US10266955B2 - Electrochemical coupling of anilines - Google Patents
Electrochemical coupling of anilines Download PDFInfo
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- US10266955B2 US10266955B2 US14/773,224 US201414773224A US10266955B2 US 10266955 B2 US10266955 B2 US 10266955B2 US 201414773224 A US201414773224 A US 201414773224A US 10266955 B2 US10266955 B2 US 10266955B2
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- 0 [1*]N([2*])C1=C([3*])C([4*])=C([5*])C([6*])=C1C1=C([6*])C([5*])=C([4*])C([3*])=C1N([1*])[2*].[1*]N([2*])C1=C([3*])C([4*])=C([5*])C([6*])=C1C1=C([7*])C([8*])=C([9*])C([10*])=C1N([11*])[12*].[13*]N([14*])C1=C([15*])C([16*])=C([17*])C([18*])=C1C1=C([19*])C([20*])=C([21*])C(C)=C1[24*].[19*]C1=C(C2=C([19*])C([20*])=C([21*])C(N([22*])[23*])=C2[24*])C([24*])=C(C)C([21*])=C1[20*].[25*]N([26*])C1=C([27*])C([28*])=C([29*])C([30*])=C1C1=C([31*])C([32*])=C(C)C([35*])=C1[26*].[37*]C1=C(N([38*])[39*])C([40*])=C([41*])C([42*])=C1C1=C([43*])C([44*])=C([45*])C(C)=C1[48*] Chemical compound [1*]N([2*])C1=C([3*])C([4*])=C([5*])C([6*])=C1C1=C([6*])C([5*])=C([4*])C([3*])=C1N([1*])[2*].[1*]N([2*])C1=C([3*])C([4*])=C([5*])C([6*])=C1C1=C([7*])C([8*])=C([9*])C([10*])=C1N([11*])[12*].[13*]N([14*])C1=C([15*])C([16*])=C([17*])C([18*])=C1C1=C([19*])C([20*])=C([21*])C(C)=C1[24*].[19*]C1=C(C2=C([19*])C([20*])=C([21*])C(N([22*])[23*])=C2[24*])C([24*])=C(C)C([21*])=C1[20*].[25*]N([26*])C1=C([27*])C([28*])=C([29*])C([30*])=C1C1=C([31*])C([32*])=C(C)C([35*])=C1[26*].[37*]C1=C(N([38*])[39*])C([40*])=C([41*])C([42*])=C1C1=C([43*])C([44*])=C([45*])C(C)=C1[48*] 0.000 description 3
- KPYQMNHRLAKGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N COC1=C(C)C=C(C2=CC3=C(C=C2NC(C)=O)OCO3)C(NC(C)=O)=C1 Chemical compound COC1=C(C)C=C(C2=CC3=C(C=C2NC(C)=O)OCO3)C(NC(C)=O)=C1 KPYQMNHRLAKGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C25B3/10—
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/20—Processes
- C25B3/29—Coupling reactions
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- C25B9/08—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrochemical process for coupling of anilines to give biaryldiamines.
- anilines is used in this application as a generic term and thus encompasses substituted anilines. It is possible here to couple two identical or two different anilines to one another.
- Benzidine/semidine rearrangements are usually not very selective and give many carcinogenic by-products.
- the hydrazines are often synthesized with the aid of transition metal catalysts, which constitutes an additional cost factor.
- biaryldiamines are prepared, without needing to add organic oxidizing agents, to work with exclusion of moisture or to observe anaerobic reaction regimes.
- the problem addressed by the present invention was that of providing an electrochemical process in which anilines can be coupled to one another, and multistage syntheses using metallic reagents can be dispensed with. In addition, access to new products is to be enabled in this way.
- FIG. 1 shows a reaction apparatus for performing a coupling reaction according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a reaction apparatus for performing a coupling reaction according to one or more embodiments of the invention, on a larger scale than that depicted in FIG. 1 .
- substituents R 1 to R 48 are each independently selected from the group of hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-heteroalkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl-(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl-O—(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 14 )-heteroaryl, (C 3 -C 14 )-heteroaryl-(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-heterocycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-heterocycloalkyl, (C
- Alkyl represents an unbranched or branched aliphatic radical.
