US10601032B2 - Composite electrode material - Google Patents
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- US10601032B2 US10601032B2 US15/284,554 US201615284554A US10601032B2 US 10601032 B2 US10601032 B2 US 10601032B2 US 201615284554 A US201615284554 A US 201615284554A US 10601032 B2 US10601032 B2 US 10601032B2
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
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- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/0029—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/04—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon
- H01G9/042—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon characterised by the material
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/045—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation
- H01M4/0452—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation from solutions
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
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- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
- C25D3/562—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys containing more than 50% by weight of iron or nickel or cobalt
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode material, and more particularly to a composite electrode material.
- An energy storage technique usually indicates a storage of electric energy, mainly including an energy storage with physical properties (e.g., a capacitor), an energy storage with electrochemical properties (e.g., a battery) or a combination thereof (e.g., a supercapacitor).
- an energy storage with physical properties e.g., a capacitor
- an energy storage with electrochemical properties e.g., a battery
- a combination thereof e.g., a supercapacitor
- an electrode material of the energy storage device is usually manufactured with a slurry coating, a chemical vapour deposition, a DC electroplating or a DC electrophoresis.
- the above method requires a mixing or a stage-by-stage approach to prepare the electrode material. Such method is time-consuming and the electrode material cannot be sufficiently mixed. Therefore, poor contact exists between the components of the electrode material, such that the electrochemical properties of the energy storage device decrease (e.g., a low specific capacitance) and a rapid decline in specific capacitance at a high-speed charging/discharging are observed.
- the present invention provides a composite electrode material.
- the composite electrode material has a high specific capacitance, and such high specific capacitance can be maintained at a high-speed charging/discharging.
- the present invention provides a composite electrode material which is disposed on a surface of an electrode and includes a plurality of conductive material layers and a plurality of active material layers.
- the conductive material layers and the active material layers are stacked alternately along a direction non-parallel to the surface of the electrode, and are arranged disorderly along a direction parallel to the surface of the electrode.
- the present invention further provides a composite electrode material which is disposed on a surface of an electrode and includes a plurality of first stacked structures and a plurality of second stacked structures.
- the first stacked structures and the second stacked structures are disposed on the surface of the electrode.
- Each of the first stacked structures has at least one first conductive material layer and at least one first active material layer, and the first conductive material layer is in contact with the surface of the electrode.
- Each of the second stacked structures has at least one second conductive material layer and at least one second active material layer, and the second active material layer is in contact with the surface of the electrode.
- the first stacked structures and the second stacked structures are arranged disorderly along a direction parallel to the surface of the electrode.
- a composite electrode material is formed on the surface of an auxiliary electrode by applying an alternating voltage to an electro-deposition device.
- the conductive material layers and the active material layers of the composite electrode material are stacked alternately along the direction non-parallel to the surface of the electrode, and are arranged disorderly along the direction parallel to the surface of the electrode.
- the bonding properties between the conductive material layers and the active material layers can be improved, and the conductive material layers and the active material layers can be sufficiently mixed.
- the energy storage device including the composite electrode material of the present embodiment can maintain a high specific capacitance at a high current density charging/discharging. That is, the energy storage device including the composite electrode material of the present embodiment can significantly reduce the charging time so as to meet the users' requirements.
- a stacked composite electrode material can be formed merely with a one-step method. Therefore, the performance of simplifying the process and reducing the cost can be easily achieved with the manufacturing method of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a composite electrode material according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an electro-deposition device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cyclic voltammetry curve of the composite electrode material of Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a resulting curve of a charging/discharging test of the composite electrode material of Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is resulting curve of an AC impedance of the composite electrode material of Example 1.
- FIG. 6A is a graph showing the relationship between the current density and the specific capacitance of a conventional electrode material.
- FIG. 6B is a graph showing the relationship between the current density and the specific capacitance of the composite electrode material of Example 1.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a composite electrode material according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the present embodiment provides a composite electrode material 100 disposed on a surface S 1 of an electrode 110 .
- the electrode 110 includes a conductive material, such as platinum (Pt) or another metal material, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the type of the electrode 110 is not limited by the present invention.
- the electrode 110 can be an electrode plate or a porous/foam electrode or another type of the electrode.
- the composite electrode material 100 includes a plurality of stacked structures 100 a , 100 b , 100 c and 100 d .
- the stacked structure 100 a has N+1 conductive material layers 102 a and N active material layers 104 a , wherein N is an integer equal to or greater than 1.
