US1078906A - Process of producing clad metals. - Google Patents
Process of producing clad metals. Download PDFInfo
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- US1078906A US1078906A US76266413A US1913762664A US1078906A US 1078906 A US1078906 A US 1078906A US 76266413 A US76266413 A US 76266413A US 1913762664 A US1913762664 A US 1913762664A US 1078906 A US1078906 A US 1078906A
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 107
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title description 107
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 title description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 19
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 35
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 35
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 35
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 34
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 22
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 18
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 13
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000617 Mangalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 ferrous metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004722 stifle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/64—Burning or sintering processes
- C04B35/65—Reaction sintering of free metal- or free silicon-containing compositions
- C04B35/652—Directional oxidation or solidification, e.g. Lanxide process
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S411/00—Expanded, threaded, driven, headed, tool-deformed, or locked-threaded fastener
- Y10S411/90—Fastener or fastener element composed of plural different materials
- Y10S411/901—Core and exterior of different materials
- Y10S411/902—Metal core
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/934—Electrical process
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/939—Molten or fused coating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49863—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part
- Y10T29/49865—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part by temperature differential [e.g., shrink fit]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12903—Cu-base component
- Y10T428/12917—Next to Fe-base component
- Y10T428/12924—Fe-base has 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]
Definitions
- This invention relates to processes of producing clad metals; and it comprises a method of making compound metal billets having a core of iron, steel or iron-like metal firmly and permanently united to a sheath of copper or cop er-like metal by the intermediacy of a lin ing layer of metal wherein a core of iron or like metal coated with the linking metal is inserted in a comparatively cold condition in a tubular shell of the sheath metal, such shell being employed hot and being of such dimensions that the cooler core will just fit therein, and the assembled core and sheath are heated together whereby the expansion of the core produces a union; all as more fully hereinafter set forth and as claimed.
- clad metals For many purposes for which clad metals are used, it is desirable to have a core of strong and stiff metal firmly and permanently unitedto a surrounding layer of a comparatively pure metal like copper, aluminum, gold, platinum, silver and the like; high purity in this coating metal being convently a great desideratum, as in copperclad metal for electrical conductors, goldclad and platinum-clad'metal for tooth pins,
- this core I film with a less oxidizable high-melting, nonferrous metal such as copperor brass, preferably melting ata lower temperature than the metal next to be applied.
- the filming may be done in any way.
- a galvanic coat ing film of brass for example, may be applied to a steel billet intended for making copper-clad ware. The coated billet is next carefully washed and dried to free it of acid, if any has been employed, care being taken to avoid oxidation. It is next preferably coated with a. thin coating of a fusible mineral substance such as borax or Zinc chlorid. This coating may be applied in solution and the solution dried in place.
- Borax solution is well adapted for the present purposes since in heating the dried borax film gives off steam and when ultimately fused it has oxid dissolving properties.
- the evolved steam is an efiicient means of displacing air ina later operation.
- the flux-coated billet is next introduced into a shell or sheath of the desired coating metal, say copper, platinum, gold or silver.
- This shell or sheath should be quite hot, and may advantageously be nearly, red hot, and of such dimensions that the cold billet can just be introduced therein with the shell hot and expanded.
- the assembled core and sheath are next heated.
- the cold core metal expands and produces a high degree of pressure between itself and the shell.
- the core and sheath are preferably cylindrical in section but can be of any desired corresponding shapes.
- borax to be the flux used, the heat first expels the water of crystallization as steam which effectually dispels all air which may be between the metals to be joined and then liquefies the borax itself. This liquefied borax under the high pressure is expelled longitudinally, the comparatively soft coating metal or linking'metal filling all spaces which may be between core and sheath.
- the heating may be carried to apoint where the brass becomes liquid; brass melting at atemperature Com 1 siderably below the melting point of copper.
- This working may be done while the joined metals are still hot, or they may be reheated, being exposed to a soaking heat.
- a tolcrably long continued heat prior to working is generally advantageous since the core metal having been employed cold requires time for uniform heating to a good working temperature.
