US11585465B2 - Modular conduit systems with alignment members - Google Patents
Modular conduit systems with alignment members Download PDFInfo
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- US11585465B2 US11585465B2 US17/011,832 US202017011832A US11585465B2 US 11585465 B2 US11585465 B2 US 11585465B2 US 202017011832 A US202017011832 A US 202017011832A US 11585465 B2 US11585465 B2 US 11585465B2
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- Prior art keywords
- conduit
- conduits
- interface
- coupler assembly
- assembly
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G3/00—Installations of electric cables or lines or protective tubing therefor in or on buildings, equivalent structures or vehicles
- H02G3/26—Installations of cables, lines, or separate protective tubing therefor directly on or in walls, ceilings, or floors
- H02G3/263—Installation, e.g. suspension, of conduit channels or other supports
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L3/00—Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets
- F16L3/22—Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets specially adapted for supporting a number of parallel pipes at intervals
- F16L3/222—Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets specially adapted for supporting a number of parallel pipes at intervals having single supports directly connected together
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L3/00—Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets
- F16L3/22—Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets specially adapted for supporting a number of parallel pipes at intervals
- F16L3/23—Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets specially adapted for supporting a number of parallel pipes at intervals for a bundle of pipes or a plurality of pipes placed side by side in contact with each other
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G3/00—Installations of electric cables or lines or protective tubing therefor in or on buildings, equivalent structures or vehicles
- H02G3/30—Installations of cables or lines on walls, floors or ceilings
- H02G3/34—Installations of cables or lines on walls, floors or ceilings using separate protective tubing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G3/00—Installations of electric cables or lines or protective tubing therefor in or on buildings, equivalent structures or vehicles
- H02G3/02—Details
- H02G3/04—Protective tubing or conduits, e.g. cable ladders or cable troughs
- H02G3/0462—Tubings, i.e. having a closed section
- H02G3/0481—Tubings, i.e. having a closed section with a circular cross-section
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G3/00—Installations of electric cables or lines or protective tubing therefor in or on buildings, equivalent structures or vehicles
- H02G3/30—Installations of cables or lines on walls, floors or ceilings
- H02G3/32—Installations of cables or lines on walls, floors or ceilings using mounting clamps
Definitions
- the present disclosure is directed generally to modular conduit alignment systems for quickly and efficiently installing conduits in a structure.
- the systems can be assembled in a modularized manner.
- Some embodiments include alignment members (e.g., coupler assemblies) that are configured to align adjacent sets of conduits.
- a plurality of conduit assemblies can be connected together between a terminal enclosure and various terminal points in the structure.
- Some embodiments of the present disclosure can be directed to a coupler assembly comprising a first conduit interface comprising: a first conduit body; a first plurality of conduit interfaces extending normally from the first conduit body, the first plurality of conduit interfaces being aligned with a first set of conduits; and a plurality of alignment protrusions; and a second conduit interface comprising: a second conduit body; a second plurality of conduit interfaces extending normally from the second conduit body, the second plurality of conduit interfaces being aligned with a second set of conduits; and a plurality of alignment receivers configured to mate with the plurality of alignment protrusions of the first conduit interface.
- Some embodiments of the present disclosure can be directed to a plurality of conduit assemblies, each of the conduit assemblies comprising a coupler assembly and a plurality of conduits; and the coupler assembly comprising: a first conduit interface comprising: a first conduit body; a first plurality of conduit interfaces extending normally from the first conduit body, the plurality of conduit interfaces mating with the plurality of conduits; and a plurality of alignment protrusions; and a second conduit interface comprising: a second conduit body; a second plurality of conduit interfaces extending normally from the second conduit body; and a plurality of alignment receivers configured to mate with the plurality of alignment protrusions of the first conduit interface, wherein the plurality of conduits mate with another coupler assembly of an adjacent one of the plurality of conduit assemblies.
- Some embodiments of the present disclosure can be directed to a system having plurality of conduit assemblies, one of which connects to a terminal enclosure, each of the plurality of conduit assemblies comprising at least one coupler assembly having a first plurality of conduit interfaces extending from a first side of the at least one coupler assembly and a second plurality of conduit interfaces a second side of the at least one coupler assembly, wherein the first plurality of conduit interfaces and the second plurality of conduit interfaces are aligned and form pathways that allow wiring to extend through the plurality of conduit assemblies when the plurality of conduit assemblies are arranged in series.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of an example system of the present disclosure, installed in an environment, such as a structure.
- FIG. 2 is an isometric or perspective view of an example system of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an example terminal enclosure in the form of an electrical junction box, an terminal enclosure interface, and a first set of conduits.