- one active material layer 104 a is located between two adjacent conductive material layers 102 a , and the lowest first conductive material layer 102 a is in contact with the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 .
- the stacked structure 100 b has i+1 active material layers 104 b and i conductive material layers 102 b , wherein i is an integer equal to or greater than 1. As shown in FIG. 1 , one conductive material layer 102 b is located between two adjacent active material layers 104 b , and the lowest active material layer 104 b is in contact with the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 .
- the stacked structure 100 c has N conductive material layers 102 c and N active material layers 104 c , wherein N is an integer equal to or greater than 1. As shown in FIG. 1 , the conductive material layers 102 c and the active material layers 104 c are stacked alternately along the direction D 1 perpendicular to the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 , and the lowest conductive material layer 102 c is in contact with the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 .
- the stacked structure 100 d has i conductive material layers 102 d and i active material layers 104 d , wherein i is an integer equal to or greater than 1. As shown in FIG. 1 , the conductive material layers 102 d and the active material layers 104 d are stacked alternately along the direction D 1 perpendicular to the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 , and the lowest active material layer 104 d is in contact with the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 .
- FIG. 1 the embodiment of FIG. 1 in which only four stacked structures are shown and the conductive material layers and the active material layers are stacked alternately along the direction perpendicular to the surface of the electrode is provided for illustration purposes, and is not construed as limiting the present invention.
- the number of the stacked structures can be one, two, three or more than four. Stacked structures are contemplated as falling within the scope of the invention as long as the conductive material layers and the active material layers of such stacked structures are stacked alternately along the direction D 1 or D 3 non-parallel to the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 , and are arranged disorderly along the direction D 2 parallel to the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 .
- the direction D 1 /D 3 non-parallel to the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 can be the direction D 1 perpendicular to the surface of the electrode or the direction D 3 which forms an included angle ⁇ ( ⁇ is not zero) with the direction D 2 parallel to the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 .
- a direction is contemplated as falling within the scope of the invention as long as such direction is not the direction D 2 that is parallel to the surface S 1 of the electrode 110 .
- the term “arranged disorderly” indicates that multiple stacked structures can be arranged in a staggered or random manner.
- the conductive material layers and the active material layers of the present embodiment can be sufficiently mixed, so as to increase the contact areas between the conductive material layers and the active material layers.
- the electrons generated from the active material layers can be quickly transmitted by the conductive material layers, so as to improve the charging/discharging efficiency.
- multiple active material layers of the present embodiment can provide a greater effective reaction area. That is, in the present embodiment, the effective reaction area between the active material layers and the electrolyte solution of the energy storage device is increased, so the specific capacitance of the energy storage device is accordingly improved.
- the stacked structures 100 a , 100 b , 100 c and 100 d in FIG. 1 are not in contact with each other and are separated by a distance.
- the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the sidewalls of the stacked structures 100 a , 100 b , 100 c and 100 d are in contact with each other, or the sidewalls of only parts of the stacked structures 100 a , 100 b , 100 c and 100 d are in contact with each other.
- the material of each of the conductive material layers 102 a - 102 d includes a conductive material such as graphene, a graphene derivative, nanotubes, a monomer for a conductive polymer, or a combination thereof.
- the graphene derivative can be a doped graphene, an undoped graphene, a doped graphene oxide, an undoped graphene oxide, or a combination thereof.
- the monomer for the conductive polymer can be aniline.
- Each of the conductive material layers 102 a - 102 d has a thickness of about 0.3 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
- the material of each of the active material layers 104 a - 104 d can be a positive active material or a negative active material. That is, the composite electrode material 100 of the present embodiment can be applied to a positive electrode or a negative electrode depending on the materials or species of the active material layers.
- the material of each of the active material layers 104 a - 104 d can be a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal oxysulfide, a metal sulfide, a metal fluoride, a metal or a combination thereof.
- Each of the active material layers 104 a - 104 d has a thickness of about 0.3 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
- the manufacturing method of the composite electrode material 100 of the above embodiment is described in the following.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention is illustrated below with reference to the electro-deposition device and the cross-sectional view of the composite electrode material 100 .
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an electro-deposition device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the present embodiment provides a method of manufacturing a composite electrode material by an electro-deposition device which includes the following steps.
- an electro-deposition device 200 is provided.
- the electro-deposition device 200 includes a reaction device 210 , a working electrode 204 , an auxiliary electrode 206 and a power supply 208 .