- Aryl for aromatic (hydrocarbyl) radicals preferably having up to 14 carbon atoms, for example phenyl (C 6 H 5 —), naphthyl (C 10 H 7 —), anthryl (C 14 H 9 —), preferably phenyl.
- Cycloalkyl for saturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing exclusively carbon atoms in the ring is
- Heteroalkyl for an unbranched or branched aliphatic radical which may contain one to four, preferably one or two, heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of N, O, S and substituted N.
- Heterocycloalkyl for saturated cyclic hydrocarbons which may contain one to four, preferably one or two, heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of N, O, S and substituted N.
- a heteroaryl radical which may be part of a fused ring structure is preferably understood to mean systems in which fused five- or six-membered rings are formed, for example benzofuran, isobenzofuran, indole, isoindole, benzothiophene, benzo(c)thiophene, benzimidazole, purine, indazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, acridine.
- the substituted N mentioned may be monosubstituted, and the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups may be mono- or polysubstituted, more preferably mono-, di- or trisubstituted, by radicals selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C 1 -C 14 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 14 )-heteroalkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl-(C 1 -C 14 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 14 )-heteroaryl, (C 3 -C 14 )-heteroaryl-(C 1 -C 14 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 14 )-alkyl, (C 3
- R 1 , R 2 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 22 , R 23 , R 25 , R 26 , R 33 , R 34 , R 38 , R 39 , R 46 , R 47 are selected from —H and/or a protecting group for amino functions described in “Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” by P. G. M. Wuts and T. W. Greene, 4th edition, Wiley Interscience, 2007, p. 696-926.
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 24 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 32 , R 35 , R 36 , R 37 , R 40 , R 41 , R 42 , R 43 , R 44 , R 45 , R 48 are selected from the group of hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-heteroalkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl-(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 12 )-heteroalkyl, O—(C 4 -
- R 1 , R 2 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 22 , R 23 , R 25 , R 26 , R 33 , R 34 , R 38 , R 39 , R 46 , R 47 are selected from: —H, (C 1 -C 12 )-acyl.
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 24 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 32 , R 35 , R 36 , R 37 , R 40 , R 41 , R 42 , R 43 , R 44 , R 45 , R 48 are selected from: hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, O—(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 12 )-heteroalkyl, O—(C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, O—(C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl, S—(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, S—(C 1 -
- Electrochemical process for preparing biaryldiamines comprising the process steps of:
- the process can be conducted at different carbon electrodes (glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond, graphite, carbon fibres, nanotubes, inter alia), metal oxide electrodes and metal electrodes. Current densities in the range of 1-50 mA/cm 2 are applied.
- the workup and recovery of the biaryldiamines is very simple and is effected by common standard separation methods after the reaction has ended.
- the electrolyte solution is distilled once and the individual compounds are obtained separately in the form of different fractions.
- a further purification can be effected, for example, by crystallization, distillation, sublimation or chromatography.
- the electrolysis is conducted in the customary electrolysis cells known to those skilled in the art. Suitable electrolysis cells are known to those skilled in the art.
- anilines are coupled to the same aniline or to anilines with different oxidation potential.
- Electrochemical process for preparing biaryldiamines comprising the process steps of:
- a problem which occurs in the electrochemical coupling of different molecules is that the co-reactants generally have different oxidation potentials E Ox .
- the result of this is that the molecule having the lower oxidation potential has a higher drive to release an electron (e ⁇ ) to the anode and a H + ion to the solvent, for example, than the molecule having the higher oxidation potential.
- the main product formed is the biaryldiamine which forms through the coupling of two molecules of one aniline.
- the knowledge of the absolute oxidation potentials of the two anilines is not absolutely necessary. It is sufficient when the difference between the two oxidation potentials is known.
- a further aspect of the invention is that the difference in the two oxidation potentials (
- the difference in the two oxidation potentials can be shifted into the desired range by suitable selection of the solvent/solvent mixture.
