch is directly electrically connected to ground), a gate control signal of those switches does not need to be level-shifted by bootstrap circuitry, thereby advantageously simplifying the design and reducing the cost of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2501 as compared to a laser diode driver circuit that requires bootstrap circuitry.

In addition to the four resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 a-d, the pulsed laser diode driver 2501 generally includes the previously described optional refresh circuit 2225, the optional controller 2220, the source capacitor C_S, the optional damping resistor R_Damp, the optional damping switch M_DAMP, the refresh current i_Refresh, a node 2510, the DC input voltage V_in, the source voltage V_Sat the source capacitor C_S, the control signal Ctrl, the clocking signal Clkp, and the damping switch gate driver signal GATE_DAMPdescribed above with reference to FIG. 23B. Operation of each of the resonant laser diode driver cells 2310 a-d of the pulsed laser diode driver 2501 is similar to the operation of the pulsed laser diode driver 2201 described with reference to FIG. 22A and is described in more detail below.

Simplified example waveforms

2602 of signals related to the operation of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2501 are shown in FIG. 26 , in accordance with some embodiments. Also shown is a legend 2601 and expanded regions of

interest

2604, 2606, 2608, and 2610 of the waveforms 2602. As indicated by the legend 2601, the simplified waveforms 2602 of FIG. 26 include a first bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ¹, a second bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ², a third bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ³, and a fourth bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ⁴over a 20 μs duration. With reference to FIG. 25 , the first bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ¹is operable to control the bypass switch M_BP ¹of the resonant laser diode driver cell 2310 a, the second bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ²is operable to control the bypass switch M_BP ²of the resonant laser diode driver cell 2310 b, the third bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ³is operable to control the bypass switch M_BP ³of the resonant laser diode driver cell 2310 c, and the fourth bypass switch gate driver signal Gate_BP ⁴is operable to control the bypass switch M_BP ⁴of the resonant laser diode driver cell 2310 d.

Each of the expanded regions of

interest

2604, 2606, 2608, and 2610 illustrate a pre-flux interval of a selected channel during which an inductor current of that channel's inductor is ramping up, a very short pulse interval during which current through that channel's inductor is directed through that channel's laser diode, and a discharge interval in accordance with steps 301 through 305 described with reference to FIG. 3 . Per the description above, the region of interest 2604 illustrates pulse generation for the first channel (i.e., 2310 a) of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2501, the region of interest 2606 illustrates pulse generation for the second channel (i.e., 2310 b) of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2501, the region of interest 2608 illustrates pulse generation for the third channel (i.e., 2301 c) of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2501, and the region of interest 2610 illustrates pulse generation for the fourth channel (i.e., 2301 d) of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2501.

In some embodiments, the Ctrl signals generated by the optional controller 2220 include n channel selection signals. Each channel selection signal is operable to control whether a corresponding channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode drivers 2301/2501 will emit a pulse for a given clock cycle. For example, if each of the n channel selection signals are asserted during a clock cycle, all n channels of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode drivers 2301/2501 will emit a pulse during that clock cycle. Or, for example, if only one of the of the n channel selection signals is asserted during a clock cycle, only that channel of the multi-channel pulsed laser diode driver 2501 will emit a pulse during that clock cycle. In some embodiments, the channel selection signals control pulse emission for corresponding channels during a clock cycle by controlling whether the gate bypass signal for that channel GATE_BP ⁿis produced during that clock cycle. In other embodiments, the channel selection signals control pulse emission for a channel during a clock cycle by controlling whether the source capacitor C_Sis charged during that clock cycle.

