UA80532C2 - System and apparatus for controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration magnetic topology and conversion of fusion product energies directly to electric power - Google Patents

Abstract

A system and apparatus for controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration (FRC) magnetic topology and conversion of fusion product energies directly to electric power. Preferably, plasma ions are magnetically confined in the FRC while plasma electrons are electrostatically confined in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions they are fused together by the nuclear force, thus forming fusion products that emerge in the form of an annular beam. Energy is removed from the fusion product ions as they spiral past electrodes of an inverse cyclotron converter. Advantageously, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement and energy conversion system include advanced (aneutronic) fuels.

Description

14. The converter according to item 13, which differs from the coils located around the mentioned set in that the electron collector has an annular electrode. form 18. The converter according to any of paragraphs 11-17, which 15. The converter according to p. 13 or p. 14, which differs in that said set differs in that said collector of electrodes is symmetrical. of electrons and the collector of ions are electrically connected 19. The converter according to any of paragraphs 11-18, which is with each other. differs in that the mentioned set is 16. The converter according to any of paragraphs 11-15, which includes at least four electrodes and additionally includes an intermediate circuit connected to the quarter-cylindrical electrodes that form the mentioned plurality of electrodes. an elongated cavity, and the electrodes 17. The converter according to any of paragraphs 11-16, which are located in space so that they are formed differs in that the said generator includes at least four elongated gaps between the magnetic field includes a set of field them.

This invention relates generally to the field of physics are that (1) the presence of a flow of fast plasma and, specifically, methods and devices for neutrons creates numerous problems, in that the containment of the plasma in order to enable the number of violations of the structure of the reactor walls and the level of the reaction of nuclear fusion and for conversion of radioactivity, too high for most of the energy of fusion products into electrical energy. construction materials; and (2) the energy of the fast

The prerequisites for creating the invention of neutrons are used by transformation

Nuclear fusion is a process in which two of their thermal energy into electrical energy, which has a very light nucleus, are combined to form a lower efficiency factor (lower than 3090). heavy core. In the process of nuclear fusion, the advantages of neutron reactions are (1) that they release a huge amount of energy in the form of reactivity reaches a maximum with fast moving particles. Since atomic nuclei are at a relatively low temperature; and (2) that the losses are positively charged (due to the fact that they are relatively low due to radiation, contain protons), then between them / act because the atomic number of deuterium and tritium repulsive electrostatic, or Coulomb, is equal to 1. force. For the connection (fusion) of two nuclei, the substances involved in the other two must overcome this repulsive barrier, which reactions - O-Nez and p-B"! - are called progressive, occur when two nuclei come together between nuclear fuels. The products of their synthesis, at a distance at which the nuclear forces of the near-field unlike the fast neutrons produced by the interaction become large enough to overcome in neutron reactions, are charged particles. Coulomb barrier and the connection of nuclei. Energy, One of the advantages of progressive nuclear fuels is necessary for the nuclei to overcome the Coulomb barrier is that they form a much smaller barrier, provided by their thermal number of neutrons, therefore, the defects associated with their energy, which must be very high. For example, by formation, have a smaller influence. In the case of a reaction, the rate of nuclear fusion can be noticeable in O-HeZ, a certain number of fast neutrons if the temperature is of the order of at least is formed as a result of secondary reactions, but these 10 teV, which corresponds to about 100 million neutrons carry only about 1095 degrees Kelvin of energy. Reaction rate of nuclear fusion products. During the p-B' reaction, fast synthesis is a function of temperature and neutrons are not formed, although some occur, characterized by a value called the number of slow (thermal) neutrons, which are reactivity. The reactivity of reactions formed as a result of secondary reactions, however

O-Those, for example, have a wide peak in the range from they cause much less difficulty.

ZokeV up to 10 Okev. Another advantage of the mentioned progressive fuels is

Typical reactions of nuclear fusion, the fact that the products of their synthesis contain charged particles, include the following: particles whose kinetic energy can be 0--0--Nez(0.8Mev) n(2.5Mev) directly converted into electrical energy

OkT--а(3.6 MeV)--п(14.1 MeV), energy. When using the appropriate method

О--Нез--»а(3.7 MeV)--р(14.7 MeV) and direct conversion of energy to the energy of products р-в'!-»За(8.7 MeV), the synthesis of advanced nuclear fuels is possible where O means deuterium , T means tritium, « use with high efficiency, means helium nucleus, n means neutron, p means which can exceed 9095. proton, Ne means helium and V'Y means boron-11. Progressive nuclear fuels also have certain

Numbers in parentheses in each equation indicate defects. For example, the atomic numbers of the progressive kinetic energy of the products of nuclear fusion. fuel is higher (2 for Nez and 5 for B). Therefore, losses on

The first two of the reactions listed above - radiation reactions when using these fuels are higher,

О0-О and О-иТ - are neutronic; this means that than in neutron reactions. In addition, the progressive majority of the energy of fusion products in them carry fuel that is much more difficult to force to enter fast neutrons. Defects of neutron reactions synthesis reaction. The maxima of their reactivity correspond to significantly higher gyroradius of the ion (Хо). The mentioned short-wave temperatures, while the reactivity does not fluctuate tend to average, reach such high values as in the case of the О- reaction during the cycle and, thus, disappear.

T. Thus, to carry out the synthesis reaction from On the contrary, the electrons have a much smaller gyroradius required by the use of progressive fuels and, thus, react to the mentioned to bring them to a higher energy state, oscillations and are transferred abnormally. at which their reactivity becomes significant. As a result of abnormal transfer

Accordingly, progressive fuels should be delayed, the minimum plasma size should be at least for a longer period of time, during which they can be 2.8m. In connection with this size, the ITEV reactor had to be brought to the appropriate synthesis conditions. Zom in height and ZOm in diameter. He is the smallest O-

The duration of plasma retention is determined by the T reactor of the tokamak type, which can be as LI-I/O, where r is the minimum size of the plasma and O is realized. To work with progressive diffusion coefficient The classical expression for fuels such as O-Nez and p-B"!, the diffusion coefficient type reactor has the form Os-:abg/tie, where ai - tokamak should be much larger, since the time, the gyroradius of the ion and smolders - the duration of the collision of the ion with the required for a nuclear reaction to take place behind the electron. Diffusion, which corresponds to the classical participation of fuel ions, is much greater. With the diffusion coefficient, the classical use of O-Y fuel in a tokamak-type reactor is called transfer. The Bohm diffusion coefficient ( Vopt), there is an additional complication related to the fact that most of the energy of fusion products is attributed to short-wave instabilities, defined as Ов-(1/16)d20,, carry neutrons with an energy of 14 MeV, which where 0; is the ion's gyrofrequency. Diffusion corresponding to this cause radiative destruction and excite dependencies is called anomalous transfer. reactivity of almost all structural

For the conditions of nuclear synthesis of Ov/Os-(1/16)Ottie-l 08, materials under the influence of neutron fluxes. In addition to the consequence of anomalous transfer, there is a significant fact that, for the conversion of their energy into electricity, the duration of retention is shorter than when the thermal process should be used, which classical transference. (This ratio does not exceed 3095. determines the required amount of plasma in another proposed configuration of a thermonuclear reactor, provided that the reactor has a counter-beam reactor. In order to ensure a nuclear fusion reaction, the background plasma of the counter-beam reactor for a given amount of plasma must be bombarded with ions beams. These beams contain longer than the time required to flow into ions with energy much greater than the thermal plasma of the nuclear fusion reaction. Therefore, the conditions are plasma. Carrying out useful reactions of nuclear classical transfer in fusion in a reactor of this type is impossible, since the reactor is more favorable because the background plasma slows down the ion beams Known to allow the use of smaller initial various proposals aimed at overcoming the number of plasma This complication and increasing the number

In the initial experiments on nuclear reactions to the maximum possible. For example, (in the US patent Me 4,065,351 for holding Li-t/Ov. Progress in this field in the name of Jesby (dazzru) and others | the method described in the last 40 years ensured an increase in the time of receiving counter deuteron! triton holding to ЛЛЕ-Т1О0012/Ов. One of the existing beams of opposite directions in the toroidal thermonuclear reactor concept is the tokamak containment system. According to (U.S. Pat.

Magnetic field of 68 tokamak and typical orbit of 66 Me4,057,462 named after Jesby et al| for the particle are shown in Fig.5. During the last 30 years efforts in the field of thermonuclear synthesis of ions by bulk equilibrium plasma into the system have been focused on rectors of the tokamak type with electromagnetic energy injection. Toroidal using 0-7 fuel. The culmination of these containment system characterized as efforts is the International Experimental Tokamak System. According to the US patent thermonuclear reactor (ITEV), shown in Fig.7. Me4,894,199 in the name of Rostocker (Noviokeg), bundles

Recent experiments with tokamaks indicate that deuterium 1 tritium is injected and! is captured with the classical transfer of Li-t/Os is possible, and in the same average speed in the configuration in this case the minimum size of the plasma can be reduced from a few meters to a few centimeters. configurations with an inverted field. Cold background

These experiments include the injection of low-density plasma beams used in a high-energy system (50-100 keV) to heat the plasma only to capture the beams. Reaction of beams to temperatures from 10 keV to ZOkeV. See the work due to their high temperature, and

Heidbrink and Sadler MU. Neidogpk 8. C). Zadieg, the slowdown is mainly caused by 34 Mysieag Riziop 535, 1994). In these experiments, the slowing down of the ions of the beam of high injected ions was observed due to the influence of electrons accompanying them. These electrons are heated under energy and their classical diffusion, while the influence of ions, and in this case the slowdown is the thermal plasma continued to diffuse with a minimum. WE at abnormal speed. The reason for this phenomenon is that in all such devices, however, the fact that the high-energy beam ions have a large balanced electric field plays no role. In addition, the gyroradius and, as a consequence, are insensitive to the authors make no attempt to reduce, or even oscillations with wavelengths smaller than to consider, anomalous transfer.

