US11529112B2 - X-ray imaging data processing device and method - Google Patents
X-ray imaging data processing device and method Download PDFInfo
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- US11529112B2 US11529112B2 US16/322,509 US201816322509A US11529112B2 US 11529112 B2 US11529112 B2 US 11529112B2 US 201816322509 A US201816322509 A US 201816322509A US 11529112 B2 US11529112 B2 US 11529112B2
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- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009607 mammography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/5258—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving detection or reduction of artifacts or noise
- A61B6/5264—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving detection or reduction of artifacts or noise due to motion
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/48—Diagnostic techniques
- A61B6/482—Diagnostic techniques involving multiple energy imaging
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/48—Diagnostic techniques
- A61B6/484—Diagnostic techniques involving phase contrast X-ray imaging
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/58—Testing, adjusting or calibrating thereof
- A61B6/582—Calibration
- A61B6/583—Calibration using calibration phantoms
Definitions
- the invention is related to processing x-ray imaging data, in particular phase contrast x-ray imaging data.
- Grating-based differential phase contrast imaging has gained increased momentum in recent years. Such technique is capable of delivering additional information, which is complementary to the conventional attenuation image, namely refraction and dark-field signals.
- full field digital mammography FFDM
- the first clinical FFDM unit was successfully equipped with x-ray grating hardware based on the Philips MicroDose L30 (see, T. Koehler et al., Slit-scanning differential x-ray phase-contrast mammography: Proof-of-concept experimental studies, Medical Physics 42, 1959 (2015)).
- First results demonstrate that the slit-scanning systems meet relevant requirements with respect to FOV, scan time, and dose.
- Differential phase contrast imaging is susceptible to mechanical instabilities and vibrations.
- the recorded data is typically processed by taking into account a reference scan without object (“blank scan”, see the article by T. Koehler et al, cited above). Consequently, the resulting image quality is limited by the repeatability of the Moiré pattern obtained during repeated scans.
- deviations induced, for example, by vibration between blank scan and object scan are erroneously attributed to the object and result in image artifacts.
- a processing device for energy-binned differential phase contrast x-ray imaging data comprising a proportionality factor providing unit arranged to provide a proportionality factor between an object induced phase shift for a first x-ray energy bin and an object induced phase shift for a second x-ray energy bin, and a dark field and phase shift determining unit arranged to determine at least one of a dark field signal and an object induced phase shift from a detected intensity value, included in the imaging data, of a pixel for the first energy bin and a detected intensity value of the pixel for the second energy bin, using the proportionality factor provided by the proportionality factor providing unit.
- dark field and phase shift determination unit may also mean a single unit that is arranged to both determine a dark field signal and an object induced phase shift or a determination unit that is arranged to determine a dark field signal and an object induced phase shift individually in separate sub-units.
- a proportionality factor determination device for determining a proportionality factor between an object induced phase shift for a first x-ray energy bin and an object induced phase shift for a second x-ray energy bin in the context of energy-binned differential phase contrast x-ray imaging comprising a calculation unit arranged to calculate a first phase shift for the first energy bin from a phase image obtained by differential phase contrast x-ray imaging, using the first energy bin, a phantom having a predetermined shape and to calculate a second phase shift for the second energy bin from a phase image obtained by differential phase contrast x-ray imaging, using the second energy bin, the phantom, and an obtaining unit arranged to obtain the proportionality factor from the first phase shift and the second phase shift.
- a processing method for energy-binned differential phase contrast x-ray imaging data comprising a proportionality factor providing step of providing a proportionality factor between an object induced phase shift for a first x-ray energy bin and an object induced phase shift for a second x-ray energy bin, and a determining step of determining at least one of a dark field signal and an object induced phase shift from a detected intensity value, included in the imaging data, of a pixel for the first energy bin and a detected intensity value of the pixel for the second energy bin, using the proportionality factor provided by the proportionality factor providing step.
- a proportionality factor determination method for determining a proportionality factor between an object induced phase shift for a first x-ray energy bin and an object induced phase shift for a second x-ray energy bin in the context of energy-binned differential phase contrast x-ray imaging is presented, comprising a calculation step of calculating a first phase shift for the first energy bin from a phase image obtained by differential phase contrast x-ray imaging, using the first energy bin, a phantom having a predetermined shape and calculating a second phase shift for the second energy bin from a phase image obtained by differential phase contrast x-ray imaging, using the second energy bin, the phantom, and an obtaining step of obtaining the proportionality factor from the first phase shift and the second phase shift.
