US10466189B2 - Uniform chilling calorimeter system - Google Patents
Uniform chilling calorimeter system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US10466189B2 US10466189B2 US15/493,918 US201715493918A US10466189B2 US 10466189 B2 US10466189 B2 US 10466189B2 US 201715493918 A US201715493918 A US 201715493918A US 10466189 B2 US10466189 B2 US 10466189B2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- calorimeter
- inlet
- head
- cavity
- ports
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active, expires
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
- G01N25/48—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on solution, sorption, or a chemical reaction not involving combustion or catalytic oxidation
- G01N25/4806—Details not adapted to a particular type of sample
- G01N25/4826—Details not adapted to a particular type of sample concerning the heating or cooling arrangements
Definitions
- This invention generally relates to measurement devices and more particularly to calorimeters.
- Non-limiting examples of such processes include laser welding as well additive manufacturing, which may use a wide variety of energy input sources.
- electron beam, arc, and laser welding involves directing a directed energy heat source at the interface of mating parts to join the same together at said interface. Monitoring energy transfer to the parts is important as it directly impacts manufacturing characteristics and quality. In certain welding operations, cameras may be utilized to monitor weld bead geometry at the weld point.
- AM additive manufacturing
- One contemporary AM example involves building up parts by consecutively layering a powder and heating each layer with a laser as it is laid. The directed energy melts the powder forming a melt pool which then fuses to the existing part. This solidification manufacturing process is known as a build, and is done iteratively until a three-dimensional part is formed. Materials used may be metals, plastics, ceramics, etc.
- thermal characteristics of the laser and the part during a build is of critical importance as these thermal characteristics have a direct effect on various characteristics of the finished part, e.g. geometrical accuracy, material properties, residual stresses, etc.
- a common approach to monitoring such thermal characteristics is to monitor the melt pool size and reduce or increase the power input from the laser accordingly. While this approach has provided some positive results, it does not provide an in depth understanding of the thermal characteristics for controlling AM. Further, such melt pool monitoring typically measures only the build surface (as opposed to a solidification manufacturing process volume) with the use of relatively complex measurement componentry such as infrared cameras and/or sensors.
- the instant invention has applicability in additive manufacturing, as well as any other solidification manufacturing process where it is desirable to monitor directed energy input to a system during manufacturing.
- energy input is a key solidification manufacturing process parameter in additive manufacturing and various forms of welding which controls quality (e.g. residual stress, mechanical, and corrosion properties).
- quality e.g. residual stress, mechanical, and corrosion properties.
- direct measurement of net energy input is a quality control tool for both facets of the quality challenge.
- the ability to have a real time feedback system provides a means to reduce manufacturing variability, while the net energy validates modeling assumptions like energy source power transfer efficiencies.
- P in is the input power generated by the directed energy source in Watts (i.e. laser) and P net is the net power transferred to the substrate in Watts.
- P net is the net power transferred to the substrate in Watts.
- thermal efficiency ‘k’ which defines the percentage of P in transferred to the substrate.
- S’ is the travel speed of the energy source.
- P net (rather than P in ) is directly responsible for all physical and metallurgical changes in the metal being deposited in the metal additive manufacturing process. This includes melt pool shape, single track geometry and integrity (i.e. porosity), metallurgical characteristics (e.g. microstructure and porosity), and mechanical properties (e.g. hardness, strength, ductility).
- P net is a critical variable that can help in the prediction of thermal conditions; melt pool characteristics, bead geometry, integrity, and properties; distortion.
- the ability to directly measure P net is therefore necessary to validate models to improve the understanding of molten metal manufacturing processes like additive manufacturing.
- prior designs aimed at monitoring metal additive manufacturing typically resort to the indirect technique of measuring melt pool size then correlating back to the more complex thermal characteristics.
- melt pool size then correlating back to the more complex thermal characteristics.
- the invention provides a calorimeter head.
- An embodiment of such a calorimeter head includes a base unit.
- the base unit includes a body and a removable substrate plate attached to the body.
- the substrate plate and body define a cavity.
- the body includes a plurality of inlet ports.
- the plurality of inlet ports are equally spaced and tangentially arranged relative to a maximum diameter of the cavity.
