UA76459C2 - Method of forming a metal article of container type - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of forming a bottle-shaped or other contoured metal container by subjecting a hollow metal preform having a closed end to internal fluid pressure to cause the preform to expand against the wall of a die cavity (10) defining the desired shape, and advancing a punch (12) into the die cavity (10) to displace and deform the closed end of the preform either before or after expansion begins but before it is complete. The pressure-subjecting step is performed by simultaneously subjecting the preform in the die cavity to independently controllable internal and external positive fluid pressures and varying the difference between them to control strain rate.

Description

harvest after the beginning of the expansion of the blank, but to the neck part of the bottle, and after the completion of the expansion of the blank at stage (B). implementation of stages (a), (b) and (c) the product is subjected to operation of the open end for the formation of a neck cha- contact with the closed end of the workpiece to the beginning of the wall of reduced diameter. expansion of the workpiece and support the mentioned con- 21. The method according to item 2, which is characterized by the fact that during the entire process of expansion of the workpiece, the contact is made of aluminum. pestles 22. The method according to p. 21, which differs in that 11. The method according to p. 8, which differs in that, before carrying out stage (a), the workpiece is made, the panson is made with a shaped surface, and it is closed from a sheet of aluminum , which has a recrystallized or that end of the workpiece is deformed for its restored microstructure and thickness within the limits of the specified shaped surface. approximately from 0.25 to 1.5 mm. 12. The method according to p. 2, which differs in that the 23. The method according to p. 22, which differs in that this form is the form of a bottle, which includes a head. part, transverse with a closed end by means of multiple extraction, the dimensions of which are larger than the transverse dimensions of the tin sheet or by reverse pressing of the metal part, the cavity of the matrix and the workpiece dom. have longitudinal axes, and the workpiece at stage (a) 24. The method according to item 2, which differs in that it is installed essentially coaxially with the cavity, and at stage (B) the pressure of the fluid inside the punch is performed with the possibility of moving the pestle goes through three successive stages: (i) along the longitudinal axis of the cavity. to the first maximum before the beginning of expansion 13. The method according to item 12, which is characterized by the fact that the reduction of the workpiece, (its) drop to the minimum, the mentioned punch is made with a profile in the form of a value after the beginning of the expansion of the workpiece, (its) dome, and on in stage (c), the closed end is deformed by a gradual increase to an intermediate value in the workpiece, giving it the mentioned profile as the workpiece expands, but to its incomplete form of a dome. entering into contact with the wall of the matrix, and (im) sub- 14. The method according to p. 2, which differs in that the wall elevation from the specified intermediate value of the matrix contains a constituent part made from the completion of the expansion of the workpiece, while on the possibility separation to remove sfor- stage (c) the punch begins to move with the aim of said container after the completion of stage (c). displacement and deformation of the closed end of the workpiece, according to 15. The method according to item 12, which differs in that essentially, at the end of stage (iii). the given shape is asymmetric with respect to the longitudinal 25. The method according to item 2, which differs in that the matrix cavity is on its axis. in stage (p), the closed end of the workpiece acquires a larger 16. The method according to item 2, which differs in that the punched and, in fact, hemispherical configuration at the beginning, namely at the beginning of stage (B), the size of the specified part of the workpiece into the primary punch with the possibility of limiting the axial extension contact with the matrix wall at stage (b), while the workpiece under the influence of the pressure of the fluid at stage (c) the punch begins to move for the environment. displacement and deformation of the closed end of the workpiece, according to 17. The method according to item 12, which differs in that, essentially, at the moment of the closed end, the workpiece is made in the form of an elongated and folded configuration. of an essentially cylindrical product with an open end 26. The method according to item 2, which is distinguished by the fact that the opposite end of the closed end, and the diametric and external excess pressures of the flowing semi-meter of the workpiece, in fact, is equal to diameter of the row, simultaneously attached to the workpiece, the neck part of the mold in the form of a bottle. independently regulated in order to change the difference between 18. The method according to any of paragraphs 12-17, which is distinguished by these pressures, thereby regulating the speed, by the fact that the mentioned product has the ability to deform the workpiece. forming, sufficient to ensure expansion 27. The method according to p. 3, which is characterized by the fact that, in one operation, the mold is heated to a given shape by means of heating under pressure. means located in the punch, with the aim of creating 19. The method according to item 17, which differs in that the temperature gradient in the workpiece in the implementation of stages (a), (b) and (c) is previously straight from the closed bottom up are placed in the cavity of the matrix of smaller sizes, 28. The method according to item 3, which differs in that the previously mentioned cavity and subjecting the product to cooking is heated with the help of the heating action of the internal pressure of the fluid from the means located in the matrix around the upper the expansion of the product to the intermediate size and part of the workpiece, in order to create a shape in the workpiece smaller than the specified transverse size and temperature gradient in the direction from the specified shape. noy upper part down. 20. The method according to p. 12, which differs in that 29. The method according to p. 27 or 28, which differs in that the workpiece is made in the form of an elongated shape and the workpiece is first heated using a heater, essentially a cylindrical product, which has open means located in the side walls, the matte end, opposite to the closed end, and the mouth. the diameter of the workpiece exceeds the specified diameter

