US10656901B2 - Automatic audio level adjustment during media item presentation - Google Patents
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- US10656901B2 US10656901B2 US15/841,259 US201715841259A US10656901B2 US 10656901 B2 US10656901 B2 US 10656901B2 US 201715841259 A US201715841259 A US 201715841259A US 10656901 B2 US10656901 B2 US 10656901B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/16—Sound input; Sound output
- G06F3/165—Management of the audio stream, e.g. setting of volume, audio stream path
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- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L25/00—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00
- G10L25/48—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00 specially adapted for particular use
- G10L25/51—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00 specially adapted for particular use for comparison or discrimination
- G10L25/57—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00 specially adapted for particular use for comparison or discrimination for processing of video signals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B27/00—Editing; Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Monitoring; Measuring tape travel
- G11B27/10—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel
- G11B27/19—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel by using information detectable on the record carrier
- G11B27/28—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel by using information detectable on the record carrier by using information signals recorded by the same method as the main recording
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B27/00—Editing; Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Monitoring; Measuring tape travel
- G11B27/10—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel
- G11B27/34—Indicating arrangements
Definitions
- the disclosure generally relates to presentation of media content on a computing device, and more specifically to automatic audio level adjustment during presentation.
- FIG. 6 is a high-level block diagram illustrating physical components of a computer used as part or all of one or more of the entities described herein in one embodiment.
- the adjustable audio level controlled by the user is not the actual sound strength as experienced by the user listening to the audio component, however it does relate to and control that value.
- audio output data When audio output data is converted to sound by the audio output device, it has a sound strength which corresponds to a loudness of the audio component of the media item, for example, in decibels.
- objective measures of sound strength e.g., sound pressure level, sound intensity, sound power, etc.
- audio level is not entirely determinative of the sound strength experienced by the user. Because sound strength may vary based on characteristics of the audio component of the media item, if two media items are played in sequence at the same audio level through the same audio output device, the sound strength of the media items, and by extension, the loudness perceived by a user, may differ.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a computing environment for automatic audio level adjustment in a media player application.
- the environment includes a client 110 connected by a network 150 to a media server 120 .
- FIG. 1 illustrates one client 110 and one media server 120 , but there may be multiple instances of each of these entities. For example, there may be thousands or millions of clients 110 in communication with multiple media servers 120 .
- the media server 120 includes one or more computer servers that provide media items to the client 110 .
- the media server 120 may be a video streaming website (e.g., YouTube®).
- Media items may be of different types (e.g., video media items or audio media items, etc.), formats (4:3 aspect ratio, 16:9 aspect ratio, etc.), and be encoded/compressed using different techniques (H.264, MPEG, etc.).
- a video media item includes a picture component and an audio component.
- a video media item may be a video data file and/or a portion thereof.
- An audio media item includes an audio component, but does not include a picture component.
- An audio media item may be an audio data file and/or a portion thereof
- the media player application 114 may execute in conjunction with an operating system of the client 110 .
- the media player application 114 is a dedicated software application designed to work specifically with the media server 120 .
- the media player application 114 is provided via a more general application for accessing many types of content, such as a web browser. The browser may provide access to the media server 120 , for example, via a web interface.
- the media player application 114 presents the media item as it is being streamed over the network 150 from, for example, the media server 120 .
- the media player application 114 may present a user interface, for example, on a display device of client 110 .
- the user interface may include control elements with which the user of the client 110 may send control commands via a user input device (e.g., mouse, keyboard, touchscreen, trackpad, buttons, etc.). Control commands may also be received by the client 110 or the operating system of the client 110 via physical buttons on the client 110 or a device communicatively coupled to the client 110 . Control commands may be received via executed software code (e.g., API call). Control commands may further be sent to the client 110 by media server 120 in the form of playback instructions, including audio level adjustment (ALA) instructions, as discussed below with respect to FIG. 4 in Section IV.