- the body also includes a main outlet port in fluid communication with the cavity.
- the calorimeter head also includes an inlet manifold attached to the base unit.
- the inlet manifold has a main inlet port and a plurality of manifold outlet ports.
- a flow path extends from the main inlet port through the plurality of manifold outlet ports to the plurality of inlet ports of the body. This flow path then extends from the plurality of inlet ports through the cavity to the main outlet port.
- the cavity is defined by a bottom surface of the substrate plate, a cylindrical sidewall formed in the body, and a conical bottom wall extending from the cylindrical sidewall and formed in the body.
- the plurality of inlet ports are formed in the cylindrical sidewall of the cavity.
- the conical bottom wall is truncated and terminates with a drain port.
- the drain port is in fluid communication with the main outlet port.
- the plurality of inlet ports have a combined first cross sectional area, and the drain port has second cross sectional area. The combined first cross sectional area is not more than ten percent larger than the second cross sectional area.
- the cavity has a maximum height which is less than or equal to half of the maximum diameter of the cavity.
- the plurality of inlet ports includes three inlet ports which are arranged at an angle of 120° relative to one another.
- the plurality of manifold outlet ports includes three manifold outlet ports arranged at an angle of 120° relative to one another.
- the main inlet port is arranged along an axis normal to a plane through which the three manifold outlet ports extend.
- the calorimeter head also includes a clamping arrangement for clamping the substrate plate against the body.
- the clamping arrangement includes a clamping ring, an adapter ring, and a plurality of clamps.
- the plurality of clamps clamp the clamping ring against the adapter ring such that the adapter ring and clamping ring exert an axial force against the substrate plate, thereby biasing the substrate plate against the body.
- a seal may also be positioned between the substrate and body.
- the invention provides a calorimeter head.
- An embodiment of a calorimeter head according to this aspect includes a base unit.
- the base unit comprises a body and a removable substrate plate attached to the body.
- the substrate plate and body define a cavity.
- the cavity is defined by a bottom surface of the substrate plate, a cylindrical sidewall and a conical bottom wall extending from the cylindrical sidewall.
- the conical bottom wall terminates at a drain port.
- the body includes a plurality of inlet ports.
- An inlet manifold is attached to the base unit.
- the inlet manifold has a main inlet port and a plurality of manifold outlet ports.
- the plurality of manifold outlet ports are in fluid communication with the plurality of inlet ports.
- the cavity has a maximum diameter.
- the plurality of inlet ports are equally spaced and tangentially arranged relative to the maximum diameter.
- the plurality of inlet ports includes three inlet ports arranged at an angle of 120° relative to one another.
- the plurality of manifold outlet ports includes three manifold outlet ports arranged at an angle of 120° relative to one another.
- the cavity has a maximum height extending between the drain port and an uppermost edge of the cylindrical side. The height is less than or equal to half of the maximum diameter of the cavity.
- the invention provides a calorimeter system.
- An embodiment of such a calorimeter system includes a control unit.
- a calorimeter head is fluidly and electrically coupled to the control unit.
- a coolant flow loop extends from the control unit to the calorimeter head and back to the control unit.
- the calorimeter head includes a plurality of inlet ports equally spaced and tangentially arranged relative to a cavity of the calorimeter head.
- the plurality of inlet ports are arranged to receive a coolant flow via the coolant flow loop from the control unit.
- the calorimeter head includes a drain port in fluid communication with the plurality of inlet ports via a cavity of the calorimeter head.
- the calorimeter head includes a main outlet port arranged to return the coolant flow to the control unit via the coolant flow loop.
- the control unit includes a controller, a coolant supply unit, and a chiller.
- the coolant supply unit configured to convey coolant through the coolant flow loop.
- the coolant supply unit is connected to a main inlet port of the calorimeter head via an inlet conduit, and wherein the chiller is connected to a main outlet port of the calorimeter head.
- the plurality of inlet ports have a combined first cross sectional area, wherein the drain port has second cross sectional area, wherein the combined first cross sectional area is larger than the second cross sectional area.
- the combined first cross sectional area is not more than ten percent larger than the second cross sectional area.
- the coolant supply unit includes a thermally insulated accumulator.