- the second aniline is used in at least twice the amount relative to the first aniline.
- the ratio of first aniline to second aniline is in the range from 1:2 to 1:4.
- the conductive salt is selected from the group of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, tetra(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl)ammonium, 1,3-di(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl)imidazolium or tetra(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl)phosphonium salts.
- the counterions of the conductive salts are selected from the group of sulphate, hydrogensulphate, alkylsulphates, arylsulphates, alkylsulphonates, arylsulphonates, halides, phosphates, carbonates, alkylphosphates, alkylcarbonates, nitrate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluorosilicate, fluoride and perchlorate.
- the conductive salt is selected from tetra(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl)ammonium salts, and the counterion is selected from sulphate, alkylsulphate, arylsulphate.
- the reaction solution is free of fluorinated compounds.
- the reaction solution is free of transition metals.
- the reaction solution is free of organic oxidizing agents.
- the reaction solution is free of substrates having leaving functionalities other than hydrogen atoms.
- the first aniline and the second aniline are selected from: Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb:
- substituents R 1 to R 48 are each independently selected from the group of hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-heteroalkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl-(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl-O—(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 14 )-heteroaryl, (C 3 -C 14 )-heteroaryl-(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-heterocycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-heterocycloalkyl, (C
- Alkyl represents an unbranched or branched aliphatic radical.
- Aryl for aromatic (hydrocarbyl) radicals preferably having up to 14 carbon atoms, for example phenyl (C 6 H 5 —), naphthyl (C 10 H 7 —), anthryl (C 14 H 9 —), preferably phenyl.
- Cycloalkyl for saturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing exclusively carbon atoms in the ring is
- Heteroalkyl for an unbranched or branched aliphatic radical which may contain one to four, preferably one or two, heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of N, O, S and substituted N.
- Heterocycloalkyl for saturated cyclic hydrocarbons which may contain one to four, preferably one or two, heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of N, O, S and substituted N.
- a heteroaryl radical which may be part of a fused ring structure is preferably understood to mean systems in which fused five- or six-membered rings are formed, for example benzofuran, isobenzofuran, indole, isoindole, benzothiophene, benzo(c)thiophene, benzimidazole, purine, indazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, acridine.
- the substituted N mentioned may be monosubstituted, and the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups may be mono- or polysubstituted, more preferably mono-, di- or trisubstituted, by radicals selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C 1 -C 14 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 14 )-heteroalkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl-(C 1 -C 14 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 14 )-heteroaryl, (C 3 -C 14 )-heteroaryl-(C 1 -C 14 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 14 )-alkyl, (C 3
- R 1 , R 2 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 22 , R 23 , R 25 , R 26 , R 33 , R 34 , R 38 , R 39 , R 46 , R 47 are selected from —H and/or a protecting group for amino functions described in “Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” by P. G. M. Wuts and T. W. Greene, 4th edition, Wiley Interscience, 2007, p. 696-926.
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 24 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 32 , R 35 , R 36 , R 37 , R 40 , R 41 , R 42 , R 43 , R 44 , R 45 , R 48 are selected from the group of hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-heteroalkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl-(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 12 )-heteroalkyl, O—(C 4 -
- alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups mentioned are optionally mono- or polysubstituted.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 22 , R 23 , R 25 , R 26 , R 33 , R 34 , R 38 , R 39 , R 46 , R 47 are selected from: —H, (C 1 -C 12 )-acyl,
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 24 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 32 , R 35 , R 36 , R 37 , R 40 , R 41 , R 42 , R 43 , R 44 , R 45 , R 48 are selected from the group of hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, (C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, O—(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 12 )-heteroalkyl, O—(C 4 -C 14 )-aryl, O—(C 3 -C 12 )-cycloalkyl, S—(C 1 -C 12 )-alkyl, S—(C 1
- alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl groups mentioned are optionally mono- or polysubstituted.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 The invention is illustrated in detail hereinafter by FIGS. 1 and 2 .
- FIG. 1 shows a reaction apparatus in which the above-described coupling reaction can be conducted.