- ALA audio level adjustment
- Control commands may include commands for controlling playback of a media item being presented by the media player application 114 , including stopping playback of a media item, beginning playback of a media item, and requesting a media item from media server 120 .
- Control commands may further include audio control commands such as increasing the audio level, decreasing the audio level, setting the audio level to a particular value, or muting the audio component.
- the audio module 116 may receive input audio data representing the audio component of a media item from the media player application 114 , change the amplitude of the audio component, and send audio output data representing the adjusted audio component to the audio output device 118 . Audio output data may be converted to sound by the audio output device 118 .
- the audio module 116 may have an associated audio level, which corresponds to a relationship (e.g., ratio, percentage, linear or non-linear function, etc.) that sets the amplitude of the audio output signal to the amplitude of the audio data, regardless of how that audio data was originally recorded or encoded.
- the audio level value does not correspond to any specific numerical value (e.g., in decibels) for the actual sound strength as would be perceived by a user.
- the audio module 116 may adjust the audio level responsive to receiving audio control commands, either automatically (e.g., by software code) or via a user input.
- audio output data is converted to sound by an audio output device 118 , it has a sound strength which corresponds to a loudness of the audio component of the media item.
- the audio level may have an associated audio level value (e.g., within a range from 0-10, 1-100, etc.).
- objective measures of sound strength may vary based on the audio output device 118 , intrinsic characteristics of the audio component of the media item, and other factors. Because sound strength may vary based on characteristics of the audio component of the media item, if two media items are played in sequence at the same audio level value through the same audio output device 118 , the sound strength of the media items, and by extension, the loudness perceived by a user, may differ.
- the audio level may be automatically adjusted according to ALA instructions when a second media item is presented after a first media item to mitigate the difference in loudness perceived by the user due to differences in between the underlying audio data of the two media items.
- ALA instructions may be determined from user information, media item metadata, or data regarding user-initiated ALAs for the media item pair. Collecting data regarding user-initiated ALAs is discussed in more detail below with respect to FIG. 2 in Section III, below.
- the audio module 116 may be a component of the media player application 114 , the operating system, the client 110 , a separate software application, or some combination thereof.
- Audio output devices include devices for producing sound that are communicatively coupled to the client 110 .
- the audio output device 118 may be a component of the client 110 (e.g. a loudspeaker). Other example audio output devices include headphones, external speakers, gramophones, etc.
- the audio output device 118 may be communicatively coupled to the client 110 via a wired or wireless connection.
- the audio module 116 may be configured to determine a type of the audio output device 118 (e.g., internal speaker, external speaker, headphones, etc.).
- the format of audio output data may differ depending on the audio output device 118 .
- the output audio data is an audio signal that represents sound using voltage.
- the audio signal may be converted to sound by the audio output device 118 such as a loudspeaker or headphones.
- the output audio data is an audio signal in a digital format.
- Sound strength may correspond to an amplitude of a sound wave, and is closely related to the level at which a person experiences sound. A relatively low sound strength may be perceived as quiet, while a relatively high sound strength may be perceived as loud.
- Information relating to media items may further include playback data including, for example, control commands received during playback of the media item such as commands received from a user to adjust the audio level of the audio module 116 .
- Playback data may further include a set of audio level values corresponding to various time during playback of a media item when the audio level is to be adjusted. Playback data may be collected by media player application 114 and sent to media server 120 as described below with respect to FIG. 2 in Section III, below.
- Information relating to media items may further include audio level adjustment (ALA) instructions to automatically adjust the audio level of the audio module 116 with a media item that are sent by media server 120 to the client 110 for playback.
- ALA instructions may comprise software code that causes the audio level of audio module 116 to be adjusted when the media item is presented after a particular other media item.
- the audio level adjustment may occur automatically at the start of playback of the media item or at another time during playback.
- audio control commands initiated by a user may override or alter the ALA value, for example, by scaling the ALA value to correspond to a user-specified value.
