US10585181B2 - Method for measuring a direction of incidence of an incident wave for an instantaneous wideband receiver and associated receiver - Google Patents

Method for measuring a direction of incidence of an incident wave for an instantaneous wideband receiver and associated receiver Download PDF

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US10585181B2
US10585181B2 US15/539,021 US201515539021A US10585181B2 US 10585181 B2 US10585181 B2 US 10585181B2 US 201515539021 A US201515539021 A US 201515539021A US 10585181 B2 US10585181 B2 US 10585181B2
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antenna
signal
amplitude
incidence
operating mode
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US20170371031A1 (en
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Pascal Cornic
Jean Paul ARTIS
Christian Renard
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Thales SA
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Thales SA
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S13/42—Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates
    • G01S13/44—Monopulse radar, i.e. simultaneous lobing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
    • G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
    • G01S3/023—Monitoring or calibrating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
    • G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
    • G01S3/14—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
    • G01S3/28—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived simultaneously from receiving antennas or antenna systems having differently-oriented directivity characteristics
    • G01S3/32—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived simultaneously from receiving antennas or antenna systems having differently-oriented directivity characteristics derived from different combinations of signals from separate antennas, e.g. comparing sum with difference
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
    • G01S7/021—Auxiliary means for detecting or identifying radar signals or the like, e.g. radar jamming signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/26—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength
    • H01Q9/27—Spiral antennas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods for measuring the direction of incidence of an electromagnetic wave on an instantaneous wideband receiver, used in particular to listen to and provide electromagnetic information.
  • the receiver generally includes an array of antennas 10 , including N antennas, preferably identical to one another.
  • N is equal to six.
  • the antennas are distributed along a plane XY transverse to the axis Z of a support mast, positioned substantially vertically.
  • the antennas are positioned so as to have the pointing directions equally distributed in terms of angle within the angular domain to be covered. For example, they may be positioned over a regular polygon, a hexagon in FIG. 1 .
  • Each antenna has a radiation pattern having a maximum along its pointing axis Ai.
  • the radiation pattern of an antenna has a large opening at 3 dB, typically about 50° to 120°.
  • the main lobes of the radiation patterns of the antennas overlap one another such that the array covers 360° in the horizontal plane XY.
  • Each antenna is capable of covering a very wide frequency band, typically of about ten GHz, situated within a frequency range extending between 10 MHz and 100 GHz, preferably between 100 MHz and 50 GHz.
  • the measurement of the direction of incidence D of the incident wave i.e., the determination of a bearing angle ⁇ 0 in the plane XY
  • the measurement of the incidence direction D is then obtained for example by interpolation of a normalized radiation pattern characteristic of the type of antenna by the amplitudes of the signals generated by each antenna.
  • the obtained measurement is relatively imprecise. It is typically obtained with a precision of between 3 and 10°.
  • the measurement is limited to only the horizontal plane XY, i.e., the determination of the bearing angle. It is consequently biased by the position of the source of the electromagnetic wave outside the plane XY, i.e., biased by the elevation angle ⁇ 0 of the direction of incidence.
  • instantaneous wideband antennas are known, for example from document U.S. Pat. No. 3,229,293 A, including at least four radiating elements each forming a strand, the strands being wound in spirals around a same center in a plane transverse to the pointing axis of the antenna.
  • the antenna then includes four supply points, for which a beam formation of the two-plane monophase type is possible, by phase shifting the different supply points relative to one another, for example by 90°. In this case, a measurement of the incidence direction along two planes, i.e., bearing and elevation, can be obtained.
  • this type of antenna uses a complex technology, in particular in very wideband cases, and requires four excitation or reception channels (depending on whether the antenna is used as a transmitter or a receiver).
  • the invention therefore aims to resolve this problem, in particular by proposing a method for measuring the incidence direction of a wave that makes it possible to obtain more precise measurements.
  • the invention relates to a method for measuring an incident direction of a wave for an instantaneous wideband receiver and an instantaneous wideband receiver as defined by the claims.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the antenna array of an instantaneous wideband receiver according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of one preferred embodiment of an antenna of the instantaneous wideband receiver according to the invention and its processing chain;
