US10776344B2 - Index management in a multi-process environment - Google Patents
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- US10776344B2 US10776344B2 US15/923,193 US201815923193A US10776344B2 US 10776344 B2 US10776344 B2 US 10776344B2 US 201815923193 A US201815923193 A US 201815923193A US 10776344 B2 US10776344 B2 US 10776344B2
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- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/20—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
- G06F16/23—Updating
- G06F16/2379—Updates performed during online database operations; commit processing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/10—File systems; File servers
- G06F16/17—Details of further file system functions
- G06F16/176—Support for shared access to files; File sharing support
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/10—File systems; File servers
- G06F16/18—File system types
- G06F16/1805—Append-only file systems, e.g. using logs or journals to store data
- G06F16/1815—Journaling file systems
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/20—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
- G06F16/22—Indexing; Data structures therefor; Storage structures
- G06F16/2228—Indexing structures
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- G06F16/20—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
- G06F16/23—Updating
- G06F16/2365—Ensuring data consistency and integrity
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- G06F16/20—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
- G06F16/27—Replication, distribution or synchronisation of data between databases or within a distributed database system; Distributed database system architectures therefor
- G06F16/273—Asynchronous replication or reconciliation
Definitions
- Embodiments described herein relate to managing an index shared by a plurality of processes.
- a global index may be created that maps unique keys to stored data. For example, in systems where there is a portioning of work across multiple concurrently running processes, indices are often created to find partitioned data sets. For example, in a system where processes manage siloed data, a global index may be created to maintain what data is available on the system for proper routing and consistent management of data.
- One challenge in managing such an index is how to maintain the global index with a plurality of processes accessing the index with minimal latency and locking impact while maintaining atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID) guarantees of the global index. Accordingly, embodiments described herein address this and other technical problems using a multi-process journaling index.
- one embodiment provides a system for managing an index shared by a plurality of processes.
- the system includes at least one electronic processor configured to execute the plurality of processes.
- the at least one electronic processor is configured to maintain, for each of the plurality of processes, a journal of operations to be performed on the index at a first state by each of the plurality of processes.
- Each entry in the index including a key and an associated value and each operation included in a journal for one of the plurality of processes including a create operation or a delete operation and each operation specifying a key.
- the at least one electronic processor is also configured to, in response to a predetermined event, apply the journal of the one of the plurality of processes to update the index.
- Applying the journal includes (a) reading, with the one of the plurality of processes, the index at a second state, (b) deleting an existing entry from the index for each delete operation included in the journal specifying a key included an entry of the index at the second state, (c) adding a new entry to the index for each create operation included in the journal specifying a key not included in an entry of the index at the second state, (d) deleting an existing entry from the index and adding a new entry to the index for each create operation included in the journal specifying a key included in an entry of the index at the second state, and (e) ignoring each delete operation included in the journal specifying a key not included in an entry of the index at the second state.
- Another embodiment provides a method for managing an index shared by a plurality of processes executed by at least one electronic processor.
- the method includes reading, with the at least one electronic processor for one of the plurality of processes, the index at a first state, wherein each entry in the index including a key and an associated value, and maintaining, with the at least one electronic processor, a journal of operations to be performed on the index at the first state by the one of the plurality of processes.
- Each operation included in the journal including a create operation or a delete operation and each operation specifying a key.
- the method also includes, in response to a predetermined event, applying, with the at least one electronic processor, the journal of the one of the plurality of processes to update the index.
- Applying the journal includes (a) reading, with the one of the plurality of processes, the index at a second state, (b) deleting an existing entry from the index for each delete operation included in the journal specifying a key included an entry of the index at the second state, (c) adding a new entry to the index for each create operation included in the journal specifying a key not included in an entry of the index at the second state, (d) deleting an existing entry from the index and adding a new entry to the index for each create operation included in the journal specifying a key included in an entry of the index at the second state, and (e) ignoring each delete operation included in the journal specifying a key not included in an entry of the index at the second state.
- Yet another embodiment provides a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions executable by at least one electronic processor to perform a set of functions.
- the set of functions including reading, with one of a plurality of processes, an index at a first state, wherein each entry in the index including a key and an associated value and the index shared among the plurality of processes.
- the set of functions also including maintaining, with the one of the plurality of processes, a journal of operations to be performed on the index at the first state by the one of the plurality of processes, wherein each operation included in the journal including a create operation or a delete operation and each operation specifying a key, and, in response to a predetermined event, applying the journal of the one of the plurality of processes to update the index.
