UA82806C2 - method of utilization of mixture of organic domestic and industrial waste - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of utilization of the mixture of organic domestic and industrial waste is performed by thermo-photolysis of organic compounds under radiation effect in the range of waves 200-450 nm in the presence of a catalyst and absence of oxygen. The catalyst contains eutectic alloys of bismuth, which have a melting point from 45 to 145 °C. The process is carried out on the catalyst surface area at a temperature of 100-300 °C.

Description

The invention relates to the thermal utilization of a mixture of organic household and industrial waste, in particular for the utilization of waste and mixtures of waste: polymer, paper, leather, food, oil sludge, used machine oils, pesticides, peat, mud waste generated at biological treatment stations of urban sewage etc. and can be used in utilities, chemical, petrochemical and other industries and for the regeneration of hydrocarbon waste into solid and gaseous fuels.

Known methods of incineration of household and industrial waste (Bernyamovsky D.N. Thermal method! decontamination of solid waste.// M.: Stroyizdat, 1979,-192s; Ecological aspects of thermal disposal of unsuitable toxic chemicals, edited by V.G. Petruk // Vinnytsia: Universam, 2006, - 2366.)

Disadvantages of these methods are unreasonable high energy consumption; limited application, because waste incinerators usually process only certain types; rapid destruction of refractory walls; low hourly productivity, given the difficulties in removing heat; the need to apply frequent supply of oxygen-enriched air.

A known method of reagent high-temperature processing of waste of any origin (Patent OA

Mo27700 / Method of burning waste of any origin, containing toxic substances and combustion products. 16.10.2000).

Disadvantages of the known method are high energy consumption, since combustion is carried out at a temperature of 900-1100"C; in addition, this method of combustion leads to the formation of dangerous gaseous emissions, which require additional processing with the help of lime with the formation of new waste in a much larger amount than the original .

Thermal aerosol nanocatalysis is a fairly promising method of catalytic disposal of industrial and household waste (Patent SHA Mob7504 / Method of gas-phase chemical processes by aerosol nanocatalysis, October 8, 2003; RF Patent Mo2081695/ Method of gas-phase chemical processes (aerosol catalysis), June 20, 1997).

Disadvantages of the known method are complex technological equipment, difficulties in controlling the technological regime, high energy costs for processing, the need to use molecular filters (to exclude the removal of catalyst particles), which are very expensive and have a short shelf life.

The closest in terms of technical essence and the result achieved is the method of neutralizing toxic compounds by thermophotolysis under the influence of ultraviolet radiation and a mixture of metals

IDecl. patent of the United States of America Mo8328/ Method of neutralization of toxic compounds). Processing is carried out at a temperature of 200-30070 in the absence of oxygen, a mixture of metals containing cadmium, bismuth, tin and lead is used as a catalyst.

The disadvantages of this method are the periodicity and complexity of managing the process, since during its implementation it is necessary to add consumable metals (Pb, 5n, Ca)

In addition, it should be noted that this method does not allow obtaining energetically valuable decomposition products, since the further burning of liquid decomposition products of toxic compounds does not exclude the possibility of new formation of other toxic compounds, and the solid residue of the decomposition of toxins contains salts of heavy metals, which have the first degree of danger .

The essence of the invention is as follows.

Disposal of household and industrial waste is carried out mainly by thermal decomposition methods.

Enormous energy costs, complex equipment design, low process speed, limitations in the ability to control intermediate stages are compensated by a high degree of study and forecasting of the process, therefore modernization was mainly reduced to the spread of the range of catalysts used and the improvement of the designs of reaction apparatuses.

Modern methods of disposal, such as reagent processing and subsequent catalytic decomposition, have limited opportunities to change the chemical composition and optimize the solid waste processing process, and in addition do not exclude the use of high temperatures.

