US1041254A - Loom. - Google Patents

Description

F. DUERRENBERGER.

LOOM.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 17, 1911.

Patented Oct. 15, 19,12.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 14.

F. DUERRENBBRGER.

LOOM.

APPLIUTION FILED MAY 17, 1911.

Patented Oct. 15, MM2.l

5 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

AURA/Ey DUERRENBBRGER.

LOOM. y APPLIOATION FILLED MAY 17, 1911.

Patented oct. 15, 11912.v

l5 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

/NvE/vrofr) WITNESS/58 T. DUERRENBBRGBR.

LOOM.

APPLIUATION, FILED MAY 17, 1911.

Patented' Oct. 15, 1912.

LLQ@

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

F. DUBRRENBERGER. LOOM.

APPLIGATON FILED MAY 17, 1911.

Patented 001;. 15,1912.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

FFlQ.

FREDERICK DUERRENBERGER, 0F PATERSON, NEW JERSEY.

LOOM.

actress.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Get.. 15,1912.

Application filed May 17, 1911. Serial No. 627,718.

To all .whom t may concern:

173e it known that I, FREDERICK DUERREN- nassen, a citizen of the United States, residing at Paterson, in the county of Passaic and `State of New Jersey, have invented certain new and useful Impro ements in Looms, of which the following is' a specileation l This invention relates to looms, and it has reference particularly to those parts of theA mechanism of machines of this character which have to do with the forming of the sheds in the warp and the beating-up of the filling or weft.

My objects are to improve the construction of looms in respect to the mechanisms mentioned in various particulars, among which may be mentioned, lirSt, to make the entire apparatus more simple and compact than is now the case; second,.to eliminate the employment of specially formed devices.

such as jacquard cards or their equivalents,

Vto select the warp threads in the manipulation thereof to form the sheds and the use, incidental to such cards or the like, of the mechanism necessary thereto for eli'eeting their operative control of the warp threads and transmit their influence to the latter, and simplify the preparation necessary to effect any desired cooperation of the warp threads with the filling in the production of different designs of fabric; third, to reduce to the minimum'the noise, lost-motion and jar incident to the operation of a machine of this character; and fourth, to bring the shed-forming mechanism within the convenient 'View and reach of the weaver.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure l is a right side elevation of the improved loom; Fig. 2 a vertical sectional view on a larger scale, taken in a plane between the breast-beam' and batten and looking from front to rear; Fig. 2a shows a detail of Fig. 2; Fig. 3 is a plan'view on the same scale as Fig. l. Figs. 4, 5 and 6 are, respectively, a left side elevation, a longitudinal sectional view and a transverse sectional view of a fragment of the loom including the shedforming means; Fig. 7 isl a detail of the reedactuating and guiding means; Fig. 8 illustrates the manner of operation of the warp-thread controllers and shed-forming hooks; Figs. 9 and l0 illustrate the relation positions of said controllers and hooks at different stages oftheir operation; and Figs.

ll and show the warp-thread controllers and their adjuncts in front elevation and in plan.

In the frame a, of substantially the usual construction, is journaled the main shaft ZJ to which rotary motion is transmitted from the fast pulley c on the counter-shaft (Z by the intermeshing gears C and f respectively fixed to rotate with the pulley c and shaftb; g is a loose pulley on counter-shaft CZ.

z is the warp-supply roll from which the warp A extends forward in a horizontal plane in the usual manner over the guiding roller z' carried by the breast-beam j.

The batten carries suitable means for throwing the weftl or filling back and forth through the sheds of the warp, which means has suitable mechanism for operating it. As the weft-carrying means and its actuating mechanism form no part of my invention itwill sulliee to note that at Z in Figs. l and 3 is shown a weft carrier or shuttle of the kind used in narrow ware looms and at m fm, are the guiding blocks in which it travels. The batten le is mounted in two supports n each of which has rollers 0 running on the` grooved rails p bolted to the sides of the loom and a depending projection q in which is journaled a roller fr bearing against the under side of said rail. The batten is thus adapted to reciprocate in a horizontal plane instead of, as usual, oscillating.

a designates pitmen each pivotally conneeled at one end to a support n and at the other end having a circular strap t embracing an eccentric 'u on the shaft 7), by which mechanism it will be seen the batten is reciproeated from saidshaft.