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an example conduit assembly.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an example hangar assembly of a conduit assembly.
- FIG. 6 is an exploded, perspective view of an example conduit assembly.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an example conduit assembly.
- FIG. 8 is another cross-sectional view of an example conduit assembly.
- FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an example support assembly in combination with a set of conduits.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an example support assembly.
- FIGS. 11 - 13 collectively illustrate another example conduit assembly of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an example system that includes two example terminal enclosures and two distinct runs of conduits.
- FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an example alignment tool for use in accordance with the present disclosure.
- the present disclosure generally pertains to conduit systems and the installation and construction of the same in a structure.
- These conduit systems include modular sections that can be interconnected to extend between a terminal enclosure and one or more terminal areas of a structure.
- the modularization of the sections allows for quick and error-free installation of conduits in a structure.
- the terminal enclosure could include any of an alarm box, a telecommunications box, an electrical box, or the like—just to name a few.
- the enclosure can be complete or open in some embodiments.
- the conduits can terminate in other locations or end points.
- conduits can extend from one system or device directly to another system or device, where the systems or devices may or may not have an enclosure.
- the modular conduit assemblies herein can be utilized in conjunction with systems or structures that use terminal enclosures, and those that do not.
- a modular section can include a set of conduits that are joined to at least one coupler assembly.
- a set of conduits can include one or more conduits.
- Another set of conduits of an adjacent modular section can be joined to an opposing side of the coupler assembly.
- the coupler assembly includes two parts that each has conduit interfaces for receiving the ends of a set of conduits.
- the two parts can be aligned and connected together using alignment protrusions and alignment receivers.
- pathways are created from one set of conduits to another set of conduits. Wiring can extend through the pathways.
- the coupler assembly can include adjustable mounting members that connect to a surface, such as a ceiling of the structure. The adjustable mounting members allow for incremental adjustments in vertical position of the coupler assembly and leveling of the conduits.
- FIG. 1 depicts an illustrative architecture in which techniques and structures for providing the systems and methods disclosed herein may be implemented.
- FIG. 2 is an isometric view of FIG. 1 . Both FIGS. 1 and 2 will be referenced collectively.
- An embodiment of a system 100 includes a terminal enclosure 102 (e.g., electrical box or panel), a plurality of modular sections that comprise sets of conduits joined together with coupler assemblies.
- the system 100 includes a first set of conduits 104 , a second set of conduits 106 , and a third set of conduits 108 . Fewer or more sets of conduits can be included based on the desired size of the system 100 .
- a modular section includes at least one coupler assembly having at least one set of conduits joined to the coupler assembly. In some instances, the at least one coupler assembly is coupled to another, adjacent set of conduits.
- a coupler assembly could be manufactured from a metal, a composite, a plastic/polymer, or other material or combinations of materials. Conduits can also vary in their material composition.
- the system 100 includes two coupler assemblies.
- a first coupler assembly 110 couples the first set of conduits 104 with the second set of conduits 106 .
- a second coupler assembly 112 couples the second set of conduits 106 with the third set of conduits 108 .
- the coupler assemblies can be constructed identically to one another.
- the first set of conduits 104 couples to the terminal enclosure 102 using a terminal enclosure interface 114 .
- the terminal enclosure 102 can be mounted to a wall 116 of a structure.
- the first set of conduits 104 can each be curved, having radius that transitions the conduits from running parallel to the wall 116 to approximately normal so that the first set of conduits 104 extends parallel to a ceiling 118 of the structure.
- a set of conduits can have any desired shape or pattern.
- a number of conduits in a set of conduits can vary as desired. Generally, the number of conduits in a set of conduits corresponds to a number of interfaces of the coupler assembly to which the set of conduits mates.
- the conduits are arranged into an array with a top row and a bottom row.
- the set of conduits 119 has a concave shape allowing for the set of conduits to traverse or set below another object such as a duct or another set of conduits of another system.
- the terminal enclosure interface 114 mounts directly to the top panel 120 of the terminal enclosure 102 .
- the terminal enclosure interface 114 includes apertures 122 that align with holes 124 that are fabricated into a top panel 120 of the terminal enclosure 102 . Ends of the first set of conduits 104 terminate within or couple with the terminal enclosure interface 114 .
- the alignment of the apertures 122 and the holes 124 allows for wires that terminate within the terminal enclosure 102 to extend into the first set of conduits 104 .
- the first set of conduits 104 is secured to the wall 116 using a support assembly 126 .
- An example support assembly is illustrated and described in greater detail with respect to FIGS. 9 - 10 .