- the control unit may also include a precision resistor circuit for thermal calibration.
- the precision resistor circuit is integrated with the coolant supply unit.
- the precision resistor circuit may also be part of a separate calibration unit.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an exemplary embodiment of a uniform chilling calorimeter system according to the teachings herein associated with a schematically represented additive manufacturing machine;
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a control unit of the system of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a calorimeter head of the system of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the calorimeter head of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 5 is cross section of the calorimeter head of FIG. 3 , showing a plane passing through an intermediary outlet of the calorimeter head;
- FIG. 6 is a another cross section of the calorimeter head of FIG. 3 , showing a plane normal to the plane shown in FIG. 5 ;
- FIG. 7 is another cross section of the inlet manifold of FIG. 7 , showing a plane normal to the plane shown in FIG. 5 .
- the invention provides a highly accurate and precise thermal sensing device and system which allows for the determination of the net power introduced by a directed energy heat source during solidification manufacturing processes (e.g. a laser or electron beam in an additive manufacturing process).
- a directed energy heat source e.g. a laser or electron beam in an additive manufacturing process.
- tighter control over solidification manufacturing processes may be achieved, and in particular, build geometries and build material properties may be reliably produced.
- the calorimeter device and system may be readily applied in other applications where the use of a calorimeter is desirable for directed energy input measurement in a manufacturing build cell.
- Other exemplary applications include but are not limited to laser, electron beam, and arc welding processes.
- Calorimeter system 20 includes a calorimeter head 22 and a control unit 24 .
- Calorimeter system 20 is employed in the context of an additive manufacturing system 26 .
- This additive manufacturing system 26 includes in schematic form a housing 28 with a directed energy heat source 30 therein.
- this heat source 30 is a laser for fusing a powdered metal into a solid form during the additive manufacturing process.
- a work piece 32 is positioned under the directed energy heat source 30 . This work piece 32 may be positioned or formed directly on calorimeter head 22 .
- Calorimeter head 22 is operable to detect the energy input from heat source 30 into work piece 32 .
- calorimeter system 20 may be employed as a calibration device useful for initially calibrating an additive manufacturing system 26 . Still further, calorimeter system 20 may be employed as a means for monitoring the quality of incoming feedstock thermal characteristics in order to compensate for small perturbations.
- an inlet conduit 40 extends from control unit 24 to calorimeter head 22 .
- This inlet conduit is operable to deliver a coolant flow of coolant to calorimeter head 22 .
- An outlet conduit 42 extends from calorimeter head 22 back to control unit 24 .
- a coolant flow loop exists between control unit 24 and calorimeter head 22 by way of inlet and outlet conduits 40 , 42 . Coolant is circulated through this coolant flow loop. Data is collected relative to the energy transferred to the coolant after it is circulated through calorimeter head 22 . This data is then used ultimately for a determination of the energy input provided by directed energy heat source 30 to work piece 32 .
- “Coolant” as used herein means any heat transfer medium.
- the coolant may be water.
- the coolant may be a liquid sodium.
- an electrical connection 44 extends between control unit 24 and calorimeter head 22 .
- This electrical connection delivers electrical signals collected by temperature sensors of calorimeter head 22 .
- these temperature sensors may be thermopiles, thermistors, thermocouples, RTD sensors, or any other sensor useful for detecting the temperature of flowing coolant.
- electrical connection 44 may comprise multiple connection lines, e.g. multiple connections for multiple sensors.
- Control unit 24 includes an outer housing 50 within which a controller 52 and coolant supply unit 54 are situated. Controller 52 is operable to control the operation of coolant supply unit 54 .
- Coolant supply unit 54 may include a pump, thermal stabilizing accumulator, control valves for flow control in normal run operation, and an internal calibration circuit for initial calibration during a calibration mode, or any combination of such componentry used to deliver a steady and controlled mass flow of coolant via the above-introduced coolant flow loop at a desired pressure.
- the aforementioned internal calibration circuit may include a precision resistor circuit such as a 1% resistor used to internally calibrate the thermal measurement. This calibration circuit may also be provided via separate calibration unit 58 discussed below.