For a reason which will appear later herein the warp threads A are slpaced greater distances from each other bac twardly from the. transverse line in which the warp-controllo-rs (to be described) are disposed than are the portions of the warp incorporated as a part of the fabric, so that between the line referred to and the fabric the intervening portions of the warps diverge rear- Wardly Each time the weft or lilling is laid in the shed the reed, carried by -the batten, is caused to move forward to beat-up the filling to the fell of the cloth, and in order that this reed may be adapted to the tan-like disposition of` the diverging portions of the .warps it is constructed and operated as follows: The reed o has its dents in Fig. i2. It is'arranged ati-he back of the batten' so as tofreciprocate vertically in guides being removably securedvby pins,

.screws or the like y to a' horizontal bar e l(Rigs. 2 and T). having depending rods 2 guided between grooved rollers 3 journaled in brackets l depending from the batten.

livotally connected to each end of the bar e is a pitinan 5 having at its tree end a head 6' adjustable thereon. The heads 6 are connectedadjutably, by the slot and bolt connection 7, with cranks 8 on a rock-shaft 9 journaled in thev trahie, the said roclesh'aft :carrying another crank 10 which may contact `with Liset-screw 11`onf the frame ein-i ployed to adjust the foiiward'rocling movement of the/'structure comprising rock-shaft 9 and its cranks,`and consequently the downward movement of the reed. By a slot and bolt connection 12- aclevis 13 is adjustabllir attached to the crank 10 and penetrating this clevis is, the end-portiun of a pitmanlt having collars 15 both sides of the dleiis,

a spring 16, coiled about the pitinan, being interposed between the clevils' andthe 'rear collar 15; the rear end ofthe pitiiian is provided with an adjustable 'head 17 pivoted by an adjust-able slot and bolt connection 18 with one end ot' a lever '19 fulcruinedbetween its ends in'the frame on a stud" 20.

The other 'end of the lever/119 has pivoted to' it, by the adjustable slot an'd bolt connection 21;, one end of a pitman 22 whose other'end 5 l has a strap 23 embracing an eccentric24' on4 '.tlie shzfi't't Zi." rlhus, cach time the batten moves forward to, cause the reed to beat up the lling, through 'the described tra-in ot'- pai'fts connecting 'the shaft@ with the reed descent'being proportioned to the rate of forward advance of the hatten" so that in any osition ofthe-reed the spaces between the ents thereof in the line .where the plane thereof andthe plane of the warps cross each other will be the samedis the spaces be tween the warps insaid line; ,when the bat- 4ten moves back'the relation of the' dents cfg the reed to the warps will of course'be the same in any position of the hatten as lit wasy 55', Projectinginwardly' from .the sides of theV traine in' apposite relation'to eachother are two lugs 25 to whichare secured the-spaced, parallel and horizontal stilps (Figs. 1, 3, 11 and 12). AIn these strips'are .journaled,

l cui 'in ahorizont'al row, the warpjcontrollers 27.

Each '\varpcontroller.- comprises a tube28 journaled in the-strips 26 andhaving a cylindrical head 2 9, screwed onto its forward end and a pinion 30 screwed onto its rear end. The heads 29'reta1n the warpfcont-rollers torctate,- by lacking a pinionl` to engage the the latter moves downwardly, the'. rate of its.

yagainst longitudinal movement rearwardly,

while their pinions' serve to .prevent their forward longitudinal movement., the pinions of alternating warp-controllers bearing against the'back of the rear strip and re ceiving against their rear faces the contact of the remaining pinions (Fig. 12). In the head 29 of each warp-controller is a block 31 having two or more -(as shown, four) thread eyelets 32 through each of which is passed a warp thread. Mesliing with the pinions, and disposed under the same, is a rack 33 supported on rollers 3ft which rotate on headed studs 35 projecting from the rear strip 26. (Upon longitudinally moving this rack it will be apparent that thewarpecontrollers will be rotated and that the several warps controlled by each 'warp-controller v will be caused to, change their positions'ro,- tatively around the axis of the warp-con- 35 troller. In View of the facttliat each group of warps corresponding to each warp-cont-roller are made to change their'positions rotatively, instead of by moving in vertical planes, as usual, it will be apparent that the charpcter of the weave produced by the presentloorn differs from thatproduced in a loom of the -ordinary type. As it may be however desired that the edge or selvage of the 'fabricbe manipulated in the usual manner, 95 "I vI vhave shown at 27 lland. 12) a .device which is the same as eachV of the warp'- controllers 27. except thatlit has no` pertorated head 31 and is preferably not adapted` rack. The movement of the rack inay be either a simple reciprocatingk movement, or a reciprocating'movement modiiiedby interrnptions, according tof the charactenfof weave which it is desired Ato produce.1f`/1ln the ,lpresent instance, the inechanismfo`,\^"ac complishing'the -movementcf the ,rack/is' shown as adapted to produce a refcjprocating movement modied'by interruptinns.