in other patents it is proposed This invention relates to a system that facilitates electrostatic confinement of ions and in some cases conducting controlled fusion in cases - magnetic confinement of electrons. To the magnetic field, which has a topology with the inverse of such patents belong (US patents field, and direct conversion of energy products

Me3,258,402 and Me3,386,883, both in the name of nuclear fusion into electrical energy. IN

Farnsworth (Baugh), which describes the preferred options for this system, electrostatic ion retention and inertial, which in this description is called the electron retention system; US patents Me3,530,036 plasma electric power generator (RES), and Me3,530,497, both in the name of Hirsch (Nigesi) and include a thermonuclear reactor equipped with other similar Farnsworth patents; (a patent with a retention system that contributes significantly

USA Me4,233,537 in the name of Limpecher (I itrayespeg)|, reduction or complete exclusion of anomalous, where the electrostatic retention of ions and the transfer of ions and electrons were revealed. In addition, the magnetic retention of electrons in the RES system includes an energy conversion system connected to the mentioned multi-pole toothed reflective reactor, which walls; and (US patent Me4,826,646 in the name provides direct conversion of energy products

Bussard (Vizzaga)|, similar to the patent of nuclear fusion into electrical energy with high

Limpechera, which includes pointed teeth. In k.k.d. none of these patents are considered According to one innovative aspect of this electrostatic trapping of electrons and the invention, a substantial reduction or magnetic trapping of ions is provided. Numerous complete exclusion of anomalous transfer are known as research projects in the field of electrostatic ions and electrons. Anomalous transfer of ion retention, however, in none of them, ions can be prevented by magnetically managed to create the necessary electrostatic fields in the retention of ions in the magnetic field configuration in the event that the ions have the density necessary for the reverse field (ENS). Regarding electrons, thermonuclear reactor. Finally, in none of the above-mentioned patents can anomalous energy transfer be prevented by adjusting the applied topology configuration with an inverted field. from outside the magnetic field in order to create

The reverse field configuration (EVS) was a strong electric field in which electrons were accidentally discovered in the 1960s in the Laboratory held electrostatically in a deep naval research process in a potential well. As a result, fuel plasma experiments on theta pinch effect. of nuclear fusion, which can be used at

A typical topology of an EC, in which the internal magnetic application of the device and method of holding the field changes the direction, is shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 10, and according to the present invention, the particle trajectories in the EC are not limited to those shown in Fig. 11 and neutron fuels, but also include

Fig. 14. Numerous programs of research into progressive, or aneutronic, fuels. In this case, it concerns EMU, carried out in the USA and in Japan. use of aneutronic fuels, reaction energy

A wide review of theoretical and synthesis is released almost entirely in the form of experimental studies of ENS during the period of charged particles, i.e. ions of high energy, 1960-1988. See Tushevsky |M. Tiz2emuvki, 28 which can be controlled in a magnetic field and

Mysieag Riviop 2033, 1988). In an open work with cause only minor radioactivity or the development of ENAS in 1996, it was described that they did not cause it at all, depending on the type of fuel. research and given recommendations for further According to another innovative aspect of this research. See Steinhauer and others IS.S. of the invention, for direct conversion of kinetic

Zivippatseg ei ai!., 30 Riviop Tesppoiodu 116, 1996). energy of synthesis products into electrical energy

At that time, the theta-pinch effect was used to create ENS in experiments by slowing down charged particles. The consequence of such an electromagnetic field is that the system of the ENS formation method is applied to the ionic and direct energy conversion. The advantage of the system is that the electron flows carry each half of the direct energy conversion according to 3 this current, so in the plasma there is an extremely weak invention is that it has an efficiency, an electrostatic field, and the electrostatic range of acceptable particle energies and retention has no place. In these configurations with electronic support, which allow the reversed field ions and electrons are delayed to transform the frequency and phase of the original magnetic influence. In almost all experiments on the power of a fusion reactor, approx

EAS is assumed to be anomalous transfer. 5MHz to coordinate with the external power supply

See, for example, Tushevsky's review, beginning with the 6bOGts network. section 1.5.2 on page 2072). In a preferred embodiment, the system

Thus, it is desirable to propose a plasma containment system of a fusion reactor for nuclear fusion, which includes a system including a chamber, a magnetic field generator for containment, which contributes to a significant reduction or application of a magnetic field in the direction along the complete exclusion of anomalous transfer of the main axis of the chamber, and an annular layer of plasma, which ions and electrons, and the conversion system contains a circulating beam of ions. they are in the energy that ensures the transformation of the energy of the ring layer of plasma practically contained by the products of synthesis into electrical energy with high in orbits within the chamber magnetically, and the electrons k.k.d. are practically kept in an electrostatic potential well. According to one aspect of the variant, which is preferred, the generator Variants of the invention, which magnetic field includes a current coil. is preferred, illustrated as an example that

In the preferred embodiments, the mentioned is not limiting, figures that the system additionally includes reflective coils are added. In the figures, the same elements at the ends of the mentioned camera, which increase, are marked with the same numerical positions. magnetic field strength at the ends of the chamber. Figure 1 shows an example of a camera

The system may also include a containment beam injector according to the present invention. injection of a neutralized ion beam in Figure 2 shows the magnetic field of the configuration of the applied magnetic field, and the mentioned EMU. the beam goes into orbit under the influence of the force, on FigZA and ZB shown, respectively, created by the applied magnetic field. According to the diamagnetic and antidiamagnetic directions in EMU. another aspect of the variant, which is given in Fig. 4 shows a system of opposing beams advantage, said system generates a magnetic field, according to the present invention. which has a configuration topology with an inverted Fig. 5 shows a betatron orbit. field In Fig. A and Fig. B are shown, respectively

According to another option, which favors the magnetic field and the direction of the gradient drift, the energy conversion system includes the EMU. inverse cyclotron converters (ICCs) are shown in Fig. 7A and Fig. 7B, respectively, as shown in Fig. 7A, Fig. 7B shows the drifts of a hollow cylinder. consisting of several bits of ions, preferably four or more, of the same pe. Fig. 3A and Fig. 9B show the Lorentz force on semi-cylindrical electrodes with rectilinear . EVS And small intervals between them. During the operation of the current system, Fig. OA and Fig. 108 show that there is no strange combination of the electric field and the electric potential in symmetry and it increases linearly depending on Fig. it reaches its maximum intensity from betatron orbits to drift orbits due to young in the mentioned intervals. and . of a magnetic field for applying a uniform O when an ion collides with an electron at a small angle. of a unidirectional magnetic field in the direction, Figure 14 shows a neutralized ion practically opposite to the direction of the field of the system I and holding the thermonuclear reactor. At the end, entering the containment chamber in front of the farthest FROM the active zone. Fig. 15 shows the frontal view of the thermonuclear reactor, the ISS has an ion collector. I and Y and not

Between the active zone and the ISS, there is a symmetrical neutralized ion beam in contact with the magnetic tooth, where the magnetic field of the plate system is shown in a schematic view from the side of the containment is combined with the magnetic field of the ISS. cameras according to the version of the previous edition

A circular electron collector is located around the mentioned magnetic tooth of the back, in which the weight of the procedures is given, and Fi shows a schematic side view electrically connected to the mentioned collector J. . . they detention chamber according to another option

According to another embodiment, which startup procedure is preferred. preference is given to the nuclei of the fusion products and the probe, which indicates the formation of NS point B electrons, which neutralize the charge, leave in Fig. 19A shows a part of the system in the form of ring beams from both ends of the active zone of the plasma electric energy generator, which reactor, having a density at which magnetic includes a thermonuclear reactor per tooth provides separation of electrons and ions. and due to the difference in their energies. Electrons by a cyclotron converter for direct move along the lines of the magnetic field to ny : : energy conversion. collector of electrons, and they pass through On Fig. 198 shows a side view of the reverse magnetic tooth, where the trajectories of ions change and Figl19A so that they move practically in a spiral cyclotron shown in Fig. trajectory along the ISS. The energy is taken from Fig. 190 shows the orit ion in the reverse of the ions, when their spiral trajectory passes A is shown past the electrodes connected to the resonant circuit. and d. shows a part of the system

Perpendicular energy loss is the largest plasma electric energy generator, which for ions of the highest energy, which initially includes a thermonuclear reactor on circulating near the electrodes, where the electric counter beams, combined with another variant of the field has the greatest intensity. gate cyclotron energy converter.

Other aspects and distinguishing features of the present invention, as shown in the reverse side view, will become clear upon consideration of the following description. FigOtTA The orbit is shown again. particles in together with the accompanying drawings. and " and conventional cyclotron.

Fig. 218 shows an alternating electric field. gives three He ions and an energy of 8.7 MeV. Z

Figure 21C shows the variable energy of a theoretical simulation of a thermonuclear accelerated particle. devices that use aneutronic fuels,

Fig. 22 shows the azimuthal electric results that k.k.d. conversion of the output energy field in the gaps between the electrodes of the ISS, which acts on can reach approximately 9095, as described, the ion having an angular velocity. for example, in the work of Yoshikawa and others (K.

Fig. 23 shows a focusing doublet Uo5pikaja, t. Mota apa U. Matatoi, Ryviop quadrupole lens. Tesppoiodu, 19, 870 (1991)). Such high indicators

Fig. 24A and Fig. 24B show the auxiliary efficiency significantly expands the prospects of the magnetic field coil system. application of aneutronic thermonuclear

Figure 25 shows a reactor with a synthesis capacity for creating compact, inexpensive 100MW. industrial generators (1-1000 MW).