- the apparatus comprises a nickel cathode (1) and an anode of boron-doped diamond (BDD) on silicon or another support material, or another electrode material (5) known to those skilled in the art.
- BDD boron-doped diamond
- the apparatus can be cooled with the aid of the cooling jacket (3).
- the arrows here indicate the flow direction of the cooling water.
- the reaction chamber is sealed with a Teflon stopper (2).
- the reaction mixture is mixed by a magnetic stirrer bar (7).
- the apparatus is sealed by means of screw clamps (4) and seals (6).
- FIG. 2 shows a reaction apparatus in which the above-described coupling reaction can be conducted on a larger scale.
- the apparatus comprises two glass flanges (5′), through which, by means of screw clamps (2′) and seals, electrodes (3′) of boron-doped diamond (BDD)-coated support materials or other electrode materials known to those skilled in the art are pressed on.
- the reaction chamber can be provided with a reflux condenser via a glass sleeve (1′).
- the reaction mixture is mixed with the aid of a magnetic stirrer bar (4′).
- a Metrohm 663 VA stand equipped with a ⁇ Autolab type III potentiostat was used (Metrohm A G, Herisau, Switzerland).
- WE glassy carbon electrode, diameter 2 mm;
- AE glassy carbon rod;
- RE Ag/AgCl in saturated LiCl/EtOH.
- Solvent HFIP+0-25% v/v MeOH.
- c(aniline derivative) 151 mM
- conductive salt Et 3 NMe O 3 SOMe (MTES),
- c(MTES) 0.09M.
- the preparative liquid chromatography separations via flash chromatography were conducted with a maximum pressure of 1.6 bar on 60 M silica gel (0.040-0.063 mm) from Macherey-Nagel GmbH & Co, Düren.
- the unpressurized separations were conducted on Geduran Si 60 silica gel (0.063-0.200 mm) from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt.
- the solvents used as eluents ethyl acetate (technical grade), cyclohexane (technical grade) had been purified beforehand by distillation on a rotary evaporator.
- TLC thin-layer chromatography
- PSC silica gel 60 F254 plates from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt were used.
- the Rf values are reported as a function of the eluent mixture used.
- Staining of the TLC plates was effected using a cerium-molybdatophosphoric acid solution as a dipping reagent.
- Cerium-molybdatophosphoric acid reagent 5.6 g of molybdatophosphoric acid, 2.2 g of cerium(IV) sulphate tetrahydrate and 13.3 g of concentrated sulphuric acid to 200 milliliters of water.
- GC gas chromatography analyses
- EI+ electrospray ionization analyses
- the NMR spectroscopy studies were conducted on multi-nuclear resonance spectrometers of the AC 300 or AV II 400 type from Bruker, Analytician Messtechnik, Düsseldorf.
- the solvent used was CDCl 3 .
- the 1 H and 13 C spectra were calibrated according to the residual content of undeuterated solvent according to the NMR Solvent Data Chart from Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories, USA. Some of the 1 H and 13 C signals were assigned with the aid of H,H COSY, H,H NOESY, H,C HSQC and H,C HMBC spectra. The chemical shifts are reported as ⁇ values in ppm.
- HFIP 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol
- MeOH 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol
- the electrolysis is effected under galvanostatic conditions. The reaction is stirred and heated to 50° C. with the aid of a water bath. After the end of the electrolysis, the cell contents are transferred together with HFIP into a 50 ml round-bottom flask and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator at 50° C., 200-70 mbar. Unconverted reactant is retained by means of short-path distillation or Kugelrohr distillation (100° C., 10 ⁇ 3 mbar).
- the electrolysis is performed according to GM1 in an undivided beaker cell having glassy carbon electrodes.
- 0.68 g (3.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) of N-(3,4-methylene-dioxyphenyl)acetamide and 2.04 g (11.4 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) of N-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)acetamide are dissolved in 25 ml of HFIP, 0.77 g of MTBS is added and the electrolyte is transferred into the electrolysis cell.