- the reaction device 210 can be a beaker, a culture dish or a suitable vessel which is adapted for containing the mixed solution 202 without chemically reacting with the mixed solution 202 .
- the mixed solution 202 includes a conductive material precursor and an active material precursor.
- the conductive material precursor includes a conductive material such as graphene, a graphene derivative, nanotubes, a monomer for a conductive polymer, or a combination thereof.
- the graphene derivative can be a doped graphene, an undoped graphene, a doped graphene oxide, an undoped graphene oxide or a combination thereof.
- the monomer for the conductive polymer can be aniline.
- the active material precursor can be a metal salt, and the metal salt includes a metal nitride, a metal acetate, a metal sulfate, or a combination thereof.
- the working electrode 204 and the auxiliary electrode 206 are dipped in the mixed solution 202 , and one terminal of the power supply 208 is electrically connected to the working electrode 204 and another terminal of the power supply 208 is electrically connected to the auxiliary electrode 206 .
- the working electrode 204 and the auxiliary electrode 206 can be platinum electrodes which are not easily eroded or consumed by chemically reacting with the mixed solution 202 .
- the electro-deposition device 200 can further include a reference electrode.
- the composite electrode material 100 has a specific capacitance of about 2,000 F/g to 3,000 F/g.
- a high current density e.g. 10 A/g
- the composite electrode material 100 still has a specific capacitance of about 2,000 F/g to 3,000 F/g.
- each of the electrochemical reactions can be an oxidation-reduction reaction, an electrophoretic deposition or a combination thereof.
- the electro-deposition device 200 of the present embodiment is constantly switched between a high voltage mode and a low voltage mode.
- the conductive material precursor in the mixed solution 202 is transformed into conductive material layers in the high voltage mode, while the active material precursor in the mixed solution 202 is transformed into active material layers in the low voltage mode.
- the manufacturing method is a deposition technique at an atomic scale, the conductive material layers and the active material layers can be uniformly stacked by multiple switching between high and low voltages.
- the conventional technique such as a precipitation method or a slurry method has the issue that materials per se are aggregated without contacting the electrode, so the performance of the energy storage device is degraded.
- the present embodiment accordingly provides a method to solve the above conventional issue.
- the alternating voltage can be a pulse voltage, an AC voltage (e.g., a sine-wave AC voltage) or a cycle voltage.
- the present invention is not limited thereto.
- an operation is contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention as long as such operation includes continuously switching between high and low voltages applied to the auxiliary electrode 206 .
- the high voltage can be a positive voltage
- the low voltage can be a negative voltage.
- the thickness of each of the conductive material layers and the active material layers can be adjusted by changing the pulse period. That is, when the pulse period is decreased, the oxidation-reduction reaction is carried out for a shorter time, and each of the conductive material layers and the active material layers is accordingly formed thinner.
- the number of the stacked layers can be controlled by changing the total electro-deposition time. That is, when the total electro-deposition time is increased, the total number of the conductive material layers and the active material layers is accordingly increased.
- an alternating voltage can be applied to a roll-to-roll electroplating device, in addition to the electro-deposition device 200 , so as to form a composite electrode material.
- the roll-to-roll electroplating device can be used for mass production with a reduced process cost, and thus, the competitive advantage can be easily achieved.
- a graphene oxide was prepared through a Hummer's method. Specifically, 720 mL of H 2 SO 4 and 80 mL of H 3 PO 4 were uniformly mixed. Thereafter, 3 g of graphene and 12 g of KMnO 4 were added to the mixture, the reaction temperature was increased to 60° C. and the mixture was reacted for 18 hours. Afterwards, 600 mL of ice cubes (prepared by deionized water) and 5-10 mL of H 2 O 2 were added to the mixture to stop the reaction. The mixture was then washed several times with deionized water, hydrochloric acid and ethanol, filtered by a glass fiber filter, and finally centrifuged.
- ether was added to the mixture, filtered by a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter with a pore size of 0.2 ⁇ m, and finally vacuum baked at 40° C. for 12 hours, and a solid graphene oxide was thus obtained.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- Example 1 A potentiostat (CH Instruments, CHI 608) with a foam nickel as a working electrode, a standard calomel electrode as a reference electrode and a platinum electrode as an auxiliary electrode was used, and 200 pulse signals were applied, so as to prepare a graphene/nickel-cobalt hydroxide composite electrode material (abbreviated “composite electrode material of Example 1” hereinafter).