Fig. 26 shows auxiliary equipment in the method of direct energy conversion according to the reactor. with this invention charged particle products

Figure 27 shows the plasma traction power synthesis can be slowed down and their installation can be transformed. kinetic energy directly into electrical energy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS An advantage of the direct energy conversion system of the invention preferred according to the present invention is that it has

As shown in Fig., in a preferred embodiment, the efficiency, the range of acceptable energies, the plasma electric particle system and the electronic support that the energy generation according to the present invention includes allow to convert the frequency and phase of the fusion reactor on the counter beams, the output power of the fusion reactor is coupled to the system direct conversion of approximately 5MHz to match the external energy. It is indicated above that in an ideal power network 60ΩHz. the thermonuclear reactor has solved the problem of the containment system of the thermonuclear anomalous transfer of both ions and the electron reactor. In order to solve the problem, Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the abnormal transfer system in the device according to this 300 retention according to the present invention, which invention applied the retention system with preference. The system 300 holding the magnetic field, which has a configuration with includes a wall 305 of the camera, which forms an inverted field (EC). Abnormal transfer of camera 310 holding. In the preferred embodiment, in which ions are removed by magnetic retention, chamber 310 has a cylindrical

EMU in such a way that most of the ions have a broad shape, while the main axis of the cylinder 315 non-adiabatic orbits, which ensures that they pass through the center of the chamber 310. For insensitivity to short-wavelength oscillations, which the application of this system 300 of containment in cause anomalous transfer to the thermonuclear reactor in the chamber 310 trace of adiabatic ions. In particular, the existence of the EMU creates a vacuum or conditions close to a vacuum. In the region where the magnetic field disappears, provides the chamber 310 concentric with the main axis 315 the possibility of the existence of plasma, which contains the located betatron flux coil 320. most of the non-adiabatic ions. For electrons, This betatron flux coil 320 contains that anomalous energy transfer is eliminated medium that conducts an electric current by adjusting an externally applied current-directing circular magnetic field to create a strong long coil shown in the figure, which is a variant, electric field , which electrostatically holds which is preferred, includes several electrons in a deep potential well. individual coils with parallel windings, and

Nuclear fusion fuel plasmas, which can be the most preferred option is to use the device and parallel windings of about four separate methods of containment according to the present invention, not coils to form a long coil. are limited only to neutron fuels, it is clear to specialists that the current that passes such as 0-0|(deuterium-deuterium) or 0-T through the betatron coil 320, forms a (deuterium-tritium) magnetic field inside, and also includes the aneutronic betatron coil 320 , fuel direction, such as O-No? (deuterium-helium-3) and p-V"! which practically coincides with the direction of the main axis (hydrogen-boron-11). Progressive nuclear fuels 315. are considered in the work of Feldbacher and Heindler. From the outside of the chamber wall 305 - AV. Eeidrasneg 5 M. Neipaieg, Misieag Ipwipitepiv is covered by an external coil 325. The external coil apa Metoavs ip Rpuzis5 Nezeagsi, A271 (1988), 99- 325 creates a relatively constant magnetic field, flux 64 (Mopyp Noyapa Atwiegdat) |. When applied, which is practically parallel to the main axis 315. It is such aneutronic fuels that almost all the energy of the magnetic field has azimuthal symmetry. nuclear fusion reactions is released in the form of Assumption that the magnetic field created by charged particles, i.e. ions of high energy, by the external coil 325, is constant (which can be controlled by influencing them parallel to the axis 315, closest to the magnetic field and which cause only a slight reality at a relatively large distance from the ends of radioactivity or do not cause cameras 31 at all 0. At each end of the chamber 310 radioactivity. During the О-Hez reaction, an installed reflecting coil (magnetic p and He" ion with an energy of 18.2 MeV, and a p-B" reaction is formed) 330. The reflecting coils 330 are adapted to create a magnetic field of the effectiveness of holding the magnetic flux of increased tension inside camera 310 inside the camera 310. In alternative options near each of its ends, and thus, the line variants of the magnetic flux limiters can be the magnetic field near each of the ends of the camera are the outermost coils 325. bend inside the camera (see Fig. 8 and As will be more detailed explained below,

Fig. 10). As explained above, this bending of the field lines, the circulating plasma beam 335 contained inside the chamber helps to keep the plasma 335 into charged particles, can be kept inside the holding area of the chamber 310, generally between the chambers 310 by the Lorentz force, which is created by the reflecting coils 330, by the magnetic field , which is generated by the external coil pushing it away from the ends of the chamber, where it is possible 325. In this case, the ions in the plasma beam 335 leak out of the plasma from the containment system 300. are magnetically held on wide betatrons

Reflector coils 330 can be made from orbits along magnetic flux lines from the possibility of creating a raised magnetic external coil 325 parallel to the main field axis near the ends of the chamber by various 315. The system is also equipped with one or more methods known in the art, including several injection devices 340 for by increasing the number of turns in the reflectors, adding plasma ions in the circulating coils 330, increasing the current strength in the plasma beam 335 in the chamber 310. In the variant, the reflector coils 330 or overlapping which is preferred, the injectors 340 of the reflector coils 330 with an external coil are adapted to inject the ion beam approximately 325. at the same radial distance relative to the main one

In Fig. 1, the external coil 325 and the reflective axis 315, on which the circulating coil 330 is located, are shown located outside the wall of the plasma beam 335 (ie, near the null chamber 305; however, they can also be placed on the surface described below). In addition, the injectors inside the chamber 310. In cases where the wall 305 340 is made with the possibility of injecting ion beams, the chamber is made of a conductive material such as 350 (see Fig. 1b6) tangent to the betatron metal, it may be appropriate to locate the orbit of the held plasma beam 335 and into the coils 325, 330 inside the cavity limited by the direction of rotation of this orbit. chamber wall 305, since the time required for The system also includes one or more magnetic field penetration through wall 305, background plasma sources 345 to inject the cloud can be relatively long and thus low-energy plasma into chamber 310. Alternatively, cause a delay reactions of the system 300. which is preferred, sources mentioned 345

Similarly, the chamber 310 can have the shape of a background plasma made with the possibility of a hollow cylinder, while the wall 305 directing the plasma 335 towards the central axis of the chamber forms a long cavity of the annular chamber 310. It is found that the direction of the plasma in the section. In this case, the betatron coil in this direction contributes to the retention of the plasma 335 and 320 can be located inside the cavity, provides an increased density of the plasma 335 in the chamber limited by the wall 305, in the center of the mentioned area of the retention of the chamber 310. cavity of the annular section. In the variant, which Charged particles in the EC is preferred, the inner wall that forms the magnetic field 70 in the EC is shown in Fig. 2. the central part of the mentioned cavity. The system is cylindrically symmetrical with respect to the axis of the ring section, made of non-conductive 78. In EMU there are two areas of lines of magnetic material, for example, made of glass. This means the fields: open area 80 and closed area 72. that the chamber 310 should have the dimensions and shape. The surface that separates these two areas is called a separatrix sufficient to enable rotation and is indicated by the position 84. The EC of the circulating plasma beam or layer 335 forms a cylindrical zero surface 86, where around the main axis 315 at a given radius. the magnetic field disappears. In the central part of 88

The wall 305 of the chamber can be made of EMU, the magnetic field in the axial direction does not change significantly from a material that has high magnetic permeability. Near the end regions 90, for example, from steel. In this case, the wall 305 magnetic field significantly deviates from the axial chamber helps to prevent leakage of the magnetic direction. The magnetic field along the central axis 78 of the flow from the chamber 310, "squeezing" it as a result of the EAS changes its direction to the opposite, from where the influence of induction currents that arise in the term "inverted" in the name "configuration of the wall material. If the wall of the chamber is necessary with an inverted field" (Rieii Vemegzei Sopiidigayop, made of material with a low magnetic EMF). permeability, for example, from organic glass, then in Fig.ZA the magnetic field outside of the zero must be applied another device for the surface 94 has the first direction 96. Inside the retention of the magnetic flux. In this case, the magnetic field of the mentioned zero surface has a number of closed flat second direction 98 opposite to the first. If metal rings. These rings, known in the art under the ion moves in the direction of 100, then the force of 30 Lorentz, the name of the limiters of the magnetic flux, can act on it, directed towards the zero set inside the outer coils 325, but the surface 94. This is easy to determine by applying outside the circulating plasma beam 335. In addition to the right-hand rule. For particles that these magnetic flux limiters can be moving in the diamagnetic direction 102, the force is passive or active, and in active Lorentz is always directed toward zero, the limiters supply a certain current to raise the surface 94. As a result of this phenomenon, the particle orbit takes the form that is called betatron. Fig. 7A shows the graph of the electric field in the orbit, which will be described below. 130 in ENS. The horizontal axis of the graph represents

Figure 3B shows an ion moving at a distance in centimeters from the axis of 78 EVS. antidiamagnetic direction 104. In this case, the electric field strength is expressed in the Lorentz force directed away from zero Volts per centimeter. As can be seen from this graph, the surface 94. As a result of this phenomenon, there is a type on the radius 120 of the zero circle electric field of the orbit, called the drift orbit, which will 130 disappear. described below. The diamagnetic direction for ions is As can be seen from Fig. 7B, the electric field does not favor the antidiamagnetic direction for electrons and the retention of ions; it is directed away from the opposite. zero surface 86, as shown by arrows 132,

Figure 4 shows a plasma ring, or 134. The magnetic field, as before, has an opposite ring of plasma, 106, which rotates in directions 122, 124, respectively, outside and inside the diamagnetic direction 102 for ions. The ring 106 of the zero surface 86. Applying the rule located around the mentioned zero surface of the right hand, it is possible to find out that the direction 136 86. The magnetic field 108 created by the ring layer i i i . 106 of the plasma, in combination I applied externally to the drift min is the premagnetic direction 102 magnetic field 110 forms a magnetic field, which regardless of whether it is located outside or has an EMU topology (that is, the topology shown on the inside of the zero surface 86. and -

