US11533102B2 - Optimizing data cap limited service plans - Google Patents
Optimizing data cap limited service plans Download PDFInfo
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- US11533102B2 US11533102B2 US16/735,185 US202016735185A US11533102B2 US 11533102 B2 US11533102 B2 US 11533102B2 US 202016735185 A US202016735185 A US 202016735185A US 11533102 B2 US11533102 B2 US 11533102B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
- H04B7/18578—Satellite systems for providing broadband data service to individual earth stations
- H04B7/18589—Arrangements for controlling an end to end session, i.e. for initialising, synchronising or terminating an end to end link
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N20/00—Machine learning
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N20/00—Machine learning
- G06N20/20—Ensemble learning
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/08—Learning methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
- H04B7/18523—Satellite systems for providing broadcast service to terrestrial stations, i.e. broadcast satellite service
- H04B7/18526—Arrangements for data linking, networking or transporting, or for controlling an end to end session
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
- H04B7/18578—Satellite systems for providing broadband data service to individual earth stations
- H04B7/18586—Arrangements for data transporting, e.g. for an end to end data transport or check
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
- H04L5/0078—Timing of allocation
- H04L5/0082—Timing of allocation at predetermined intervals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N20/00—Machine learning
- G06N20/10—Machine learning using kernel methods, e.g. support vector machines [SVM]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N5/00—Computing arrangements using knowledge-based models
- G06N5/01—Dynamic search techniques; Heuristics; Dynamic trees; Branch-and-bound
Definitions
- High throughput satellite (HTS) systems are used to provide voice and data access in areas that may lack cellular or landline infrastructure.
- HTS systems typically employ multiple gateways (or satellite hubs) to provide service to customers by utilizing very small aperture terminals (VSATs, or simply “terminals”). Terminals and gateways are often located within a defined coverage beam of the satellite, thereby enabling communication via a bent pipe path.
- VSATs very small aperture terminals
- Terminals and gateways are often located within a defined coverage beam of the satellite, thereby enabling communication via a bent pipe path.
- HTS systems are capable of providing stable and fast internet services over satellite link, it is challenging and essential to efficiently manage the capacity allocation by selling services with data caps suitable to each customer, ensuring high service quality for all satellite network customers.
- HTS systems operate at a fixed throughput (or bandwidth) which is shared among all customers. Unlike terrestrial based internet service providers (ISPs), additional bandwidth cannot be added easily due to the cost constraints and complexities associated with building and launching additional satellites into orbit. As the number of subscribers increases, the total subscriber throughput can possibly reach or exceed the fixed maximum bandwidth of the system. It is therefore important to find effective methods to better allocate resources to more customers. From the business standpoint, it would be important to motivate the heavy users, who are also low data plan subscribers, to upgrade to higher data plans. Meanwhile, resources being used by some super heavy users may be allocated to other potential new customers under the current maximum satellite bandwidth.
- the apparatus includes one or more processors configured to: create a model for predicting bandwidth usage by existing subscribers in a satellite communication system; train the model with usage data for all subscribers of the satellite communication system over a first predetermined time interval; analyze usage patterns of each subscriber over a second predetermined time interval using the trained model; predict bandwidth usage for each subscriber relative to an existing service plan based, at least in part, on the analysis; and generate at least one recommendation for optimizing use of bandwidth in the satellite communication system based on the analysis and predicted bandwidth usage.
- the method includes: creating a model for predicting bandwidth usage by existing subscribers in a satellite communication system; training the model with usage data for all subscribers of the satellite communication system over a first predetermined time interval; analyzing usage patterns of each subscriber over a second predetermined time interval using the trained model; predicting bandwidth usage for each subscriber relative to an existing service plan based, at least in part, on the analysis; and generating at least one recommendation for optimizing use of bandwidth in the satellite communication system based on the analysis and predicted bandwidth usage.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system capable of providing of voice and data services, according to at least one embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a process for optimizing data plans in the system of FIG. 1 , according to one embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process for optimizing data plans, according to various embodiments.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process for collecting and preparing subscriber usage data for training a data cap limited service plan optimizer, according to one embodiment
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating subscriber service plan recommendations, according to one embodiment
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating subscriber service plan recommendations, according to another embodiment
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating subscriber service plan recommendations within different coverage beams, according to one embodiment
- FIG. 8 is a diagram of a computer system that can be used to implement various exemplary features and embodiments.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram of a chip set that can be used to implement various exemplary features and embodiments.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a satellite communication system 100 capable of providing voice and data services.