Abstract
Description
where the substituents R1 to R48 are each independently selected from the group of hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C1-C12)-alkyl, (C1-C12)-heteroalkyl, (C4-C14)-aryl, (C4-C14)-aryl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C4-C14)-aryl-O—(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C3-C14)-heteroaryl, (C3-C14)-heteroaryl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C3-C12)-cycloalkyl, (C3-C12)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl, (C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, O—(C1-C12)-alkyl, O—(C1-C12)-heteroalkyl, O—(C4-C14)-aryl, O—(C4-C14)-aryl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, O—(C3-C14)-heteroaryl, O—(C3-C14)-heteroaryl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, O—(C3-C12)-cycloalkyl, O—(C3-C12)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, O—(C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl, O—(C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, halogens, S—(C1-C12)-alkyl, S—(C1-C12)-heteroalkyl, S—(C4-C14)-aryl, S—(C4-C14)-aryl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, S—(C3-C14)-heteroaryl, S—(C3-C14)-heteroaryl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, S—(C3-C12)-cycloalkyl, S—(C3-C12)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, S—(C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl, (C1-C12)-acyl, (C4-C14)-aroyl, (C4-C14)-aroyl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, (C3-C14)-heteroaroyl, (C1-C14)-dialkylphosphoryl, (C4-C14)-diarylphosphoryl, (C3-C12)-alkylsulphonyl, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylsulphonyl, (C4-C12)-arylsulphonyl, (C1-C12)-alkyl-(C4-C12)-arylsulphonyl, (C3-C12)-heteroarylsulphonyl, (C═O)O—(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C═O)O—(C1-C12)-heteroalkyl, (C═O)O—(C4-C14)-aryl,
where the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups mentioned are optionally mono- or polysubstituted.
E Ox =E°+(0.059/n)*Ig([Ox]/[Red])
EOx: electrode potential for the oxidation reaction (=oxidation potential)
E°: standard electrode potential
n: number of electrons transferred
[Ox]: concentration of the oxidized form
[Red]: concentration of the reduced form
-
- the aniline having the higher oxidation potential has to be added in excess, and
- the difference in the two oxidation potentials (ΔE) has to be within a particular range.
where the substituents R1 to R48 are each independently selected from the group of hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C1-C12)-alkyl, (C1-C12)-heteroalkyl, (C4-C14)-aryl, (C4-C14)-aryl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C4-C14)-aryl-O—(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C3-C14)-heteroaryl, (C3-C14)-heteroaryl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C3-C12)-cycloalkyl, (C3-C12)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl, (C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, O—(C1-C12)-alkyl, O—(C1-C12)-heteroalkyl, O—(C4-C14)-aryl, O—(C4-C14)-aryl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, O—(C3-C14)-heteroaryl, O—(C3-C14)-heteroaryl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, O—(C3-C12)-cycloalkyl, O—(C3-C12)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, O—(C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl, O—(C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, halogens, S—(C1-C12)-alkyl, S—(C1-C12)-heteroalkyl, S—(C4-C14)-aryl, S—(C4-C14)-aryl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, S—(C3-C14)-heteroaryl, S—(C3-C14)-heteroaryl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, S—(C3-C12)-cycloalkyl, S—(C3-C12)-cycloalkyl-(C1-C12)-alkyl, S—(C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl, (C1-C12)-acyl, (C4-C14)-aroyl, (C4-C14)-aroyl-(C1-C14)-alkyl, (C3-C14)-heteroaroyl, (C1-C14)-dialkylphosphoryl, (C4-C14)-diarylphosphoryl, (C3-C12)-alkylsulphonyl, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylsulphonyl, (C4-C12)-arylsulphonyl, (C1-C12)-alkyl-(C4-C12)-arylsulphonyl, (C3-C12)-heteroarylsulphonyl, (C═O)O—(C1-C12)-alkyl, (C═O)O—(C1-C12)-heteroalkyl, (C═O)O—(C4-C14)-aryl,
where the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups mentioned are optionally mono- or polysubstituted.
