US11092739B2 - Method of differential mode delay measurement accounting for chromatic dispersion - Google Patents
Method of differential mode delay measurement accounting for chromatic dispersion Download PDFInfo
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- US11092739B2 US11092739B2 US16/608,590 US201816608590A US11092739B2 US 11092739 B2 US11092739 B2 US 11092739B2 US 201816608590 A US201816608590 A US 201816608590A US 11092739 B2 US11092739 B2 US 11092739B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
- G02B6/0288—Multimode fibre, e.g. graded index core for compensating modal dispersion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M11/00—Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
- G01M11/30—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides
- G01M11/33—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face
- G01M11/335—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face using two or more input wavelengths
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M11/00—Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
- G01M11/30—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides
- G01M11/33—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face
- G01M11/338—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face by measuring dispersion other than PMD, e.g. chromatic dispersion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
- H04B10/073—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an out-of-service signal
- H04B10/0731—Testing or characterisation of optical devices, e.g. amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2507—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion
- H04B10/2513—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to chromatic dispersion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2581—Multimode transmission
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
Definitions
- the present invention is generally directed to optical communications, and more specifically to improved methods of characterizing optical fibers for optical communications.
- Multimode optical fiber is commonly used in optical communications systems covering relatively short distances, for example a building or a campus, typically of the order of one or two kilometers or less. Such systems are capable of complying with 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GigE) standards such as the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard and related 802.3 standards at higher data rates. Such systems have typically used multimode fibers operating with light at a single wavelength, for example OM3 and OM4 fibers. Methods of characterizing OM3 and OM4 fibers are well established.
- 10GigE 10 Gigabit Ethernet
- Wideband multimode fibers such as OM5 fibers
- OM5 fibers have recently been introduced to address increasing demand for information bandwidth. These fibers permit operation at multiple wavelengths, allowing wider bandwidth communications through the use of wavelength multiplexing.
- the methods of characterizing these wideband multimode fibers have been adopted from the methods used for characterizing OM3 and OM4 fibers, however it has been found that this simple adoption does not result in adequately consistent characterization of a wideband, multimode fiber.
- the present invention is directed to a method that can be used to characterize a wideband, multimode fiber more consistently.
- Another embodiment of the invention is a method of characterizing a multimode optical fiber that includes propagating pulses of light along the multimode optical fiber at prescribed radial positions relative to an optical axis of the multimode optical fiber.
- Output pulses from the multimode optical fiber are detected, corresponding to the pulses of light propagated along the multimode optical fiber at the prescribed radial positions relative to the optical axis of the multimode optical fiber.
- An estimated modal bandwidth (EMB) of the multimode optical fiber is calculated in a manner that the calculated value of EMB is independent of the spectral width the pulses of light.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an optical communications system that uses wavelength multiplexing to propagate optical communications signals along a single optical fiber at different wavelengths;
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a system used to make differential mode delay (DMD) measurements of a multimode optical fiber
- FIGS. 3A and 3B present typical DMD results produced by 1 km lengths of OM3 and OM4 multimode optical fiber respectively;
- FIG. 4 presents DMD results produced from a 1 km length of broadband multimode optical fiber (OM5 fiber) at four different wavelengths, 850 nm, 880 nm, 910 nm and 953 nm;
- OM5 fiber broadband multimode optical fiber
- FIG. 5 generally presents a definition of Estimated Mode Bandwidth (EMD) as the half maximum width of the fiber modal transfer function, H modal (f);
- EMD Estimated Mode Bandwidth
- FIG. 6 presents EMB as a function of wavelength, derived from DMD measurements of a broadband multimode (OM5) optical fiber taken on three different days over a one month period;
- OM5 broadband multimode
- FIG. 7A presents EMB as a function of pulse width for a broadband multimode optical fiber, at two different wavelengths
- FIG. 7B presents the same results as shown in FIG. 7A but a function of optical pulse bandwidth
- FIG. 8A compares EMB calculated as a function of wavelength for a broadband multimode optical fiber on two different days, without accounting for chromatic dispersion
- FIG. 8B compares EMB calculated as a function of wavelength for the same broadband multimode optical fiber on the same days as shown in FIG. 8A , but with chromatic dispersion accounts for in the calculation of EMB.
- the optical communication system 100 generally has a transmitter portion 102 , a receiver portion 104 , and a fiber optic portion 106 .
- the fiber optic portion 106 is coupled between the transmitter portion 102 and the receiver portion 104 for transmitting an optical signal from the transmitter portion 102 to the receiver portion 104 .
- the optical communication system 100 is of a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) design.
- Optical signals are generated at different wavelengths within the transmitter portion 102 and are combined into a multi-wavelength signal that is transmitted along the fiber optical portion 106 to the receiver portion 104 where the signals at each different wavelength are separated and directed to respective detectors.
- the illustrated embodiment shows an optical communication system 100 that multiplexes signals at four different wavelengths, although it will be appreciated that optical communications systems may multiplex signals at a different number of wavelengths.
- Transmitter portion 102 has multiple transmitter units 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 producing respective optical signals 116 , 118 , 120 , 122 at respective wavelengths ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 4 .
- the optical communication system 100 may operate at any useful wavelength, for example in the range 800-950 nm, or over other wavelength ranges.
- Each transmitter unit 108 , 110 , 112 , 114 is coupled to the optical fiber system 106 via a wavelength multiplexer 124 , which combines the optical signals 116 , 118 , 120 , 122 into a single, multiple-wavelength signal 126 that is injected into a single optical fiber 128 of the optical fiber system 106 .
- the multiple-wavelength optical signal propagates along the optical fiber system 106 to the receiver portion 104 , where it is split into the optical signals 116 , 118 , 120 , 122 at the respective wavelengths ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 4 by a wavelength demultiplexer 130 , which are transmitted to respective receiver units 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 .
- the transmitter unit 108 produces an optical signal 116 at ⁇ 1 , which is transmitted to the receiver unit 132
- the transmitter unit 110 produces an optical signal 118 at ⁇ 2 , which is transmitted to the receiver unit 134
- the transmitter unit 112 produces an optical signal 120 at ⁇ 3 , which is transmitted to the receiver unit 136
- the transmitter unit 114 produces an optical signal 122 at ⁇ 4 , which is transmitted to the receiver unit 138 , with all of the optical signals 116 , 118 , 120 , 122 propagating along the same optical fiber 128 .
- the spectrum of an optical signal that is described as having a particular wavelength may, in fact, cover a range of wavelengths that encompass the particular wavelength. For example, if an optical signal is described as being at a wavelength ⁇ 1 , it may actually have spectral components whose 3 dB points (FWHM) are at ⁇ 1 , i.e. the optical signal propagates with a spectrum having a FWHM range of 2 ⁇ 1.
- FWHM 3 dB points
- the transmitter units and receiver units may be replaced by transceiver units that generate and receive signals at a particular wavelength.
- the optical fiber 128 is a single mode optical fiber. In other applications, for example where the optical signals are transmitted over a distance of several meters to around a kilometer, the optical fiber 128 may be a multimode fiber
- Modal dispersion describes the phenomenon where optical pulses in different modes of an optical fiber propagate along the fiber at different speeds.
- modal dispersion results in a “spreading out” of the optical pulses that constitute the digital optical signal.
- the amount of pulse spreading is linearly dependent on distance traveled along the fiber, making it increasingly more difficult to distinguish between successive optical pulses in the signal train when the fiber is longer.
- multimode fibers are typically used for short-haul applications where the modal dispersion does not significantly affect signal quality.
- modal dispersion is not a significant limitation on fiber length, and so single mode fibers are typically used for long-haul applications.
- the DMD measurement system 200 includes a laser transmitter 202 that produces light pulses 203 of a known length, ⁇ p , and known wavelength, ⁇ p .
- the light pulses 203 are directed into the input end 204 of the fiber 206 being characterized.
- a first detector 208 detects the laser pulses propagating out of the output end 210 of the fiber 206 .
- the first detector 208 is connected to an analytical unit 212 , for example an oscilloscope or digitizer, that measures the laser pulses.
- the analytical unit 212 may store the pulses detected by the first detector 208 .
- a trigger signal may be produced by directing a portion of the light pulses using a beam splitter 214 to a second detector 216 .
- the radial position at which the light pulses enter the input end of the fiber 204 is varied, either by scanning the light beam across the input end of the fiber 204 , or scanning the input end of the fiber 204 across the light beam, for example using a translation stage, as indicated by the double-headed arrow.
- the relative timing of the pulses transmitted through the fiber 206 is measured as a function of the lateral position of the light pulses 204 entering the fiber 206 . These measurements may be repeated after rotating the input face 204 of the fiber 206 around its axis, for example in steps of 90°, to ensure that the mode dispersion characteristics are rotationally symmetric.
- FIG. 3A A first example of results produced using a DMD system is shown in FIG. 3A .
- the laser transmitter used a Ti:Al 2 O 3 modelocked laser producing pulses having a ⁇ p value of around 30 ps and ⁇ p around 850 nm.
- the optical fiber being tested was a 1 km length of OM4 multimode optical fiber.
- the results graphed in FIG. 3A show the relative time of arrival of the light pulses at the first detector when the light entered the input end 204 of the fiber 206 at different distances from the center of the fiber.
- the higher order transmission modes of the fiber 206 are excited.
- the light pulse is distorted and slightly delayed when injected into the edge of the fiber 206 relative to the signal detected when the light is injected into the center of the input face 204 .
- FIG. 3B Another example of results, this time obtained using a 1 km length of OM3 multimode optical fiber is shown in FIG. 3B .
- the detected pulse shape becomes increasingly distorted and subject to a positive or negative delay, depending on the distance from the center of the input face.
- the OM3 and OM4 optical fibers discussed with regard to FIGS. 3A and 3B are optimized for operation at with laser light pulses at 850 nm and have a core diameter of 50 ⁇ m and cladding diameter of 125 ⁇ m. They are not well suited for multiband operation, e.g. carrying optical signals at a number of different wavelength bands.
- a wideband, multimode fiber, known as OM5 fiber has recently become available and is designed for single-wavelength or multi-wavelength transmission systems with wavelengths in the range of 850 nm to 950 nm, as described in the ANSI-TIA-492AAAE standard.
- OM5 fiber is purported to support at least four low-cost wavelengths in the 850-950 nm range for 40G to 100G bandwidth, with reduced fiber counts for higher speeds, and for short-haul applications.
- OM5 fiber also has a core of 50 ⁇ m diameter and cladding diameter of 125 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 4 shows DMD measurements for a 1 km length of OM5 wideband, multimode optical fiber taken at four different wavelengths, viz. 850 nm, 880 nm, 910 nm and 953 nm.
- 850 nm there is relatively little delay or distortion of the pulses on moving from an injection position from the center of the input face to the edge of the fiber.
- the trend at increasing wavelength, however, is for increased pulse distortion and negative delay.
- H fib (f) the bandwidth of the fiber's transfer function
- H fib (f) the bandwidth of the fiber's transfer function
- FT ⁇ Output ⁇ is the Fourier transform of the linear superposition of the output pulses produced by the DMD measurements, weighted in accordance with Telecommunications Industry Association standards.
- FT ⁇ Input ⁇ is the Fourier transform of the input pulse.
- EMB can be calculated as the width of the transfer function at half maximum. For example, for the generalized fiber transfer function shown in FIG. 5 , the value of EMB is as shown. Since the EMB is calculated for a fiber of a specific length, the units of the EMB are typically in MHz ⁇ km.
- FIG. 6 shows a graph of EMB as a function of wavelength for the OM5 fiber whose DMD measurements are shown in FIG. 4 .
- the graph shows three curves, A, B and C, taken on three different days over the span of around one month. These curves show a lack of repeatability where the EMB is greater than about 6000 MHz ⁇ km: curve A has a substantially taller peak than curves B and C, and curve B has a flattened peak, compared to the single peaks of curves A and C.
- H fib (f) was assumed to be equal to the fiber modal transfer function, H modal (f).
- FIG. 7A shows the EMB as a function of pulse width at two different wavelengths, 840 nm and 880 nm, over the range 2.5 ps to 5 ps.
- the laser pulses used to produce these results were generated by a Ti:Al 2 O 3 modelocked laser tuned to the appropriate wavelength.
- the EMB at 840 nm is independent of pulse length, whereas the EMB at 880 nm shows a significant increase with increasing pulse length.
- the duration of the laser pulses was bandwidth limited so, in each case, an increasing pulse length corresponded to a decreasing bandwidth. Accordingly, FIG.
- FIG. 7B shows the EMB as a function of laser pulse spectral width in nm, over the range of about 0.2 nm to about 0.45 nm.
- the EMB at 840 nm is essentially independent of bandwidth, whereas the EMB reduces with increasing bandwidth at 880 nm.
- the transfer function is not only a modal transfer function, as was previously to be the case, but is also dependent on the chromatic dispersion of the fiber.