- the terminal enclosure interface 114 can comprise either a portion of a coupler assembly (see FIGS. 4 - 8 ) or a support assembly (see FIGS. 9 - 10 ).
- a modified version of the terminal enclosure interface 114 can be used as a template for fabricating apertures into the terminal enclosure 102 .
- the template can be affixed to a desired surface of the terminal enclosure 102 and then removed after the apertures are fabricated.
- FIGS. 4 - 8 collectively illustrate the first coupler assembly 110 .
- the first coupler assembly 110 comprises a first conduit interface 128 and a second conduit interface 130 .
- the first conduit interface 128 mates with the first set of conduits 104 and the second conduit interface 130 mates with the second set of conduits 106 , or vice-versa.
- the first conduit interface 128 comprises a first conduit body 132 .
- the first conduit body 132 is a plate.
- the first conduit body 132 has a first plurality of conduit interfaces 134 (a single conduit interface is pointed to in FIGS. 7 and 8 by example) extending normally from the first conduit body 132 .
- a number of the first plurality of conduit interfaces 134 corresponds to the number of the first set of conduits 104 .
- the first plurality of conduit interfaces 134 are aligned with and mate with the first set of conduits 104 .
- the first set of conduits 104 are coupled to the first plurality of conduit interfaces 134 .
- the first set of conduits 104 can be inserted on and overlap the first plurality of conduit interfaces 134 when mated.
- the first conduit interface 128 further comprises a plurality of alignment protrusions 136 (a single alignment protrusion is pointed to in FIGS. 7 and 8 by example) that align with and mate with elements (e.g., receivers) of the second conduit interface 130 , as discussed below.
- the connections between the conduit interfaces and the terminal ends of the conduits can be brazed, welded, or soldered together to form a permanent connection.
- a coupler assembly can include conduit interfaces of varying size. That is, a single coupler assembly could include conduit interfaces for multiple diameter or gauges of conduits.
- the second conduit interface 130 can comprise a second conduit body 137 having a second plurality of conduit interfaces 138 extending normally from the second conduit body 137 . As noted above, the second plurality of conduit interfaces 138 align with and mate with the second set of conduits 106 .
- the second conduit interface 130 can also comprise a plurality of alignment receivers 140 that are configured to receive the plurality of alignment protrusions 136 of the first conduit interface 128 .
- FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate the alignment and mating of the plurality of alignment receivers 140 of the second conduit interface 130 with the plurality of alignment protrusions 136 of the first conduit interface 128 .
- FIG. 8 is a cross-section of FIG. 7 , taken through line A-A.
- pathways such as pathway 142 are created. Wires can extend through these pathways from one set of conduits coupled to the first conduit interface 128 to a second set of conduits coupled to the second conduit interface 130 .
- the plurality of alignment receivers 140 and the plurality of alignment protrusions 136 correspond in number to one another.
- the first conduit interface 128 can mate in face-to-face relationship with the second conduit interface 130 , such that the plate of the first conduit interface 128 contacts an inner surface of the second conduit interface 130 .
- a plurality of fasteners can be used to secure the first conduit interface 128 and the second conduit interface 130 through holes (such as hole 131 ) provided around a periphery of the first coupler assembly 110 . That is, the first conduit interface 128 and the second conduit interface 130 have complementary holes that align when joined. Fasteners can be used to secure the first conduit interface 128 and the second conduit interface 130 .
- a fastener can include a screw or threaded shaft member, a pin, a clip, rivet, an adhesive, or any other object that can be used to secure two separate items together.
- a gasket or seal 141 can be inserted between the interfacing surfaces of the first conduit body 132 and the second conduit body 137 . When the first conduit interface 128 and the second conduit interface 130 are joined together, the gasket or seal 141 is compressed therebetween to create a watertight seal. Either or both of the faces of the first conduit body 132 and the second conduit body 137 could be fabricated with a groove or slot to receive the gasket or seal 141 .
- the gasket or seal 141 encloses or encircles a perimeter around the plurality of alignment protrusions 136 and the plurality of alignment receivers 140 when they are joined together.
- the first coupler assembly 110 can comprise a hangar assembly 144 having an armature 146 that cooperates with a suspension member 148 to allow the first coupler assembly 110 to attach to a mounting surface such as the ceiling.
- the armature 146 comprises a substantially c-shaped bracket that receives at least one washer 150 and nut 152 .
- the suspension member 148 can include a threaded rod that threads onto the washer 150 and nut 152 .
- the washer 150 and nut 152 can be used to make fine-tuned adjustments in the vertical position of the first coupler assembly 110 relative to the ceiling. In some embodiments, more than one washer and nut can be placed into the armature 146 .