- Copper does not readily unite with iron at its ordinary melting temperature, not readily wetting iron, though at higher temperatures its ability to unite with iron increases. But in producing a union, temperature and pressure are, to some extent, reciprocal factors, and in the present operation pressure is employed. Brass unites with iron more readily, articularly some grades of brass containing considerable zinc, since zinc is a metal readily uniting with iron. Where a brass-coated steel billet is expanded within a copper sheath, the pressure much enhances the disposition of the brass to unite with the iron and since brass readily unites with copper, being like in nature thereto since it is a cupriferous alloy, a good union of sheath and core is obtained. Under the pressure, moreover, the brass and the copper flow somewhat so as to fill all spaces or unevennesses between core and sheath.
- the quality of the coating metal is much improved for most purposes. Being comparatively softand being compressed between the .relatively stifl core metal and the working tool, while held against the lateral yielding by the basal weld union, it assumes throughout a peculiar texture comparable to the surface texture of hard drawn wire, becoming planished and hard, and all porosities or defects are obviated.
- the copper layer may have any desired degree of purity and it will maintain this purity throughout since the temperatures are not carried high enough to allow iron or other metal from the core or linking layer to diffuse therethrough.
- the copper sheath or shell used may be produced in any desired manner as by casting or in any of the other ways.used to make copper tubing or copper shells.
- the linking metal may be copper, bronze, aluminum, gold, silver or any other metal not melting above the melting point of the sheath metal. While it may be applied to the core in any other manner, electrodeposition is suitable. Electrocoatings are usually crystalline and porous and have no more than a mere adhesion to the base metal, so that they are useless for metal which must be subsequently worked, neither are they suitable for coating metals which must be exposed to atmospheric influences, as in telegraph and telephone wire, since moisture entering through porosities will inevitably corrode the underlying base metal in time,
- the relative thickness of the core and the sheath may be as desired, but for copper clad electrical goods, the copper is preferably at 10 per cent. of the total weight and may be much more, conductor wires frequently needing but a thin core of steel to give them all required strength.
- Core and sheath may be, and preferably are, relatively short and thick; that is of relatively large diameter as compared with their length. This at once diminishes the area of contacting metals to be united and increases the resistance of the shell against the expansion of the contained core, thereby also increasing the pressure t-herebetwcen.
- the coated billet once produced can of course be afterward reduced to any dimensions desired. The further the coextension of the joined metals is carried ordinarily thebetter their character will be.
- the linking layer merges to some extent with the metal on either side, producing what may be termed a weld union, yet its amount is ordinarily and preferably, too little to allow this merging to have any marked influence on the character of the metal on either side.
- the coating metal must be a high-melting
- the metal of the linking layer should be high melting and ductile, and of such character as to allow working of the compound billet at ordinary steel Working temperatures. It may of course be applied either to the core or to the interior of the shell to be unitedthereto, as by electroplating the interior of such shell.
- the central core which may be steel, cobalt, nickel, nickel steel, etc.
- the outer sheath which may be pure copper, platinum, silver, gold or the like, is marked Pure copper.
- the intervening layer of linking metal which is shown for clearness of illustration as of exaggerated thickness, and which may be brass, copper or the like, is marked Brass or copper.
- hat I claim is 1.
- the process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded shell of a high-melting, ductile non-ferrous metal, and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
- the process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal and a layer of a steam furnishing fusible flux, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded shell of a ductile, high-melting, non-ferrous metal and heat ing to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
- the process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal and a layer of a steam furnishing fusible flux, placing said core in a relatively cool condition with-' in a heated and expanded copper shell, and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
- the process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a ferrous metal core with a softer metal and a layer of a steam furnishing fusible flux, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a treated and expanded shell of a ductile, high-melting, non-ferrous metal and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
- the process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded copper shell, heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union, and coextending the metals to perfect the coating.
- the process ofiproducing clad metals which comprises coating a ferrous metal core with a softer metal. placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded copper shell, heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union and coextending the metals to perfect the coating.
- the process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a ferrous metal core with brass, placing said core in a relatively cool condition with a heated and expanded copper shell, heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union, andcoextending the metals to perfect the coating.