- coolant supply unit may include or utilize solenoid actuated valves and/or flow meters for monitoring flow rate and controlling fluid flow, as well as a variable valve that allows for control of a constant mass flow rate of coolant through the coolant flow loop.
- Control unit 24 also includes a chiller 56 useful for maintaining the coolant flowing from control unit 24 at a constant chilled temperature.
- coolant is chilled by chiller 56 to a constant temperature (approximately +/ ⁇ 0.1° C. of a desired starting temperature) and delivered to coolant supply unit 54 .
- Chiller 56 thus may take the form of any contemporary chiller device operable to achieve and maintain the above constant temperature.
- the operation of chiller is controlled via controller 52 , which includes all of the necessary firmware, software, and hardware necessary to achieve the functionality thereof described herein. It is also envisioned that coolant may first be chilled by chiller 56 which is external to control unit 24 , and then flow through control unit 54 as described herein.
- Controller 52 is operable to collect and interpret data delivered via electrical connection 44 as well as collected internally by control unit 24 with regard to the coolant flow through the coolant flow loop.
- a user interface 60 may be provided for presentation of the data collected by controller 52 , as well as providing a means for providing input control commands to calorimeter system 20 .
- control unit 24 may also include a stand-alone calibration unit 58 for providing an initial calibration of calorimeter system 20 .
- a calibration unit 58 may operate by introducing a known temperature increase to the coolant flow through the aforementioned coolant flow loop which in turn is set at either or both of calorimeter head 22 and control unit 24 .
- this calibration unit 58 may include the above described precision resistor circuit.
- calibration unit 58 may also be situated external to housing 50 . Additionally, it will be recognized that appropriate conduit, valving, etc. is utilized to connect the various components of control unit 24 to each other to achieve the functionality described above.
- Calorimeter head 22 includes a base unit 62 with a build plate in the form of a removable substrate plate 64 attached to the base unit 62 . Although illustrated as a having a flat upper surface, this upper surface on substrate plate 64 may take on other geometries to accommodate the particular build process.
- a hydraulic inlet manifold 66 is attached to base unit 62 and is operable to distribute the coolant flow from the coolant flow loop to base unit 62 as described below.
- Base unit 62 may employ a number of legs 68 to provide clearance for inlet manifold 66 which is positioned generally beneath base unit 62 . These legs 68 may be integral to base unit 62 or may be removed separately.
- Calorimeter head 22 also includes a clamping arrangement 70 for sealing the removable substrate plate 64 to base unit 62 as discussed below.
- a cavity 72 is defined (i.e. bounded) by a body 100 of base unit 62 and a bottom surface of substrate plate 64 .
- Cavity 72 receives the coolant flow via a plurality of inlet ports 74 tangentially arranged relative to a maximum diameter D 1 of cavity 72 , as described below.
- These inlet ports 74 receive coolant by way of inlet manifold 66 . More particularly, coolant enters inlet manifold 66 via a main inlet port 114 (See FIG. 5 ).
- This coolant is then distributed through inlet manifold 66 and exits the same via a plurality of manifold outlet ports 112 (See FIG. 5 ). Coolant exiting these manifold outlet ports 112 is delivered to the aforementioned inlet ports 74 .
- flexible conduit is used to interconnect manifold outlet ports 112 to inlet ports 74 .
- air is evacuated from cavity 72 such that only flowing coolant is present therein. Given the tangential arrangement of inlet ports 74 , a continuous vortex of coolant exists within cavity 72 which directly shears along the bottom surface of substrate plate 64 .
- FIGS. 4 and 7 there are three equally spaced manifold outlet ports 112 (See FIG. 7 ) and three equally spaced inlet ports 74 (See FIG. 4 ). Each outlet port 112 is connected to each inlet port 74 in a one-to-one relationship. Such connection may be achieved by way of flexible tubing or the like. Further, a connector 78 is associated with each one of the plurality of manifold outlet ports 112 . Similarly, a connector 80 is associated with each of the plurality of inlet ports 74 . Additionally, a connector 82 is also associated with main inlet port 114 . These connectors 78 , 80 , 82 are illustrated as hose barb connectors, although any other type of connector may be utilized.
- a removable substrate plate 64 attached to body 100 by way of a clamping arrangement 70 (See also FIG. 3 ).