- the invention addresses the problems associated, for example, with vibrations in grating-based differential phase contrast imaging by making use of spectral information. It was realized by the inventors, that one may make use of the spectral information in determining the vibration state of the Moiré pattern based on multi-energy-bin x-ray detectors, the energy independence of vibration-induced Moiré pattern phase shifts, the energy dependence of object-induced Moiré pattern phase shifts and a phantom designed to allow for measuring the dependence of the object-induced phase shift as a function of the energy bin.
- the invention is not limited to the case of just two energy bins, as more than two energy bins are also contemplated.
- three or even more energy bins may be used for determining the phase shift due to vibration, while the use of further energy bins gives the benefit of allowing for separate (somewhat independent) determinations, e.g. by considering the first and the second energy bin, considering the first and a (further) third energy bin and considering the second and the third energy bin, respectively, as discussed herein explicitly for just two energy bins.
- two energy bins may be used for identifying the phase shift due to the vibration, which is then used for compensation in a simultaneous differential phase contrast imaging using the third energy bin.
- the proportionality factor providing unit is arranged to provide the proportionality factor depending on an attenuation value for the first energy bin and an attenuation value for the second energy bin.
- the proportionality factor providing unit includes a look-up table.
- a look-up table allows a quick access to the proportionality factor by using the attenuation values as parameters for the looking up. Nevertheless, also other ways of providing the factor are possible, e.g. providing an equation for calculating or a combination of calculation and look-up table.
- the dark field signal and phase shift determining unit is arranged to determine, from measured data m i,1 of the first energy bin and measured data m i,2 of the second energy bin, an attenuation value A 1 for the first energy bin, an attenuation value A 2 for the second energy bin, a dark field signal D 1 for the first energy bin, a dark field signal D 2 for the second energy bin, an object induced phase shift ⁇ 1 and a disturbance induced phase shift ⁇ i in such way that a likelihood obtaining the measured data is maximized for the selected image values.
- B i,1 , B i,2 , V i,1 , V i,2 , ⁇ i,1 , and ⁇ i,2 being the intensity, the visibility and the phase of a Moiré pattern obtained during a blank scan, respectively.
- the dark field signal and phase shift determining unit is arranged to include, in the determination (e.g. in the least square minimization), a further limitation as to favor small differences between disturbance induced phase shifts of neighboring pixels.
- this might correspond to a limitation as to the absolute difference between disturbance induced phase shifts of neighboring pixels being less than a predetermined value.
- vibrations may change the relative position of the gratings with respect to each other, wherein furthermore the interferometer may be quite sensitive to such changes (it was found that even changes in a ⁇ m range may create a visible effect).
- a differential phase contrast x-ray imaging system comprises a differential phase contrast imaging unit, an x-ray source arranged to provide x-rays of a first and a second energy bin, the processing device according to the present invention arranged to receive energy-binned differential phase contrast x-ray imaging data from the differential phase contrast imaging.
- the imaging system further comprises the proportionality factor determination system according to the above embodiment, wherein the proportionality factor determination system is arranged to provide information on the proportionality factor to the proportionality factor providing unit of the processing device.
- the proportionality factor may be constant (or at least sufficiently approximated by a constant value (or set of values)), so that no specific arrangement would be needed for determining the value (other than means for storing a predetermined value or set of value), while in other cases, the proportionality factor determination system, arranged for specifically determining the information on the proportionality factor, is advantageous, for instance in a case when the energy bin size is so large that the effective energy measured by these bins is significantly changed due to beam-hardening by the object. However, for narrow energy bins, it may be sufficient to use simply equation (5) (see below) to calculate the proportionality factor.