- the process of producing copper clad steel which comprises coating, a steel core with a thin layer of brass, placing the coated core in a relatively cool condition within a hot closely fitting copper shell and heating the assembled metals to a temperature above the melting oint of the brass but below the melting point of copper.
- the process of producing clad metals which comprises providing a core of a metal coating metal but below the melting point 10 of the iron group with a thin coating layer of the metal of the shell.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Description
B. B. ELDRED. E
PROCESS OF PRODUCING GLAD METALS.
APPLIOATION FILED D2015, 1908. RENEWED APR. 21, 1913.
. STEEL I PURE COPPER BRASS R COPPER gvwo/wtoz BYRON E ELDRED WWI wows u-QRAI k suit MM T UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
BYRON E. ELDREID, OF BRONXVILLE, NEW YORK.
PROCESS OF PRODUCING GLAD METALS.
Specification of Letters Patent.
Application filed December 15, 1908, Serial No. 467,657. Renewed April 21, 1913. Serial No. 762,664.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, BYRON E. ELDRED, a citizen of the United States, residing at Bronxville, in the county of Westchester and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Processes of Producing Clad Metals, of which the fol lowing is a specification.
This invention relates to processes of producing clad metals; and it comprises a method of making compound metal billets having a core of iron, steel or iron-like metal firmly and permanently united to a sheath of copper or cop er-like metal by the intermediacy of a lin ing layer of metal wherein a core of iron or like metal coated with the linking metal is inserted in a comparatively cold condition in a tubular shell of the sheath metal, such shell being employed hot and being of such dimensions that the cooler core will just fit therein, and the assembled core and sheath are heated together whereby the expansion of the core produces a union; all as more fully hereinafter set forth and as claimed.
For many purposes for which clad metals are used, it is desirable to have a core of strong and stiff metal firmly and permanently unitedto a surrounding layer of a comparatively pure metal like copper, aluminum, gold, platinum, silver and the like; high purity in this coating metal being freuently a great desideratum, as in copperclad metal for electrical conductors, goldclad and platinum-clad'metal for tooth pins,
for leading-in wires for incandescent lamps,
etc. It is, however, frequently diflicult and expensive to maintain this high degree of purity in the ordinary routine of metallurgical work where the coating metal is used in a fluid condition in the coating operation since metal from the core is apt to diffuse through the coating more or less. In producing a copper sheath on a steel billet, for
instance, with the use of melted copper indirect contact with the steel it is difficulty to prevent the presence of a few tenths per cent. of iron in the coating, and even this slight amount of impurity will diminish theelectric conductivity of copper to a comparatively great extent.
In the present invention, I have therefore devised a method whereby a sheath or shell of copper or any like metal of any desired degree of purity may be directly attached to Patented Nov. 18, 1913.
the core Without being melted to any submetall To this end, I first produce a core of iron, steel or any of the ordinary alloy steels such as nickel steel, manganese steel,
etc., or of the iron-like metals, nickel or cobalt, or their alloys, and this core I film with a less oxidizable high-melting, nonferrous metal such as copperor brass, preferably melting ata lower temperature than the metal next to be applied. The filming may be done in any way. A galvanic coat ing film of brass, for example, may be applied to a steel billet intended for making copper-clad ware. The coated billet is next carefully washed and dried to free it of acid, if any has been employed, care being taken to avoid oxidation. It is next preferably coated with a. thin coating of a fusible mineral substance such as borax or Zinc chlorid. This coating may be applied in solution and the solution dried in place. Borax solution is well adapted for the present purposes since in heating the dried borax film gives off steam and when ultimately fused it has oxid dissolving properties. The evolved steam is an efiicient means of displacing air ina later operation. The flux-coated billet is next introduced into a shell or sheath of the desired coating metal, say copper, platinum, gold or silver. This shell or sheath should be quite hot, and may advantageously be nearly, red hot, and of such dimensions that the cold billet can just be introduced therein with the shell hot and expanded. The assembled core and sheath are next heated. The cold core metal expands and produces a high degree of pressure between itself and the shell. To produce'uniformity in this pressure the core and sheath are preferably cylindrical in section but can be of any desired corresponding shapes. Presuming borax to be the flux used, the heat first expels the water of crystallization as steam which effectually dispels all air which may be between the metals to be joined and then liquefies the borax itself. This liquefied borax under