Fig. 2). Figures 1a and 8b show another type

The ion beam, which forms the annular layer 106 of the normal orbit in the ENS, which is called a drift plasma, has a certain temperature; therefore, the velocities of the orbit 138. The drift orbits 138 of the ions can correspond to the Maxwell distribution in the system located outside the zero .. surface, as a coordinate that rotates with the average shown in Fig.vaA, or inside it, as shown by the angular velocity of the ion beam. Collision between in Fig.88. Drift orbits 138 are rotated by ions having different speeds, causing a diamagnetic direction if the drift of the nuclear fusion reaction prevails. Therefore, the plasma layer, ExV, or in the antidiamagnetic direction, if or the active zone, 106 is called a system dominated by gradient drift. Drift orbits of oncoming beams. 138, shown in Fig. 8A and Fig. 8B, rotate in

Fig. 5 shows the main type of orbit of ions in the diamagnetic direction 102, starting from the initial system of counterbeams, which is called point 116. betatron orbit 112. Betatron orbit 112 The drift orbit, as shown in Fig. 8cC, can be characterized as sinusoidal can be imagined like a small circle rolling on a wave, the center of which is the zero circle 114. How relative to a larger circle. The small circle 142 is indicated above, on the zero circle 114 the magnetic rotates around its axis in the direction 144. That field disappears. The plane of the orbit 112 also rolls along the great circle 146 perpendicular to the axis 78 of the ENS. Ions in this orbit direction 102. Point 140 describes in the space 112 moving in its diamagnetic direction 102 a trajectory similar to line 138. from the starting point 116. An ion in a betatron orbit. Fig. 9A and Fig. 9B show the direction of the force involved in two movements: oscillations in radial Lorentz near the ends of the BAS 151. Fig. 9A direction (across the zero circle 114) and shows an ion moving in a diamagnetic translational movement along the zero direction 102 with a speed of 148 in the magnetic field of the circle 114. 150. Applying the right-hand rule, one can

Fig. bA shows a graph of the magnetic field 118 to find out that the Lorentz force 152 repels the ion in ENAS. The horizontal axis of the graph represents back to the area of closed field lines. So, the distance in centimeters from the axis is 78 NS. in this case, the 152 Lorentz force contributes

The strength of the magnetic field is expressed in the retention of ions. Figure 9B shows an ion that is kiloGauss. As can be seen from this graph, the magnetic field 118 disappears on the radius moving in the antidiamagnetic direction from 120 of the null circle. at a speed of 148 in a magnetic field of 150.

As can be seen from Fig. 6B, a particle that moves Applying the right-hand rule, it is possible to find out that the Lorentz force 152 pushes the ion under the influence of the gradient 126 of the magnetic field, the region of open field lines, near the mentioned zero circle. So, in this case directed away from the zero surface 86. force 152 Lorentz opposes the retention

The magnetic field outside the zero circle has ions. the first direction is 122, and the magnetic field inside Magnetic and electrostatic retention in the zero circle is the second direction 124, opposite to the first one. The direction of gradient drift Plasma layer 106 (see Fig. 4) is possible

Input uv, formed in ENS by injection of ion beams is determined by the vector product where uv. of high energy near the zero surface 86 in the gradient of the magnetic field, thus, if the diamagnetic direction 102 for ions. (Different ways to apply the right-hand rule, it is clear that the formation of the EMU and the plasma ring will be the direction of 128 gradient drift are discussed in detail below). In the rotating antidiamagnetic direction, regardless of whether the ring layer 106 of the plasma, most of the ions have an ion outside or inside the zero betatron orbits 112 (see Fig. 5), have a high circular 86. energy and are non-adiabatic; thus, they are insensitive to short-wavelength oscillations, which This is shown in Fig. 3A. On electrons causing anomalous transfer. rotate in the same direction as the ions, the force

In the plasma layer 106, created in the EMU, the Lorentz force acts in the opposite direction, so that the equilibrium conditions of conservation of the moment of the number of electrons are not kept. The movement of these electrons determines a certain ratio between the angular velocity of leaving the plasma, and as a result, the velocity of the ions and the angular velocity of the excess positive charge are formed. As a result, electrons oe. This relationship has the form of an electric field that opposes the output

F. 7eVv of other electrons from the plasma. Direction and

Fe ser-ve de bo - 8-9 (1) the intensity of this electric field in this equilibrium state is determined by the rule

In equation 1, 7 is the atomic number, t; - mass of the ion, conservation of moment of momentum. е - charge of an electron, Во - voltage The electrostatic field significantly affects the applied magnetic field and с - the speed of transfer of both electrons and ions. Accordingly, light. This ratio contains three independent important aspects of the present invention is that the parameters: the intensity of the applied magnetic plasma layer 106 creates a strong field Vo, the angular velocity of electrons se and the angular electrostatic field, the intensity of which is the velocity of ions oi. If two of them are known, then the third is determined by the intensity of the applied parameter can be determined from equation 1. magnetic field Vo, which can be easily adjusted.

Since the plasma layer 106 is formed, as indicated above, by the mentioned electrostatic injection of ion beams into the EMU, the angular field contributes to the retention of electrons, if de»0. As the speed of ions c; is determined by the kinetic shown in Fig. 10B, the depth of the potential well by the injection energy M/; beam, which is determined as it can be increased by adjusting the 1 2 1 2 applied magnetic field Vo. Except

In tm - 5 pogo) (2) of a very narrow region near the zero circle, , 2, , dense electrons always have a small gyroradius. volume

Here M-eigto, where M; - the speed of ions during injection, electrons react to the dark rod oscillation

Phi is the cyclotron frequency of ions, and Ho is the radius with an abnormally high diffusion rate. On the zero surface 86. Kinetic energy of electrons, in practice, this diffusion contributes to support in the beam is not taken into account, since the mass of the potential well after the occurrence of the electron reaction is much smaller than the mass of the pi ion. synthesis Ions of synthesis products, having significantly

At a fixed injection speed of the beam of higher energy, the plasma is left. For (a fixed value of ой) applied magnetic maintenance of quasi-neutrality of the charge, the products of the field Во can be adjusted so that it is possible to synthesise electrons with them to obtain different values of се. As will be shown plasma, capturing electrons, mainly from below, regulation of the external magnetic field of the surface of the plasma layer. Electron density on

Vo also creates different values of the surface of the plasma layer is very low, and the electrostatic field inside the plasma electrons, which leave the plasma together with the layer. This feature of the invention is illustrated in Fig. 1oA and synthesis products, should be replaced by others;

Fig. 1OB. Figure OA shows three graphs, otherwise the potential well should disappear. of the electric field (V/cm), obtained at the same Figure 11 shows the Maxwellian distribution of the injection speed oi-1.35x10"s", however, with three 162 electrons. Only electrons with very large different values of the applied magnetic field Bo: with energy from the tail part 160 of the Maxwellian distribution can reach the plasma surface and leave it with product ions of the magnetic field (Bo) of electrons (se synthesis. Thus, the tail part 160 of the distribution 162 is continuously created due to of electron-electron collisions in the region of high density near the zero surface. High-energy electrons, however, have a small gyroradius, so

The values of soybeans in the above table were that anomalous diffusion allows them. reach determined according to equation 1. It should be borne in mind that the surface is fast enough for accommodation! with young people: synthesis products that come out of the plasma.

THAT sFe»0 means that in equation 1 Oo»o;, i.e. е щ й

Electrons of high energy lose their energy, electrons rotate in their : : in and : and antidiamagnetic direction. Fig. 10B shows when overcoming a potential pit and exiting it, the electric potential (in Volts) for that very low energy. Although . electrons n can quickly cross the magnetic field of the set of values Vo and de. On the horizontal axis due to anomalous transfer, anomalous

PHILOA and -FigToV shown distance in energy loss tend to disappear, as centimeters from the axis of 78 EVS. A small amount of energy is transferred electrically. field and electric potential are strongly dependent Another consequence of the potential well is the mechanism

FROM Fe. | strong cooling of electrons, similar

The results described above can be explained by evaporative cooling. For example, based on simple physical considerations. When the ions of evaporation of water must be brought to it, they rotate in the diamagnetic direction, they are the latent heat of evaporation. This heat is held magnetically under the influence of the Lorentz force. is supplied by the remaining liquid water and the surrounding medium, which at the same time cools down to This phenomenon explains the mechanism of ion loss, the temperature of which is reduced faster than the spent existence of which should be expected in all energy is renewed as a result of the processes of EMU experiments. Indeed, in these heat transfers. Similarly, for electrons in the experiments half of the current was carried by ions, and the potential well is the equivalent of the hidden second half - electrons. In these conditions, the heat of evaporation of water. Electrons in the electrostatic field inside the plasma are such that they receive the energy necessary to exit with which we neglect, and the gradient drift is always a potential well, due to the process - g. thermalization, which restores the energy of the tail, dominates the influence of the XW drift. So, . VS of the Maxwellian distribution, so that electrons in drift orbits, formed as a result, can leave the plasma. Thus, in large-angle collisions, lost as a result of the thermalization process, the end of the transition time is reduced. Value of electron temperature speed; this process undergoes diffusion of ions determined from these data much faster than any heating process. experiments, exceeded the values,

As a result of the mass difference between electrons and predicted on the basis of estimates of classical diffusion. by protons, the time of energy transfer from protons In the presence of a strong electrostatic, approximately 1800 times shorter than the time of the field, the ЭХВ drift prevails over the gradient drift, and the thermalization of electrons. This mechanism drift orbits rotate in diamagnetic cooling also reduces the radiative directions. This is shown above in connection with Fig. 12A. losses for electrons. This fact has a special significance. When these orbits reach the ends of the EMU, they are important in the case of progressive fuels, when reflected back to the region of closed lines, the radiation losses increase due to the field under the influence of the Lorentz force; therefore, they that the fuel id0ns have atomic number 7 remain held in the system. more than one; 221. Electrostatic fields in the counter system