first aniline | Ia | IIb | ||
second aniline | Ia | IIb | ||
first aniline | Ia | Ib | IIa | IIb | IIIa | IIIb | IVa | IVb |
second aniline | Ib | Ia | IIb | IIa | IIIb | IIIa | IVb | IVa |
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102013203867.4 | 2013-03-07 | ||
DE102013203867 | 2013-03-07 | ||
DE102013203867.4A DE102013203867A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2013-03-07 | Electrochemical coupling of anilines |
PCT/EP2014/053676 WO2014135405A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-02-26 | Electrochemical coupling of anilines |
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DE102013203865A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-09-11 | Evonik Industries Ag | Electrochemical coupling of two phenols, which differ in their oxidation potential |
DE102013203866A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2014-09-11 | Evonik Industries Ag | Electrochemical coupling of a phenol with a naphthol |
DE102014201756A1 (en) | 2014-01-31 | 2015-08-06 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Purification of chlorine-contaminated organophosphorus compounds |
EP3029013B1 (en) | 2014-12-04 | 2018-06-13 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Monophosphites with structural unit 4,4,5,5-Tetraphenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan as ligands for hydroformylation catalysts |
EP3031814B1 (en) | 2014-12-04 | 2016-11-23 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Monophosphites with a menthol |
EP3029054B1 (en) | 2014-12-04 | 2016-11-23 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Phosphoramidites containing a phenyl-phenyl unit or a phenyl-naphthyl unit |
EP3029053A1 (en) | 2014-12-04 | 2016-06-08 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Monophosphites with a naphthol |
EP3029052B1 (en) | 2014-12-04 | 2018-02-28 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | 9-Anthrol-monophosphit Esters as Ligands for Hydroformylation Catalysts |
EP3031817B1 (en) | 2014-12-04 | 2019-05-01 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Terphenyl-2-oxy-phosphite as ligands in hydroformylation catalysts |
DE102015215998A1 (en) * | 2015-08-21 | 2017-02-23 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Process for the preparation of OCN-pincer ligands from the group of m-terphenyl compounds |
DE102015216001A1 (en) * | 2015-08-21 | 2017-02-23 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Process for the preparation of unsymmetrical OCO-pincer ligands from the group of m-terphenyl compounds |
DE102015215995A1 (en) * | 2015-08-21 | 2017-02-23 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Process for the preparation of unsymmetrical NCN-pincer ligands from the group of m-terphenyl compounds |
EP3178828A1 (en) | 2015-12-07 | 2017-06-14 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Heterocyclic selena phosphites and method for the production thereof |
EP3178827A1 (en) | 2015-12-07 | 2017-06-14 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Heterocyclic selena biphosphites and method for the production thereof |
WO2018031889A1 (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2018-02-15 | California Institute Of Technology | Hydrocarbon oxidation by water oxidation electrocatalysts in non-aqueous solvents |
US10840504B2 (en) | 2017-02-23 | 2020-11-17 | California Institute Of Technology | High performance inorganic complexes for next-generation redox flow batteries |
US20210371992A1 (en) * | 2018-11-21 | 2021-12-02 | Piramal Pharma Limited | Electrochemical organic reaction setup and methods |
CN110760877B (en) * | 2019-11-07 | 2021-01-29 | 南京工业大学 | Method for continuously preparing 2-aryl-3-halogenated-benzofuran compound by using electrochemical microchannel reaction device |
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JP2016517468A (en) | 2016-06-16 |
KR101740846B1 (en) | 2017-05-26 |
CN105102682B (en) | 2017-07-04 |
CN105102682A (en) | 2015-11-25 |
EP2964811A1 (en) | 2016-01-13 |
KR20150126650A (en) | 2015-11-12 |
US20160010226A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
SG11201507156UA (en) | 2015-10-29 |
EP2964811B1 (en) | 2017-05-10 |
TWI588298B (en) | 2017-06-21 |
JP6157650B2 (en) | 2017-07-05 |
ES2629278T3 (en) | 2017-08-08 |
DE102013203867A1 (en) | 2014-09-11 |
WO2014135405A1 (en) | 2014-09-12 |
TW201447046A (en) | 2014-12-16 |
AR095075A1 (en) | 2015-09-16 |
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