.A plate 36 projects 'from' one side ofthe- 1.10 .loomgstandin in a vertical plane and pivotallydependingfrom' a bracket M37 risingI therefrom is a 'pair ofleversS., In these levers are pivoted pan'flsl 39 each normallyI 'forcedltbwardthe rack by a spring 40 but 1153' being'held out of engagement withltherack inthe posit-ion :shown in Fig.. 2 by a pin 41.' against which itfabuts .at t-hatftime. The

' .portion vof the racli with which; the pawls l l coact 'is shown as provided with reversely- 120.

set series of ratchet teeth42. vBy adjustable connections 43 Ioutwardly' projecting arms 44 are secured to thelevers 38, and pivotally attached to the outer end of each arm, by

'the adjustable connection45, is the upper `125 end of 'a lever 46, the ytwo levers being pivoted in a. bracketl 47 projecting laterally from thebase of the-frame a. On each movement of either lever 16 outwardly relatively to the levers 38 the -Correspending lever 3S 13o j,

las.'

(ill

' ents, the design of the fabric may be altered at will.

.tively to shaft b to time the movements of "will move to the right or left as the case I may be and, its pawl clearing the pin 41', said pawl will engage the rack and advance the latter; on the return stroke of levers 46 and 38 the rack will remain unactuated by the corresponding' pawl, as will be obvious. To change the extentof movement of each lever 38 with its lever 46 the arm 44 may be secured tothe lever 38 farther from the fulcrum thereof, 48l being the fittings for securing the arm 44 in this position and 49 fittings for pivotally connecting said arm with the lever 46. The movements of the levers 46 are effected from a pattern mechanism, now to be described. I

On a shaft 50 in a bracket 5l projecting from the side of the frame is journaled a pattern wheel 52 to the opposite faces of which in circular series are removably secured the cam pieces or blocks The pattern wheel has a ratchet periphery 54 and it is caused to rotate intermittently from an oscillating lever 55, fulcrumed on the shaft- 50 and having a pawl 56 engaging the ratchet of the pattern wheel. The lever is oscillated from theshaft b through a pitman pivotally connected at one end, by the adjustable connection 58, with Vsaid lever, and at the other end having an adjustable pivotal connect-ion 59 with a crank-piece 60 which is secured to the hub of the gear f and has a slot 61, concentric with the axis of shaft I), receiving a screw 62 whereby the crank-piece may be adjusted rotatively relathe lever relatively to'shaft- 7,. The levers 46 are provided with brackets 63 carrying anti-friction rollers 64 which are held againstV the opposite faces of the pattern wheel in the circular paths of the cani-pieces by a spring 64 connecting levers 46. At other cam-pieces, arranged in eoncentrhl relation to but spaccd'at intervals rilitl'ercnt from those between the cam-pieces 52, are shown; if the brackets 63 are shifted so as to bring the rollersl 64 into position to be engaged by thc cam-pieces 53, or the arms 44 of levers 38 are moved to the fittings 48 and 49, or both of these changes are effected` it will be apparent that different extents of movement will be imparted to the rack each time from thc pattern wheel. Of course, according as the throw of the rack is changed, so the rotary movement `which it imparts to each warp co'i'itroller ra-ies in extent. The rotary movement imparted to cach group of warp threads controlled by any warp-controller -of course involves the changing of said warp threads to different radial positions relating to the axis of their rotary. movement, and in view of this, or by altering the number of warp-threads, in `each group, or by resort to both of these expedi- I now proceed to describe the means whereby the upper and lower warp threads of t-he several groups may be respectively raised and lowered to form the shed.