- the satellite communication system 100 includes a satellite 110 that supports communications among a number of gateways 120 (only one shown) and multiple stationary satellite terminals 140 a - 140 n .
- Each satellite terminal (or terminal) 140 can be configured for relaying traffic between its customer premise equipment (CPEs) 142 a - 142 n (i.e., user equipment), a public network 150 such as the internet, and/or its private network 160 .
- the customer premise equipment 142 can be a desktop computer, laptop, tablet, cell phone, etc.
- Customer premise equipment 142 can also be in the form of connected appliances that incorporate embedded circuitry for network communication can also be supported by the satellite terminal (or terminal) 140 .
- Connected appliances can include, without limitation, televisions, home assistants, thermostats, refrigerators, ovens, etc.
- the network of such devices is commonly referred to as the internet of things (IoT).
- the terminals 140 can be in the form of very small aperture terminals (VSATs) that are mounted on a structure, habitat, etc. Depending on the specific application, however, the terminal 140 can incorporate an antenna dish of different sizes (e.g., small, medium, large, etc.). The terminals 140 typically remain in the same location once mounted, unless otherwise removed from the mounting. According various embodiments, the terminals 140 can be mounted on mobile platforms that facilitate transportation thereof from one location to another. Such mobile platforms can include, for example, cars, buses, boats, planes, etc. The terminals 140 can further be in the form of transportable terminals capable of being transported from one location to another. Such transportable terminals are operational only after arriving at a particular destination, and not while being transported.
- VSATs very small aperture terminals
- the satellite communication system 100 can also include a plurality of mobile terminals 145 that are capable of being transported to different locations by a user. In contrast to transportable terminals, the mobile terminals 145 remain operational while users travel from one location to another.
- the terms user terminal, satellite terminal, terminal may be used interchangeably herein to identify any of the foregoing types.
- the gateway 120 can be configured to route traffic from stationary, transportable, and mobile terminals (collectively terminals 140 ) across the public network 150 and private network 160 as appropriate.
- the gateway 120 can be further configured to route traffic from the public network 150 and private network 160 across the satellite link to the appropriate terminal 140 .
- the terminal 140 then routes the traffic to the appropriate customer premise equipment (CPE) 142 .
- CPE customer premise equipment
- the gateway 120 can include various components, implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof, to facilitate communication between the terminals 140 and external networks 150 , 160 via the satellite 110 .
- the gateway 120 can include a radio frequency transceiver 122 (RFT), a processing unit 124 (or computer, CPU, etc.), and a data storage unit 126 (or storage unit).
- RFT radio frequency transceiver
- processing unit 124 or computer, CPU, etc.
- data storage unit 126 or storage unit
- the processing 124 can encompass various configurations including, without limitations, a personal computer, laptop, server, etc.
- a transceiver corresponds to any type of antenna unit used to transmit and receive signals, a transmitter, a receiver, etc.
- the RFT 122 is useable to transmit and receive signals within a communication system such as the satellite communication system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- the data storage unit 126 can be used, for example, to store and provide access to information pertaining to various operations in the satellite communication system 100 .
- the data storage unit 126 (or storage unit) can be configured as a single drive, multiple drives, an array of drives configured to operate as a single drive, etc.
- the gateway 120 can include multiple processing units 124 and multiple data storage units 126 in order to accommodate the needs of a particular system implementation.
- the gateway 120 can also include one or more workstations 125 (e.g., computers, laptops, etc.) in place of, or in addition to, the one or more processing units 124 .