- Automatic ALAs improve the consistency of audio playback between media items, which may increase average watch time, viewership, advertising revenue, subscription revenue, and engagement on the media server platform.
- the media player application 114 then begins 215 presentation of a second media item, either responsive to a user input or automatically as determined and initiated by server 120 .
- the audio module 116 may remain set to the primary audio level.
- the primary audio level may not correspond to an appropriate sound strength for presentation of the second media item to the user.
- intrinsic characteristics of the audio component of the second media item may result in the sound strength during presentation of the second media item being greater or less than the sound strength during presentation of the first media item. For example, if the first media item contains a relatively loud heavy metal song and the second media item contains a relatively quiet piece of classical music, the user may not be able to hear the audio component of the second media item well.
- the audio module 116 receives 220 the audio control command, and changes the audio level to the secondary audio level.
- the audio module 116 may register and store the audio control command at a storage location on the client 110 or the media server 120 .
- FIG. 3 illustrates example audio level index entries, for example as collected by the process described with respect to FIG. 2 .
- These example audio level index entries list media item IDs and primary and secondary audio levels for media items viewed in sequence.
- a key 310 of the audio level index 300 may be a pair of media item IDs created, for example, by combining a first media item ID entry 312 and a second media item ID entry 314 .
- Values 320 of the audio level index may include a primary audio level entry 322 and a secondary audio level entry 324 .
- Values 320 may further include a difference value 326 for each entry representing a difference between the audio levels.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the steps for an example process for determining an ALA value to be included in ALA instructions associated with a first media item and a second media item presented in sequence.
- the ALA module 122 sets 405 a default ALA value.
- the default ALA value may be based on the type of media item, genre information, or other metadata. For example, if the media item is a video of a person making a speech, the default ALA value may correspond to an increase in the audio level. Similarly, if the media item is a video of a concert, the default ALA value may correspond to a decrease in the audio level.
- the ALA module 122 determines 410 an audio level difference (ALD) value based on audio level index entries that correspond to a particular first and second media item pair.
- the ALD value is a numerical representation of the collective difference between the primary audio level and the secondary audio level for each of the audio level index entries for that particular media item pair.
- the ALD value may be determined, for example, by taking the mean, median, or mode of the difference values for each of the entries that correspond to the first and second media item. For example, returning to FIG.
- the ALD may be calculated in a variety of different ways beyond those mentioned above. For example, a median, a mode, a more complicated function may be used, outlier data may be thrown out to reduce variability in the result, etc.
- the ALA module 122 uses a subset of the audio level index entries for a media item pair to determine the ALD value. For example, the ALA module 122 may only use entries in which the audio level was changed from the primary audio level to the secondary audio level during a certain time period. The time period may be, for example, the first 30 seconds of presentation of the second media item. This implementation rests on an assumption that if the sound strength for the second media item is not appropriate, a user is more likely to adjust the audio level closer to the beginning of presentation of the second media item. In contrast, adjustments later in presentation are less likely to be the result of an inappropriate sound strength. Thus, analyzing entries within a proscribed time period allows the ALA module 122 to determine ALA values that are more likely to lead to a more appropriate sound strength for the second media item.
- the ALA value may be based on the determined ALD value.
- the ALA value may be equal to the ALD value.
- ALA module 122 determines whether the determined ALD value exceeds a threshold for adjusting the ALA value. If the ALD value exceeds the threshold, the ALA module 122 adjusts 415 the ALA value to account for the audio level difference. The ALA value adjustment may be proportional to the ALD. If the ALD value does not exceed the threshold, no adjustment is made to the ALA value.
- Requiring that the ALD value exceeds a threshold may conserve computing resources in cases where the adjustment would be so minute as to be indiscernible by a user, or where data regarding user-initiated ALAs does not show a clear pattern of user-initiated adjustments.
- the ALA index entry corresponding to a particular pair of media items may have multiple possible ALA values.
- a particular media item pair may have different ALA values to be used with different audio output devices 118 or corresponding to different users.