Forward of the series of warp-controllers slot l whereby said parts are connected in such manner that the bracket is extensible and contractible vertically. The upper parts 68 of the two brackets are rigidly connected by a bar 72, while the lower parts 69 are rigidly connected by a barl 73, each bar and its brackets thus forming a rigid frame. To the bars 72 and 73 of these frames are suitably secured downwardly and upwardly projecting series of hooks 74 and 75, the number in each series corresponding in the present instance to one-fourth of the number'of warp threads, that is, there is 4one hook in each series to correspond to each group of warp threads. The frames carrying the series of hooks move toward each other and then apart, standing always in a vertical plane on account of themanner in which their bracket parts 68 and 69 are connected (Fig. 6), although following the diverging paths corresponding to theslots of the guides 65. l/Vhen the hooks approach each other they are made to catch certain of the. warp threads so asto draw them apart and form the shed upon the hooks receding from each other. The object in causing the hooks to move in diver-ging paths, instead of remaining always in the same vertical plane, is to reduce the tension on the threads when the hooks move apart, which tension would be so great if the hooks moved in vertical planes that the threads would becut or unduly abraded by the hooks as well as by the blocks 3l of the warp-controllers where they I enter the eyelets thereof.v The raising and lowering of the hook-carrying frames are accomplished follows: 76 is a wick-shaft on which are fixed two levers 77. The opposite ends of cach of these levers are connected by pitmen 78 and 79 with the corresponding bracket-parts 68 and 69 (Figs. 1, 2, 5 and 6). On a counter-shaft 80 journaled inthe frame is fixed a symmetrical cam 8l having two opposite major rises 82 and two opposite minor rises 83; power is transmitted to shaft 80 from shaft b by inmeshing gears 80 and 802. Against the cam 80 bears a roller 84 on a lever 85 fulcrumed at 86 in the frame, the lever being connected by a pitman 87 with a lever 87 on shaft 76 (Fig. l) and its roller being held in contact with the cam by the spring A purpose to ivithdrany them from the circular' 102 performs two complete rotations to a hooks are receding, from cach other, then,

,movementa stand at a dwell, and then ap y threads will not be interfered with by the with plate 90, causes said plate to shift m- With warp'tlireads recede from thetnll line 9 to form the shed, and then return; during "sented to roller 100, so that so :tar as lateral l 88. While the roller Se is in contact with either mager rise of the rotating cani the liavinr reached'the limits of their receding preach each other; it is during this' time that the shed opens and closes. While the roller is riding over the minor rise of the cam vthe hooks again slightly recede ll'roni and4 approach each other; the receding movement thus accomplished by the hooks has 'for its path in lwhich the several groiips of Warp threads rotate to change their relativepositions, so that the rotary movement oit the hooks. Each time the hooks approach each other the discharge or release of the threads therefrom must be accomplished, and to ett'ectuatethis provide inea-iis for imparting a slight lateral movement to the hooks.

Referring new to Fig. 6 it will he seen that the hook-carrying' structure is permitted slight'lateral movement. lhe actual contact for said structure in the guides is afforded by anti-friction rollers 89 jouri naled on the studs 66 and fitted between the l outer ends of the rollers and the heads of the' studs isa plate 90 having vertical slots 91 receiving said studs. (The parts now being described are provided only at one side of the machine.) 92m Figs. 2 to G is a rock-shaft Whose crank 93 is provided with a. longcraiilCLpin Q'penetrating a lng on the side ot' the lplate 90 and Whose crank 96 is pivotally connected with a lever 97, tulcrumed'at 9S in the frame, by a pitmanQQ, the lever carrying a roller 100 which, by means of a spring 101 fixed to the stud a`- fording the ulcrum for the lever Vand engagging the latter, is held against a cam' 102 on the shaft l); a part of the periphery 'of this cam, which is otherwise concentric, is depressed, as at 102i. The ratio oithe gears 80 and' 802 is tivo to one, so that the cam single rotation of'eam v81. Thus, each time a minor rise on tho-cam 81 eiliects the minor receding` movement of the hooks, as described, the low portion 103 of cam 102 is presented to the roller 100, With the consequence that lever 97, through its connections Wardly toward the iframe, the hook-including structure inovingaT with it.