- workstations 125 e.g., computers, laptops, etc.
- Various embodiments further provide for redundant paths for components of the gateway 120 .
- the redundant paths can be associated with backup components capable of being seamlessly or quickly switched in the event of a failure or critical fault of the primary component.
- the gateway 120 includes baseband components 128 which operate to process signals being transmitted to, and received from, the satellite 110 .
- the baseband components 128 can incorporate one or more modulator/demodulator units, system timing equipment, switching devices, etc.
- the modulator/demodulator units can be used to generate carriers that are transmitted into each spot beam and to process signals received from the terminals 140 .
- the system timing equipment can be used to distribute timing information for synchronizing transmissions from the terminals 140 .
- a fault management unit 130 can be included in the gateway 120 to monitor activities and output one or more alerts in the event of a malfunction in any of the gateway components.
- the fault management unit 130 can include, for example, one or more sensors and interfaces that connect to different components of the gateway 120 .
- the fault management unit 130 can also be configured to output alerts based on instructions received from a remotely located network management system 170 (NMS).
- NMS network management system 170
- the NMS 170 maintains, in part, information (configuration, processing, management, etc.) for the gateway 120 , and all terminals 140 and beams supported by the gateway 120 .
- the gateway 120 can further include a network interface 132 , such as one or more edge routers, for establishing connections with a terrestrial connection point 134 from a service provider. Depending on the specific implementation, however, multiple terrestrial connection points 134 may be utilized.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a process for optimizing data plans, in accordance with one or more embodiment.
- a model is created for predicting bandwidth usage within the satellite communication system.
- the bandwidth usage corresponds to the amount of data uploaded and downloaded by subscribers.
- the model can correspond to, for example, a data cap limited service plan optimizer (DCL-SPO).
- DCL-SPO data cap limited service plan optimizer
- the model is trained with usage data from all subscribers of the satellite communication system.
- the usage data used to train the model can be collected over a first predetermined time interval. Depending on the specific implementation, the time interval can range between 3 to 6 months. It should be noted, however, that certain implementations may require more or less usage data for training the model.
- usage patterns are analyzed for every subscriber. Thus, after training the model with usage data from all subscribers, the usage patterns of individual subscribers are analyzed by the trained model.
- bandwidth usage for each subscriber is predicted. More particularly, the model can be configured to analyze bandwidth usage for each subscriber over a second predetermined time interval such as one month, for example, in order to predict the amount of usage the subscriber is likely to use the following month.
- the second predetermined time interval used to predict the bandwidth usage for subscribers can be based on the customer's service plan billing cycle. For example, if the service plan is billed on a monthly basis, then the second predetermined time interval can be selected as one month. If the service plan is billed bi-monthly, then the second predetermined service interval can be selected as two months.
- recommendations are generated for optimizing bandwidth use within the satellite communication system.
- the recommendations can be based, for example, on the analysis of individual subscriber usage patterns as well as the predicted bandwidth usage for each subscriber. Depending on the specific implementation, the recommendations can optimize the use of resources within the satellite communication system and/or optimize the service plan of individual subscribers. The process ends at 220 .
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process for optimizing data plans, in accordance with various embodiments.
- a model such as a DCL-SPO is created for predicting bandwidth usage within a satellite communication system.
- the model can be created by utilizing multiple supervised machine-learning algorithms, and at least one voting classification algorithm.
- Such machine learning algorithms can include, for example, Random Forest, K Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Artificial Neural Network and Ensemble Voting Classifier. The algorithms are fine tuned to produce correct plan fit predictions for the subscribers using the input feature set prepared based on domain knowledge gained by operating the IP over Satellite services.
- Random Forests (RF) are machine learning models for classification and regression by constructing a forest of decision trees.
- K nearest neighbors KNN
- SVM Support vector machine
- gamma( ⁇ ) and C which balance the underfitting and overfitting of the models.