- a software product for processing method for energy-binned differential phase contrast x-ray imaging data comprising program code means for causing a computer to carry out the steps of a method according to the invention when the software product is run on the computer and a software product for determining a proportionality factor between an object induced phase shift for a first x-ray energy bin and an object induced phase shift for a second x-ray energy bin in the context of energy-binned differential phase contrast x-ray imaging, the software product comprising program code means for causing a computer to carry out the steps of a method according to the invention when the software product is run on the computer are presented
- FIG. 1 shows a differential phase contrast x-ray imaging system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a flow diagram illustrating a processing method for energy-binned differential phase contrast x-ray imaging data in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a differential phase contrast x-ray imaging system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- the system 10 includes an x-ray source 15 arranged to provide x-rays of a first and a second energy bin, e.g. including photons of a first energy range and photons of a second energy range and a corresponding differential phase contrast imaging unit 20 .
- a phantom 25 is provided between the x-ray source 15 and the imaging unit 20 , while, in operation of the system 10 for imaging an object, the object (not shown) rather than the phantom 25 is provided between the x-ray source 15 and the imaging unit 20 .
- the phantom 25 consists of several pillars 25 a of different height. On top of these pillars 25 a are triangles with constant slope of projected material height in beam direction. It is noted that a constant gradient of projected electron density (realized by material height in beam direction) produces a constant phase shift of the Moiré pattern.
- the imaging unit 20 is coupled to a proportionality factor determination device 30 and a processing device 35 .
- the proportionality factor determination device 30 includes a calculation unit 40 and an obtaining unit 45 , the operation of which is discussed below.
- the processing unit 35 includes a proportionality factor providing unit 50 and a dark field signal and phase shift determining unit 55 , the operation of which becomes also clear from the discussion below.
- the proportionality factor providing unit 50 is coupled to the proportionality factor determination device 30 to receive data or information on the proportionality factor therefrom.
- FIG. 2 shows a flow diagram illustrating a processing method for energy-binned differential phase contrast x-ray imaging data in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- the method of this embodiment includes a calculation step 60 , in which a first phase shift for the first energy bin is calculated from a phase image, which is obtained by differential phase contrast x-ray imaging a phantom as shown in FIG. 1 , wherein the phase image uses or corresponds to the first energy bin.
- the calculation step 60 also includes calculating a second phase shift for the second energy bin from a phase image obtained by differential phase contrast x-ray imaging the phantom, here using the second energy bin.
- a following obtaining step 65 includes obtaining the proportionality factor from the first phase shift and the second phase shift, while additionally the influence as to the attenuation is taken into consideration, based on the phantom.
- the obtained proportionality factor is provided, in a proportionality factor providing step 70 , and indicates the proportionality between an object induced phase shift for a first x-ray energy bin and an object induced phase shift for a second x-ray energy bin.
- a determining step 75 is provided of determining at least one of a dark field signal and an object induced phase shift from a detected intensity value, included in the imaging data, of a pixel for the first energy bin and a detected intensity value of the pixel for the second energy bin, using the proportionality factor provided by the proportionality factor providing step 70 .
- B i , V i and ⁇ i denote the intensity, the visibility, and the phase of the Moiré pattern obtained during a blank scan, respectively.
- the object parameters A, D and ⁇ correspond to attenuation, dark field signal, and phase shift, respectively.
- ⁇ ⁇ ( E 2 ) ⁇ ⁇ ( E 1 ) ⁇ E 1 2 E 2 2 . ( 5 )
- equation (2) separately for both energy bins yields phase images for both bins.
- c phase images for both bins.
- the pillars produce different degrees of beam hardening which is encoded in the attenuation signal for both bins A 1 , A 2 which can be extracted from the attenuation images.
- the proportionality factor c is equaled, similar to the case of mono energetic x-ray photons, also for polychromatic x-rays as corresponding to the quotient of the mean energies of the energy bins, while correspondingly also such look-up table for c(A 1 , A 2 ) may be obtained.
- I i,1 A 1 B i,1 (1+ D 1 V i,1 cos( ⁇ i,1 + ⁇ i + ⁇ 1 )).
- I i,2 A 2 B i,2 (1+ D 2 V i,2 cos( ⁇ i,2 + ⁇ i +c ( A 1 ,A 2 ) ⁇ 1 )).
- the above provides already sufficient information to separate between object induced phase shift and vibration induced phase shift on a per-pixel basis.
- the estimate can be made even more robust by adding some further prior knowledge, namely that the vibration induced phase should be the same (or almost the same) for neighboring pixels if the data are acquired simultaneously with neighboring detector pixels.