The electrostatic field affects also the beams can be strong enough to drift the transfer of ions. The majority of particle orbits in the EHV I and plasma layer 106 are betatron orbits, where gradient drift prevailed. Thus, 112. Large-angle collisions, i.e., collisions with the electrostatic field of the system // counteracts the scattering angles between 907 and 180", the transfer of ions by excluding the influence can cause a change in the betatron orbit. on this mechanism of ion loss, analogous to the drift orbit cone. How indicated above, the direction of losses in the mirror device. The rotation of the drift orbit is determined. Another aspect of ion diffusion can be evaluated by considering the influence of small-angle electron competition between the drift of ExB and the gradient of ion collisions on betatron orbits. In Fig. 13A, by drift. If the drift of EKB prevails, then the betatron orbit 112 is shown; Fig. 13b the drift orbit rotates in the diamagnetic represents the same orbit 12 with regard to the direction. If the gradient drift prevails, then of small-angle electron-ion collisions, the drift orbit rotates in the antidiamagnetic position indicated by the position 174; the direction is shown in Fig. This is shown on Fig. 12A and Fig. 128. On the orbit of Fig. 13B after a 10-fold period of time

Fig. 12A shows the transition from the betatron orbit to depicted as orbit 176, and in Fig. 130 shows the drift orbit resulting from the collision at the angle of the orbit of Fig. 138 after 20 times the time interval, 180", which occurred at the point 172. The drift orbit is depicted as the orbit 178. From these figures it can be seen that it continues to rotate in the diamagnetic direction, the topology of betatron orbits does not change under the influence of small-angle electron-ion collisions; since the ECxB drift prevails, Fig. 128, however, the amplitude of their radial oscillations over time shows another collision at an angle of 180", however, increases. Indeed, the density of the orbits shown in this case, the electrostatic field is weak, and Fig. 1ZA-130, increases with time, which indicates a prevailing gradient drift. Hence, gradient classical diffusion. the orbit rotates in the antidiamagnetic direction. Formation of EVS

The direction of rotation of the drift orbit determines the usual methods used for the presence or absence of its retention. EC formations are based mainly on

A particle moving along a drifting orbit has a velocity parallel to the ENS axis using the theta-pinch effect to rotate. Time, fields. In such a well-known method, a particle in the system needs to create a magnetic displacement field using the end of the UAS to the second in the system as a result of such external coils that surround the chamber filled with parallel motion, which is called the transition time; such after vacuuming with an inert gas. After this, the drift orbit reaches the end of the EKS during the time the gas is ionized, and the mentioned magnetic field is displaced on the order of the transition time. As can be seen from Fig. 9A, the force stabilizes in the plasma. Then the direction of the current in

Lorentz force near the ends helps keep the external coils quickly changed (only in the case of rotation of the drift orbit in the opposite direction, and the lines are oriented opposite to the diamagnetic direction. Thus, after the magnetic field, the ions that were on the stabilized lines combine with the previous transition time, forming a closed drift orbits that rotated into the UAS topology (see Fig. 2). This method in the antidiamagnetic direction is lost. The formation of ENS is largely empirical, and the means of controlling and regulating the formation

EVS are almost absent. Therefore, this method provides de aheg/tiss-1.57x10719 cm and the energy of the ion beam only low reproducibility and does not provide 1 2 the possibility of regulating the process. r shi , , ,

On the contrary, the methods of formation of electric currents according to this i - In a one-dimensional model, the magnetic field from the invention create wide possibilities of plasma flow are Вр-(гл/с)ir, where ir is the strength of the current of control and regulation and provide much per unit length. A more transparent and reproducible process for field inversion. Indeed, it is necessary to have /ir»eMo/lioa-0.225KA/sM, where

EVAS, formed by methods according to this and other inventions, can be adjusted to the form of EVS, and Vo-69.3G and 2 -100eVv. In the model with periodically also on its properties, it is possible directly located rings, where В, averaged over influence by manipulating the magnetic field, | | (c;) formed by the external magnetic coils coordinate along the axis -(gl/s(r/5) (5 - distance 325. The formation of EMU by the methods according to this between the rings), if the 5th, the average magnetic field of the invention also ensures the formation of the same as in the one-dimensional model with ir--Ir/5.electric field and potential well due to the Combined beam-betatron method of the processes described in detail above. In addition, the formation of EC methods according to this invention is possible without the method of formation of ENAS in the above-described of the difficulties to spread in order to adapt the EVS to the containment system 300, which is preferred to the level of the reactor parameters and fuel flows, is called in this description the combined high-energy method, the invention also enables the beam-betatron method. In this approach, the classical containment of ions, which is also one of the applied combination plasma ion beams its advantages.Furthermore, the described method can be applied in compact devices is stable using betatron flux coil to disturbances and easy to use - all these 320. characteristics are highly desirable for reactor The first stage of this method is the injection of systems. almost ring-shaped background cloud layer

In the methods of the present invention, plasma is generated in chamber 310 using sources 345

EMU refers to the circulating plasma beam of the background plasma. The external coil 325 creates in 335. It is easy to understand that the circulating plasma chamber 310 magnetic field, which magnetizes the background beam 335, because it is a current, creates plasma. With the help of injectors 340, a poloidal magnetic field, similar to an electric field, is injected into the chamber 310 with short time intervals of the current in the ring conductor. Inside, the low-energy ion beams, directed practically by the circulating plasma beam 335, created across the external magnetic field applied from the outside by it, self-induction directs the magnetic field in the chamber 310. As explained above, these ion beams, under the influence of the mentioned magnetic field, are captured by the magnetic field created by the external to wide betatron orbits in the coil 325. From the outside of the plasma beam 335 the chamber 310. These ion beams can be generated for the mentioned self-induction magnetic field has the same with the help of an ion accelerator, such as the direction with the applied magnetic field. If the accelerator, which contains an ion diode and an ion current in the plasma, has a sufficiently significant power, then the Marx generator, see Miller -N.V. Mieg, Ap self-induction field dominates the applied field, and Ipigodisiop o She RNiuzisvo oi Ipiepee Spagdei the magnetic field inside the circulating Rapisie Veate, 1982). As experts understand, the plasma beam 335 changes its direction to the externally applied magnetic field and acts in the opposite direction, thereby creating a Lorentzian topology on the injected ion beam, as soon as

EVS, as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 4. it enters chamber 310; however, it is desirable that

The field reversal conditions can be estimated, this beam was not deflected and, therefore, did not hit by applying a simple model. Let's consider the betatron orbit until the beam reaches the electric current Ir in the ring with a larger radius of the circulating plasma beam 335. For and a smaller radius a««ho. The magnetic field in the center of the satisfaction of this condition mentioned ion beams of the ring, normal to this ring, is neutralized by electrons and before entering the

Vr-2lir/(hundred). Suppose that the current in the ring of the chamber 310 is passed through a practically constant

Ia-Mre(Oo/g2l) is created by Mr ions, which have a unidirectional magnetic field. As shown in the angular velocity Oo. For a single ion, as shown in Fig. 14, when the ion beam 350 passes through a corresponding magnetic field rotating at a radius of го-Мо/О0, Оо-еВо/тс, there is a separation of the cyclotron frequency for the external magnetic field of positively charged ions and the negative field of Во. Let Mo be the average speed of ions. in charged electrons. Thus, the ion beam beam. The reversal of the field is defined as 350 under the influence of the mentioned magnetic field undergoes mes electric self-polarization. This is a magnetic field

Vo ----» 280 (3) can be created, for example, with the help of a permanent magnet or an electromagnet, while it is meant that Mr»2go/a and installed along the path of the ion beam. When the emu beam then enters the holding chamber 310, in tt (4) the total electric field balances the magnetic ! the force acting on the particles in the beam, providing the ability to move the ion beam without deflection. Fig. 15 shows a front view experimentally implemented in the chamber of the ion beam 350 during its contact with the plasma 335. with a diameter of 1.5 m and a length of 1.5 m with the use of

As shown in the figure, electrons from the plasma 335 of the external applied magnetic field up to 500 move along the magnetic field lines into the Ge, the magnetic field from the betatron flux beam 350 or from it, while the electric coil 320 up to 5 kHz and a vacuum of 1.2x10mm Hg. beam polarization is compensated. After disappearance (1.6x103Pa). The background plasma in the experiment had a longitudinal electric polarization of the beam with a density of 10'Z3cmZ, and the ion beam was a neutralized hydrogen beam combined with the circulating plasma beam with a density of 335 in a betatron orbit around the main axis of 315, 1.2x10'Zcm3, with a speed of 2x10'"cm /s and duration as shown in Fig. 1 (see also Fig. 4) of a pulse of approximately 20 μs (at half height).