- Artificial neural networks are based on a collection of connected units or nodes called neurons. The parameters tuned include number of hidden layers and corresponding number of neurons in each layer.
- Voting classifier is an ensemble learning based on the three models including random forest, K nearest neighbors, and support vector machine.
- the model is trained with usage data from all current subscribers.
- the usage data can include, for example, information such as download bytes, upload bytes, usage in different types of services (e.g., bulk transfer, streaming, etc.), usage pattern by days of the month, hour of the day, usage with in the service plan's data allowances, overage data, frequency of exceeding the plan's data allowances, subscribers' billing (plan change history, current plan, purchased tokens), etc.
- the usage data can be processed (as discussed with respect to FIG. 4 below) so that it is better tailored for training the model.
- usage patterns of every subscriber are analyzed.
- input features specific to the satellite communication system can be incorporated into the analysis in order to improve the accuracy of the results. This is illustrated at 316 .
- the input features can include anytime download and upload bytes, anytime bucket remaining, token purchases, days of data, first day exceeding peak hour capacity, plan change status, download bytes after exceeding peak hour capacity, and upload bytes after exceeding peak hour capacity.
- the importance of the input features is ranked for each subscriber. More particularly, the input features can correspond to various usage types, habits, or preferences for each subscriber. Different subscribers may utilize the satellite communication system differently. For example, certain subscribers may utilize more bandwidth for downloading data instead of uploading data, whereas other subscribers may upload more data than they download. Thus, such input features would differ for the subscribers, depending on the manner in which they use the system.
- bandwidth usage is predicted for each current subscriber.
- the model can incorporate the ranking of each customer's input features in order to improve the prediction for the bandwidth usage.
- subscribers who may benefit from a change in their current service plans are identified. For example, certain subscribers may utilize a plan which exceeds the amount of data they are actually using, while other subscribers may utilize a plan which does not include sufficient data. For example, if a subscriber currently utilizes a 50 GB plan but utilizes less than 10 GB per month, over 40 GB of bandwidth is wasted per month by guaranteeing this available bandwidth to the subscriber. Since the overall bandwidth available within the satellite communication system is fixed, this bandwidth is not available for upgrading current subscribers or adding new subscribers.
- the cost of the 50 GB plan may be significantly higher than that of a lower data plan (e.g., 10 or 20 GB).
- a lower data plan e.g. 10 or 20 GB.
- users who exceed their allocated data must purchase additional data (in the form of tokens) at a much higher rate in order to utilize the network until the next month.
- a graphical user interface can be generated and the number of identified subscribers can be displayed on the interface.
- the actual upgrade plan can also be displayed.
- the GUI may be configured to display information regarding customers currently subscribed to the 10 GB plan, and indicate how many should upgrade to the 20 GB plan, the 30 GB plan, the 50 GB plan, etc. Similar information can be provided if customers currently subscribing to one of the other plans (e.g., 20 GB, GB, 50 GB, etc.) are being examined. If customers currently subscribed to the 30 GB plan are being examined, for example, the GUI can be configured to display, in part, information pertaining to customers who should upgrade to a higher plan or downgrade to a lower plan.
- the display may interactively provide other information, such as the location of heavy users, subscribers who may benefit from a change in service plan based on traffic density in coverage beams of the satellite communication system, etc.
- various recommendations are generated for optimizing bandwidth use.
- the recommendations can also be displayed on the interactive GUI at 324 .
- the recommendations can be based, at least in part, on an analysis of the location of different subscribers. For example, if a particular coverage beam has a high density of subscribers who utilize large amounts of data, frequency resources within multiple adjacent coverage beams can be reallocated in order to improve the available bandwidth within the coverage beam containing the high density of heavy users. Additionally, the recommendations can include changes in service plans to better accommodate the actual amount of data used by subscribers.
- any service plan recommendations for subscribers can be stored within a system database for subsequent review and analysis.
- the model can continuously analyze usage patterns for existing subscribers and provide new recommendations for existing service plans. Thus, it may be the case that the usage patterns of a particular subscriber changes over time such that a previous plan recommendation may no longer be applicable for the amount of data being used by the subscriber.