- the graphene layer has a thickness of about 10 nm to 100 nm
- the nickel-cobalt hydroxide layer has a thickness of about 10 nm to 100 nm.
- Example 1 the composite electrode material of Example 1 was placed in a vacuum oven to remove water, the electrochemical properties thereof were measured with a potentiostat (CH Instruments, CHI 608), and the results were shown in FIG. 3 , FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 .
- a potentiostat CH Instruments, CHI 608
- FIG. 3 is a cyclic voltammetry curve of the composite electrode material of Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a resulting curve of a charging/discharging test of the composite electrode material of Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is resulting curve of an AC impedance of the composite electrode material of Example 1.
- the composite electrode material of Example 1 has a reversible oxidation and reduction property.
- the composite electrode material of Example 1 has an oxidation peak potential of about 0.25 V and a reduction peak potential of about 0.075 V at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. That is, the composite electrode material of Example 1 is formed with a charging/discharging property.
- the composite electrode material of Example 1 has a charging time of about 2,300 seconds at a current density of 1 A/g, and has a charging time of about 235 seconds at a current density of 10 A/g. That is, the charging time of the composite electrode material of Example 1 can be quickly shortened at a high current density.
- the energy storage device can be charged more quickly than a conventional energy storage device, either in a constant current mode or under the case of charging the same capacitance.
- no conductive layer or merely single conductive layer is included in the conventional energy storage device, an issue which electrons cannot be transmitted rapidly at a high current density is generated. Based on the above, the issue of the conventional energy storage device can be resolved by the present invention.
- the composite electrode material of Example 1 when the composite electrode material of Example 1 is applied to an energy storage device, the composite electrode material of Example 1 has a smaller internal resistance of about zero Ohms. That is, the composite electrode material of Example 1 is formed without excessive impedance leading to a reduction in charging/discharging performance.
- the specific capacitance of the composite electrode material of Example 1 can be calculated from the data from FIGS. 3-5 and the following equation.
- I is the current density
- ⁇ t is the charging/discharging time
- m is the mass of the sample
- ⁇ V is the working voltage
- FIG. 6B is a graph showing the relationship between the current density and the specific capacitance of the composite electrode material of Example 1 calculated from the above equation.
- FIG. 6A is a graph showing the relationship between the current density and the specific capacitance of a conventional electrode material.
- the so-called conventional electrode material indicates a single nickel-cobalt hydroxide layer coated on the electrode.
- the specific capacitances (about 2,800-3,000 F/g) of the composite electrode material of Example 1 at different current densities (i.e., 1, 3, 5, 10 A/g) are all higher than the specific capacitance (about 1,000-2,300 F/g) of the conventional electrode material.
- the composite electrode material of Example 1 still has a high specific capacitance of about 2800-3,000 F/g at a high current density of 10 A/g.
- the specific capacitance of the conventional electrode material is reduced to 1,000 F/g at a high current density of 10 A/g. That is, the composite electrode material of the present invention can effectively solve the issue of rapid decline in specific capacitance at a high current density.
- the present invention can solve the issue of long charging time of the conventional energy storage device.
- the energy storage device including the composite electrode material of the invention can be provided with a shorter charging time and thus drawn attention from consumers in terms of a commercial product.
- the energy storage device is beneficial for a green energy field. When such energy storage device is applied to an electric vehicle, the fossil energy consumption and therefore the carbon emissions can be reduced, and the greenhouse effect can be alleviated.
- a composite electrode material is formed on the surface of an auxiliary electrode by applying an alternating voltage to an electro-deposition device.
- the conductive material layers and the active material layers of the composite electrode material are stacked alternately along the direction non-parallel to the surface of the electrode, and are arranged disorderly along the direction parallel to the surface of the electrode.
- the bonding properties between the conductive material layers and the active material layers can be improved, and the conductive material layers and the active material layers can be sufficiently mixed.
- the energy storage device including the composite electrode material of the present embodiment can maintain a high specific capacitance at a high current density charging/discharging. That is, the energy storage device including the composite electrode material of the present embodiment can significantly reduce the charging time so as to meet the users' requirements.
- a stacked composite electrode material can be formed merely with a one-step method. Therefore, the performance of simplifying the process and reducing the cost can be easily achieved with the manufacturing method of the present embodiment.
Abstract
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US20170314154A1 (en) | 2017-11-02 |
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