- This clamping arrangement 70 includes a plurality of clamps 90 fixed to body 100 .
- Clamping arrangement 70 also includes a clamping ring 92 which defines a central opening 96 therein.
- Clamping arrangement 70 also includes an adapter ring 94 defining its own central opening 102 positioned below clamping ring 92 as illustrated.
- Clamps 90 connect to clamp receivers 98 and bias clamping ring 92 and adapter ring 94 against a flange of substrate plate 64 to axially bias substrate plate 64 against body 100 .
- FIG. 1 As can be seen in FIG.
- a portion of substrate pate 64 protrudes through openings 96 , 102 . Additionally, a seal 104 is provided between substrate plate 64 and body 100 to ensure there is no leakage between this interface between substrate plate 64 and body 100 . This seal 104 may be received in a seal groove 106 formed in body 100 as shown.
- cavity 72 is defined by a bottom surface of substrate plate 64 , a cylindrical sidewall 130 formed in body 100 , and a conical bottom wall 132 depending from cylindrical sidewall 130 and terminating at a drain port 84 .
- the cylindrical sidewall 130 defines a maximum diameter of cavity 72 .
- Cavity 72 also has a height which extends from the uppermost edge of cylindrical sidewall 130 to drain port 84 . This height is less than or equal to half of the afore-mentioned maximum diameter.
- Drain port 84 connects to a drain conduit 86 which in turn connects to a main drain outlet conduit 88 .
- Main drain outlet conduit 88 terminates at a main outlet port 108 .
- Coolant entering cavity 72 through inlet ports 74 passes through drain port 84 , conduits 86 , 88 and exits calorimeter head 22 at main outlet port 108 . This coolant is then returned via the afore-mentioned coolant flow loop to control unit 24 .
- flexible tubing or conduit connects to connector 80 attached at main outlet port 108 . This tubing or conduit defines the afore-mentioned outlet conduit 42 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the total cross sectional area of the inlet ports 74 is closely sized to that of the cross sectional area of drain port 84 . This sizing reduces or eliminates unwanted turbulence and balances the combined inlet flow rate with the outlet flow rate. Such a configuration aids in solidification manufacturing process sensitivity. Further, such a configuration aids in the removal air trapped in cavity 72 at startup. Accordingly, while it is contemplated that calorimeter system 20 utilizes a closed flow system, the same include air ventilation capabilities to vent air removed from cavity 72 . It has been found that air bubbles trapped in cavity 72 can lead to large thermal gradients on the surface of substrate plate 64 .
- the combined cross sectional area of the inlet ports 74 may be 0.450 in 2 , while the cross sectional area of the drain may be 0.40 in 2 .
- the foregoing results in a difference of less than ten percent in the combined cross sectional area of inlet ports 74 and the cross sectional area of drain port 84 .
- Cross sectional area in the foregoing is taken to mean that area which is normal to the direction of fluid flow through the port. It has been found that maintaining this difference of less than ten percent, optimal performance is achieved. It is also contemplated that the combined cross sectional area of inlet ports 74 may be equal to the cross sectional area of drain port 84 . With the above area matching, it has been found that a thermal gradient across a 5.5 inch diameter substrate plate 64 is less than one degree Celsius.
- a temperature sensor 120 is positioned within a passageway 122 in communication with drain conduit 86 . This temperature sensor 120 is operable to collect the temperature of the coolant exiting cavity 72 . Temperature sensor 120 may take on any known form of a temperature sensor, and as non-limiting examples, may be a thermopile, thermo-couple, thermistor, or RTD-type sensor.
- Another temperature sensor is positioned in inlet manifold 66 .
- This temperature sensor 124 is positioned within a passageway 126 which is in communication with a main inlet passageway 110 of inlet manifold 66 .
- this main inlet passageway 110 is in communication with main inlet port 114 , which as discussed above, connects to inlet conduit 40 shown in FIG. 1 .
- Temperature sensor 124 is situated such that it may detect a temperature of the coolant entering inlet flow manifold 66 . This temperature reading is taken just prior to the coolant entering the plurality of manifold outlet ports 112 of inlet manifold 66 .