- the subscriber plan recommendations can be used by customer service representatives to quickly address service calls. For example, a subscriber who consistently runs out of data may have questions about their overall data usage and available options. Such questions may be quickly answered by the customer service representative using information stored in the system database.
- a plan for achieving subscriber growth is generated.
- the plan can be based, for example, on the analysis of subscriber usage patterns as well as the subscriber plan recommendations. As previously discussed, for example, a subscriber who currently pays for a 50 GB plan but utilizes only 10 GB of data per month may receive a recommendation to change to a 10 GB plan. This would result in the availability of additional bandwidth that can be used by new subscribers. For example, the reacquired 40 GB of bandwidth could become available for two new subscribers requiring 20 GB plans, four subscribers requiring 10 GB plans each, one subscriber requiring a 20 GB plan and two subscribers requiring 10 GB plans, etc.
- the process ends at 332 .
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process for collecting and preparing subscriber usage data for training a DCL-SPO model, in accordance with one or more embodiments.
- all subscriber usage information is obtained. This can include download bytes, upload bytes, usage in different types of services (such as bulk data transfer, streaming, etc.), usage pattern by days of the month, hour of the day, usage with in the service plan's data allowances, overage data, frequency of exceeding the plan's data allowances, and subscribers billing (plan change history, current plan, purchased tokens).
- a data cleaning process is implemented. Usage records of subscribers who are not be included in the plan fit recommendations are removed. Partially filled records are extrapolated within reasonable limits or removed altogether.
- the data is transformed for predicting bandwidth usage for subscribers by applying various system input features. More particularly, 8 input dimensions (or features) are computed from the cleaned data set, using calculations derived based on data analytics from the satellite communication system. Tags are subsequently applied to computed dimensions with corresponding service-plan, token purchase history, billing information etc.
- a data munging process is implemented. This can include, for example, Log-Transform of anytime download, upload bytes, tokens applied, download bytes in anytime throttled state, and upload bytes in anytime throttled state input dimensions (or input features). Additionally, min-max scaling of the all input feature sets are done to normalize the whole data set. According to at least one embodiment, the input dimensions may be defined as follows:
- Anytime Download and Upload Bytes The monthly download and upload bytes during the peak hours.
- Token Applied The capacity applied by using tokens.
- Days of Data The total active days for the customer for one month.
- First FAPed Day The day of the billing cycle when the customers use up all the peak hour capacity and Fair Access Policy (FAP) is applied.
- FAP Fair Access Policy
- Plan Change Status Whether the customer changed plan during the month.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating subscriber service plan recommendations, in accordance with at least one embodiment.
- GUI graphical user interface
- the diagram 500 is configured as a table having a plurality of columns 510 and rows 520 .
- the columns 510 represent available subscription plans while the rows 520 represent recommended plans.
- the bottom left entry indicates that 207,062 subscribers are enrolled in the 10 Gb plan (first column). Moving up the column to the next row indicates that the model recommends 15,607 subscribers would be better served on the 20 Gb plan.
- the model recommends switching 2,760 subscribers should upgrade to the 30 Gb plan, and switching 3,040 subscribers to the 50 Gb plan.
- selecting or hovering a pointer device interactively generates a popup 530 describing the entry.
- the bottom row illustrates the model's recommendation that 15,823 subscribers should be downgraded from the 20 Gb plan to the 10 Gb plan.
- Moving up one row illustrates the current number of subscribers enrolled in the 20 Gb plan.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 illustrating subscriber service plan recommendations, according to another embodiment.
- the diagram 600 can be presented a table format to quickly illustrate recommended changes in service plan. Each row of the table specifies a current plan, a recommended plan, and the number of devices (or subscribers) who are being recommended for the change.
- FIG. 7 is a map 700 illustrating subscriber service plan recommendations within different coverage beams, in accordance with one or more embodiments.
- the map 700 illustrates a plurality of coverage beams 710 for the Northeast portion of the U.S.