  • FIG. 3 is a graph in the elevation plane of the “delta” radiation pattern of an antenna obtained from signals in phase opposition on the two strands of the antenna of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a graph in the elevation plane of the “summation” radiation pattern of an antenna obtained from signals in phase on the two strands of the antenna of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a geometric depiction of the calculation implemented in the method according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show one preferred embodiment of the spontaneous wideband receiver making it possible to carry out the method for measuring the direction of incidence (or incidence direction) of an electromagnetic wave.
  • the incidence direction D is characterized by a bearing angle ⁇ 0 in a horizontal plane XY and an elevation angle ⁇ 0 in a plane perpendicular to the plane XY.
  • the receiver includes an array 10 made up of six antennas, identified by an index i from 1 to 6.
  • the antennas i which are identical to one another, are wideband printed spiral antennas.
  • Each antenna i is for example according to the antenna described in the article by Han-Byul Kim et al. “Cavity-backed Two-arm Spiral Antenna with a Ring-shaped Absorber for Partial Discharge Diagnosis” in J Electr Eng Technol Vol. 8, No. 4: 856-862, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/JEET.2013.8.4.856.
  • This antenna includes at least one pair of radiating elements, which is made up of two strands wound in a spiral in one another, in the plane perpendicular to the pointing axis Ai of the antenna i, around a same center.
  • the antennas i are positioned in the plane XY such that their pointing axis Ai rests in the plane XY.
  • the angle ⁇ between the pointing axes Ai of two successive antennas i is chosen such that the radiation patterns of these two antennas working in the same mode (as will be described below) overlap over at least half of the opening of an antenna.
  • the antennas have an opening of 120° and the antennas are uniformly angularly distributed, the angle ⁇ between the pointing axes Ai of two successive antennas i being 60°.
  • the angle ⁇ is only shown between the axis A 5 of antenna 5 and the axis A 6 of antenna 6 .
  • the implementation of the method for measuring the incidence direction of a wave according to the invention requires having two radiation patterns for each antenna.
  • the latter In a first operating mode of the antenna, the latter has a first radiation pattern, called Delta radiation pattern, denoted ⁇ pattern hereinafter.
  • ⁇ pattern corresponds to signals in phase on the two strands of the antenna.
  • the corresponding ⁇ pattern is shown in FIG. 3 , along the elevation angle ⁇ .
  • the latter In a second operating mode of the antenna, the latter has a second radiation pattern, called Sum radiation pattern, denoted ⁇ pattern hereinafter.
  • ⁇ pattern corresponds to signals in phase opposition on the two strands of the antenna.
  • the corresponding ⁇ pattern is shown in FIG. 4 , along the elevation angle ⁇ .
  • These first and second patterns are symmetrical by rotation around the pointing axis of the antenna.
  • the ⁇ pattern corresponds to a gain minimum along the pointing axis Ai of the antenna i, while the ⁇ pattern corresponds to a gain maximum along the pointing axis Ai of the antenna i.
  • the first and second signals respectively corresponding to the first and second operating modes of the antenna i can be obtained simultaneously, by connecting the two strands of the antenna i, via two identical adapted links 12 and 13 , to a first and second input of a wideband “magic tee” component 15 .
  • a first signal S 1 i corresponding to the difference of the signals collected on each of the strands of the antenna i will be obtained on a first output of the component 15 and a second signal S 2 i corresponding to the sum of the signals collected on each of the strands of the antenna will be obtained on a first output of the component 15 .
  • Such a wideband “magic tee” component is known and is for example described in the article by J. P. Coupez et al, “Practical design of uniplanar broadband subsystems. Application to a wideband hybrid magic tee”, Microwave Symposium Digest, 1994, IEEE MTT-S International, Vol. 2, p. 915-918.
  • the first output of the wideband “magic tee” component corresponds to the ⁇ operating mode of the antenna i and the first signal S 1 i corresponds to the ⁇ pattern.
  • the second output of the wideband “magic tee” component corresponds to the ⁇ operating mode of the antenna i and the second signal S 2 i corresponds to the ⁇ pattern.
  • a ⁇ channel 16 and a ⁇ channel 17 allow processing of the signals delivered on the first and second outputs of the component 15 , by implementing traditional processing operations: filtering, hyperfrequency amplification, quadratic detection, video filtering, etc.
  • a detection processing operation is in particular carried out by presence thresholding of a signal.
  • This processing operation can be done on the ⁇ channel or on both the ⁇ and ⁇ channels.
  • a processing operation for estimating the frequency of the signal is in particular carried out.
  • This processing operation can be done on the ⁇ channel or on both the ⁇ and ⁇ channels.
  • the frequency of the incident wave is calculated on both the ⁇ and ⁇ , it will advantageously be possible to use the frequency measurement to verify that the detected signals correspond to the same transmitter.