- Applying the journal includes (a) reading, with the one of the plurality of processes, the index at a second state, (b) deleting an existing entry from the index for each delete operation included in the journal specifying a key included an entry of the index at the second state, (c) adding a new entry to the index for each create operation included in the journal specifying a key not included in an entry of the index at the second state, (d) deleting an existing entry from the index and adding a new entry to the index for each create operation included in the journal specifying a key included in an entry of the index at the second state, and (e) ignoring each delete operation included in the journal specifying a key not included in an entry of the index at the second state.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a system including a plurality of currently running processes according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method for managing an index shared by the plurality of processes of the system of FIG. 1 according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a plurality of processes accessing an index using the method of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment.
- non-transitory computer-readable medium comprises all computer-readable media but does not consist of a transitory, propagating signal. Accordingly, non-transitory computer-readable medium may include, for example, a hard disk, a CD-ROM, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a ROM (Read Only Memory), a RAM (Random Access Memory), register memory, a processor cache, or any combination thereof.
- indices may be generated to manage access to stored data among a plurality of processes. For example, a client device may access data via a cloud service and a local copy of the accessed data may be stored on the client device. Multiple processes executed by the client device may need access to the local copies and may each access the data through a global index. Although the global index provides fast access to the locally-stored data, access and manipulation of the global index must be managed to prevent conflicts and delays.
- the systems and methods described herein provide a multi-process journaling index wherein each process maintains a journal of activities performed relative to a global index. Periodically, the journal is applied to global index.
- the multi-process journaling index resolves conflicts across access to the global index and supports not-in-place indices, which is solid state storage (drive or disk) (SSD) friendly.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a system 100 including a plurality of concurrently running processes.
- the system 100 includes a client device 102 .
- the client device 102 is a computing device such as, for example, a desktop computer, laptop computer, a tablet, a smart phone, a smart wearable, a smart television, or the like.
- the client device 102 includes an input-output interface 105 , an electronic processor 110 , and a memory 115 .
- the input-output interface 105 , the electronic processor 110 , and the memory 115 communicate wirelessly, over wired communication channels or a bus, or a combination thereof.
- the client device 102 may include additional components than those illustrated in FIG. 1 in various configurations.
- the client device 102 includes multiple electronic processors, multiple memory modules, multiple input-output interfaces 105 , and the like.
- the input-output interface 105 allows the client device 102 to communicate with communication networks, peripheral devices, and the like.
- the input-output interface 105 may include Ethernet ports, universal serial bus (USB) ports, and other communication ports.
- the electronic processor 110 may be a microprocessor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and the like.
- the electronic processor 110 is generally configured to execute software instructions to perform a set of functions, including the functions described herein.
- the memory 115 includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium and stores data, including instructions that are executable by the electronic processor 110 .
- the memory 115 stores an operating system 120 .
- the operating system 120 is executed by the electronic processor 110 to manage resources of the client device 102 , including managing access to locally stored data, including data stored in the memory 115 and other memory modules of the client device 102 .
- the operating system 120 may be configured to generate an index for data, such as partitioned data sets, stored in the memory 115 , other memory modules of the client device 102 , or a combination thereof.
- the index 125 may store unique keys (pointers) to stored data, metadata regarding stored data, and the like.
- each entry in the index 125 is a primary key.
- each index may be serialized into a separate file in the file system. This separation allows for independent operations per index without impacting other indices.
- the index 125 allows processes (executed by the electronic processor 110 ) to quickly find data, such as partitioned data sets stored on the client device 102 .
- the client device 102 may store one or more software applications (referred to herein as applications 127 ) executable by the electronic processor 110 .
- the applications 127 may include a productivity application (such as a word processing application, a slide presentation application, or the like), a gaming application, a media application, a browser application, or the like.
- Each instance of these applications 127 executed by the electronic processor 110 is a process, and the electronic processor 110 supports concurrently running processes, wherein the processes may include multiple instances of the same application 127 , instances of different applications 127 , or a combination thereof.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method 200 for managing the index 125 among a plurality of concurrently running processes on the client device 102 according to one embodiment.
- the method 200 is described as being performed by a process running on the client device 102 (as executed by the electronic processor 110 ). However, it should be understood that the method 200 or portions thereof may be performed by more than one process, the operating system 120 , or a combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the method 200 is performed by the operating system 120 as part of the file input/output (IO) stack.
- IO file input/output
- the method 200 includes reading, with one of the plurality of processes, the index 125 at a first state (at block 205 ). As described above, each entry in the index 125 includes a key and an associated value.