- Each coverage beam contains information pertaining to recommended changes in service plan. According to the illustrated embodiment, the information pertains to subscribers currently enrolled in the 10 Gb plan.
- Reference numeral 720 indicates that a total of 42 subscribers are recommended for changes in service plan.
- Reference numeral 730 indicates that 25 subscribers are recommended for changing from the 10 Gb service plan to the 20 Gb service plan.
- Reference numeral 740 indicates that 14 subscribers are recommended for changing from the 10 Gb service plan to the 30 Gb service plan.
- Reference numeral 750 indicates that 25 subscribers are recommended for changing from the 10 Gb service plan to the 50 Gb service plan. Accordingly, an operator can select a different service plan, such as the 20 Gb plan, and view the recommendations for changing to the other three service plans, namely the 10 Gb, 30 Gb, and 50 Gb.
- software may be used interchangeably and are generally intended to include any sequence of machine or human recognizable instructions intended to program/configure a computer, processor, server, etc. to perform one or more functions.
- Such software can be rendered in any appropriate programming language or environment including, without limitation: C, C++, C #, Python, R, Fortran, COBOL, assembly language, markup languages (e.g., HTML, SGML, XML, VoXML), Java, JavaScript, etc.
- processor microprocessor, digital processor, and CPU are meant generally to include all types of processing devices including, without limitation, single/multi-core microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computers (RISC), general-purpose (CISC) processors, gate arrays (e.g., FPGAs), PLDs, reconfigurable compute fabrics (RCFs), array processors, secure microprocessors, and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
- DSPs digital signal processors
- RISC reduced instruction set computers
- CISC general-purpose
- gate arrays e.g., FPGAs
- PLDs reconfigurable compute fabrics
- array processors e.g., secure microprocessors
- ASICs application-specific integrated circuits
- FIG. 8 is a diagram of a computer system that can be used to implement features of various embodiments.
- the computer system 800 includes a bus 801 or other communication mechanism for communicating information and a processor 803 coupled to the bus 801 for processing information.
- the computer system 800 also includes main memory 805 , such as a random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM), DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM, etc., or other dynamic storage device (e.g., flash RAM), coupled to the bus 801 for storing information and instructions to be executed by the processor 803 .
- RAM random access memory
- DRAM dynamic random access memory
- SDRAM synchronous dynamic random access memory
- DDR SDRAM double data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory
- DDR2 SDRAM DDR2 SDRAM
- DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM
- DDR4 SDRAM DDR4 SDRAM
- Main memory 805 can also be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions by the processor 803 .
- the computer system 800 may further include a read only memory (ROM) 807 or other static storage device coupled to the bus 801 for storing static information and instructions for the processor 803 .
- ROM read only memory
- a storage device 809 such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is coupled to the bus 801 for persistently storing information and instructions.
- the computer system 800 may be coupled via the bus 801 to a display 811 , such as a light emitting diode (LED) or other flat panel displays, for displaying information to a computer user.
- a display 811 such as a light emitting diode (LED) or other flat panel displays, for displaying information to a computer user.
- An input device 813 such as a keyboard including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to the bus 801 for communicating information and command selections to the processor 803 .
- a cursor control 815 such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys, for communicating direction information and command selections to the processor 803 and for controlling cursor movement on the display 811 .
- the display 811 can be touch enabled (i.e., capacitive or resistive) in order facilitate user input via touch or gestures.
- the processes described herein are performed by the computer system 800 , in response to the processor 803 executing an arrangement of instructions contained in main memory 805 .
- Such instructions can be read into main memory 805 from another computer-readable medium, such as the storage device 809 .
- Execution of the arrangement of instructions contained in main memory 805 causes the processor 803 to perform the process steps described herein.
- processors in a multiprocessing arrangement may also be employed to execute the instructions contained in main memory 805 .
- hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement exemplary embodiments.
- exemplary embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
- the computer system 800 also includes a communication interface 817 coupled to bus 801 .