  • the method for measuring the incidence direction of the incident wave is in particular carried out, which will now be described in relation to FIG. 5 .
  • the method for measuring the incidence direction is based on an estimate, for each antenna i, of a ratio S ⁇ i/S ⁇ i, i.e., the ratio of the amplitude of the signal at the output of the ⁇ channel 16 to the amplitude of the signal at the output of the ⁇ channel 17 .
  • the ratio S ⁇ /S ⁇ is substantially proportional to the angle error measurement angle, i.e., here to the half top angle ⁇ of the cone of the possible arrival directions of the waves on the considered antenna.
  • This method is comparable to the method is implemented in monopulse radars.
  • the ⁇ and ⁇ patterns here being of revolution around the pointing axis of the antenna, the comparison of the signals S on the two channels ⁇ and ⁇ does not make it possible, unlike monopulse radars, to measure the incidence direction directly, but makes it possible to measure the half top angle ⁇ of the cone corresponding to the possible directions of incidence.
  • k is a constant that only depends on the opening of the antenna at a given frequency.
  • the receiver 1 includes, for each antenna i, a means 20 for determining the half-top angle ⁇ i-k S ⁇ i/S ⁇ i of the possible directions of incidence.
  • a component 25 is next able to carry out an exponential function, inverse of the logarithm, so as to obtain the desired ratio S ⁇ i/S ⁇ i as output.
  • a component 26 is next able to multiply the ratio S ⁇ /S ⁇ i by the constant k to obtain the half top angle ⁇ i.
  • k Since the opening of a spiral antenna is, in the first order, independent of the frequency, k is also independent of the frequency. However, in light of the possible imperfections of the radiation pattern inherent to its extended-frequency operating range, it may be necessary to perform a calibration making it possible to adjust the value of k as a function of the frequency. This is shown schematically by block 27 in FIG. 2 .
  • the dependence between the half top angle ⁇ i and the ratio S ⁇ /S ⁇ i may be necessary, to improve the performance, to use a compensation table, obtained by calibration, and to improve the value of the half top angle determined from the relationship above.
  • the method continues with a step for calculating the bearing and elevation angles of the incidence direction implemented by the means 30 in the receiver 1 .
  • This step is carried out for at least two adjacent antennas, for example the antennas 1 and 2 .
  • the misalignment angle ⁇ in the plane XY between two adjacent antennas is equal to 60°.
  • this value corresponds to the case of six antennas, described here in detail.
  • the misalignment angle between two adjacent antennas 360°/N where N is the total number of antennas.
  • the misalignment angle is D/N.
  • the incident wave arrives with a bearing angle ⁇ 0 and an elevation angle ⁇ 0 such that a first half top angle ⁇ 1 is determined.
  • the incident wave arrives with a bearing ⁇ 0 + ⁇ and an elevation ⁇ 0 , such that a second half top angle ⁇ 2 is determined.
  • the choice of the solution of interest therefore the elimination of the ambiguous solution, results from the analysis of the situation leading to a limitation of the elevation domain.
  • the source of the incident wave cannot have a negative elevation.
  • the elevation angle ⁇ 0 is an item of information of interest that can for example be used to best orient a scrambling or decoy countermeasure. The determination of this angle therefore makes it possible to eliminate the use of an additional device dedicated to measuring the elevation angle.
  • This method for measuring the incidence direction makes it possible to improve the precision of the measurement done; measuring both the bearing and elevation, with an estimating precision of the bearing substantially independent of the value of the elevation, and vice versa.
  • Another advantage of the proposed solution is that it can easily be implemented on existing receivers, by modifying the processing chain, but not the architecture of the receivers with which it is provided. Indeed, this solution is directly compatible with the antennas already used and does not increase the number of antennas to be used.
  • This method in particular applies to instantaneous wideband electronic war receivers.
  • This method for measuring the incidence direction can be applied alone or in addition to an amplitude goniometry processing operation, to make it more robust.
  • the radiating elements of the pair of radiating elements considered to determine half top angle of a cone of possible incidence directions of a wave form vertically symmetrical radiation patterns by rotation around the pointing axis of the antenna.
  • the ⁇ pattern has a gain minimum in the pointing axis of the antenna, while the ⁇ pattern has a gain maximum in the pointing axis of the antenna.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
US15/539,021 2014-12-22 2015-12-22 Method for measuring a direction of incidence of an incident wave for an instantaneous wideband receiver and associated receiver Active 2036-12-22 US10585181B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1402957A FR3030771B1 (fr) 2014-12-22 2014-12-22 Procede de mesure d'une direction d'incidence d'une onde incidente pour un recepteur a large bande instantanee et recepteur associe
FR1402957 2014-12-22
PCT/EP2015/081004 WO2016102583A1 (fr) 2014-12-22 2015-12-22 Procédé de mesure d'une direction d'incidence d'une onde incidente pour un récepteur à large bande instantanée et récepteur associé