the high pressure is expelled longitudinally, the comparatively soft coating metal or linking'metal filling all spaces which may be between core and sheath. In using a brass-filmed steel billetwithin a copper shell, the heating may be carried to apoint where the brass becomes liquid; brass melting at atemperature Com 1 siderably below the melting point of copper. If the assembled core and sheath be heated while lying in a horizontal position, as is usually convenient, and if the sheath be somewhat belled at the ends, as often happens in forcing a tight-fitting coreinto place, a pellet of brass may be laid against the seam at either end, and it will enter capilarily, displacing the fluid flux since melted metals have a tendency to wet each other. After the heating, which may ultimately be carried to thesoftening point of the coating metal, if this be gold, silver or copper, the metals will be found to be firmly and permanently united, sothat they may be drawn, rolled and stamped like an object of one metal. This working may be done while the joined metals are still hot, or they may be reheated, being exposed to a soaking heat. A tolcrably long continued heat prior to working is generally advantageous since the core metal having been employed cold requires time for uniform heating to a good working temperature.
Copper does not readily unite with iron at its ordinary melting temperature, not readily wetting iron, though at higher temperatures its ability to unite with iron increases. But in producing a union, temperature and pressure are, to some extent, reciprocal factors, and in the present operation pressure is employed. Brass unites with iron more readily, articularly some grades of brass containing considerable zinc, since zinc is a metal readily uniting with iron. Where a brass-coated steel billet is expanded within a copper sheath, the pressure much enhances the disposition of the brass to unite with the iron and since brass readily unites with copper, being like in nature thereto since it is a cupriferous alloy, a good union of sheath and core is obtained. Under the pressure, moreover, the brass and the copper flow somewhat so as to fill all spaces or unevennesses between core and sheath.
In working the compound billet so obtained at ordinary steel working temperatures, as by rolling or drawing into bars, rods or wires, the quality of the coating metal is much improved for most purposes. Being comparatively softand being compressed between the .relatively stifl core metal and the working tool, while held against the lateral yielding by the basal weld union, it assumes throughout a peculiar texture comparable to the surface texture of hard drawn wire, becoming planished and hard, and all porosities or defects are obviated.
Where commercial cobalt or nickel is employed as the core metal, it is frequently advantageous to heat it to a high temperature (preferably in cacuo) to expel contained gases prior to submitting it to the described operations. Such a preliminary treatment is sometimes advantageous with steel and other ferrous metals.
In producing copper-clad metal for electrical purposes, the copper layer may have any desired degree of purity and it will maintain this purity throughout since the temperatures are not carried high enough to allow iron or other metal from the core or linking layer to diffuse therethrough. The copper sheath or shell used may be produced in any desired manner as by casting or in any of the other ways.used to make copper tubing or copper shells.
The linking metal may be copper, bronze, aluminum, gold, silver or any other metal not melting above the melting point of the sheath metal. While it may be applied to the core in any other manner, electrodeposition is suitable. Electrocoatings are usually crystalline and porous and have no more than a mere adhesion to the base metal, so that they are useless for metal which must be subsequently worked, neither are they suitable for coating metals which must be exposed to atmospheric influences, as in telegraph and telephone wire, since moisture entering through porosities will inevitably corrode the underlying base metal in time,
a galvanic couple being set up between core and coating metal. But in the described method, under the pressure exerted between core and sheath the porosity of the electrodeposited metal is obviated and a good coherence to the metal on either side is secured. Electrodeposite'd coatings may therefore be used for the linking layer.
The relative thickness of the core and the sheath may be as desired, but for copper clad electrical goods, the copper is preferably at 10 per cent. of the total weight and may be much more, conductor wires frequently needing but a thin core of steel to give them all required strength. Core and sheath may be, and preferably are, relatively short and thick; that is of relatively large diameter as compared with their length. This at once diminishes the area of contacting metals to be united and increases the resistance of the shell against the expansion of the contained core, thereby also increasing the pressure t-herebetwcen. The coated billet once produced can of course be afterward reduced to any dimensions desired. The further the coextension of the joined metals is carried ordinarily thebetter their character will be.