- One set of washer and nut positioned below can be used to lock the position of the first coupler assembly 110 on the hangar assembly 144 . The allowance for vertical adjustment can compensate for variations in ceiling height or other obstructions.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 collectively illustrate an example support assembly that corresponds to the support assembly 126 of FIG. 1 .
- the support assembly 126 can be used to support a set of conduits between two spaced-apart coupler assemblies.
- An example support assembly 126 can be positioned between the first coupler assembly 110 and the second coupler assembly 112 .
- the support assembly 126 can also include a hangar assembly (see FIG. 5 ) for connecting the support assembly 126 to a surface, such as the ceiling or wall.
- the support assembly 126 bears at least a portion of the weight of a set of conduits that extend between two coupler assemblies to prevent the set of conduits from sagging.
- the support assembly 126 comprises a support assembly body 154 having a plurality of pass through apertures 156 .
- a set of conduits pass through the plurality of pass through apertures 156 .
- a set of conduits has a first coupler assembly connected to one end of the set of conduits and a second coupler assembly connected to another end of the set of conduits, with the support assembly being positioned approximately midway between the first coupler assembly and the second coupler assembly.
- more than one support assembly can be used for a set of conduits (see the set of conduits 119 of FIG. 2 as an example).
- the support assembly 126 is a tripartite member having a first portion 158 , a second portion 160 , and a third portion 162 .
- Each of the first portion 158 , the second portion 160 , and the third portion 162 include semicircular cutouts.
- the pass through apertures 156 are formed when the first portion 158 , the second portion 160 , and the third portion 162 are joined together.
- the semicircular cutouts of the first portion 158 mate with the semicircular cutouts on the upper portion of the second portion 160 to form an upper row of the pass through apertures 156 .
- the semicircular cutouts of the third portion 162 mate with the semicircular cutouts on the lower portion of the second portion 160 to form a lower row of the pass through apertures 156 .
- the portions of the support assembly 126 can be secured together using a fastener inserted through a port 164 fabricated through the support assembly 126 .
- a hangar assembly can be associated with the second portion 160 of the support assembly 126 .
- support assemblies can be replaced with additional coupler assemblies. That is, where support assemblies are illustrated, these support assemblies can be replaced with coupler assemblies such that all sets of conduits are supported on both ends with coupler assemblies.
- an electrical box interface can be installed on an terminal enclosure.
- a first set of conduits can be attached to the electrical box interface.
- a support assembly can be aligned onto the first set of conduits prior to coupling the first set of conduits to the terminal enclosure interface. This support assembly can secure the first set of conduits to a wall.
- another support assembly is coupled with the first set of conduits.
- a first coupler assembly is connected to the terminal ends of the first set of conduits.
- the first coupler assembly can be pre-terminated with another set of conduits and a second coupler assembly, in some embodiments.
- This combination of a set of conduits and one or more coupler assemblies is referred to generally above as a modular assembly. Attachment of a modular assembly to an already-installed coupler assembly is easily accomplished due to the alignment of the set of conduits provided by their connection to a coupler assembly.
- Another support assembly can be installed between the first coupler assembly and the second coupler assembly. Additional modular assemblies can be connected to the second coupler assembly in a similar manner. If needed, uniquely shaped sets of conduits can be used as noted above, on an as-needed basis.
- hangar assemblies of the support assemblies and the coupler assemblies can be adjusted and secured to a ceiling of the structure to ensure that the sets of conduits are level and vertically aligned.
- FIGS. 11 - 13 collectively illustrate an example conduit assembly 1100 that can interface with only one conduit 1102 on its first side and an opposing conduit 1104 on another side.
- the construction of the conduit assembly 1100 is identical to that of the first coupler assembly 110 described above.
- the conduit assembly 1100 can be suspended or connected to a surface using a hangar assembly 1106 .
- the hangar assembly 1106 includes a winged hangar 1108 that attaches to opposing sides of the conduit assembly 1100 .
- the hangar assembly 1106 can include a threaded height adjustment means as with the embodiments described above.
- a first portion 1110 and a second portion 1112 of the conduit assembly 1100 can be connected together and secured using locking members 1114 and 1116 .
- the locking member 1114 comprises a plate 1118 associated with the first portion 1110 , and a block 1120 associated with the second portion 1112 .
- Each of these elements can be threaded to receive a fastener 1122 , for example.
- Other methods for joining the plate and block together can likewise be used.
- FIG. 14 illustrates a system 1400 where two terminal enclosures 1402 and 1404 are connected to distinct runs or sets of conduits.