- the ALA module 122 may determine separate ALD values for audio level index entries corresponding to different audio output devices 118 and store different ALA values in the ALA index entry corresponding to the media item pair. This may result in a better user experience by accounting for sound strength variations among different users and different types of audio output devices 118 .
- steps in the process of determining an ALA value may be performed in a different order than the order illustrated in FIG. 4 .
- the steps in the process may be performed at determined time intervals, responsive to a request from a media player application 114 for one of the media items in a pair, or at the behest of the server 120 or another logic process.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart of the steps for an example process for sending ALA instructions to a media player application that cause an automatic ALA adjustment when a second media item is presented for presentation after a first media item.
- the media server 120 receives 505 a request to provide a second media item for presentation after a first media item.
- the ALA module 122 retrieves 510 the ALA value associated with the first media item ID and the second media item ID from the ALA index.
- the ALA module 122 generates 515 the ALA instructions to be sent to the requesting media player application 114 .
- the ALA instructions include the ALA value for the requested first/second media item pair, and may further include instructions (e.g., computer software code) that cause the audio module 116 to automatically adjust the audio level based on the ALA value.
- the media server 120 sends 520 the ALA instructions to the requesting client 110 .
- the ALA instructions may be sent to the requesting client 110 along with the content of the second media item for presentation on the client 110 , or they may be sent separately.
- the audio module 116 automatically adjusts the audio level according to the ALA value. If, at any point, the audio module 116 receives an audio control command from the user to change the audio level, and the audio module 116 may register and store the audio control command according to the process of FIG. 2 for use in generating updated, future ALA instructions.
- FIG. 6 is a high-level block diagram illustrating physical components of a computer 600 used as part or all of one or more of the entities described herein in one embodiment.
- instances of the illustrated computer 600 may be used as the client 110 or the media server 120 .
- Illustrated are at least one processor 602 coupled to a chipset 604 .
- Also coupled to the chipset 604 are a memory 606 , a storage device 608 , a keyboard 610 , a graphics adapter 612 , a pointing device 614 , and a network adapter 616 .
- a display 618 is coupled to the graphics adapter 612 .
- the functionality of the chipset 604 is provided by a memory controller hub 620 and an I/O controller hub 622 .
- the memory 606 is coupled directly to the processor 602 instead of the chipset 604 .
- one or more audio output device is coupled to chipset 604 .
- the storage device 608 is any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, such as a hard drive, compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), DVD, or a solid-state memory device.
- the memory 606 holds instructions and data used by the processor 602 .
- the pointing device 614 may be a mouse, track ball, or other type of pointing device, and is used in combination with the keyboard 610 to input data into the computer 600 .
- the graphics adapter 612 displays images and other information on the display 618 .
- the network adapter 616 couples the computer system 600 to a local or wide area network.
- a computer 600 can have different and/or other components than those shown in FIG. 6 .
- the computer 600 can lack certain illustrated components.
- a computer 600 may lack a keyboard 610 , pointing device 614 , graphics adapter 612 , and/or display 618 .
- the storage device 608 can be local and/or remote from the computer 600 (such as embodied within a storage area network (SAN)).
- SAN storage area network
Abstract
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US11347470B2 (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2022-05-31 | Roku, Inc. | Detection of media playback loudness level and corresponding adjustment to audio during media replacement event |
US11785386B2 (en) * | 2019-01-03 | 2023-10-10 | Harman International Industries, Incorporated | Multistep sound preference determination |
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Extended European Search Report dated Mar. 23, 2017 issued by the European Patent Office in European Application No. 16197998.4. |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN106970773B (en) | 2020-06-16 |
EP3168740A1 (en) | 2017-05-17 |
US20180107448A1 (en) | 2018-04-19 |
EP3168740B1 (en) | 2019-01-09 |
US9858036B2 (en) | 2018-01-02 |
US20170131966A1 (en) | 2017-05-11 |
CN106970773A (en) | 2017-07-21 |
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