- ⁇ is a regularization parameter that controls how much variation of the vibration-induced phase is allowed.
- the vibration phase of the neighboring pixel is taken into consideration.
- Bold symbols are used for referral to vectors. The last term favors small differences between disturbance induced phase shifts of neighboring pixels, which is in-line with the a-priori knowledge that these differences have the common cause of vibrating gratings.
- the vibrational state of the Moiré pattern can be determined by exploiting the energy independence of vibration-induced Moiré pattern phase shifts and the energy dependence of object-induced shifts.
- the inventors propose a phantom to measure the energy dependence of the object-induced phase shift. By suitable data processing the vibration-induced shifts can be disentangled from the object properties to minimize image artifacts.
- a single processor, device or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims.
- the mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
- Operations like providing, determining, calculating, obtaining, and processing can be implemented as program code means of a computer program and/or as dedicated hardware.
- a computer program may be stored and/or distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium, supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.
- a suitable medium such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium, supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.
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Abstract
Description
Δ(A 1 ,A 2 ,D 1 ,D 2,ϕ1,ψi)=Σ(m i,1 A 1 B i,1(1+D 1 V i,1 cos(αi,1+ψi+ϕ1)))2+
Σ(m i,2 −A 2 B i,2(1+D 2 V i,2 cos(αi,2+ψi +c·ϕ 1)))2,
I i =AB i(1+DV i cos(αi+ϕ))), (1)
Δ(A,D,ϕ)=Σ(m i −AB i(1+DV i cos(αi+ϕ)))2 (2)
I i =AB i(1+DV i cos(αi+ψi+ϕ)). (3)
I i e =A e B i,e(1+D e V i,e cos(αi,e+ψi+ϕe)). (4)
It is noted that all parameters depend on photon energy, except the vibration shift ψi.
ϕ1 =c(s 1 ,s 2)·ϕ2 (6)
I i,1 =A 1 B i,1(1+D 1 V i,1 cos(αi,1+ψi+ϕ1)). (7)
I i,2 =A 2 B i,2(1+D 2 V i,2 cos(αi,2+ψi +c(A 1 ,A 2)·ϕ1)). (8)
Δ(A 1 ,A 2 ,D 1 ,D 2,ϕ1,ψi)=Σ(m i,1 −A 1 B i,1(1+D 1 V i,1 cos(αi,1+ψi+
ϕ1)))2+
Σ(m i,2 −A 2 B i,2(1+D 2 V i,2 cos(αi,2+ψi +c·ϕ 1)))2 (9)
Δ(A 1 ,A 2 ,D 1 ,D 2,ϕ1,ψi)=Σi,x(m ix,1 −A 1x B ix,1(1+D 1x V ix,1 cos(αix,1+
ψix+ϕ1x)))2+
Σi,x(m ix,2 −A 2x B ix,2(1+D 2x V ix,2 cos(αix,2+ψix +c·ϕ 1x)))2+
βΣi,x(ψi,x−ψi,x+1)2 (10)
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EP17162475.2A EP3378396A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 | 2017-03-23 | X-ray imaging data processing device and method |
PCT/EP2018/057391 WO2018172501A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 | 2018-03-23 | X-ray imaging data processing device and method |
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JP (1) | JP7117316B2 (en) |
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2017
- 2017-03-23 EP EP17162475.2A patent/EP3378396A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2018
- 2018-03-23 CN CN201880002656.3A patent/CN109414237B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2018-03-23 JP JP2019551561A patent/JP7117316B2/en active Active
- 2018-03-23 WO PCT/EP2018/057391 patent/WO2018172501A1/en active Application Filing
- 2018-03-23 EP EP18718705.9A patent/EP3442423B1/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP7117316B2 (en) | 2022-08-12 |
EP3442423B1 (en) | 2019-09-04 |
CN109414237B (en) | 2020-02-21 |
WO2018172501A1 (en) | 2018-09-27 |
CN109414237A (en) | 2019-03-01 |
EP3378396A1 (en) | 2018-09-26 |
JP2020512080A (en) | 2020-04-23 |
EP3442423A1 (en) | 2019-02-20 |
US20210321970A1 (en) | 2021-10-21 |
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