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US20170371031A1 US20170371031A1 (en) 2017-12-28
US10585181B2 true US10585181B2 (en) 2020-03-10

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US (1) US10585181B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP3237924B1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2776450T3 (fr)
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WO (1) WO2016102583A1 (fr)

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3175217A (en) 1963-01-28 1965-03-23 Jr Julius A Kaiser Direction finder
US3229293A (en) 1963-07-18 1966-01-11 John H Little Four arm spiral antenna direction finder
US4366483A (en) 1980-11-03 1982-12-28 General Dynamics, Pomona Division Receiver and method for use with a four-arm spiral antenna
US5065162A (en) 1989-06-30 1991-11-12 Tokyo Keiki Co., Ltd. Communication system for helicopter
DE4421191A1 (de) 1994-06-17 1995-12-21 Daimler Benz Aerospace Ag Peilverfahren zur Ermittlung der azimutalen Einfallsrichtung elektromagnetischer Wellen und Peilanordnung zur Durchführung des Peilverfahrens
US5526001A (en) 1992-12-11 1996-06-11 Litton Systems Inc. Precise bearings only geolocation in systems with large measurements bias errors
US20160111791A1 (en) * 2013-08-08 2016-04-21 Megachips Corporation Pattern antenna

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3175217A (en) 1963-01-28 1965-03-23 Jr Julius A Kaiser Direction finder
US3229293A (en) 1963-07-18 1966-01-11 John H Little Four arm spiral antenna direction finder
US4366483A (en) 1980-11-03 1982-12-28 General Dynamics, Pomona Division Receiver and method for use with a four-arm spiral antenna
US5065162A (en) 1989-06-30 1991-11-12 Tokyo Keiki Co., Ltd. Communication system for helicopter
US5526001A (en) 1992-12-11 1996-06-11 Litton Systems Inc. Precise bearings only geolocation in systems with large measurements bias errors
DE4421191A1 (de) 1994-06-17 1995-12-21 Daimler Benz Aerospace Ag Peilverfahren zur Ermittlung der azimutalen Einfallsrichtung elektromagnetischer Wellen und Peilanordnung zur Durchführung des Peilverfahrens
US20160111791A1 (en) * 2013-08-08 2016-04-21 Megachips Corporation Pattern antenna

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
HAN-BYUL KIM, KEUM-CHEOL HWANG, HYEONG-SEOK KIM: "Cavity-backed Two-arm Spiral Antenna with a Ring-shaped Absorber for Partial Discharge Diagnosis", JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, SEOUL, vol. 8, no. 4, 1 July 2013 (2013-07-01), Seoul, pages 856 - 862, XP055223960, ISSN: 1975-0102, DOI: 10.5370/JEET.2013.8.4.856
Hettak et al., "Practical design of uniplanar broadband subsystems. Application to a wideband hybrid magic tee," Microwave Symposium Digest, May 23, 1994 (May 23, 1994), pp. 915-918 vol. 2. XP032365977.
K. HETTAK ; A. SHETA ; T. LE GOUGUEC ; S. TOUTAIN: "Practical design of uniplanar broadband subsystems. Application to a wideband hybrid magic tee", MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST, 1994., IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL SAN DIEGO, CA, USA 23-27 MAY 1994, NEW YORK, NY, USA,IEEE, 23 May 1994 (1994-05-23), pages 915 - 918 vol.2, XP032365977, ISBN: 978-0-7803-1778-9, DOI: 10.1109/MWSYM.1994.335208
Kim et al., "Cavity-backed Two-arm Spiral Antenna with a Ring-shaped Absorber for Partial Discharge Diagnosis," Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology vol. 8. No. 4: pp. 856-862, (Jul. 1, 2013) XP055223960.
Preliminary Search Report dated Oct. 29, 2015 during the prosecution of Priority Application No. FR 1402957 with corresponding English Search Report issed during the prosecution of PCT/EP2015/081004 dated Mar. 3, 2016.

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Publication number Publication date
EP3237924A1 (fr) 2017-11-01
FR3030771B1 (fr) 2017-01-27
ES2776450T3 (es) 2020-07-30
WO2016102583A1 (fr) 2016-06-30
US20170371031A1 (en) 2017-12-28
EP3237924B1 (fr) 2020-02-26
FR3030771A1 (fr) 2016-06-24

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