The expansion of the range of catalysts used and the use of ultraviolet radiation partly solve the issue of energy saving. At the same time, the diffusion of high-molecular compounds from the volume of solid material is the limiting stage of the process, which does not allow the economical use of modern industrial installations, which, in addition, differ in the complexity of the reactor design, rather significant energy consumption and cost.

The task is to create a new economic method that allows almost complete decomposition of organic matter, regardless of its aggregate state and concentration, and excludes the formation of environmentally hazardous compounds.

Technical result: - disposal of household and industrial waste by means of irradiation on the surface of bismuth eutectic alloys, which have a heat transfer coefficient three to four times higher in comparison with an ordinary steel surface; - ensuring complete and reliable decomposition of organic compounds in any aggregate state; - guaranteed prevention of the formation of harmful substances and their entry into the environment; - reduction of material and energy consumption of the process in comparison with traditional industrial methods.

The specified technical result in the implementation of the invention is achieved by the fact that the process of utilization of a mixture of household and industrial waste is carried out under the influence of radiation in the wave range of 200-450 nm in the presence of a catalyst and the absence of oxygen, which is distinguished by the fact that eutectic bismuth alloys are used as catalysts, which have a temperature of melting from 45" to 145"C, while the process is carried out on the surface of the catalyst at a temperature of 100-30070. The peculiarity of this process is that the use of double, triple and quaternary eutectic alloys of bismuth with other metals allows, at a relatively low temperature, to achieve one hundred percent diffusion of volatile substances that are formed due to the decomposition of organic compounds that form waste.

In the proposed method, the process of decomposition of organic compounds that form waste is carried out mainly at a temperature that ensures the weakening of bonds due to hydrocarbon vaporization and the excitation of electrons in the elements that make up the alloy under the influence of thermal radiation and radiation, which leads to formation of volatile products (hydrogen, methane) and solid residue (carbon).

It follows from this that there is a process of decomposition of organic compounds in one stage with a high degree of decomposition without impurities of oxygen-containing toxic compounds, since there are no side reactions that are common for high-temperature oxidation processes.

It has been experimentally proven that the process follows the specified scheme when paper, wood, textiles, leather, polymers, food waste, peat, pesticides, and their mixtures are used as primary products. The high degree of conversion of primary raw materials is ensured by the radical nature of the process, which in turn is determined by the energy parameters of the eutectic alloys that are being applied.

The degree of decomposition, in relation to the primary raw materials, is also affected by the temperature in the reactor, which depends on the excitation energy of the elements forming the alloy and which must be higher than the melting temperature of the selected alloy.

The presence of moisture in primary products also does not stimulate the passage of oxidation processes and the formation of toxic compounds, since the formation of ozone, which is necessary for these reactions to occur, is excluded in this energy range.

The process takes place in one stage, in one apparatus at relatively low temperatures and is feasible at atmospheric pressure, and in the presence of liquid products that are not toxins, only their condensation is required.

Volatile decomposition products, which contain mainly hydrogen and hydrocarbons, as well as solid carbon residue, can be used as fuel. That is, the material and energy costs are relatively small, which ensures the absolute economy of the claimed method, compared to those used in industry.

Thus, the features of the invention given in the formula, characterizing the claimed method, are necessary and sufficient to achieve the desired technical result.

The applicant's analysis of the technical level, which includes a search of patent and scientific and technical sources of information and the discovery of information about analogs of the claimed invention, made it possible to establish that the applicant did not find a source characterized by features identical to all the essential features of the claimed invention, and also made it possible to reveal a set of essential, in relation to the technical result, which is seen by the applicant, distinctive features in the claimed method and set forth in the claims of the invention. Therefore, the claimed invention meets the condition of "novelty".