During the passage of the plasma beam 335 along, a reversal of the field was observed. in its betatron orbit, moving ions create a Betathon method of forming an EMF current, which, in turn, creates a poloidal Another method of forming an EMF in the self-induction magnetic field described above. betatron to increase the speed of the plasma beam 335, in that way. This method is based on the strengthening of the magnetic field of self-induction, which, by direct use of current, creates the mentioned plasma beam 335. When induced by a betatron, to accelerate the magnetic field of self-induction acquires sufficient plasma beam 335 with the application of voltage, the direction of the magnetic field on the betatron flux coil 320. In the variant at radial distances from the axis 315, smaller than the radius of this method, which is preferred, the plasma beam 335, is changed (to the retention system 300 is applied, the opposite, thereby forming an ENS. (See depicted in Fig. 1, with the difference that the injection

Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). It is implied that low-energy plasma beams are not necessary when increasing. speed of the circulating plasma beam 335 As indicated above, the main element for maintaining its radius on the betatron orbit of the system when using the betatron method is to strengthen the applied magnetic field, the formation of EMF is a betatron flux coil created by an external coil 325. For this 320, installed in the center of the chamber 310 along for its purpose, the device is equipped with a control axis. Due to its design, which consists of a regulation system to maintain the individual parallel windings, the coil 320 has a CORRESPONDING applied magnetic field very low inductance and, if connected 3 by adjusting the current in the external coil by a suitable power source, has a very low 325. An alternative is the application of the second time constant C, which enables a very fast external coil to provide an additional linear increase in the current in the flux coil 320. of the applied magnetic field necessary for the formation of the EMF in the variant, which is given the preservation of a constant radius of the plasma orbit, begins with the supply of current to the external beams during its acceleration. magnetic coils 325, 330. This provides axial

To increase the speed of the circulating guide field, as well as the radial components of the plasma beam 335 in its orbit, the magnetic field system near the ends of the chamber 310, equipped with a betatron flux coil 320, is necessary for the axial retention of the plasma,

From Fig. 16 it is clear that the increase in the current injected into the chamber 310. After installing the betatron coil 320 creates in the chamber 310, the necessary magnetic field include the current in according to Ampere's law, the azimuthal electric source 345 of the background plasma from the corresponding field E. Positively charged ions in the plasma of individual power sources. The plasma that flows from the beam 335 is accelerated by this induced by these guns, moves along the axial electric field, which leads to the reversal of the guiding field and slightly expands under the field, as described above. When to the circulating under the influence of its own temperature. When this plasma of the plasma beam 335 adds ion beams, as it reaches the middle of the chamber 310, it forms, as described above, the plasma beam 335 causes a continuous axially extended layer of depolarization of these beams. (annular cross-section) of cold plasma, which

To reverse the field, the circulating plasma moves at a low speed. the beam 335 is accelerated in the embodiment in which the current is fed into the betatron is preferred, to the energy of rotation of the flux coil 320. A rapid increase in current of about 100 eV, in the embodiment in which the current is supplied in the coil 320 causes a rapidly changing axial bias, ranging from about 75 eV to the magnetic flux inside said coil. 125e8. In order to achieve conditions compatible with the nuclear As a result of inductive effects, this is a rapid synthesis, circulating plasma beam 335 growth of the axial magnetic flux is accelerated in the variant that causes the generation of azimuthal advantage, to the rotation energy of approximately 200 keV, electric field E (see Fig. 17), which permeates, in a preferred embodiment, the space around said flux coil in the range. from approximately 100 keV to 3.3 MeV. According to Maxwell's equations, it is electrical

The formation of En was successfully demonstrated by applying a magnetic flux inside the coil, i.e. by the combined beam-betatron method. the current in the betatron current grows faster

The combined beam-betatron method was coils, the stronger is the mentioned electric Radius of the betatron coil is 10cm. field. The radius of the plasma beam orbit is 20 cm.

This inductively generated electric field. The average intensity of the magnetic field interacting with charged particles in the plasma and created in the vacuum chamber reached 100 Hz. It creates a ponderomotive force that accelerates with a rise period of 15O0μs and a coefficient of particles in the annular layer of plasma. The first reflection of the magnetic mirror is 2:1. (Sources: Type of Accelerated Particles, External Coils, and Betatron Coils). due to their small mass, there are electrons. Thus Background plasma (mainly, in gaseous form, the initial current, which is formed into hydrogen) was characterized by the average density of this process, due mainly to approximately 10!Сcm, the kinetic temperature is lower than the electrons. However, with enough time than 1beV. acceleration (approximately several hundreds of microseconds) The existence time of the configuration was limited arises, ultimately, also the ion current. total energy accumulated in

As can be seen from Fig. 17, this electric field E experiment, and was, as a rule, approximately accelerates electrons and ions in opposite ZOmks. directions When both types of particles reach In the course of the experiments initially carried out their terminal velocities, the current is transferred to the injection of the background plasma layer with the help of two ions and electrons to approximately the same extent. systems of coaxial cable guns,

As indicated above, the current, which is carried by the rotating plasma inside the ring circuit, forms the magnetic field of the camera. Each system of 8 guns was self-induction. The formation of a real topology EC installed on one of the two systems of reflectors begins when the magnetic field of self-induction coils. The cannons were located on the same level created by the current in the plasma layer, are at a distance from each other in azimuth and shifted by a comparable magnetic field from the outside relative to the second system. Such an arrangement of magnetic coils 325, 330. At this moment, it was possible to launch all the guns at the same time, and magnetic coupling occurs, and the open lines thus create an annular layer of plasma. of the initial applied magnetic field After the creation of such a layer, the betatron flux coil power supplies begin to close and form. the surface of the EVS (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). An increase in the current in the betatron windings

The basic topology of the ENS provided by this coil caused the increase of the magnetic flux in a way characterized by moderate values in the coil, as a result of which the magnetic field and energy of the particles were formed, which, like the azimuthal electric field that curled as a rule, do not correspond to the operating parameters around the betatron coil. Fast linear thermonuclear reactor. However, the inductive growth of the current in the betatron coil and the large accelerating electric field continue to force this current to exist as long as the rapidly increasing electric field continues, which accelerated the annular layer of current in the betatron flux coil 320. plasma and thus induced a significant current.

As a result of this process, the energy and the total magnetic field strength in the EMU continue to grow when the plasma current is strong enough. The propagation of this process, therefore, changed the external applied field and caused the emergence of a configuration with an inverse field limited mainly by parameters. power source of the flux coil, because the degree, intensity and duration of existence of this continuous supply of current requires EMU reserves were determined using point B-loops. a lot of energy. However, in principle, there is a typical example of the obtained data is the direct possibility of accelerating the system to the shown in Fig. 18 recording of signals of point B- operating conditions of a thermonuclear reactor. probes Curve A reflects the absolute

In order to reverse the field, the circulating plasma voltage of the axial component of the magnetic field in the beam 335 is accelerated in a variant which is given a radial position corresponding to distance advantage, ranging from about 75eV to 15cm from the longitudinal axis. Curve B displays 125e8. To achieve conditions compatible with nuclear synthesis of the absolute intensity of the axial component, the circulating plasma beam 335 of the magnetic field in the middle plane of the chamber is accelerated in a variant that is given a distance of ZOsm from the longitudinal axis. Thus, the preference, to a rotation energy of about 200keV, curve A characterizes the magnetic intensity in the preferred variant, in the range of the field inside the fuel plasma layer (between about 100keV to 3.3MeV. When to the betatron coil and plasma), and the curve In the circulating plasma beam 335, an ionic characterizing the magnetic field strength outside the beam is added, as described above, then the plasma beam 335 layer of fuel plasma. The given data clearly causes depolarization of these bundles. indicate that the internal magnetic field changes

The formation of EMF when applying the betatron orientation to the reverse (becomes negative) in the method was successfully demonstrated at a time interval from approximately 23 μs to 47 μs, at the following parameter levels: the time when the external field remains positive,

The dimensions of the vacuum chamber: the diameter is approximately ie does not change the orientation. Field rotation time 1m, length 1.5m. limited by the characteristics of the current build-up in the betatron coil. Upon reaching the peak state, suitable for the nuclear fusion reaction, the value of the current in the betatron coil is characterized by the following physical parameters (which can vary in the induced current in the fuel plasma layer) begins to decrease, and the EFS quickly collapses. depending on the type of fuel and operating mode

Currently, the duration of the existence of the ENS is limited to the reactor). by the amount of energy that can be accumulated in Average temperature of ions: in the range from the experiment. As with the experiments with the injection of about ZOkeV to 23OkeV, in the variant which and trapping, the system can be improved is preferred, in the range from about to ensure the prolongation of the existence of EVS and veOkeV to 23OkeV. accelerating the plasma to parameters suitable for Average electron temperature: in the fusion reactor range. from approximately 30 keV to 100 keV, in the version which

In general, this method not only provides the preferred, in the range from about the creation of a compact configuration of EVS, but also 8OkeV to 10OkeV. is reliable and simple to perform. The most Coherent energy of fuel beams is important that the basic EMF generated by this (injected ion beams and circulating method can be accelerated to a plasma beam without difficulty): in the range from about any desired rotational energy level and 100keV to 3.3MeV, in the version that is given to the strength of the magnetic field. This has a decisive advantage, in the range from about 30OkeV to the value for use in thermonuclear 3z.3 Mev. reactions and for the classical retention of fuels Total magnetic field: in the range of high energy beams. approximately 47.5kHz to 120kHz, in which version

Nuclear fusion is preferred, ranging from approx

The aforementioned two methods of generating ENS in the 95kHz to 120kHz (external applied field in the containment system 300 described above, or in the range of approximately 2.5kHz to 15kHz, in a variant similar to the system, are capable of providing the preferred, in the range of plasmas, which have properties suitable for approximately 5kHz to 15kHz). carrying out nuclear fusion reactions in them. More Time of classical retention: greater than the time specifically, the EMU formed by these methods, it is possible to spend fuel, in the variant that is given to accelerate to any desired energy level, in the range from about 10 s to 100 s of rotation and magnetic field strength. This Fuel ion density: in the range from is crucial for applications in about 1017 to less than 10!5cm, in a variant, fusion reactions and for classical which is preferred, in the range from holding high-energy fuel beams. approximately 10'jasm to 101!5cm3,

Thus, in the system 300 containment becomes possible Total synthesis power: in the variant in which trapping and containment of plasma beams is preferred, ranges from approximately high energy for periods of time sufficient BOkW/cm to 450 kW/cm (energy per 1 cm of length to initiate in of nuclear fusion reactions, chambers).