In Figs. 9 vand 10 thepositions of the hooks in different stages of their operation are illustrated. TWhile the major parte of the cam 81V are acting the hooks, engaged position to the broken line position in Fig.

this period the high part of cam l102 isl premovenient is concerned the hook-carrying iin/incisa structure is fined. -tlaving retiirned the 'threads to their normal or horizontal posiengaged by them and the latter to e'dect they I minor receding of the hooks from each other siiihciently-to clear the horizontal planes of 'the Warp controllers so that they may be rfi/lated; the minor receding movement of .the hooks being completed and the positions of the Warp threads rota-tively changed the minor rise of cam 81 allows the hooks again to approach each other, this being followed by the high part of cam l102 again becoming active tomdve the hooks laterally to their normal positions, ready to catch and sepa-l rate the threads when the shed is again to be formed. It Will be understood that the movements of the rack are sotimed as to occur when the hooks are performing their minor movements from and toward each other. y

I have already indicated herein certain ways in which the character of the Weave accomplished 4may be varied. .In addition to the instances thus mentioned I may add that the designs of ,vveave'may further be varied bycausing some of the Warp-controllers to rotate'inone direction Whilethe others are rotating in the reverse direction, las by employing the pinion in' each pair or warp-controllers alone to transmit motion to them, the pinion of the other Warp-controller being in mesh with the first-named pinion.

Having thus fully described my invention, what I claim as new and desire toi' secure byA Letters Patent is 1. In a loom, the combination of a supporting,` structure, Warp-sustaining means, a plurality of rotary Warp-twisting devices each having plurality of Warp-holding portions, and means, including aV pattern mechanism, for rotating said devices back and fort-lrtogethen all in the same direction on each rotation7 ubstantially as described.

2. In a loom, tiiecombination of a support-ing,- structure,r warp-sustaining means, a plurality of rotary Warp-twisting devices each having 4a plurality of Warp-holding portions, and means, including' a patternmechanism, for synchronously rotating said devices back and forth together all in the saine direction on each rotation each through a definite stage or fa multiple thereof, substantially as described.

3. ln a loom, 'the combination of a supporting structure, Warp-snstaining means, a series of rotary Warp-twisting devices each having Aa plurality of Warp-twisting portions, a reciprocatory actuating member for said devi-"e havingv a positive advancing loo iio

engagement With each of them in the movement of said member in each direction, and means for reciprocating said member, substantially as described. f

4:.In a loom, the combination of, a supporting structure, Warp-sustaining means, a series-of rotary Way-twisting devices each h aving a plurality of warp-twisting portions, a reciprocatory actuating member for said devices having a positive advancing engagement with each of them in the movement of said l member in each direction, and means, including a pattern mechanism, for reciprocating said member, substantially as described.

5. In a loom, the combination of a supporting structure, means for sustaining the warp, a series of rotary arp-twisting devices-:each having a plurality of warp-twisting portions, an actuating member for said devices movable back and forth and having a positive advancing engagement with each of them in the movement of said member in each direction, and means, comprising op-'l positely acting members engageable with saidl actuating member, for elfecting the back and forth movements of the actuating member,substantially as described.

G. In a loom, the combination of a sup-1 porting structure having means for sustaining the ends of the warp and fabric, means, comprising warp-engaging members movable toward and from the warp, for moving certain Varp-threads into shed-forming relation to other warpthreads, and means, comprising a pattern Amechanism and revoluble Warp-controllers, for shifting some of the warp-threads into position to be engaged by said members, substantially as described.

7. In a loom, the combination of a supporting structure having means for sustainingthe ends of the Warp and fabric, means comprising Warp-enga`ging members movable toward and from the Warp, for moving certain Warp-threads into shed-forming relation to other Warp threads, and means,

comprising a pattern mechanism and revol'uble warp-controllers, for shift-ing some of the Warp-threads into, and others out of, position to be vengaged by said members, substantially as described.

8. In a loom, the combination' of a supporting structure having means for sustaining the ends of theivarp and fabric, means,

`comprising Warp-engaging members movable toward and from the Warp, for moving certain warp-threads into shed-forming re'- lation-to other Warp-threads, and means,

comprising a pattern mechanism and revo? luble Warp controllers, for shifting the Warp-threads toward and from said members respectively into and out of position to be engaged by said members, substantially as described.