- the plurality of manifold outlet ports 112 are in communication with main inlet port 114 via main inlet passageway 110 . These ports 112 are arranged to evenly distribute coolant entering inlet manifold 66 to the plurality of inlet ports 74 for symmetric entry in cavity 72 .
- a plug or cap 76 is situated within main inlet passageway 110 to close the same such that coolant entering inlet manifold 66 must exit the same via manifold outlet ports 112 . This cap or plug 76 also prevents coolant from cavity 72 from cross-contaminating the coolant flowing through inlet manifold 66 .
- FIG. 6 the same illustrates a cross-section taken through the plane passing through the plurality of inlet port 74 .
- each of the plurality of inlet ports 74 are spaced an angle of ⁇ relative to one another.
- three ports are provided which are equally spaced at an angle ⁇ of 120°.
- the ports are arranged such they are tangential to a diameter D 1 of cavity 72 .
- each inlet port 74 connects to an inlet passageway 116 as shown which is formed through body 100 .
- connectors 80 are situated within passageways 116 for connection of conduit to fluidly communicate inlets 74 with outlets 112 (See FIG. 5 ).
- FIG. 7 another cross-section is taken through the plane extending through the plurality of outlets 112 of inlet manifold 66 .
- the plurality of manifold outlet ports 112 are arranged in a similar fashion to the plurality of inlet port 74 shown in FIG. 6 . More specifically, these ports 112 are equally spaced from one another at an angle ⁇ . As shown in FIG. 7 , there are three ports 112 which are spaced at an angle ⁇ of 120°. As may also be surmised from this view, these ports 112 connect to passageways 118 through inlet manifold 66 . Connectors 80 are situated within passageways 118 and facilitate fluid communications between ports 112 and ports 74 as described above.
- these ports 112 are not tangentially arranged relative to the diameter D 1 of cavity 72 . Indeed, the center line extending through each port 112 intersects or coincides with the center of the aforementioned diameter D 1 .
- the base unit 62 , inlet manifold 66 , and/or clamping arrangement may be manufactured from a thermally insulating material to prevent heat loss of coolant flowing through the system to the outside environment.
- a thermally insulating material such as any of the components mentioned above, as well as their constituent subcomponents, may be formed of a nylon material or any other material recognized as providing good thermal insulation properties.
- coolant is supplied via inlet conduit 40 to calorimeter head 22 via coolant supply unit 54 .
- This coolant is chilled via chiller 56 to a controlled, steady state temperature.
- the supply of coolant from coolant supply unit 54 is such that a constant mass flow rate is achieved.
- the coolant then enters main inlet port 114 of manifold 66 .
- This coolant then passes by temperature sensor 126 mounted to manifold 66 and a temperature reading is taken.
- the coolant then exits via the plurality of manifold outlet ports 112 of manifold 66 .
- Coolant leaving manifold outlet ports 66 then passes through the plurality of inlet ports 74 and enters cavity 72 . Heat is transferred from substrate plate 64 to the coolant flowing in cavity 72 . The coolant then exits drain port 84 communicating with cavity 72 . This coolant then passes by temperature sensor 124 and another temperature reading is taken. As such, a temperature reading before and after the above described heat transfer occurs. The coolant then exits a main outlet port 108 and returns to chiller via an outlet conduit 42 .
- the mass flow rate and temperature before and after heat transfer are known, and because the system also takes into account other known parameters such as the power of the directed energy heat source (e.g. the laser), travel speed of the power source, build layer thickness and hatch distance, build volume, and beam diameter, various parameters may be calculated such as P net , total theoretical and measured energy, theoretical and measured energy density, laser transfer efficiency, net heat input, global energy density.
- the power of the directed energy heat source e.g. the laser
- travel speed of the power source e.g. the laser
- build layer thickness and hatch distance e.g. the laser transfer efficiency
- net heat input e.g. the laser transfer efficiency
- calorimeter system 20 advantageously provides a means for determining the energy input into a workpiece during a manufacturing process.
- Calorimeter system 20 may be employed as a system for providing real-time solidification manufacturing process monitoring, as well as for calibration of a directed energy source of a solidification manufacturing process such as additive manufacturing, as well as for quality control of feedstock utilized in such processes.