To adapt to nuclear fusion conditions To create nuclear fusion conditions,

The ESAs formed by these methods, in a preferred embodiment of the above, are accelerated to suitable ESAs to a coherent rotational energy level at a preferred rotational energy and intensity level in the betatron magnetic field range from approximately 100 keV to 3.3 MeV, in the version with acceleration. Nuclear fusion, however, requires greater preference, ranging from a specific set of physical conditions for approximately Zb0OkeV to 3.3 MeV, and the intensity level of any reaction. In addition, for the magnetic field in the variant, which is given to ensure efficient fuel consumption and advantage, in the range of about 45kHz until the achievement of a positive energy balance of 120kHz, in the variant which is given more fuel should be kept in this state, it is practically preferred, in the range of about 9OkHz to a constant, over a long period of time. This is 115 kilowatts. With such parameters, it is important to inject high-energy ion beams and capture them for nuclear fusion reaction, which is characterized by obtaining a plasma layer, where the plasma ions are held magnetically by the high kinetic temperature and/or the beam, and the electrons are held by energy. Therefore, the creation of such a state requires a plasma beam held electrostatically. of significant energy consumption, which can be compensated for. It is preferred to maintain as much as possible only if most of the fuel enters the fusion reaction at a lower practically possible temperature. As a result, the time of holding electrons in order to reduce the amount of fuel must exceed the time of its consumption. bremsstrahlung, which is different

At the same time, the energy balance and, therefore, the output of useful energy can cause radiative losses in a positive case. Electrostatic energy pit according to energy. this invention provides an effective means

A significant advantage of the present invention is that the fulfillment of this requirement. the containment system and plasma characterized The temperature of the ions should preferably be maintained at in this description, are able to provide a significant level that ensures the effective consumption of the duration of retention, i.e. the retention time, of the fuel, since the reaction capture cross section exceeds the consumption time of the fuel. Typical synthesis is a function of ion temperature. The high direct energy of the fuel ion beams has a significant moment and such an adiabatic invariant, the associated values to ensure the classical with their motion. If B decreases by about 10 the transfer discussed earlier in this description. times (as indicated by the divergence of the field lines), then

This condition also ensures a reduction to Mrer also decreases by about 3.2 times. minimum effects of fuel plasma instability. Thus, at the moment when product ions

The magnetic field is compatible with the rotational energy of the synthesis reach the region of the uniform field, their beam. It is created in part by plasma rotational energy is less than 595 starting (self-induction field) and, in turn, of the total energy, in other words, almost all provides the basis and effort necessary for the energy is translational. keeping the plasma beam in the desired orbit. Energy conversion

Nuclear fusion products Direct energy conversion system according to

The synthesis products are born mainly by this invention includes the inverse near the zero surface, from where they exit the cyclotron converter (CTC) 420, shown due to diffusion to the separator 84 (see Fig. 2 in Fig. 19A and Fig. 20A, attached to the active zone and Fig. 4 ). This process is a consequence of collisions with (shown in part) 436 thermonuclear reactor by electrons (since collisions with ions are not on the oncoming beams (SVEN) 410, forming change the center of mass and, therefore, do not cause changes in the plasma-electric system 400 of energy generation. field lines). Due to its high kinetic energy, the second ISS (not shown) can be energy (the products of the reaction have a much higher energy than the fuel ions), the products of synthesis are easily 410. Between SVEN 410 and ISS 420, the separatrix 84 is located. After leaving the magnetic tooth 486, which is formed when the boundary of the separatrix 84 merges, they can move along the open lines of the magnetic fields SVEV 410 and ISS 420. a brief description of a typical collision is given. Although this collisional process does not produce a cyclotron accelerator. In ordinary diffusion, it can cause a change in the direction of the vector of high-energy cyclotron accelerators of the ion velocity so that it becomes with velocities perpendicular to the magnetic parallel to the magnetic field. These open field lines move in circles. The radius of the orbit of the mentioned field 80 connecting the ENS topology of the active zone of high energy ions is determined by the intensity of a uniform field applied outside the magnetic field and the ratio of their charge to the EAS topology. Ions of fusion products have mass and increase with increasing energy. However, on different field lines along which they move, the frequency of ion rotation does not depend on their energy. with a certain energy distribution. Predominantly ions This fact is used in the design of synthesis products and electrons that neutralize cyclotron accelerators. charge, come out in the form of rotating beams as shown in Fig. 21A, the usual annular section from both ends of the fuel plasma. the cyclotron accelerator 700 has two

For example, in a reactor with a capacity of 5 OMW, in which mirror-symmetric C-shaped electrodes are used for the p-B'! reaction, these beams will be 710, which form two mirror-symmetrical have a radius of approximately 50 cm and a thickness of approximately U-shaped cavity, located at 10 cm. In strong magnetic fields that exist outside the uniform magnetic field 720, the lines of which are separated by 84 (as a rule, approximately 100 kgH), perpendicular to the plane of symmetry of the electrodes, the ions of the synthesis products have a corresponding distribution, that is, in this case, to the plane of the drawing. Between the gyroradii, which vary from the minimum of the mentioned C-shaped electrodes (see the value of approximately Icm to the maximum in Fig. 218), an oscillating electrical value of approximately Ccm for product ions with potential is applied. Y ions are emitted by the source, the highest energy. located in the center of the cyclotron 700. Mentioned

At the initial stage, the ions of the synthesis products, the magnetic field 720 is adjusted so that the frequency has both translational and rotational energy, which rotation of the mentioned ions is consistent with the electric one, characterized as M2M(mra)" and M2M(mregr)-. Here, the potential and the associated with him electric

Mrer is the azimuthal velocity associated with the field. If ion 1 crosses the gap 730 between C- rotation about the field line as the center of the orbit. similar electrodes 710 in the direction which

Since after exiting the environment of the ENS topology, the direction of the electric field coincides with the direction of the electric field, the field lines diverge, and the rotational energy accelerates. As a result of the acceleration of the ion, I decreases, while the total energy and the radius of the orbit increase. After remains constant. This is / a consequence of passing along the arc of a semicircle (with the adiabatic invariance of the magnetic moment, the energy does not increase), the ion again crosses the ions of the synthesis products. It is known in the art that the gap 730. Now the electric field between the charged particles moving in orbits in the mentioned C-shaped electrodes 710 has a magnetic field, have a magnetic moment, the opposite direction. At the same time, the ion is again connected with their movement. In the case when the particles are accelerated with a further increase in energy. move along a magnetic field that slowly This process is repeated every time the ion changes, there is also an adiabatic invariant crosses the gap 730, provided that the frequency of this motion, which is defined as 1/2M|(mretr)"/V. its rotation remains agreed with

Ions of the synthesis products, which move along orbits at the frequency of the oscillating electric field (look around the corresponding field lines, have a magnetic Fig. 21C). On the other hand, if the particle crosses the gap 730 during the period when the electric field has 494 with narrow rectilinear gaps 497 the opposite direction, then it slows down between them as well. When the system is working on the electrodes, 494 returns to the central source. provide an oscillating potential in an alternating mode.

Acceleration is experienced only by those particles that The electric field E inside the converter has an initial velocity vector, a quadruple structure, as shown in the side view, perpendicular to the magnetic field 720 and which are presented in Fig.198. This electric field E crosses the gaps 730 with the corresponding phase equal to zero on the axis of symmetry and increases linearly in the oscillating electric field. Thus, depending on the radius; it reaches the highest corresponding phase matching has a significant value in the intervals 497. value for acceleration. In addition, the ISS 420 includes external fields

In principle, the cyclotron coils 488, which create a uniform field, could be used to extract kinetic energy from inside the hollow cylinder of the ISS. Since a narrow parallel beam of ions of the same current direction in the field coils 488 ISS energy. Slowing down of ions by a cyclotron, but without the opposite direction of the current flowing through energy extraction, was observed for protons, as field coils 425 SVEN, then field lines 496 in the ISS are described in the work of Bloch and Jeffries (Viosp apa 420 have a direction opposite to the open

Uype5, Rpuz. To him 80, 305 (1950)). Ions can be field lines 480 SVEVN 410. At the end of ISS 420, it would be injected into the cavity of the cyclotron so that it is farthest from the active zone 436 SVEN so that they fall into the deceleration phase 410, ISS 420 has a collector of 492 ions. relative to the oscillating field. In this case, all these ions would move along the reverse trajectory opposite the symmetric magnetic tooth 486, where the open trajectories T of the accelerated ion shown on the field line 480 of the SVEA 410 merge with the field lines.