In order to verify the compliance of the claimed invention with the condition "inventive level", the applicant conducted an additional search of known solutions to identify features that coincide with features of the claimed method that are different from the prototype. The results of the search showed that the claimed invention does not clearly follow from the known state of the art for a specialist, since the state of the art defined by the applicant did not reveal the influence of the combined energy action of radiation and eutectic alloys having a melting point from 457" to 14570 and which contains double, triple or quaternary alloys of bismuth with other metals, for the process of decomposition of organic compounds, as well as a set of all distinctive features of the claimed invention for obtaining the desired technical result.

Therefore, the claimed invention meets the condition "inventive level".

The invention is illustrated by tables in which the parameters of the scheduling process are given by examples.

The information that confirms the possibility of implementing the invention with obtaining the specified technical result is as follows.

The method of disposal of a mixture of household and industrial waste of organic origin is carried out in a reaction apparatus with a volume of, for example, 5 liters, which is equipped with a radiation source, a reaction chamber containing a bismuth eutectic alloy, a heating element, loading and unloading hatches, a transport element, a connection for discharge gaseous reaction products, control and measuring devices (thermocouples, etc.). With the help of a heating device, the temperature of 100-300"C will be maintained in the reaction apparatus. The apparatus is loaded with crushed to a particle size of no more than 5 mm and moistened waste, which is evenly distributed over the surface of the eutectic alloy by the transporting element and subjected to the action of heat and light radiation, and the products are continuously removed. that are formed

In the reaction chamber of the reactor, under the influence of thermal radiation of the eutectic alloy and radiation in the wave range of 200-450 nm, the process of destruction of organic compounds takes place with the formation of hydrogen, hydrocarbons and partially carbon dioxide. The resulting steam-gas mixture is passed through a refrigerator where water vapor condenses and is collected in a container. Condensed liquid is used to moisten primary waste or solid street residue during its briquetting, with the aim of obtaining solid fuel.

The process is easily regulated.

Mixture of household waste |/L. Shtarke. Use of industrial and household waste plastics.// L.:

Chemistry, 1987, -175 p.)|, was produced according to data on the separation of household waste and had the following composition: paper and cardboard - 5 Omas.ch.; organic products - 37 mass.h.; polymers - by weight; wood, textiles, leather - 5 mass.ch.

Inorganic components (iron, glass, sand and ceramics) were excluded from the composition of the mixture.

The invention is illustrated by examples.

Example 1 (positive)

In an apparatus equipped with a reaction chamber containing a eutectic quaternary Guthrie alloy (Vi-50 wt. parts; Zp-21.1 wt. parts; RO-20.5 wt. parts; Sba-14.3 wt. parts .), which has a melting point of 456°С, maintain a temperature of 1002С. A crushed and moistened mixture of household waste is loaded into the device and, with the help of a transport element, it is evenly distributed over the surface of the eutectic alloy. The waste mixture is kept in the reaction zone of the reactor for one hour under irradiation in the wave range of 200-45O0nm.

Gaseous products of decomposition of household waste pass through a refrigerator, where water vapor condenses, and are collected in a container.

The analysis of samples of gaseous products was carried out by the chromatographic method.

The results of measurements of the concentrations of the obtained components are shown in Table 1.

Example 2 (positive)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 1, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 20070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example C (positive)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 1, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 30070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example 4 (negative)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 1, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 35070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example 5 (negative)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 1, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 9070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example 6 (positive)

In an apparatus equipped with a reaction chamber containing Newton's eutectic ternary alloy (Vi-50 wt. parts; Zp-18.75 wt. parts; PP-31.25 wt. parts..), which has a melting point of 96" C, maintain a temperature of 10070. A crushed and moistened mixture of household waste is loaded into the apparatus and with the help of a transport element, it is evenly distributed over the surface of the eutectic alloy. The waste mixture is kept in the reaction zone of the reactor for one hour under irradiation in the range of 200-450nm waves.

Gaseous products of decomposition of household waste pass through a refrigerator, where water vapor condenses, and are collected in a container.

The analysis of samples of gaseous products was carried out by the chromatographic method.