Abstract
Description
H=P net /S (J/cm) (1)
P net =kP in (2)
Claims (24)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/493,918 US10466189B2 (en) | 2017-04-21 | 2017-04-21 | Uniform chilling calorimeter system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/493,918 US10466189B2 (en) | 2017-04-21 | 2017-04-21 | Uniform chilling calorimeter system |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20180306737A1 US20180306737A1 (en) | 2018-10-25 |
US10466189B2 true US10466189B2 (en) | 2019-11-05 |
Family
ID=63854212
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/493,918 Active 2038-01-16 US10466189B2 (en) | 2017-04-21 | 2017-04-21 | Uniform chilling calorimeter system |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10466189B2 (en) |
Citations (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4925315A (en) * | 1987-07-02 | 1990-05-15 | Bonnard John A | Calorimetric apparatus |
US5876118A (en) * | 1995-12-08 | 1999-03-02 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Calorimeter having rapid cooling of a heating vessel therein |
US20050053115A1 (en) * | 2003-09-04 | 2005-03-10 | Shinya Nishimura | Thermal analyzer provided with cooling mechanism |
US7261541B2 (en) | 2001-10-24 | 2007-08-28 | 3D Systems, Inc. | Cooling techniques in solid freeform fabrication |
US20080025364A1 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2008-01-31 | Rintaro Nakatani | Thermal analysis system and method of drying the same |
US20080317089A1 (en) * | 2007-06-22 | 2008-12-25 | Decagon Devices, Inc. | Apparatus, Method, and System for Measuring Water Activity and Weight |
US20090092170A1 (en) * | 2006-05-03 | 2009-04-09 | Brushwyler Kevin R | Calorimeter |
US20110286493A1 (en) * | 2010-05-21 | 2011-11-24 | Torniainen Erik D | Microcalorimeter systems |
CN102759545A (en) | 2012-07-23 | 2012-10-31 | 董洪标 | Single group-component differential scanning calorimeter |
US8371746B2 (en) * | 2009-11-23 | 2013-02-12 | Mettler-Toledo Ag | Thermal analysis device |
CN203479431U (en) | 2013-08-08 | 2014-03-12 | 泉州七洋机电有限公司 | A constant temperature tank for a calorimeter calibrating device |
US20160176118A1 (en) | 2014-12-17 | 2016-06-23 | Arevo Inc. | Heated build platform and system for three dimensional printing methods |
-
2017
- 2017-04-21 US US15/493,918 patent/US10466189B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4925315A (en) * | 1987-07-02 | 1990-05-15 | Bonnard John A | Calorimetric apparatus |
US5876118A (en) * | 1995-12-08 | 1999-03-02 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Calorimeter having rapid cooling of a heating vessel therein |
US7261541B2 (en) | 2001-10-24 | 2007-08-28 | 3D Systems, Inc. | Cooling techniques in solid freeform fabrication |
US20050053115A1 (en) * | 2003-09-04 | 2005-03-10 | Shinya Nishimura | Thermal analyzer provided with cooling mechanism |
US20090092170A1 (en) * | 2006-05-03 | 2009-04-09 | Brushwyler Kevin R | Calorimeter |
US20080025364A1 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2008-01-31 | Rintaro Nakatani | Thermal analysis system and method of drying the same |
US20080317089A1 (en) * | 2007-06-22 | 2008-12-25 | Decagon Devices, Inc. | Apparatus, Method, and System for Measuring Water Activity and Weight |
US8371746B2 (en) * | 2009-11-23 | 2013-02-12 | Mettler-Toledo Ag | Thermal analysis device |
US20110286493A1 (en) * | 2010-05-21 | 2011-11-24 | Torniainen Erik D | Microcalorimeter systems |
CN102759545A (en) | 2012-07-23 | 2012-10-31 | 董洪标 | Single group-component differential scanning calorimeter |
CN203479431U (en) | 2013-08-08 | 2014-03-12 | 泉州七洋机电有限公司 | A constant temperature tank for a calorimeter calibrating device |
US20160176118A1 (en) | 2014-12-17 | 2016-06-23 | Arevo Inc. | Heated build platform and system for three dimensional printing methods |
Non-Patent Citations (9)
Title |
---|
Additive Manufacturing; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; pages printed from a website; date last visited Jul. 27, 2017; https://manufacturing.llnl.gov/additive-manufacturing. |
Antonio Armillotta et al.; SLM tooling for die casting with conformal cooling channels; publication; 2014; pp. 573-583; Int J Adv Manuf Technol. |