9. In a loom, the combination of a supporting structure having means for sustaining the ends of the Warp and fabric, means, comprising Warp-engaging members movable toward Vand from the Warp, for moving certain ivarp-threads into shed-forming relation to other Warpthreads, and means, comprising a pattern mechanism and revoluble warp controllers, for shifting the Warpthreads laterally into and out of position to be engaged by said members, substantially as described.

10. In a loom, the combinatic'n of a supporting structure, warp-sustaining means, means, comprising series of Warpengaging members movable toward and from the Warp and toward and from each other, for forming a shed in the Warp, means for moving said series of members and means for shifting a part of the Warp threads back and forth into position to be'engaged by one, and the remainder of the Warp threads into position to be engaged by the`other, of said series of members, substantially as described.

1l. In a loom, the, combination of a supporting structure, Warp-sustaining means, means, comprising series of Warp-engaging members projecting toward each other and movable in opposite directions, for forming a shed in the Warp, one being arranged above and the other below the warp, means for moving said series of membersand means for shifting a part of the warp threads back and forth into position to be engaged by one, and the remainder of the Warp threads into position to be engaged by the other, of said series of members, substantially as described.

12. In a loom, the combination of a supporting structure, Warp-sustaining means, means, comprisingy shed-forming series of devices projecting toward each other and arranged one above and the other below the Warp and movable toward and from the Warp, for forming a shed in the Warp,

means for actuating said series of devicesJ` and means, having back and forth movement crt sswise of the Warp, for shift-ing a partof he Warp threads into position to be engaged by one, and the remainder of the warp threads int-o position to be engaged by the other, of said sci-ics of devices, substantially as described. A

13. In a loom, the combination of a supporting structure, shed-forming means, means for effecting movement as between said shed-forming means'and the warp toward and from each other whereby to form theshed, means for effecting movement of.

the shed-forming means laterally of the warp, and means for causing the. second and third-named means to cooperate with each other, substantially as described.

14. In a loom, the combination of a supportingstructure, Warp-sustaining means,

ward and from the warpthreads, means for changing the positions of some of the warpthreads relatively to others thereof and to said devices and for effecting lateral move- `ment of saidr devices, substantially7 as described. A

16. In a loom, the combination of a supporting structure comprising means for sustaining the warp and fabric, means for moving vertically threads at intervals of thel warp relatively .to the remaining threads therein, and shedforming means comprising two sets of warp-catching devices movable toward and from the Warp from above and below the saine, substantially as described.V

17. In a loom, the combination of a sup-- A porting structure comprising means for sustaining the warp and fabric, means, comprising a pattern mechanism, for decussating the warp-threads and shed-forming means comprising two sets of warp-catching devices movable toward and from the warp from above and below the same, substantially as described.

18'. In a loom, the combination of a supporting structure comprising means for sustaining the warp and `fabric, means, maintaining the threads in upper and lower series, for causing back and forth horizontal movements of the warp-threads of each series and shed-forming means comprising two sets of warp-catching devices movable below the same, substantially 'as described.

19. In a loom, thecombinat-ion of a-supporting structure comprising means for sustaining the Warp and fabric, means, comprising a pattern mechanism, for causing reverse horizontal movements of the Warpthreads relatively to each other and shedforming means comprising two sets of Warpcatching devices movable toward and Afrom the warp from above and below the same, substantially as described'.

20. In a loom, the combination of a support-ing structure comprising means for sustaining the warp and Jfabric," and a shedfcrming means movable toward and from the normal plane of the-'Warp threads engaged thereby and obliquely thereto, substantially as described.

21. In a loom, the combination of a supporting structure comprising means for sustaining the Warp and fabric, controlling devices engaging the Warp-threads, and a shed-forming means coacting with said devices and movable toward and from the.

same and the plane of the Warp' and obliquely to the latter, substantia ly as 'described.

2Q. In a loom, the combination of'a support, an4 actuated part movable back and. -forth and having reverse series of ratchet teeth, separately movablev paWl-carrying members having their pawls engaging the respect-ive series of ratchet teeth,and means for actuating said members comprising a pattern-wheel and independently movable members engaging the pattern Wheel and .connected wlth the pawl-carrying members' toward and filom..the Warp from above and

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