Fig. 21 A. When the ions are slowed down under the influence of 496 CC 420. Around the magnetic tooth 486 of interaction with the electric field, their kinetic collector 490 of electrons is located, which has energy is transformed into an oscillating electric ring-shaped form and is electrically connected to the energy in the electric circuit, part of which is the collector of 492 ions. The magnetic field of a magnetic cyclotron. In this way, it would be possible to achieve tooth 486, as described below, 3 of high direct conversion of kinetic energy in the efficiency of converting the axial velocity of the beam into electrical, and with a very high efficiency. 437 in rotational speed. Fig. 19C shows

In practice, the ions of the ion beam enter the typical orbit 422 of the ion in the converter 420. cyclotron in all possible phases. If in SVEA 410 has cylindrical symmetry. In the design of the cyclotron, there is no active compensation of alternating phases in its central part, then half of the ions will be accelerated, and the second half - 435, held in the magnetic field 470 of the topology, will be slowed down. As a result, the maximum efficiency ESU, where nuclear fusion reactions take place. As the energy conversion will be 5095. In addition, as indicated above, the nuclei of the reaction products and the ring beams of ions of the products of nuclear fusion, the charge neutralizing electrons come out in the form discussed above, have a geometry that is not suitable beams of 437 ring cross-section from both ends for a conventional cyclotron. fuel plasma 435. These beams, for example, in

As shown in more detail below, the ISS according to the reactor with a capacity of 5 OMW on the reaction p-B'! have with this invention adapted to the ring radius of about 50 cm and a thickness of about 10 cm. forms of bundles of synthesis products coming from the Ring bundle has a density of n-107108cm3. At

EMU of the active zone of a thermonuclear reactor, and to such a density the magnetic tooth 486 separates the random phase distribution of ions in the beam and scattered electrons and ions. Electrons move along their energies. magnetic field lines to the collector of 490 electrons,

In the left part of Fig. 19A, part a is shown, the ions pass by the tooth 486, where the trajectories of the active zone 436 of the SVEAV 410, where the fuel plasma of the ions change, becoming practically 435 held in the ENS 470, created in part by spirals that extend along the ISS 420. by the applied magnetic field with the help of Energy is taken from the ions when their spiral external field coils 425. EVS 470 contains a trajectory passes by electrodes 494, connected closed field lines 482, separatrix 484 and with a resonant circuit (not shown on open field lines 480, which, as indicated above, figure). Perpendicular energy losses are determined by the properties of the ring beam 437 the greatest for ions of the highest energy, which are synthesis products. The open field lines 480 initially rotate near the electrodes 494, extending from the active zone 436 in the direction where the electric field has the highest intensity. of the magnetic tooth 486. As indicated above, the products of the ions entering the magnetic tooth 486 from the synthesis leave the active zone 436 along the rotational energy approximately equal to the initial open field lines 480 in the form of a beam 437 y2 y2 of an annular cross-section, which contains ions of high total energy, i.e. 1/2M P-1/2M P. For energy and electrons that neutralize the charge. of ions that reach the magnetic tooth 486 exists

According to the geometry, SS 420 represents a certain distribution of energies and initial radii. a hollow cylinder approximately 5 m long. In However, the initial radii of go are approximately proportional to the preferred option, the surface of the initial speed of go. The radial magnetic field of the mentioned cylinder consists of four or the interaction with the radial speed of the beam forms more identical semi-cylindrical electrodes Lorentz force, which acts in the azimuthal direction.

The magnetic field of tooth 486 does not change the energy entering the decelerating electric field, particles, but transforms the initial axial radius of the ion will be larger. the deceleration phase of the velocity ur-uo in the residual axial velocity ug prevails regardless of the initial phase of the ion,

In -ugug2 because the radial gradient of the azimuthal and the azimuthal velocity ui, where b 1. of the electric field Es is always positive. Ago

The value of the azimuthal velocity in the efficiency of energy conversion cannot be determined from the condition of conservation of the canonical is limited due to the problem related to the momentum of the initial phase, as is the case in conventional aVob aVog cyclotrons. Electric field EE, also has

Re Mur t (5) value. It also oscillates and causes c c , a resultant effect in the radial direction which

The ion of the beam enters the left part of tooth 486, which contributes to the return of the beam trajectory to the parameters В-Во, уУг-уб, УШ-0 and -го. It of the initial radius with zero speed v exits from the tooth 486 to the right, having the rd, BA-Vo, plane, perpendicular to the axis, as in Fig. 19C.

Uh - Ma-m A process that results in ions always

U1-aVogo/Me and slow down, similar to the principle of strong y; From focusing, which is an essential feature of modern --- item --- (6) accelerators, as described |in US patent ho ho Me2,736,799). Combination of positive aVo (focusing) and negative (defocusing)

Mo of the lens is positive if the magnetic field has where 00-7 is the cyclotron frequency. Frequency positive gradient. The strong / focusing rotation of the ions lies within approximately 1- doublet quadrupole lens is shown in Fig.23. 10 MHz, in the preferred embodiment, the first lens is focusing in the direction where and approximately 5-10 MHz; this is the defocusing generation frequency in the y direction. The second lens is enerpi. And similar, but properties in the x and y directions

In order for the ions to pass through the tooth 486, they are mutually inverted. On the axis of symmetry, the magnetic field must exceed the effective gyroradius of ions equal to zero and have a positive radial tooth width of 486 at a radius of . Experimental gradient. The general effect for the ion beam, which is quite feasible is the reduction of the axial passes through both lenses, is focusing in all speeds by 10 times, while the residual directions, regardless of the sequence, the axial energy will decrease by 100 times. Then passing. 9995 of the energy of the ion is converted into energy. Similar results are described for a beam that rotates. In the ion beam, there is a certain distribution passing through the cavity of the resonator, where the values of хо and г. However, since хо is proportional to the strong axial magnetic field created, during operation уо, as indicated above when considering the properties in the TE mode (see Yoshikawa and others). In the mode of the reactor built on the RAS, the efficiency of the TEE in the cavity of the resonator occurs standing transformation of energy into a rotating wave, in which the magnetic field has a quadrupole 9996 for all ions. symmetry The results are qualitatively similar to those described

As shown in Fig. 198, the symmetrical system above. There are quantitative differences related to the fact that the SS 420 electrodes according to this invention have a much larger resonator cavity, which is preferred, includes dimensions (length 10 m) and operates at a much higher four electrodes 494. To the electrodes 494 frequency (155 MHz ) and the magnetic field strength attached intermediate circuit (not shown), (107). Extraction of energy at such high therefore, the depicted voltages and electric fields are frequencies requires the use of an antenna- instantaneous parameters. Voltage and intermediate rectifier. The conversion efficiency of the circuit fluctuates with the frequency of F-020. is limited by the energy spectrum of the beam.

Azimuthal electric field E in the gaps 497 The existence of two kinds of ions is more serious shown in Fig. 19B and Fig. 22. In Fig. 22, the complication, however, the conversion efficiency is represented by the electric field in the gaps 497 adequate for an O-He fuel reactor, in which between the electrodes 494 and the field that acts on the ion when protons with an energy of 15 MeV are formed. it rotates with an angular velocity / Oo. The trajectory of 422 individual particles in the ISS 420

It is obvious that during the period of complete revolution the particle shown in Fig. 19Sb. This result was alternately accelerated and obtained by computer simulation; deceleration in the order determined by a similar result was obtained for the peniotron. initial phase. In addition to the azimuthal Ion arriving with a certain radius L/o, the electric field Ev, there is also a radial moving along the ISS in a spiral, and after the loss of the electric field E,. The azimuthal field Ev has an initial rotational energy, this spiral converges to a maximum value between 497 and a point on a circle of the same radius. The initial conditions decrease with decreasing radius. Fig. 22 is asymmetrical; the final state reflects this assumed, that the particle rotates, asymmetry, but is independent of the initial state while maintaining a constant radius. As a result of the phase gradient, therefore, all particles are slowed down. At the end of the deceleration electric field, the ISS, which corresponds to the ion collector, the beam has a predominant acceleration. Acceleration is also caused by the annular section and similar dimensions. increasing the radius of the ion, therefore, when the ion then Axial velocity decreases by a factor of 10, and the density increases accordingly. For a single particle, equivalent and alternative options, which achieve the energy extraction efficiency of 99905, correspond to the essence and scope of the clauses of the formula

However, various factors, for example, the invention. the perpendicular rotational energy of the ring and beam before entering the converter can reduce the efficiency by approximately 595. tn tt

Electric energy is obtained at a frequency of 1-10MHz in the YAM B-305, in the version that is given the advantage of 5-10MHz, and the efficiency of the conversion of power loss to power is additionally reduced due to conditioning / and -- energy Kk! for the purpose of joining. to the energy shi chu YANV sho e U, network. oh shit

As shown in Fig. 20A and Fig. 20OB, alternative versions of the electrode CC CC systems 494 in the IC 420 may include two nu o. : symmetrical semicircular electrodes and/or conical z - 5o5 3 electrodes 494, which are narrowed in the direction towards the І u sho collector 492 of ions. FIG. and

The dynamics of the movement of ions in the main magnetic what, and how! field ISS 420 can be adjusted using in FF 7 and FF Fo two systems 500 and 510 auxiliary coils, as shown in Fig. 24A and Fig. 248. In both systems, the currents in the adjacent conductors of the 500 and 510 coils have opposite directions, therefore, the magnetic fields act at short distances. The gradient of the magnetic field is shown schematically shown in Fig. 24A, changes I Shi eV frequency and phase of rotation of ions. Multipole Shiech m Y et magnetic field, schematically shown in Fig. 248B, pn oo IN provides grouping of ions, as in a linear OZHO KU in g OO accelerator. i:

The reactor of FIG. 2

Figure 25 shows a reactor with a power of . 10 OMW. The generator shown in section illustrates I o Z sd. the region of the active zone of thermonuclear fusion, which also includes superconducting coils for creating a uniform magnetic field sine 102 and a flux coil of FII. ZA to create a magnetic field of a topologist with an inverse field. At the opposite ends of the area of the active zone, there are energy converters of the SHIE and ISS type for the direct conversion of the kinetic energy of the synthesis products into electrical energy.

Auxiliary equipment for such a reactor is shown in Fig.26. dv 1. 30

Power plant '98

27 shows a plasma traction power unit 800. This unit includes FIG. ЗВ and three active zone 836 from EWS, where the active shield and fuel zone 835 of thermonuclear fusion are located, from both; - the sides of which produce synthesis products in the form of 1. bundles of 837 ring cross section. At one of the ends of the mentioned active zone, there is an ISS-type 820 energy converter. By the second 94. a magnetic nozzle 850 is attached to the end of the active zone

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A ring bundle of 837 synthesis products flows from | From one end of the active fusion zone along the lines of the field to ISS for energy conversion, and from the other end of the active zone of synthesis - along the lines of the field from the urn to the nozzle, forming a stream of plasma T. shi NK SA MO DU tya m: no - piece OVO dl

This invention can be implemented in a variety of modifications and alternative SE options, although the figures show in detail in FIG. 4 of this document describes its specific example. It should be understood, however, that the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but rather embraces all modifications,

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