Reference has been made in detail to embodiments of the disclosed invention, one or more examples of which have been illustrated in the accompanying figures. Each example has been provided by way of explanation of the present technology, not as a limitation of the present technology. In fact, while the specification has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments of the invention, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, may readily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present subject matter covers all such modifications and variations within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. These and other modifications and variations to the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the scope of the present invention, which is more particularly set forth in the appended claims. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A pulsed laser diode driver comprising:

a plurality of resonant laser diode driver cells, each resonant laser diode driver cell comprising:

an inductor having a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal being configured to receive a source voltage;

a bypass capacitor having a first terminal directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the inductor and a second terminal directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor;

a laser diode having a cathode that is directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the inductor and an anode that is directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor; and

a bypass switch having a drain node that is directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor and a source node that is directly electrically connected to ground;

a source capacitor having a first terminal directly electrically connected to the first terminal of each inductor of the plurality of resonant laser diode driver cells to provide the source voltage thereto and a second terminal electrically coupled to ground; and

a damping switch having a drain node that is directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the source capacitor and a source node that is directly electrically connected to ground;

wherein:

for each resonant laser diode driver cell of the plurality of resonant laser diode driver cells, the bypass switch is configured to control a current flow through the inductor to produce a high-current pulse through the laser diode, the high-current pulse corresponding to a peak current of a resonant waveform developed at the anode of the laser diode; and

the damping switch is configured to discharge the source capacitor after each high-current pulse is produced.

2. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 1, further comprising:

a source resistor configured to receive a DC input voltage, the source voltage being received at the first terminal of the source capacitor via the source resistor.

3. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 1, further comprising:

a refresh circuit configured to receive a DC input voltage, the source voltage being received at the first terminal of the source capacitor via the refresh circuit.

4. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 3, further comprising:

an adjustable voltage supply configured to generate the DC input voltage.

5. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 4, wherein:

the adjustable voltage supply comprises a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC).

6. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 3, wherein:

the refresh circuit stops charging the source capacitor when a desired voltage level is reached.

7. A pulsed laser diode driver comprising:

a bypass switch having a drain node that is directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the inductor and a source node that is directly electrically connected to ground; and

a source capacitor having a first terminal directly electrically connected to the first terminal of each inductor of the plurality of resonant laser diode driver cells to provide the source voltage thereto and a second terminal electrically coupled to ground;

wherein:

for each resonant laser diode driver cell of the plurality of resonant laser diode driver cells, the bypass switch is configured to control a current flow through the inductor to produce a high-current pulse through the laser diode, the high-current pulse corresponding to a peak current of a resonant waveform developed at the anode of the laser diode.

8. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 7, further comprising:

wherein:

9. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 7, further comprising:

a damping resistor having a first terminal that is directly electrically connected to the second terminal of the source capacitor and a second terminal that is directly electrically connected to ground.

10. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 7, further comprising:

11. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 7, further comprising:

12. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 11, further comprising:

an adjustable voltage supply configured to generate the DC input voltage.

13. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 12, wherein:

the adjustable voltage supply comprises a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC).

14. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 11, wherein:

15. A pulsed laser diode driver, comprising:

a plurality of laser diode driver modules, each laser diode driver module comprising:

a source capacitor having a first terminal directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the inductor to provide the source voltage and a second terminal electrically coupled to ground;

wherein:

a respective source capacitor of each laser diode driver module of the plurality of laser diode driver modules is configured to receive the source voltage at the first terminal of that respective source capacitor; and

the bypass switch of each laser diode driver module of the plurality of laser diode driver modules is configured to control a current flow through the inductor of that laser diode driver module to produce a high-current pulse through the laser diode of that laser diode driver module, the high-current pulse corresponding to a peak current of a resonant waveform developed at the anode of that laser diode.

16. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 15, wherein each laser diode driver module further comprises:

a damping switch having a drain node that is directly electrically connected to the first terminal of the source capacitor of that laser diode driver module and a source node that is directly electrically connected to ground;

wherein:

the damping switch is configured to discharge the source capacitor of that laser diode driver module after the high-current pulse is produced.

17. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 15, further comprising:

a refresh circuit configured to receive a DC input voltage, the source voltage being received at the first terminal of each of the respective source capacitors via the refresh circuit.

18. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 17, further comprising:

an adjustable voltage supply configured to generate the DC input voltage.

19. The pulsed laser diode driver of claim 18, wherein:

the adjustable voltage supply comprises a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC).