US11084541B2 - Internally tensioned inflatable structures - Google Patents

Internally tensioned inflatable structures Download PDF

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Publication number
US11084541B2
US11084541B2 US16/566,683 US201916566683A US11084541B2 US 11084541 B2 US11084541 B2 US 11084541B2 US 201916566683 A US201916566683 A US 201916566683A US 11084541 B2 US11084541 B2 US 11084541B2
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Prior art keywords
tethers
inflatable structure
tether
end cap
bottom end
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US16/566,683
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US20210070381A1 (en
Inventor
Wonhee M. Kim
Paul W. Alexander
Jonathan E. Luntz
Diann Brei
Noah LUNTZLARA
Yun Ju KIM
Zining ZHANG
Laura Alejandra Giner Munoz
Koray Benli
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University of Michigan
GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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University of Michigan
GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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Priority to US16/566,683 priority Critical patent/US11084541B2/en
Assigned to GM Global Technology Operations LLC reassignment GM Global Technology Operations LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ALEXANDER, PAUL W., Kim, Wonhee M., ZHANG, ZINING, LUNTZLARA, NOAH
Priority to CN202010947581.5A priority patent/CN112550493B/zh
Assigned to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN reassignment THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KIM, YUN JU, Benli, Koray, BREI, DIANN, Giner Munoz, Laura Alejandra, LUNTZ, JONATHAN E.
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D35/00—Vehicle bodies characterised by streamlining
    • B62D35/02—Streamlining the undersurfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D35/00—Vehicle bodies characterised by streamlining
    • B62D35/007—Rear spoilers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D37/00—Stabilising vehicle bodies without controlling suspension arrangements
    • B62D37/02—Stabilising vehicle bodies without controlling suspension arrangements by aerodynamic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H1/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion
    • F16H1/28—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with gears having orbital motion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
    • Y02T10/82—Elements for improving aerodynamics

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to internally tensioned inflatable structures.
  • Some internally tensioned inflatable structures include a bladder that holds pressurized air and threads that are attached to opposite internal surfaces of the bladder.
  • the threads are typically attached to the internal surfaces of the bladder using drop stitching.
  • the pressure within the bladder causes the bladder to expand outward and thereby applies tension to the threads, which in turn limits expansion of the bladder.
  • the threads increase the amount of compressive load that the bladder may withstand before the bladder deforms due to the compressive load.
  • internally tensioned inflatable structures are used in devices such as airplane wings that require a high compressive strength to weight ratio.
  • An inflatable structure includes a top end cap, a bottom end cap, a bladder, a plurality of tethers, and an adjustment mechanism.
  • the bladder is attached to the top and bottom end caps and configured to hold pressurized air between the top and bottom end caps.
  • the plurality of tethers are disposed within the bladder.
  • Each tether in the plurality of tethers has a first end coupled to the top end cap and a second end coupled to the bottom end cap.
  • the adjustment mechanism is operable to move the second end of at least one tether in the plurality of tethers to adjust at least one of the number of the degrees of freedom and the type of the degrees of freedom.
  • the adjustment mechanism is operable to move the second end of at least one tether in the plurality of tethers to adjust the type of the degrees of freedom.
  • the adjustment mechanism is operable to move the second end of at least one tether in the plurality of tethers to adjust the type of the degrees of freedom between at least two of axial motion, bending motion, torsional motion, and shearing motion.
  • the plurality of tethers includes a first tether, a second tether, and a third tether
  • the at least one planet gear includes a first planet gear, a second planet gear, and a third planet gear.
  • the second ends of the first, second, and third tethers are fixed to the first, second, and third planet gears, respectively, such that rotating the shaft causes the second ends of the first, second, and third tethers to rotate about the rotational axes of the first, second, and third planet gears and thereby adjusts the type of the degrees of freedom between a shearing motion and a bending motion.
  • rotating the shaft adjusts each of the first, second, and third tethers between a first position in which the first, second, and third tethers are perpendicular to the top and bottom end caps and a second position in which the first, second, and third tethers form a tripod shape.
  • the adjustment mechanism includes a first peg that extends through the bottom end cap, the second end of at least one tether in the plurality of tethers is fixed to an end of the first peg disposed within the bladder, and the first peg is translatable in a direction perpendicular to the bottom end cap to adjust a tension of the at least one tether and thereby adjust at least one of the number of the degrees of freedom and the type of the degrees of freedom.
  • the first peg is translatable in the direction perpendicular to the bottom end cap to adjust the tension of the at least one tether between zero tension and a tension level greater than zero.
  • the adjustment mechanism further includes a second peg that extends through the bottom end cap, and the plurality of tethers includes a first pair of tethers and a second pair of tethers.
  • the second end of each tether in the first pair of tethers is fixed to the end of the first peg disposed within the bladder.
  • the second end of each tether in the second pair of tethers is fixed to the end of the second peg disposed within the bladder.
  • the first and second pegs are translatable in the direction perpendicular to the bottom end cap to adjust the tension of the first and second pairs of tethers and thereby adjust the number of the degrees of freedom and the type of the degrees of freedom.
  • An inflatable structure includes a top end cap, a bottom end cap, a bladder, a plurality of tethers, and a spring.
  • the bladder is attached to the top and bottom end caps and configured to hold pressurized air between the top and bottom end caps.
  • the plurality of tethers are disposed within the bladder, each tether in the plurality of tethers having a first end coupled to the top end cap and a second end coupled to the bottom end cap.
  • the spring is disposed within the bladder and attached to the top and bottom end caps. The spring is configured to align the top and bottom end caps relative to one another when the inflatable structure is adjusted from a deployed position to a stowed position.
  • the spring is further configured to twist the bladder about a longitudinal axis of the inflatable structure and thereby pull the bladder radially inward when the inflatable structure is adjusted from the deployed position to the stowed position.
  • the spring is a coil spring.
  • Another inflatable structure includes a top end cap, a bottom end cap, a bladder, a tether, and a reel.
  • the bladder is attached to the top and bottom end caps and configured to hold pressurized air between the top and bottom end caps.
  • the tether is disposed within the bladder.
  • the tether has a first end and a second end opposite of the first end. The first and second ends of the tether are coupled to one of the top and bottom end caps.
  • the reel is disposed within the bladder and coupled to the other one of the top and bottom end caps. The tether extends around the reel.
  • the tether includes a first segment that extends between the reel and the first end of the tether and a second segment that extends between the reel and the second end of the tether.
  • the reel is operable to adjust a first length of the first segment and a second length of the second segment and thereby adjust a shape of the inflatable structure.
  • FIG. 1B is a perspective view of a fixed attachment between the top end cap of FIG. 1A and one of the tethers of FIG. 1A ;
  • FIG. 1C is a perspective view of a sliding or threaded attachment between the top end cap of FIG. 1A and one of the tethers of FIG. 1A ;
  • FIG. 1D is a section view of mixed attachment between the bottom end cap of FIG. 1A and one of the tethers of FIG. 1A ;
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 1A after the top end cap has been moved in a shear direction relative to the bottom end cap;
  • FIG. 3 is a section view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 1A when the inflatable structure is uninflated;
  • FIG. 4 is a section view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 1A when the inflatable structure is inflating;
  • FIG. 5 is a section view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 1A when the inflatable structure is fully inflated;
  • FIG. 6 is a section view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 1A after the top end cap has been moved in the shear direction relative to the bottom end cap;
  • FIG. 7 is a section view of another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 8 is a section view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 7 after the top end cap has been moved in a bending direction relative to the bottom end cap;
  • FIG. 9 is a section view of another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 10 is a section view of another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 11 is a section view of another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 12A is a perspective view of another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure.
  • FIGS. 12B-12E are perspective views illustrating the degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure of FIG. 12A ;
  • FIG. 13A is a perspective view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 1A when the tethers are attached to the top end cap using the fixed attachment of FIG. 1B ;
  • FIGS. 13B-13E are perspective views illustrating the degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure of FIG. 13A ;
  • FIGS. 14B-14F are perspective views illustrating the degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure of FIG. 14A ;
  • FIG. 15A is a perspective view of another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure.
  • FIGS. 15B-15E are perspective views illustrating the degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure of FIG. 15A ;
  • FIG. 16A is a perspective view of another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure.
  • FIGS. 16B-16E are perspective views illustrating the degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure of FIG. 16A ;
  • FIG. 17 is a perspective view of another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure, the inflatable structure including a rotary adjustment mechanism operable to change the locations of the lower ends of the tethers;
  • FIG. 18 is a perspective view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 17 with the locations of the lower ends of the tethers altered relative to their locations in FIG. 17 ;
  • FIG. 19 is a perspective view of another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure, the inflatable structure including a linear adjustment mechanism operable to change the locations of the lower ends of the tethers;
  • FIG. 20 is a perspective view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 19 with the locations of the lower ends of the tethers altered relative to their locations in FIG. 19
  • FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a coil spring that may be included in an inflatable structure according to the present disclosure, with the coil spring shown in a relaxed state;
  • FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the coil spring of FIG. 21 with the coil spring shown in tension;
  • FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a multi-turn wave spring that may be included in an inflatable structure according to the present disclosure, with the wave spring shown in a relaxed state;
  • FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the wave spring of FIG. 23 with the wave spring shown in tension;
  • FIG. 25 is a section view of a rear end of a vehicle including a rear spoiler according to the present disclosure with the rear spoiler shown in a stowed position;
  • FIG. 26A is a section view of the rear end of the vehicle of FIG. 25 with the rear spoiler shown in a deployed position;
  • FIG. 26B is an enlarged section view of the rear spoiler of FIG. 25 with the rear spoiler shown in the deployed position;
  • FIG. 27 is a section view of the rear end of the vehicle of FIG. 25 with the spoiler shown in a deployed position and the shape of the spoiler adjusted relative to its shape in FIG. 26 ;
  • FIG. 28 is a section view of a front end of a vehicle including an air dam according to the present disclosure with the air dam shown in a stowed position;
  • FIG. 30 is a section view of the front end of the vehicle of FIG. 28 with the shape of the air dam altered due to contact with an object;
  • FIG. 31 is a perspective view of a control knob including another inflatable structure according to the present disclosure, with the inflatable structure shown in an uninflated state;
  • FIG. 33 is a perspective view of the inflatable structure of FIG. 31 showing the ends of the tethers being relocated relative to their locations in FIG. 32 ;
  • Certain devices such as airplane wings, are designed to change shape during operation. Such devices typically include complex rigid mechanisms that enable the devices to change during operation of the devices. These rigid mechanisms increase the cost and mass of the device.
  • the inflatable structure may be incorporated into a device to enable the shape of the device to be changed during operation of the device without significantly increasing the cost and mass of the device.
  • the inflatable structure includes the top end cap, a bottom end cap, a plurality of tethers coupled to the top and bottom end caps, and a bladder attached to the top and bottom end caps and configured to hold pressurized fluid.
  • the top end cap can move freely relative to the bottom end cap in one or more directions. The directions in which the top end cap is free to move relative to the bottom end cap, and the number of directions, depends on the arrangement of the tethers and the way in which the tethers are coupled to the top and bottom end caps.
  • Changing the direction in which a device is free to move or deform in response to an external load may be referred to as changing the degrees of freedom of the device.
  • Changing the degrees of freedom of a conventional device and/or the number of degrees of freedom of the conventional device typically requires using complex rigid mechanisms that increase the cost and mass of the device.
  • an internally tensioned inflatable structure may be included in a device to enable the degrees of freedom of the device to be changed during operation without significantly increasing the cost and mass of the device.
  • the locations where the tethers are coupled to the top and/or bottom end caps are adjustable to change the type and/or number of directions in which the top end cap can move freely relative to the bottom end cap.
  • the types of direction in which the top end cap can move freely relative to the bottom end cap may include one or more of axial, bending, torsion, shear.
  • an inflatable structure 10 includes a top end cap 12 , a bottom end cap 14 , a bladder 16 , a nozzle 18 , and a plurality of tethers 20 .
  • Each of the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 is a rigid disk having a perimeter edge 22 .
  • the bladder 16 is attached to the perimeter edges 22 of the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 and is configured to hold pressurized fluid between the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 .
  • the nozzle 18 is operable to allow fluid to enter and exit the bladder 16 .
  • the tethers 20 are coupled to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 . When the bladder 16 is inflated, the tethers 20 constrain the motion of the top end cap 12 relative to the bottom end cap 14 , and thereby restrict the number and type of degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure 10 .
  • the bottom end cap is stationary or fixed in space, and movement of the top end cap is only constrained by the tethers that connect the top and bottom end caps to one another.
  • the top end cap may be stationary or fixed in space, and movement of the bottom end cap may only be constrained by the tethers that connect the top and bottom end caps to one another.
  • neither one of the top or bottom end caps may be stationary or fixed in space, and movement of the top and bottom end caps may only be constrained by the tethers that connect the top and bottom end caps to one another.
  • the bladder 16 is configured to contain a pressurized fluid, such as a gas (e.g., air, helium) or a liquid, between the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 .
  • a pressurized fluid such as a gas (e.g., air, helium) or a liquid, between the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 .
  • the bladder 16 may be made from a soft inextensible skin.
  • the bladder 16 may be made from silicone, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and/or a TPU-coated fabric.
  • TPU thermoplastic polyurethane
  • the geometry and/or material of the bladder 16 is selected to ensure that the bladder 16 does not affect the motion of the inflatable structure 10 .
  • the bladder 16 is flexible in an axial direction 24 of the inflatable structure 10 and rigid in all radial directions of the inflatable structure 10 including a radial direction 26 .
  • the nozzle 18 extends through the bottom end cap 14 is adjustable between an open position and a closed position. When the nozzle 18 is in the open position, the nozzle 18 allows fluid to enter or exit the bladder 16 . When the nozzle 18 is in a closed position, the nozzle 18 prevents fluid from entering or exiting the bladder 16 .
  • the nozzle 18 may be a mechanically controlled valve (e.g., a Schrader valve or a Presta valve) or an electronically controlled valve.
  • Each tether 20 has an upper end 28 coupled to the top end cap 12 and a lower end 30 coupled to the bottom end cap 14 .
  • the tethers 20 are made from inextensible elongated structures such as yarn, thread, fishing line, Kevlar®, cable, string, and/or Spectra® fiber.
  • the material strength of the tethers 20 is sufficient to withstand a predetermined load applied to the inflatable structure 10 . Applying a load greater than the predetermined load to the inflatable structure 10 may cause the tethers 20 to buckle.
  • the length of the bladder 16 (i.e., the dimension of the bladder 16 in the axial direction 24 ) may be greater than the length of the tethers 20 to ensure that the tethers 20 are placed in tension in the bladder 16 has slack when the bladder 16 is inflated.
  • the bladder 16 includes a folded portion 32 that extends in the axial direction 24 below the perimeter edge 22 of the bottom end cap 14 and is folded onto itself.
  • the tethers 20 extend in the axial direction 24 , which is perpendicular to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 . If the tethers 20 were to extend in a direction other than the axial direction 24 when the bladder 16 is inflated, the length of the bladder 16 may be greater than an effective length of the tethers 20 .
  • the effective length of the tethers 20 is the distance by which the tethers 20 extend between the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 in the axial direction 24 .
  • the upper end 28 of one or more (e.g., all) of the tethers 20 may be fixed to the top end cap 12 as shown.
  • the upper end 28 of each tether 20 is arranged in a loop 34 that is wrapped around a wire rod 36 and formed into a knot 38 (e.g., a slip knot).
  • the wire rod 36 extends through tabs 40 of a bracket 42 that project from a base plate 44 of the bracket 42 .
  • the base plate 44 of the bracket 42 may be fixed to an underside surface 46 of the top end cap 12 .
  • the bracket 42 may be disposed and/or fixed within the top end cap 12 .
  • the upper end 28 of one or more (e.g., all) of the tethers 20 may be coupled to the top end cap 12 using a sliding or threaded attachment as shown.
  • the tether 20 is wrapped around a portion of the wire rod 36 in a manner that allows the tether 20 to slide relative to the wire rod 36 .
  • the upper end 28 of each tether 20 may be coupled to the top end cap 12 using a threaded attachment other than that shown in FIG. 1C .
  • an eyelet or loop (not shown) with a threaded shaft extending therefrom may be threaded into the underside surface 46 of the top end cap 12 , and the upper end of each tether 20 may extend through the loop.
  • each tether 20 may actually be only one segment of a tether.
  • the inflatable structure 10 may include only two tethers, where a first one of the tethers includes a segment 20 - 1 and a segment 20 - 2 , and a second one of the tethers includes a segment 20 - 3 and a segment 20 - 4 .
  • first tether includes a segment near the top end cap 12 that extends between the segments 20 - 1 and 20 - 2
  • the second tether includes a segment near the top end cap 12 that extends between the segments 20 - 3 and 20 - 4 .
  • each tether forms an upside-down U shape.
  • An example of the inflatable structure 10 with this tether arrangement is shown in FIG. 14A .
  • the lower end 30 of one or more (e.g., all) of the tethers 20 may be fixed to the bottom end cap 14 as shown.
  • a vented screw 48 is threaded through the bottom end cap 14
  • the tether 20 extends through a hole in the vented screw 48
  • a crimp 50 is attached to the lower end 30 of the tether 20 .
  • the lower end 30 of each tether 20 may be coupled to the bottom end cap 14 using a fixed attachment other than that shown in FIG. 1D .
  • the lower end 30 of each tether 20 may be coupled to the bottom end cap 14 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the top end cap 12 When the inflatable structure 10 is inflated, the top end cap 12 is able to move freely relative to the bottom end cap 14 in a torsional direction 52 and a shearing direction 54 .
  • the inflatable structure 10 has two degrees of freedom—torsional motion and shearing motion.
  • the torsional direction 52 extends around the axial direction 24 .
  • the shearing direction 54 extends within a plane that is parallel to the major surfaces of the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 .
  • the inflatable structure 10 may have another degree of freedom depending on how the tethers 20 are coupled to the top end cap 12 . If the tethers 20 are coupled to the top end cap 12 using a threaded attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1C and the tethers 20 are arranged as shown in FIG. 14 A, the top end cap 12 is able to move freely relative to the bottom end cap 14 in a bending direction 56 . Thus, when the inflatable structure 10 is inflated, the inflatable structure 10 has three degrees of freedom—torsional motion, shearing motion, and bending motion.
  • an inflatable structure 60 includes two of the tethers 20 constraining the motion of the top end cap 12 relative to the bottom end cap 14 , and thereby restricting the number and type of degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure 60 .
  • the tether 20 on the right is coupled to both the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment 62 such as the fixed attachment shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the tether 20 on the left is coupled to the top end cap 12 using the fixed attachment 62 each of the opposite ends, and is coupled to the bottom end cap 14 using a threaded attachment 64 such as that shown in FIG. 1C .
  • the top end cap 12 moves in a bending direction 68 .
  • the inflatable structure 60 has a degree of freedom in the bending direction 68 .
  • the tether 20 on the right rotates or swings in a direction 70 about the fixed attachment 62 between the tether 20 on the right and the bottom end cap 14 .
  • the tether 20 on the left slides through the threaded attachment 64 in a direction 72 .
  • a segment 74 of the tether 20 on the left becomes shorter, while a segment 76 of the tether 20 on the right becomes longer.
  • the top end cap 12 moves to, or at least toward, its original position in FIG. 7 .
  • the position to which the top end cap 12 moves when the external load 66 is released depends on the shape of the bladder 16 the length of the tethers 20 .
  • the position to which the top end cap 12 moves when the load 66 is released may be referred to as the equilibrium position of the top end cap 12 .
  • FIG. 9 shows an inflatable structure 80 including three of the tethers 20 constraining the motion of the top end cap 12 relative to the bottom end cap 14 , and thereby restricting the number and type of degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure 80 .
  • All of the tethers 20 are coupled to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment 82 such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the tethers 20 on the right are coupled to the top end cap 12 at a common location.
  • the tether 20 on the left is coupled to the top end cap 12 independent of the coupling between the tethers 20 on the right and the top end cap 12 .
  • top end cap 12 does not have an instant center. This is evident from lines 84 extending through the tethers 20 , as there is no single intersection between all three of the lines 84 . Since top end cap 12 does not have an instant center, the inflatable structure 80 has zero degrees of freedom. In other words, motion of the top end cap 12 relative to the bottom end cap 14 is constrained in all directions (e.g., axial, bending, torsion, shearing).
  • FIG. 10 shows an inflatable structure 90 including two of the tethers 20 constraining the motion of the top end cap 12 relative to the bottom end cap 14 , and thereby restricting the number and type of degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure 90 .
  • Both of the tethers 20 are coupled to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment 92 such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • lines 94 extending through the tethers 20 intersect one another at a location 96 , which indicates that the top end cap 12 has an instant center at the location 96 .
  • the top end cap 12 is free to move relative to the bottom end cap 14 in a bending direction 98 disposed about the location 96 .
  • the inflatable structure 90 has one degree of freedom or direction of allowable motion—bending motion.
  • FIG. 11 shows an inflatable structure 100 including only one of the tethers 20 constraining the motion of the top end cap 12 relative to the bottom end cap 14 , and thereby restricting the number and type of degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure 100 .
  • the tether 20 is coupled to both the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment 102 such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the tether 20 has an infinite number of instant centers on a line 104 extending through the tether 20 .
  • the line 104 may be referred to as a locus of instant centers.
  • the top end cap 12 has an instant center at infinity in a direction 106 perpendicular to the line 104 .
  • the top end cap 12 is translatable in the direction 106 . Accordingly, the top end cap 12 has two degrees of freedom—axial motion and bending motion.
  • each tether 20 is coupled to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment.
  • each tether 20 acts as a rigid link. If the inflatable structures were modified by coupling any of the tethers 20 to the top end cap 12 and/or the bottom end cap 14 using a threaded attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1C , the number and/or type of degrees of freedom of the inflatable structures would be different.
  • FIGS. 9-11 are two-dimensional representations of the inflatable structures with all of the tethers 20 disposed in a common plane. It should be understood that the inflatable structures may include an identical set of tethers 20 disposed within a plane that is parallel to the plane in which the illustrated tethers 20 are disposed. Thus, for example, the inflatable structure 90 shown in FIG. 9 may represent a four-bar linkage.
  • FIGS. 12A-12E an inflatable structure 110 is shown with the tethers 20 arranged in a manner that constrains motion of the top end cap 12 relative to the bottom end cap 14 in all directions.
  • the inflatable structure 110 is fully constrained, and the inflatable structure 110 has zero degrees of freedom.
  • FIG. 12A shows that the inflatable structure 110 includes eight of the tethers 20 . Three of the tethers 20 are coupled to the bottom end cap 14 at one location, another three of the tethers 20 coupled to the bottom end cap 14 at another location, and two of the tethers 20 are coupled to the bottom end cap 14 at other locations. All of the tethers 20 are coupled to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • FIG. 12B shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in an axial direction 112 .
  • one hatching style is used for direction arrows to indicate that motion is constrained in that direction, while another hatching style is used for direction arrows to indicate that motion is allowed in that direction.
  • FIG. 12C shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in a bending direction 114 .
  • FIG. 12D shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in a torsional direction 116 .
  • FIG. 12E shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in a shearing direction 118 .
  • FIGS. 13A-13E an inflatable structure 120 is shown with the tethers 20 arranged in a manner that allows the top end cap 12 to move freely relative to the bottom end cap 14 in two directions.
  • the inflatable structure 120 has two degrees of freedom.
  • FIG. 13A shows that the inflatable structure 120 includes four of the tethers 20 . All of the tethers 20 extend in the axial direction 24 ( FIG. 1A ).
  • all of the tethers 20 are coupled to the top end cap 12 at different locations, and all of the tethers 20 are coupled to the bottom end cap 14 at different locations. Further, all of the tethers 20 are coupled to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • FIG. 13B shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in an axial direction 122 .
  • FIG. 13C shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in a bending direction 124 .
  • FIG. 13D shows that the tethers 20 allow the top end cap 12 to move freely in a torsional direction 126 .
  • FIG. 13E shows that the tethers 20 allow the top end cap 12 to move freely in a shearing direction 128 .
  • FIGS. 14A-14F an inflatable structure 130 is shown with the tethers 20 arranged in a manner that allows the top end cap 12 to move freely relative to the bottom end cap 14 in three directions.
  • the inflatable structure 130 has three degrees of freedom.
  • the inflatable structure 130 includes two of the tethers 20 . While FIG. 14A shows the entire portion of the tether 20 in the front, a portion of the tether 20 in the rear is hidden. However, the tether 20 in the rear arranged identical to the tether 20 in front. Thus, the tethers 20 form a double loop (or two upside-down U shapes).
  • Each tether 20 is coupled to the top end cap 12 using a pair of threaded attachments 132 such as that shown in FIG. 1C , and each tether 20 is coupled to the bottom end cap 14 using fixed attachments 134 such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • FIG. 14B shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in an axial direction 136 .
  • FIG. 14C shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in a bending direction 138 .
  • FIG. 14D shows that, if the tethers 20 were coupled to the top end cap 12 using the fixed attachments 134 instead of the threaded attachments 132 , the tethers 20 would constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in the bending direction 138 .
  • the inflatable structure 130 would have two degrees of freedom.
  • FIG. 14E shows that the tethers 20 allow the top end cap 12 to move freely in a torsional direction 140 .
  • FIG. 14F shows that the tethers 20 allow the top end cap 12 to move freely in a shearing direction 142 .
  • FIGS. 15A-15E an inflatable structure 150 is shown with the tethers 20 arranged in a manner that allows the top end cap 12 to move freely relative to the bottom end cap 14 in two directions.
  • the inflatable structure 120 has two degrees of freedom.
  • FIG. 15A shows that the inflatable structure 120 includes three of the tethers 20 . All of the tethers 20 are coupled to the top end cap 12 at different locations, and of the tethers 20 are coupled to the bottom end cap 14 at the same location. Thus, the tethers 20 form an upside-down tripod shape. In addition, all of the tethers 20 are coupled to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • FIG. 15B shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in an axial direction 152 .
  • FIG. 15C shows that the tethers 20 allow the top end cap 12 to move freely in a bending direction 154 .
  • FIG. 15D shows that the tethers 20 allow the top end cap 12 to move freely in a torsional direction 156 .
  • FIG. 15E shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in a shearing direction 158 .
  • FIGS. 16A-16E an inflatable structure 160 is shown with a single tether 20 arranged in a manner that allows the top end cap 12 to move freely relative to the bottom end cap 14 in three directions.
  • the inflatable structure 160 has three degrees of freedom.
  • FIG. 16A shows that the tether 20 extends in the axial direction 24 ( FIG. 1A ).
  • the tether 20 is fixed to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • FIG. 16B shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in an axial direction 162 .
  • FIG. 16C shows that the tethers 20 allow the top end cap 12 to move freely in a bending direction 164 .
  • FIG. 16D shows that the tethers 20 allow the top end cap 12 to move freely in a torsional direction 166 .
  • FIG. 16E shows that the tethers 20 constrain motion of the top end cap 12 in a shearing direction 168 .
  • an inflatable structure 170 includes the top end cap 12 , the bottom end cap 14 , the bladder 16 , three of the tethers 20 , and a rotary adjustment mechanism 172 .
  • the upper ends 28 of the tethers 20 are coupled to the top end cap 12 at different locations using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 are coupled to the bottom end cap 14 at different locations.
  • all of the tethers 20 extend in the axial direction 24 ( FIG. 1A ), and the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 are located adjacent to the perimeter edges 22 of the bottom end cap 14 .
  • the top end cap 12 is movable in a shear direction 174 .
  • the tethers 20 converge toward one another in a direction from the top end cap 12 to the bottom end cap 14 to form an upside-down tripod shape, and the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 are located near the center of the bottom end cap 14 .
  • the top end cap 12 is movable in a bending direction 176 .
  • the rotary adjustment mechanism 172 is operable to move the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 from their positions shown in FIG. 17 to their positions shown in FIG. 18 , and thereby adjust the degree of freedom of the inflatable structure 170 from sheer motion to bending motion.
  • the rotary adjustment mechanism 172 includes a drive shaft 178 , a sun gear 180 , and three planet gears 182 .
  • the drive shaft 178 extends through the bottom end cap 14 .
  • the sun gear 180 is disposed within the bladder 16 and attached to the drive shaft 178 such that the sun gear 180 rotates with the drive shaft 178 .
  • the planet gears 182 are disposed within the bladder 16 and coupled to the bottom end cap 14 in a manner that allows the planet gears 182 to rotate.
  • the teeth of the planet gears 182 are engaged with the teeth of the sun gear 180 such that rotation of the sun gear 180 in a counterclockwise direction 184 causes the planet gears 182 to rotate in a clockwise direction 186 .
  • the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 are fixed to the planet gears 182 near the outer parameters thereof using, for example, fasteners and/or adhesive.
  • rotating the planet gears 182 in the clockwise direction 186 rotates the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 about the rotational axes of the planet gears 182 , and thereby moves the lower ends 30 from their positions shown in FIG. 17 to their position shown in FIG. 18 .
  • the drive shaft 178 and the sun gear 180 may be rotated in the clockwise direction 186 as shown in FIG. 18 .
  • Rotation of the sun gear 180 in the clockwise direction 186 causes the planet gears 182 to rotate in the counterclockwise direction 184 .
  • Rotating the planet gears 182 in the clockwise direction 186 rotates the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 about the rotational axes of the planet gears 182 , and thereby moves the lower ends 30 from their positions shown in FIG. 18 to their position shown in FIG. 17 .
  • the rotary adjustment mechanism 172 may be operated manually or automatically.
  • the drive shaft 178 is rotated by hand to move the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 and thereby adjust the degree of freedom of the inflatable structure 170 from sheer motion to bending motion.
  • an electric motor (not shown) is connected to the drive shaft 178 , and a motor control module (not shown) controls the electric motor to rotate the drive shaft 178 in response to a user input.
  • a user may interface with button, switch, or touchscreen to command the rotary adjustment mechanism 172 to adjust the degree of freedom of the inflatable structure 170 .
  • an inflatable structure 190 includes the top end cap 12 , the bottom end cap 14 , the bladder 16 , eight of the tethers 20 , and a linear adjustment mechanism 192 .
  • Four of the tethers 20 extend in the axial direction 24 ( FIG. 1A ) and are coupled to both the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the other four tethers 20 are coupled to the top end cap 12 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B and extend diagonally from the top end cap 12 to the bottom end cap 14 .
  • the lower ends 30 of those four tethers 20 are coupled to the linear adjustment mechanism 192 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • all of the tethers 20 are in tension (i.e., the tension level of all of the tethers 20 is greater than zero).
  • the tension in the tethers 20 and the arrangement (e.g., number, attachment locations, etc.) of the tethers 20 constrains motion of the top end cap 12 relative to the bottom end cap 14 in all directions.
  • the inflatable structure 190 is fully constrained, and the inflatable structure 190 has zero degrees of freedom.
  • the linear adjustment mechanism 192 has raised the lower ends 30 of four of the tethers 20 in an upward direction 198 to release the tension in the tethers 20 (i.e., to reduce the tension in those four tethers 20 to zero).
  • the inflatable structure 190 is able to move freely in a shear direction 200 .
  • the inflatable structure 190 has one degree of freedom.
  • the linear adjustment mechanism 192 is operable to change the number of the degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure 190 .
  • the lower ends 30 of the four tethers 20 attached to the linear adjustment mechanism 192 can be returned to their positions shown in FIG. 19 by moving the linear adjustment mechanism 192 in a downward direction 201 .
  • the linear adjustment mechanism 192 includes a pair of pegs 202 .
  • Each peg 202 includes a cylindrical shaft 204 having a first diameter, and opposite cylindrical ends 206 having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter.
  • One cylindrical end 206 is disposed within the bladder 16 , and the other cylindrical end 206 is disposed outside of the bladder 16 .
  • the first diameter of the cylindrical shaft 204 may be selected to yield a line-to-line fit or slight clearance fit between the cylindrical shaft 204 and a hole in the bottom end cap 14 through which the cylindrical shaft 204 translates.
  • the second diameter of the cylindrical ends 204 may be selected to ensure that the cylindrical end 204 disposed within the bladder 16 cannot be pulled in the downward direction 201 through the bottom end cap 14 .
  • the lower ends 30 of two of the tethers 20 are coupled to one of the cylindrical ends 206 disposed within the bladder 16 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the lower ends 30 of another two of the tethers 20 are coupled to the other cylindrical end 206 disposed within the bladder 16 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • moving the pegs 202 in the upward direction 198 moves the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 attached to the pegs 202 in the upward direction 198 and thereby releases the tension in those tethers 20 .
  • moving the pegs 202 in the downward direction 201 moves the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 attached to the pegs 202 in the downward direction 201 and thereby places those tethers 20 in tension.
  • the pegs 202 may be locked into position to maintain the tethers in tension using friction, detents, cotter pins, lock nuts, expandable plug, removable snap rings, and/or a twist-lock. Placing the tethers 20 in tension may be referred to as engaging the tethers 20 , and releasing the tension and the tethers 20 may be referred to as disengaging the tethers 20 .
  • the linear adjustment mechanism 192 may be operated manually or automatically.
  • the pegs 202 are translated by hand to move the lower ends 30 of the tethers 20 and thereby adjust the number of the degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure 190 .
  • a hydraulic, pneumatic, or electromechanical linear actuator (not shown) is coupled to the pegs 202 , and an actuator control module (not shown) controls the linear actuator to translate the pegs 202 in response to a user input.
  • a user may interface with button, switch, or touchscreen to command the linear actuator to adjust the degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure 190 .
  • a coil spring 210 may be included in any of the inflatable structures disclosed herein to align the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 relative to one another when the inflatable structures are stowed or deflated.
  • the coil spring 210 has a first end 212 and a second end 214 opposite of the first end 212 . If the coil spring 210 is included in an inflatable structure, the coil spring 210 is disposed within the bladder 16 , and the first and second ends 212 and 214 of the coil spring 210 are fixed to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 , respectively.
  • the coil spring 210 When the inflatable structure is deflated, the coil spring 210 is in a relaxed state as shown in FIG. 21 . When the inflatable structure is inflated, the first and second ends 212 and 214 of the coil spring 210 are pulled apart from one another, which places the coil spring 210 in tension as shown in FIG. 22 . When the inflatable structure is once again deflated, the radial stiffness of the coil spring 210 ensures that the top end cap 12 remains aligned with the bottom end cap 14 in all radial directions of the inflatable structure. The coil spring 210 may also impart a rotational force on the top end cap 12 about the axial direction 24 , which twist the bladder 16 and thereby pulls the bladder 16 radially inward as the inflatable structure is stowed. This ensures that the bladder 16 stows neatly and protects the bladder 16 from damage when the bladder 16 is stowed.
  • a multi-turn wave spring 220 may be included in any of the inflatable structures disclosed herein to align the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 relative to one another when the inflatable structures are stowed or deflated.
  • the wave spring 220 has a first end 222 and a second end 224 opposite of the first end 222 .
  • the wave spring 220 includes three tabs 226 disposed at each of the first and second ends 222 and 224 . If the wave spring 220 is included in inflatable structure, the wave spring 220 is placed within the bladder 16 , and the tabs 226 at the first and second ends 222 and 224 of the wave spring 220 are fixed to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 , respectively.
  • the wave spring 220 When the inflatable structure is deflated, the wave spring 220 is in a relaxed state as shown in FIG. 23 . When the inflatable structure is inflated, the first and second ends 222 and 224 of the wave spring 220 are pulled apart from one another, which places the wave spring 220 in tension as shown in FIG. 24 . When the inflatable structure is once again deflated, the radial stiffness of the wave spring 220 ensures that the top end cap 12 remains aligned with the bottom end cap 14 in all radial directions of the inflatable structure. The wave spring 220 may also impart a rotational force on the top end cap 12 about the axial direction 24 , which twist the bladder 16 and thereby pulls the bladder 16 radially inward as the inflatable structure is stowed. This ensures that the bladder 16 stows neatly and protects the bladder 16 from damage when the bladder 16 is stowed.
  • an inflatable structure 230 that is similar to any of the inflatable structures disclosed herein may be included in a rear spoiler 232 of a vehicle 234 .
  • the rear spoiler 232 includes an outer panel 236 and a base plate 238 .
  • the outer panel 236 serves as the top end cap 12 of the inflatable structure 230
  • the baseplate 238 serves as the bottom end cap 14 of the inflatable structure 230 .
  • the bladder 16 attached to the outer panel 236 and the baseplate 238 and is configured to hold pressurized fluid between the outer panel 236 and the baseplate 238 .
  • the tether 20 is disposed within the bladder 16 .
  • the tether 20 has a first end 240 and a second end 242 opposite of the first end 240 .
  • the inflatable structure 230 further includes a reel 244 disposed within the bladder 16 .
  • the reel 244 may be mounted to the baseplate 238 in a manner that allows the reel 244 to rotate about its central axis.
  • the tether 20 extends around the reel 244 , and the first and second ends 240 and 242 of the tether 20 are coupled to the outer panel 236 using a fixed attachment such as that shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the tether 20 includes a first segment 246 that extends between the reel 244 and the first end 240 of the tether 20 , and a second segment 248 that extends between the reel 244 and the second end 242 of the tether 20 .
  • the reel 244 is operable to adjust a first length of the first segment 246 and a second length of the second segment 248 and thereby adjust a shape of the inflatable structure 230 and the rear spoiler 232 .
  • FIG. 25 the inflatable structure 230 is uninflated, and therefore the rear spoiler 232 is in a stowed state.
  • FIG. 26A the inflatable structure 230 has been inflated, and therefore the rear spoiler 232 is a deployed state.
  • FIG. 26B the reel 244 is rotated in a counterclockwise direction 250 , which causes the tether 20 to translate in the directions 252 .
  • the first length of the first segment 246 becomes shorter, and the second length of the second segment 248 becomes longer.
  • the outer panel 236 rotates in a direction 254 from its position shown in FIG. 26A to its position shown in FIG. 27 , which changes the shape of the inflatable structure 230 and the rear spoiler 232 .
  • the vehicle 234 may further include an electric motor 260 and a motor control module 262 .
  • the electric motor 260 is coupled to the reel 244 and is operable to rotate the reel 244 in the counterclockwise direction 250 or a clockwise direction opposite of the counterclockwise direction 250 .
  • the motor control module 262 controls the electric motor 260 to rotate the reel 244 and thereby change the shape of the inflatable structure 230 and the rear spoiler 232 .
  • the motor control module 262 may control the electric motor 260 to rotate the reel 244 based on a user input. Additionally or alternatively, the motor control module 262 may control the motor 260 to rotate the reel 244 based on a vehicle operating parameter.
  • the motor control module 262 may control the motor 260 to rotate the reel 244 to change the shape of the rear spoiler 232 from that shown in FIG. 26A to that shown in FIG. 27 when the speed of the vehicle 234 is greater than a predetermined speed.
  • the inflatable structure 270 is deflated, and therefore the air dam 272 is in a stowed state.
  • FIG. 29 the inflatable structure 270 is inflated, and therefore the air dam 272 is in a deployed state.
  • the vehicle 274 is moving, wind applies a load 278 to the outer panel 276 of the air dam 272 .
  • the strength and arrangement of the tethers 20 enables the inflatable structure 270 to withstand the load 278 without deforming.
  • the upper and lower ends 28 and 30 of the tethers 20 are coupled to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 in a manner that allows the upper and lower ends 28 and 30 to move radially inward and radially outward relative to the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 .
  • the inflatable structure 290 is uninflated, and therefore the control knob 292 is in a stowed state.
  • the inflatable structure 290 is inflated, and therefore the control knob 292 is in a deployed state.
  • the inflatable structure 290 is inflated and the upper and lower ends 28 and 30 of the tethers 20 are located adjacent to the other perimeters of the top and bottom end caps 12 and 14 as shown in FIG. 32 , the tethers 20 extend in the axial direction 24 ( FIG. 1A ).
  • the upper end cap 12 and the control knob 292 are movable in a shear direction 294 .
  • an adjustment mechanism 296 adjusts the locations of the upper and lower ends 28 and 30 of the tethers 20 and thereby change the degrees of freedom of the inflatable structure 290 .
  • the adjustment mechanism 296 adjusts the locations of the upper and lower ends 28 and 30 of the tethers 20 from their locations shown in FIG. 32 to their locations shown in FIG. 34 .
  • the tethers 20 form a pair of opposing tripods.
  • the top end cap 12 and the control knob 292 are movable in a torsion direction 299 .
  • the circular channel 306 may be spring-loaded in a radially outward direction such that reeling out the tether segments 304 allows the circular channel 306 to expand and thereby moves the upper and lower ends 28 and 30 of the tethers 20 radially outward.
  • the device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
  • that relationship can be a direct relationship where no other intervening elements are present between the first and second elements, but can also be an indirect relationship where one or more intervening elements are present (either spatially or functionally) between the first and second elements.
  • the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A OR B OR C), using a non-exclusive logical OR, and should not be construed to mean “at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C.”
  • first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.
  • module or the term “controller” may be replaced with the term “circuit.”
  • the term “module” may refer to, be part of, or include: an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC); a digital, analog, or mixed analog/digital discrete circuit; a digital, analog, or mixed analog/digital integrated circuit; a combinational logic circuit; a field programmable gate array (FPGA); a processor circuit (shared, dedicated, or group) that executes code; a memory circuit (shared, dedicated, or group) that stores code executed by the processor circuit; other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality; or a combination of some or all of the above, such as in a system-on-chip.
  • ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • the module may include one or more interface circuits.
  • the interface circuits may include wired or wireless interfaces that are connected to a local area network (LAN), the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), or combinations thereof.
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • the functionality of any given module of the present disclosure may be distributed among multiple modules that are connected via interface circuits. For example, multiple modules may allow load balancing.
  • a server (also known as remote, or cloud) module may accomplish some functionality on behalf of a client module.
  • code may include software, firmware, and/or microcode, and may refer to programs, routines, functions, classes, data structures, and/or objects.
  • shared processor circuit encompasses a single processor circuit that executes some or all code from multiple modules.
  • group processor circuit encompasses a processor circuit that, in combination with additional processor circuits, executes some or all code from one or more modules. References to multiple processor circuits encompass multiple processor circuits on discrete dies, multiple processor circuits on a single die, multiple cores of a single processor circuit, multiple threads of a single processor circuit, or a combination of the above.
  • shared memory circuit encompasses a single memory circuit that stores some or all code from multiple modules.
  • group memory circuit encompasses a memory circuit that, in combination with additional memories, stores some or all code from one or more modules.
  • the term memory circuit is a subset of the term computer-readable medium.
  • the term computer-readable medium does not encompass transitory electrical or electromagnetic signals propagating through a medium (such as on a carrier wave); the term computer-readable medium may therefore be considered tangible and non-transitory.
  • Non-limiting examples of a non-transitory, tangible computer-readable medium are nonvolatile memory circuits (such as a flash memory circuit, an erasable programmable read-only memory circuit, or a mask read-only memory circuit), volatile memory circuits (such as a static random access memory circuit or a dynamic random access memory circuit), magnetic storage media (such as an analog or digital magnetic tape or a hard disk drive), and optical storage media (such as a CD, a DVD, or a Blu-ray Disc).
  • nonvolatile memory circuits such as a flash memory circuit, an erasable programmable read-only memory circuit, or a mask read-only memory circuit
  • volatile memory circuits such as a static random access memory circuit or a dynamic random access memory circuit
  • magnetic storage media such as an analog or digital magnetic tape or a hard disk drive
  • optical storage media such as a CD, a DVD, or a Blu-ray Disc
  • the apparatuses and methods described in this application may be partially or fully implemented by a special purpose computer created by configuring a general purpose computer to execute one or more particular functions embodied in computer programs.
  • the functional blocks, flowchart components, and other elements described above serve as software specifications, which can be translated into the computer programs by the routine work of a skilled technician or programmer.
  • the computer programs include processor-executable instructions that are stored on at least one non-transitory, tangible computer-readable medium.
  • the computer programs may also include or rely on stored data.
  • the computer programs may encompass a basic input/output system (BIOS) that interacts with hardware of the special purpose computer, device drivers that interact with particular devices of the special purpose computer, one or more operating systems, user applications, background services, background applications, etc.
  • BIOS basic input/output system
  • the computer programs may include: (i) descriptive text to be parsed, such as HTML (hypertext markup language), XML (extensible markup language), or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) (ii) assembly code, (iii) object code generated from source code by a compiler, (iv) source code for execution by an interpreter, (v) source code for compilation and execution by a just-in-time compiler, etc.
  • source code may be written using syntax from languages including C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Swift, Haskell, Go, SQL, R, Lisp, Java®, Fortran, Perl, Pascal, Curl, OCaml, Javascript®, HTML5 (Hypertext Markup Language 5th revision), Ada, ASP (Active Server Pages), PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor), Scala, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Erlang, Ruby, Flash®, Visual Basic®, Lua, MATLAB, SIMULINK, and Python®.
  • languages including C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Swift, Haskell, Go, SQL, R, Lisp, Java®, Fortran, Perl, Pascal, Curl, OCaml, Javascript®, HTML5 (Hypertext Markup Language 5th revision), Ada, ASP (Active Server Pages), PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor), Scala, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Erlang, Ruby, Flash®, Visual Basic®, Lua, MATLAB, SIMU

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