The results of measurements of the concentrations of the obtained components are shown in Table 1.

Example 7 (positive)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 6, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 20070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example 8 (positive)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 6, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 30070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example 9 (negative)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 6, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 35070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example 10 (negative)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 6, but the reaction apparatus maintains a temperature of 9070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example 11 (positive)

In an apparatus equipped with a reaction chamber, which contains a eutectic double alloy of POV (Vi-58 wt. parts;

Zp-42 wt. parts), which has a melting point of 145"C, maintain a temperature of 200"C. A crushed and moistened mixture of household waste is loaded into the device and, with the help of a transport element, it is evenly distributed over the surface of the eutectic alloy. The waste mixture is kept in the reaction zone of the reactor for one hour under irradiation in the wave range of 200-450 nm.

Gaseous products of decomposition of household waste pass through a refrigerator, where water vapor condenses, and are collected in a container.

The analysis of samples of gaseous products was carried out by the chromatographic method.

The results of measurements of the concentrations of the obtained components are shown in Table 1.

Example 12 (positive)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 11, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 30070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example 13 (negative)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 11, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 35070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

Example 14 (negative)

Decomposition of the waste mixture according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 11, but in the reaction apparatus the temperature is maintained at 9070. The results of the measurements are also shown in Table 1.

From examples 1-14, it can be concluded that a decrease in temperature below 100"С does not exclude the occurrence of processes of destruction of organic substances, but the yield of hydrogen and hydrocarbons is insignificant. An increase in temperature above 300"С does not contribute to an increase in the yield of hydrogen and hydrocarbons due to the occurrence of oxidizing processes with the formation of CO" and NegO, in the presence of a small amount of air in the crushed waste mixture. In addition, from examples 10 and 14, eutectic alloys begin to initiate the process of hydrocarbon decomposition only when the melting temperature is reached.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the invention on certain types of waste, fuel and pesticides is given in examples 15-20, which are illustrated in table 2.

Example 15 (positive)

In an apparatus equipped with a reaction chamber, which contains the eutectic quaternary alloy Voodoo (Vi-50 wt. parts; Zp-12.5 wt. parts; РрБ-25 wt. parts; Ba-12.5 wt. parts) , which has a melting point of 707C, maintain a temperature of 20070. Crushed and moistened wood waste is loaded into the device and, with the help of a transport element, they are evenly distributed over the surface of the eutectic alloy. The waste is kept in the reaction zone of the reactor for one hour under irradiation in the wave range of 200-45 Ohm.

Gaseous products of decomposition of wood waste pass through a refrigerator, where water vapor condenses, and are collected in a container.

The analysis of samples of gaseous products was carried out by the chromatographic method.

The elemental composition and yield of wood waste decomposition products are shown in Table 1.

Example 16 (positive)

Decomposition of waste according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 15, but crushed and moistened skin waste is loaded into the reaction zone of the apparatus and the process is carried out at a temperature of 20070. for one hour.

The elemental composition and output of the decomposition products of polyethylene film waste are given in Table 1.

Example 17 (positive)

Decomposition of waste according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 15, but crushed potato waste is loaded into the reaction zone of the apparatus and the process is carried out at a temperature of 20076. for one hour.

The elemental composition and output of potato waste decomposition products are shown in Table 1.

Example 18 (positive)

Decomposition of waste according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 15, but crushed peat is loaded into the reaction zone of the apparatus and the process is carried out at a temperature of 20070. for one hour.

The elemental composition and yield of peat decomposition products are shown in Table 1.

Example 19 (positive)

Decomposition of waste according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 15, but crushed and moistened polyethylene terephthalate waste is loaded into the reaction zone of the apparatus and the process is carried out at a temperature of 20070. for one hour.

The elemental composition and output of polyethylene terephthalate waste decomposition products are shown in Table 1.