- H CD (f) The chromatic dispersion transfer function, H CD (f), according to G. Agrawal “Fiber-Optic Communication Systems,” 3 rd ed., Wiley, p. 54, is given by:
- H CD ⁇ ( f ) e - 1 2 ⁇ ( f f 1 ) 2 ⁇ ( 1 1 + i ⁇ f f 2 ) 1 + i ⁇ f f 2
- f 1 1 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ D ⁇ ⁇ L ⁇ ⁇ ⁇
- f 2 1 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( S + 2 ⁇ ⁇ D ⁇ ⁇ ) ⁇ L ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2
- f is the optical frequency of the light pulse (in Hz)
- D is the chromatic dispersion of the fiber (including chromatic dispersion due to the core material, cladding material, and the waveguide structure, in ps/(nm ⁇ km))
- L is the length of fiber (in km)
- ⁇ is the FWHM spectral width of the pulse (in nm)
- S is the slope of chromatic dispersion (in ps/(nm 2 ⁇ km)
- ⁇ is the
- FIG. 8A illustrates the calculated minEMBc for the same OM5 fiber as was used to generate the results shown in FIG. 4 , over the range of wavelengths 800 nm-950 nm, from measurements made on two different days, a week apart, represented by day A and day B.
- the values of minEMBc were calculated without chromatic dispersion.
- the difference between the peak minEMBc for day A and B is around 17%, and the shape of the EMB curve for day B shows a distinct shoulder on the right side.
- the present invention is applicable to fiber optical communication and data transmission systems. Accordingly, the present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention as fairly set out in the attached claims.
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Abstract
Description
H fib(f)=FT{Output}/FT{Input} (1)
where FT{Output} is the Fourier transform of the linear superposition of the output pulses produced by the DMD measurements, weighted in accordance with Telecommunications Industry Association standards. FT{Input} is the Fourier transform of the input pulse. If the transfer function, Hfib, is plotted as a function of frequency, EMB can be calculated as the width of the transfer function at half maximum. For example, for the generalized fiber transfer function shown in
H fib(f)=H modal(f)·H CD(f).
where f is the optical frequency of the light pulse (in Hz), D is the chromatic dispersion of the fiber (including chromatic dispersion due to the core material, cladding material, and the waveguide structure, in ps/(nm·km)), L is the length of fiber (in km), σ is the FWHM spectral width of the pulse (in nm), S is the slope of chromatic dispersion (in ps/(nm2·km)), and λ is the wavelength (in nm).
H modal(f)=H fib(f)/H CD(f).
- 100—optical communication system
- 102—transmitter portion
- 104—receiver portion
- 106—fiber optic portion
- 108—transmitter unit
- 110—transmitter unit
- 112—transmitter unit
- 114—transmitter unit
- 116—optical signal
- 118—optical signal
- 120—optical signal
- 122—optical signal
- 124—wavelength multiplexer
- 126—multiple-wavelength signal
- 128—optical fiber
- 130—wavelength demultiplexer
- 132—receiver unit
- 134—receiver unit
- 136—receiver unit
- 138—receiver unit
- 200—differential mode delay (DMD) measurement system
- 202—laser transmitter
- 203—light pulses
- 204—input end of optical fiber
- 206—optical fiber
- 208—first detector
- 210—output end of optical fiber
- 212—analytical unit
- 214—beam splitter
- 216—second detector
Claims (8)
H modal(f)=H fib(f)/H CD(f)
H modal(f)=H fib(f)/H CD(f)
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US16/608,590 US11092739B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2018-04-24 | Method of differential mode delay measurement accounting for chromatic dispersion |
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US201762491685P | 2017-04-28 | 2017-04-28 | |
PCT/US2018/029164 WO2018200540A1 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2018-04-24 | Method of differential mode delay measurement accounting for chromatic dispersion |
US16/608,590 US11092739B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2018-04-24 | Method of differential mode delay measurement accounting for chromatic dispersion |
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US20230233057A1 (en) * | 2020-07-30 | 2023-07-27 | Ramot At Tel-Aviv University Ltd. | Visual data transfer between the end and side of a multimode fiber |
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EP3615909A4 (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2021-01-13 | Commscope Technologies LLC | Method of differential mode delay measurement accounting for chromatic dispersion |
US12034476B2 (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2024-07-09 | Panduit Corp. | Apparatus and methods for an optical multimode channel bandwidth analyzer |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3615909A4 (en) | 2021-01-13 |
US20200057191A1 (en) | 2020-02-20 |
WO2018200540A1 (en) | 2018-11-01 |
EP3615909A1 (en) | 2020-03-04 |
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