Dongming Hu et al.; Sensing, modeling and control for laser-based additive manufacturing; publication; 2003; pp. 51-60; International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture. |
Mehmet A. Sen et al.; A continuous flow microfluidic calorimeter: 3-D numerical modeling with aqueous reactants; publication; Mar. 10, 2015; pp. 184-196; Thermochim Acta. |
SLM Solutions; Additive Manufacturing-Your Future?; pages printed from a website; date last visited Jul. 27, 2017; https://slm-solutions.com//products/machines/high-temp-substrate-plate. |
SLM Solutions; Additive Manufacturing—Your Future?; pages printed from a website; date last visited Jul. 27, 2017; https://slm-solutions.com//products/machines/high-temp-substrate-plate. |
Stratonics; Heat Flow Sensors, Additive Manufacturing, Sensors; pages printed from a website; date last visited Jul. 27, 2017; http://stratonics.com/systems/sensors/. |
Ta Instruments; Discover the World's Finest line of Differential Scanning Calorimeters; pages printed from a website; date last visited Jul. 27, 2017; http://www.tainstruments.com. |
Valdemar Malin et al.; Controlling Heat Input by Measuring Net Power; publication; Jul. 2006; pp. 44-50; Welding Journal. |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20180306737A1 (en) | 2018-10-25 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP7301075B2 (en) | Radical power monitor for remote plasma source and method of use | |
US10598530B2 (en) | Flow sensor with hot film anemometer | |
NL2002365C2 (en) | Flow splitter and reaction assembly. | |
US20120003122A1 (en) | Flow controller assembly for microfluidic applications and system for performing a plurality of experiments in parallel | |
MX2015000773A (en) | Method for forming a welded seal. | |
AU2008223861A1 (en) | Meter with standardised capsule-type ultrasound measuring cell | |
US10466189B2 (en) | Uniform chilling calorimeter system | |
CN108027283A (en) | Heat exchanger | |
JP2009534211A (en) | Hot runner nozzle | |
CN105865771A (en) | New energy automobile cooling jacket testing device | |
WO2021242131A1 (en) | A cooled prandtl probe assembly | |
CN110375681A (en) | The normal pressures large diameter pipeline area of section on-line calibration device such as a kind of flue or chimney | |
EP3227756B1 (en) | Wireless flow restrictor of a flowmeter | |
CN109211412A (en) | For measuring the temperature measuring device and thermometry of molten metal temperature | |
JP2008051588A (en) | Heat transfer performance measuring instrument | |
KR20230069048A (en) | Temperature sensor, and a mass flow meter and mass flow control device having the same | |
CN108139253A (en) | Thermal flowmeter and its manufacturing method | |
US10794743B2 (en) | Thermal, flow measuring device and a method for manufacturing a thermal, flow measuring device | |
AU2022200336B2 (en) | Inline transducer housing assembly | |
US11624450B2 (en) | Fluid delivery mounting panel and system | |
CN108958321A (en) | Piston casting die and its temperature control system and temprature control method | |
US10883865B2 (en) | Flow restricting fluid component | |
US20230063460A1 (en) | Ultrasonic flow meter with inner and outer flow channels | |
US6868723B2 (en) | Thermal anemometry mass flow measurement apparatus and method | |
BE1023950B1 (en) | CONTINUOUS TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN A LIQUID METAL |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SCIAMMARELLA, FEDERICO M.;SANTNER, JOSEPH S.;GONSER, MATTHEW J.;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20170420 TO 20170606;REEL/FRAME:042696/0248 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NOTICE OF ALLOWANCE MAILED -- APPLICATION RECEIVED IN OFFICE OF PUBLICATIONS |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: PUBLICATIONS -- ISSUE FEE PAYMENT VERIFIED |
|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 4TH YEAR, MICRO ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M3551); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: MICROENTITY Year of fee payment: 4 |