- the process reading the index 125 stores a copy of the index 125 that the process uses to access data.
- the process also maintains a journal of operations (changes) performed by the process on the index 125 from the first state (the last read) (at block 210 ). Operations performed by a process with respect to the index 125 are limited to read operations, create operations, and delete operations. No update operations are allowed.
- any update to the index 125 is represented in the journal as a delete operation (to delete the existing entry to be updated) and a subsequent create operation (to add a new entry with the updated entry).
- Each delete operation stored in the journal specifies a key for an index entry and each create operation stored in the journal specifies a key for an index entry and an associated value for the entry.
- the process applies the journal to the index 125 to update the index 125 (at block 215 ).
- the predetermined event may be a predetermined frequency, such as every 100 milliseconds. It should be understood that varying frequencies may be used to apply journals to the index 125 to manage both data integrity and resource usage.
- the predetermined event may be an operation by a process, such as the closing or termination of a process.
- applying the journal to the index includes reading the current state of the index 125 (a second state) (at block 220 ) and sequentially (time-wise) applying the journaled operations to the current state of the index.
- the journal includes a delete operation for an entry that exists in the current state of the index 125 (the delete operation specifies a key included in the current state of the index 125 )
- the process deletes the existing entry from the current state of the index 125 (at block 225 ).
- the process adds a new entry to the index 125 as specified by the journal (at block 230 ).
- the process deletes the existing entry from the index 125 and adds a new entry to the index 125 as specified by the journal (at block 235 ). Also, when the journal includes a delete operation for an entry that does not exist in the current state of the index 125 (the delete operation specifies a key that does not exist in the current state of the index 125 ), the process ignores the delete operation included in the journal.
- updates to an index may be implemented using full re-writes of an index (which tend to be more SSD friendly and are naturally atomic) or in-place changes (which tend to be more friendly to rotational media).
- each process that has interest in a particular index's data may be interested in changes to the index.
- an operating system event may be used to indicate changes made to an index. Any process listening for such an event can reload (re-read) the index and update its state accordingly if needed.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an example of using the method 200 to manage a plurality of processes 300 (including Process A, Process B, and Process C) using an index 305 .
- the index 305 includes at least one entry and each entry includes a key (for example, a unique numerical identifier) and an associated value (for example, a text string, a pointer, a numerical value, or the like).
- a key for example, a unique numerical identifier
- an associated value for example, a text string, a pointer, a numerical value, or the like.
- the index 305 in a first state 305 a , the index 305 includes a first entry ( 1 , a) and a second entry ( 2 , b).
- the index 305 includes the second entry ( 2 , b) and a third entry ( 3 , c).
- the index 305 includes the second entry ( 2 , b) and a fourth entry ( 3 , d).
- the index 305 includes the second entry ( 2 , b) and the fourth entry ( 3 , d).
- each process in the multi-process environment that has an interest in the index 305 reads the current state of the index 305 and uses the read version of the index 305 to access data as needed. Also, as each process changes the index 305 , the process maintains a journal of such changes as either a create operation, a delete operation, or a combination thereof. As described above, instead of immediately applying changes to the index 305 , the journal allows a process to track changes the process will make to the index 305 , which allows other processes to more freely read and access the index 305 .
- journal by using the journal, a process does not make in-place alterations of the index 305 but rather applies the journal to the index 305 in response to predetermined events, which can be configured to balance data integrity with resource usage. Accordingly, each journal is a delta of the index 305 until the journal is applied.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a journal 310 associated with Process A tracking changes to the index 305 made by Process A as of the first state of the index 305 (the last read of the index 305 performed by the Process A).
- the journal 310 includes a delete operation specifying a key of “1” and a create operation specifying a key of “3” and an associated value of “c.”
- each delete operation added to a journal specifies a key for an entry in the index 305 and each create operation added to a journal specifies a key and an associated value for an entry in the index 305 .
- no update operations are allowed.
- any update to the index 305 performed by a process is tracked in the journal as a delete operation and a create operation.
- the Process A applies the journal 310 to the current state of the index 305 to commit the changes to the index 305 made by Process A.
- the Process A reads the current state of the index 305 (the second state) and sequentially applies each operation included in the journal 310 to the current state of the index 305 .
- the Processor A deletes the existing entry in the current state of the index 305 with the key of “1” and adds a new entry to the current state of the index 305 with a key of “3” and an associated value of the “c.”
- the Processor A starts a new journal to track operations to the new current state of the index 305 .
- the Process B also maintains a journal 315 , which includes a create operating specifying a key of “3” and an associated value of “d.”