While under the influence of the heat and pressure, the linking layer merges to some extent with the metal on either side, producing what may be termed a weld union, yet its amount is ordinarily and preferably, too little to allow this merging to have any marked influence on the character of the metal on either side.
The coating metal must be a high-melting,
ductile metal of a melting point above 900 F. to allow it to be worked at steel-working temperatures. The metal of the linking layer should be high melting and ductile, and of such character as to allow working of the compound billet at ordinary steel Working temperatures. It may of course be applied either to the core or to the interior of the shell to be unitedthereto, as by electroplating the interior of such shell.
.In the accompanying illustration I have shown, a section of a wire or rod produced under this invention. The central core, which may be steel, cobalt, nickel, nickel steel, etc., is marked Steel while the outer sheath, which may be pure copper, platinum, silver, gold or the like, is marked Pure copper. The intervening layer of linking metal, which is shown for clearness of illustration as of exaggerated thickness, and which may be brass, copper or the like, is marked Brass or copper.
hat I claim is 1. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded shell of a high-melting, ductile non-ferrous metal, and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
2. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded copper shell, and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
3. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a ferrous metal core with a softer metal, placing said core in a relatively cool condition withina heated and expanded shell of a high-melting, ductile non-ferrous metal and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
4. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a ferrous metal core with brass. placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded copper shell and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
5. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal and a layer of a steam furnishing fusible flux, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded shell of a ductile, high-melting, non-ferrous metal and heat ing to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
6. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal and a layer of a steam furnishing fusible flux, placing said core in a relatively cool condition with-' in a heated and expanded copper shell, and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
7. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a ferrous metal core with a softer metal and a layer of a steam furnishing fusible flux, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a treated and expanded shell of a ductile, high-melting, non-ferrous metal and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
8. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a ferrous metal core with brass and a layer of a steam fur nishing fusible flux, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded copper shell, and heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union.
9. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal, placing said core in a relatively cool condition Within a heated and expanded shell of a high-melting, ductile non-ferrous metal, heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union and coextending the metals to perfect the coating.
10. The process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a relatively stiff metal core with a softer metal, placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded copper shell, heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union, and coextending the metals to perfect the coating.
' 11. The process ofiproducing clad metals which comprises coating a ferrous metal core with a softer metal. placing said core in a relatively cool condition within a heated and expanded copper shell, heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union and coextending the metals to perfect the coating.
12. The" process of producing clad metals which comprises coating a ferrous metal core with brass, placing said core in a relatively cool condition with a heated and expanded copper shell, heating to cause said core to expand against said shell and produce a union, andcoextending the metals to perfect the coating.
13.v The process of producing copper clad steel which comprises coating, a steel core with a thin layer of brass, placing the coated core in a relatively cool condition within a hot closely fitting copper shell and heating the assembled metals to a temperature above the melting oint of the brass but below the melting point of copper.
14. The process of producing clad metals which comprises providing a core of a metal coating metal but below the melting point 10 of the iron group with a thin coating layer of the metal of the shell.
of a metal melting above ordinary steel In testimony whereof,,I afiix my signaworking temperatures, placing said coated ture in the presence of Witnesses.