Example 20 (positive)

Decomposition of waste according to the proposed method is carried out similarly to example 15, but crushed and moistened 1095 pesticide DDT is loaded into the reaction zone of the apparatus and the process is carried out at a temperature of 20070. for one hour.

The resulting condensate has an acidic reaction (pH-2) due to the formation of hydrogen chloride and its dissolution in water, since the presence of chlorine was not detected in gaseous decomposition products.

The elemental composition and yield of decomposition products of the DDT pesticide are shown in Table 1.

From the above, it can be concluded that during the decomposition of organic compounds of various origins, in the presence of water vapor and eutectic alloys of bismuth with various metals, only low-molecular (gaseous) substances are formed, which have a sufficiently high energy value and can be used as alternative sources of fuel.

The solid residue of carbon also has an energy value, and can be used as a solid fuel after briquetting.

However, a special advantage is that the process is feasible at a sufficiently low temperature, and its increase does not affect the output of hydrogen and hydrocarbons.

The proposed method is economical, requires relatively low capital investments and meets the requirements for environmental protection.

Thus, the given information testifies to the implementation of the following set of conditions during the implementation of the claimed method: - the tool that embodies the claimed method, during its implementation, is intended for the implementation of measures to protect the environment from pollution by chemical compounds; - for the claimed method as described in the claims, the possibility of its implementation using the means and methods described in the application has been confirmed.

Therefore, the claimed invention meets the condition of "industrial applicability".

Table I.

Cho Composition of volatile products, 95 Output of decomposition products, | Specific ' | And Tem vytry s - warmth

Iv That muvan | | : | with

I I 0 Alloy TER i | And! with burning! B In in in | methane state so so | povi petych | Idkih | solid | BRDOG on OB day MN ETAV | I rarely saw the CG roar

And and | kJkr toIGuti 100 1 1250 1124 12 88 I do not 226 388 ZV. field

Y9 | Guthrie 1200 | 1 1310 1148 29 and 8.3 306 1 218 400 382 | 4750 3 gu 300 1....322 1166 36. Be 320.1 506 383600

Guthrie NS EM EX NECK Y -8v5 Z VO. 3 15.01 3957 38800 Ж 6 Neutenu YIR 38 10 rev 59 sitting not en 6090 7 |Neutonu 1200 1. 29 142. 29 121 65 1355 215 40.0. 385 5200. 85 | to Newton | 300 1.1 |305 1151 32 Jaa sti ob IJ 40.0 386 4600 8 fbutons 0300 1. I 13 3 110 25, 8 386 b

SV Nketonu 1350 1. ZI. pa 12563011 0ю- 19.5 Newton's force 90 | | 2.5. 05 | 01 1 13 1.02 953 1 09 | M 871 8650 p pov 1200 1 for 123 109 104 | 38 b 208 t -I -- 12 pov 300 1.1 302 NAME 30 1395 13 268 1209 | 400 391 4600 with floor 330 | 1 1320 1139 34 | 53 1249 1205 204 420 1 376 4600 14 POV | 90 | 1 12 PD 00 104 01 982 about | 8. Me. And (Wood 120 1 5557 18.2 1 4 113 113 1120 14 334 933 | 433 | 7230 16 (Woodu. 0.200010 1422 188 and 80 18528018 1 54010230 7. Woodu. 120. 1 13857. 750 1140 1550 15 Woody 12001 1668 PE I 727 16553 14 9800480 40 1 YAY 19 (will be 20 1 1 1 1139 | 282 236 46 1 33 2bi 0523 1 87390 12130 | 1800 i

Claims (1)

The method of disposal of a mixture of organic household and industrial waste, which is carried out by thermophotolysis of organic compounds under the influence of radiation in the wave range of 200-450 nm in the presence of a catalyst and the absence of oxygen, which is characterized by the fact that eutectic bismuth alloys with a melting point of 45 up to 145 "C, while the process is carried out on the surface of the catalyst at a temperature of 100-300 2C.