- the communication interface 817 provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link 819 connected to a local network 821 .
- the communication interface 817 may be a digital subscriber line (DSL) card or modem, an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card, a cable modem, fiber optic service (FiOS) line, or any other communication interface to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of communication line.
- communication interface 817 may be a local area network (LAN) card (e.g. for EthernetTM or an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network) to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN.
- LAN local area network
- Wireless links can also be implemented.
- communication interface 817 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.
- the communication interface 817 can include peripheral interface devices, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface, a High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), etc.
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- HDMI High Definition Multimedia Interface
- the network link 819 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices.
- the network link 819 may provide a connection through local network 821 to a host computer 823 , which has connectivity to a network 825 such as a wide area network (WAN) or the Internet.
- the local network 821 and the network 825 both use electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals to convey information and instructions.
- the signals through the various networks and the signals on the network link 819 and through the communication interface 817 , which communicate digital data with the computer system 800 are exemplary forms of carrier waves bearing the information and instructions.
- the computer system 800 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), the network link 819 , and the communication interface 817 .
- a server (not shown) might transmit requested code belonging to an application program for implementing an exemplary embodiment through the network 825 , the local network 821 and the communication interface 817 .
- the processor 803 may execute the transmitted code while being received and/or store the code in the storage device 809 , or other non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, the computer system 800 may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave.
- Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as the storage device 809 .
- Non-volatile media can further include flash drives, USB drives, microSD cards, etc.
- Volatile media include dynamic memory, such as main memory 805 .
- Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise the bus 801 . Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic, optical, or electromagnetic waves, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications.
- RF radio frequency
- IR infrared
- Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a USB drive, microSD card, hard disk drive, solid state drive, optical disk (e.g., DVD, DVD RW, Blu-ray), or any other medium from which a computer can read.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a chip set 900 upon which features of various embodiments may be implemented.
- Chip set 900 is programmed to implement various features as described herein and includes, for instance, the processor and memory components described with respect to FIG. 9 incorporated in one or more physical packages (e.g., chips).
- a physical package includes an arrangement of one or more materials, components, and/or wires on a structural assembly (e.g., a baseboard) to provide one or more characteristics such as physical strength, conservation of size, and/or limitation of electrical interaction.
- the chip set can be implemented in a single chip.
- Chip set 900 or a portion thereof, constitutes a means for performing one or more steps of the figures.
- the chip set 900 includes a communication mechanism such as a bus 901 for passing information among the components of the chip set 900 .
- a processor 903 has connectivity to the bus 901 to execute instructions and process information stored in, for example, a memory 905 .
- the processor 903 may include one or more processing cores with each core configured to perform independently.
- a multi-core processor enables multiprocessing within a single physical package. Examples of a multi-core processor include two, four, eight, or greater numbers of processing cores.
- the processor 903 may include one or more microprocessors configured in tandem via the bus 901 to enable independent execution of instructions, pipelining, and multithreading.
- the processor 903 may also be accompanied with one or more specialized components to perform certain processing functions and tasks such as one or more digital signal processors (DSP) 907 , or one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) 909 .
- DSP digital signal processor
- ASIC application-specific integrated circuits
- a DSP 907 typically is configured to process real-world signals (e.g., sound) in real time independently of the processor 903 .
- an ASIC 909 can be configured to performed specialized functions not easily performed by a general purposed processor.
- Other specialized components to aid in performing the inventive functions described herein include one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) (not shown), one or more controllers (not shown), or one or more other special-purpose computer chips.
- FPGA field programmable gate arrays
- the processor 903 and accompanying components have connectivity to the memory 905 via the bus 901 .
- the memory 905 includes both dynamic memory (e.g., RAM, magnetic disk, re-writable optical disk, etc.) and static memory (e.g., ROM, CD-ROM, DVD, BLU-RAY disk, etc.) for storing executable instructions that when executed perform the inventive steps described herein.
- the memory 905 also stores the data associated with or generated by the execution of the inventive steps.
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