core in a comparatively cool condition with- BYRON E ELDRED in a closely fitting hot shell of a metal having a melting point abovev the melting point Witnesses:
of the coating metal and heating the assem- K. P. 'MOELRQY, bled metals abovethe melting point of the LEWIS T. KNOX.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US76266413A US1078906A (en) | 1913-04-21 | 1913-04-21 | Process of producing clad metals. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US76266413A US1078906A (en) | 1913-04-21 | 1913-04-21 | Process of producing clad metals. |
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US1078906A true US1078906A (en) | 1913-11-18 |
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ID=3147140
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US76266413A Expired - Lifetime US1078906A (en) | 1913-04-21 | 1913-04-21 | Process of producing clad metals. |
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Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE749775C (en) * | 1939-06-01 | 1944-12-05 | Metallwerk Montania Sempell Ko | Process for creating a connection between the individual layers of a composite bearing |
US2728136A (en) * | 1951-08-10 | 1955-12-27 | Integral Clad Metals Company | Method for the production of clad metal sheets |
US3167204A (en) * | 1961-05-26 | 1965-01-26 | Jr Thomas P M Rouse | Pressure vessels |
US3282660A (en) * | 1964-03-26 | 1966-11-01 | Anaconda Wire & Cable Co | High-temperature electrical conductor and method of making |
US3306716A (en) * | 1963-02-14 | 1967-02-28 | Nat Standard Co | Aluminum clad electric conductor wire |
US3314771A (en) * | 1963-09-11 | 1967-04-18 | Licentia Gmbh | Contact of copper with brass and tin layers |
US3329378A (en) * | 1966-03-04 | 1967-07-04 | Cheney Bigelow Wire Works Inc | Woven wire cloth for fourdrinier machines |
US3358361A (en) * | 1965-01-04 | 1967-12-19 | Gen Electric | Superconducting wire |
US3426420A (en) * | 1966-04-08 | 1969-02-11 | Nat Res Corp | Method of making brazed composite tubing for heat exchangers used in corrosive fluids |
US3431630A (en) * | 1964-12-08 | 1969-03-11 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Method of fixing pipe base in multilayer container |
US3481024A (en) * | 1967-06-16 | 1969-12-02 | Revere Copper & Brass Inc | Method of bonding |
US3762032A (en) * | 1971-08-19 | 1973-10-02 | Gen Motors Corp | Bonding |
US4186473A (en) * | 1978-08-14 | 1980-02-05 | General Motors Corporation | Turbine rotor fabrication by thermal methods |
US4704337A (en) * | 1985-01-07 | 1987-11-03 | Wilfried Coppens | Rubber adherable steel reinforcing elements with composite surface coating |
-
1913
- 1913-04-21 US US76266413A patent/US1078906A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE749775C (en) * | 1939-06-01 | 1944-12-05 | Metallwerk Montania Sempell Ko | Process for creating a connection between the individual layers of a composite bearing |
US2728136A (en) * | 1951-08-10 | 1955-12-27 | Integral Clad Metals Company | Method for the production of clad metal sheets |
US3167204A (en) * | 1961-05-26 | 1965-01-26 | Jr Thomas P M Rouse | Pressure vessels |
US3306716A (en) * | 1963-02-14 | 1967-02-28 | Nat Standard Co | Aluminum clad electric conductor wire |
US3314771A (en) * | 1963-09-11 | 1967-04-18 | Licentia Gmbh | Contact of copper with brass and tin layers |
US3282660A (en) * | 1964-03-26 | 1966-11-01 | Anaconda Wire & Cable Co | High-temperature electrical conductor and method of making |
US3431630A (en) * | 1964-12-08 | 1969-03-11 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Method of fixing pipe base in multilayer container |
US3358361A (en) * | 1965-01-04 | 1967-12-19 | Gen Electric | Superconducting wire |
US3329378A (en) * | 1966-03-04 | 1967-07-04 | Cheney Bigelow Wire Works Inc | Woven wire cloth for fourdrinier machines |
US3426420A (en) * | 1966-04-08 | 1969-02-11 | Nat Res Corp | Method of making brazed composite tubing for heat exchangers used in corrosive fluids |
US3481024A (en) * | 1967-06-16 | 1969-12-02 | Revere Copper & Brass Inc | Method of bonding |
US3762032A (en) * | 1971-08-19 | 1973-10-02 | Gen Motors Corp | Bonding |
US4186473A (en) * | 1978-08-14 | 1980-02-05 | General Motors Corporation | Turbine rotor fabrication by thermal methods |
US4704337A (en) * | 1985-01-07 | 1987-11-03 | Wilfried Coppens | Rubber adherable steel reinforcing elements with composite surface coating |
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