- a journal 315 which includes a create operating specifying a key of “3” and an associated value of “d.”
- the journal 315 includes a create operation specifying a key of “3” and an associated value of “d,” but the current state of the index 305 (a third state) already includes an entry with a key of “3.”
- the Process B deletes the existing entry from the index 305 with the key of “3” and adds a new entry to the index 305 with a key of “3” and an associated value of “d” as specified by the journal 315 .
- access to the index 125 may be limited to one process at a time. Accordingly, the index 125 may be locked to all other processes whenever a process is reading or writing to the index 125 .
- the operating system 120 may separate read-only operations from read-write operations with read-write locking semantics to provide view-serialization and associated consistent results of operations to the index 125 .
- the operating system 120 may be configured generate one or more mutexes for the index 125 .
- a mutex also referred to as a mutual exclusion object
- a mutex is an object that controls access to data by processes, such as limiting access to the data by no more than one process at a time. Accordingly, a mutex maintains data integrity by allowing only one process to access data at a time. Therefore, a process cannot access data that is being changed or used by another process until the other process is done, which preserves data integrity.
- the operating system 120 generates a read mutex and a write mutex for the index 125 to provide concurrent access by two or more processes to the index 125 for read purposes (to limit busy-waits for read operations) while imposing reliable waits for write operations.
- the read mutex controls access to the index for read purposes
- the write mutex controls access to the index for write purposes.
- any number of processes may concurrently access the index 125 through the read mutex. For example, when a process wants to access the index 125 , the read mutex may increment a counter that indicates a number of processes currently reading the data and the decrement the counter once the process has finished reading the data to track a number of processes currently reading the index.
- the write mutex may use this counter to determine when a write to the index 125 should be allowed. In other words, while a process is still reading the index 125 via the read mutex, the write mutex may prevent any other process from writing to the index 125 .
- the write mutex allows a process to write (change) the index 125 .
- process needs to change data associated with a key included in the index 125 , such as to apply a journal
- the process accesses the index 125 via the write mutex and updates the index 125 accordingly.
- another process is locked out of writing to the index 125 .
- a process may experience delays when attempting to write to the index 125 when another process is reading or writing to the index 125 .
- separating read-only requests from read-write requests through the use of the mutexes reduces overall delays for accessing the index 125
- embodiments described herein provide methods and systems for managing an index shared between multiple processes through journaling for each process a delta on the existing index until the journal is applied.
- the use of the journals describing changes to an index allows conflicts to be scoped down to actual modifications of the index (as compare to general write or read conflicts).
- the methods and systems described herein are not limited to multi-process environments on a single computing device but may be used manage an index used by multiple processes executed on a plurality of computing devices, including, for example, computing devices operating within a cloud computing environment or the like.
- the methods and systems described herein may be used at a process level, a thread level, or a combination thereof.
Abstract
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PCT/US2019/021510 WO2019177914A1 (en) | 2018-03-16 | 2019-03-09 | Index management in a multi-process environment |
EP19714900.8A EP3765972A1 (en) | 2018-03-16 | 2019-03-09 | Index management in a multi-process environment |
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Citations (3)
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US5796999A (en) | 1994-04-15 | 1998-08-18 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method and system for selectable consistency level maintenance in a resilent database system |
US6341285B1 (en) * | 1999-06-28 | 2002-01-22 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Serial protocol for transaction execution in main-memory database systems |
US20050038810A1 (en) * | 1997-02-28 | 2005-02-17 | Brodersen Robert A. | Partially replicated distributed database with multiple levels of remote clients |
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2018
- 2018-03-16 US US15/923,193 patent/US10776344B2/en active Active
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2019
- 2019-03-09 WO PCT/US2019/021510 patent/WO2019177914A1/en active Application Filing
- 2019-03-09 CN CN201980019313.2A patent/CN111886590A/en active Pending
- 2019-03-09 EP EP19714900.8A patent/EP3765972A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
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US5796999A (en) | 1994-04-15 | 1998-08-18 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method and system for selectable consistency level maintenance in a resilent database system |
US20050038810A1 (en) * | 1997-02-28 | 2005-02-17 | Brodersen Robert A. | Partially replicated distributed database with multiple levels of remote clients |
US6341285B1 (en) * | 1999-06-28 | 2002-01-22 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Serial protocol for transaction execution in main-memory database systems |
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US20190286728A1 (en) | 2019-09-19 |
WO2019177914A1 (en) | 2019-09-19 |
EP3765972A1 (en) | 2021-01-20 |
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