- a first run or set 1406 extends from one terminal enclosure 1402 and a second run or set 1408 extends from the other terminal enclosure 1404 .
- the terminal enclosures can also be hung from a surface using hangar elements, such as hangar elements 1410 from terminal enclosure 1402 .
- Both runs or sets converge at a junction point 1412 and can be tied together using a coupler assembly 1414 .
- the coupler assembly 1414 can merge together conduits from the first run or set 1406 and the conduits from the second run or set 1408 . While two terminal enclosures are illustrated a coupler assembly could integrate the conduits of any number of sets of conduits from a plurality of terminal enclosures or adjacent systems/structures.
- FIG. 15 illustrates an example alignment tool 1500 that can be used during modular assembly installation (e.g., coupler assemblies and conduits). Variations or deviations along the length of a conduit being installed due to causes such as dropping the conduits, or manufacturing errors may result in installation difficulties. For example, if a conduit is bent because it was dropped during installation, this may cause a curve in the conduit. These variations may make it difficult to mate the conduit to an adjacent coupler assembly, or if the conduit can be installed, a curvature may remain. In these instances, the tool 1500 can be used to re-align adjacent conduits.
- modular assembly installation e.g., coupler assemblies and conduits.
- the tool 1500 can include a bar 1502 having tabs extending therefrom, such as tab 1504 .
- a portion of a tab extends above and a portion extends below the bar 1502 .
- the tabs of the tool are spaced apart from one another, creating grooves, such as groove 1506 , that receive the conduits of a modular assembly (not shown in this figure).
- the tool can be laid flat relative to a set of conduits or even a row of conduits and the conduits can lay into the grooves of the tool.
- the tool 1500 has handles, such as handle 1508 disposed on the terminal ends of the bar 1502 , which can be gripped by the user during use.
- the conduits are positioned in grooves, the user can draw the tool down the length of the conduits. This movement causes the conduits to conform to the tool due to the malleable nature of the conduits. Thus, the tool can straighten out any irregularities present in the conduits.
- first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not necessarily be limited by such terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.
- Example embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) of the present disclosure. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, the example embodiments of the present disclosure should not be construed as necessarily limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein, but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing.
- Any and/or all elements, as disclosed herein, can be formed from a same, structurally continuous piece, such as being unitary, and/or be separately manufactured and/or connected, such as being an assembly and/or modules. Any and/or all elements, as disclosed herein, can be manufactured via any manufacturing processes, whether additive manufacturing, subtractive manufacturing and/or other any other types of manufacturing. For example, some manufacturing processes include three dimensional (3D) printing, laser cutting, computer numerical control (CNC) routing, milling, pressing, stamping, vacuum forming, hydroforming, injection molding, lithography and/or others.
- 3D three dimensional
- CNC computer numerical control
- any and/or all elements, as disclosed herein, can include, whether partially and/or fully, a solid, including a metal, a mineral, a ceramic, an amorphous solid, such as glass, a glass ceramic, an organic solid, such as wood and/or a polymer, such as rubber, a composite material, a semiconductor, a nano-material, a biomaterial and/or any combinations thereof.
- a solid including a metal, a mineral, a ceramic, an amorphous solid, such as glass, a glass ceramic, an organic solid, such as wood and/or a polymer, such as rubber, a composite material, a semiconductor, a nano-material, a biomaterial and/or any combinations thereof.
- any and/or all elements, as disclosed herein, can include, whether partially and/or fully, a coating, including an informational coating, such as ink, an adhesive coating, a melt-adhesive coating, such as vacuum seal and/or heat seal, a release coating, such as tape liner, a low surface energy coating, an optical coating, such as for tint, color, hue, saturation, tone, shade, transparency, translucency, non-transparency, luminescence, anti-reflection and/or holographic, a photo-sensitive coating, an electronic and/or thermal property coating, such as for passivity, insulation, resistance or conduction, a magnetic coating, a water-resistant and/or waterproof coating, a scent coating and/or any combinations thereof.
- a coating including an informational coating, such as ink, an adhesive coating, a melt-adhesive coating, such as vacuum seal and/or heat seal, a release coating, such as tape liner, a low surface energy coating, an optical coating, such as for tint, color, hue
- relative terms such as “below,” “lower,” “above,” and “upper” may be used herein to describe one element's relationship to another element as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Such relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of illustrated technologies in addition to the orientation depicted in the accompanying drawings. For example, if a device in the accompanying drawings is turned over, then the elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. Therefore, the example terms “below” and “lower” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below.
Abstract
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