This invention relates to a method of forming metal containers and similar products, a metal container of a given shape and given transverse dimensions, which uses the internal pressure of the fluid medium, according to which the expansion spaces for the expansion of the hollow metal form in the cavity of the hollow matrix metal workpiece or product in the matrix cavity. Vazhly - a workpiece with a closed end. The cavity aspect of the invention relates to methods of forming the matrix is surrounded by a matrix wall, which determines the formation of aluminum or other metal shapes - the specified shape and transverse dimensions. One of these containers, for example, those with hollow ends, has a punch made of a can in the shape of an asymmetric bottle. by moving inside the cavity. Close-

Metal cans are well known and the widely used end of the billet is placed in the direction and stored for drinks. Existing can bodies for close to the punch, while at least parts of drinks, or whole cans with a thinned- when drawing the workpiece initially has a gap with the walls of the body, or cases open at both ends of the mouth. The workpiece is subjected to internal pressure (with separate "caps" from above and below), usually a fluid medium for expanding the workpiece, which has simple vertical cylindrical side walls. outwardly to entering essentially into full contact with

Sometimes it is desirable, for example, for reasons of aesthetics, with the walls of the matrix in order to make the workpiece attractive to the consumer and/or to identify the shape and given transverse dimensions. The pressure of the product, to give the side walls of the metal fluid acts on the closed end of the container for drinks a more complex shape and, with a force directed to the side of the specified in particular, to perform the metal container in the shape of the end of the cavity. The punch is moved inside the bottle, and not in the form of a simple cylinder. However, the cavity or before the beginning of the expansion of the blank, such a configuration cannot be obtained with the help of or after the start, but before the end of the expansion of the usual operations used for the blank, to come into contact with the closed manufacture of cans. at the end of the workpiece and shifting this end in the direction,

For these and other purposes, convenient and efficient methods of giving blanks a "bottle-like shape on the specified closed end of the billets" or other complex shapes are needed. In addition, it is desirable that As a result, deformation is ensured using such technologies that would ensure a closed end of the workpiece. The movement of the punch for the formation of shaped containers without a radial is carried out with the help of a plunger capable of symmetry, which will increase the variety of applying sufficient force to the punch for displacement and the resulting configurations. workpiece deformation. This method is sometimes called

US Patent No. 3040684| describes the device of plunger forming under swarm pressure for forming door handles from blanks (RAE-forming), since the container is formed using a matrix and hydraulic pressure. The paste is placed in the cavity of the matrix, filled with a liquid medium, due to the applied internal pressure, as well as due to being moved by hydraulic fluid and sealed. Then press the punch with a plunger. the matrix is closed, the lower punch is moved. Another feature of the invention is that the punch is upward, forcing the walls of the workpiece to accept a shaped surface, and the closed end of the workpiece is the shape of the cavity of the matrix. During this operation, the volume of the fluid does not change, and the surface is deformed to conform to this shape. For example, a punch can have a dome- widening of the workpiece is ensured by the movement of a similar profile, so that the closed end of the workpiece is the plunger. which takes the shape of a dome during deformation.

US patent Me4362037| described another The given shape that the container takes can be a device for forming a doorknob, in which the shape of a bottle, including a neck, a removable die is used. The blank is a part and a body part, which has larger transverse dimensions than the neck part. The cavity, the outer end of which is placed in the lower matrix, the matrix of the workpiece has longitudinal axes, and this one. The upper matrix has a cavity, the side parts of the workpiece are placed essentially coaxially from the hollow walls of which determine the final shape of the handle. and the punch is moved along the longitudinal direction

This upper matrix is pressed down on the axis of the cavity. cooking, which rests on the lower matrix. Then In the best version, the wall of the matrix contains a liquid is injected into the workpiece, thus the component part, made with the possibility of separating the workpiece to take the form of a grinding cavity to remove the formed container. matrices. In the case of a removable matrix, the given form can

U.S. Patent Mob182487| describes a way to be asymmetric in relation to the longitudinal manufacture of a metal vessel, which uses the axis of the cavity. to limit the axial elongation of the workpiece and movable matrix. First, cylics are formed under the influence of the fluid pressure of the cylinder, the bottom of which is welded to the shell, then, so that initially, i.e., before the fluid pressure is applied, the cylinder is installed with the lower end in the hand medium, the punch is located near the matrix, and the open the end of the cylinder is close to the closed end of the workpiece or in contact with the fixed die. Through a stationary manim. The movement of the punch can begin when pressure is applied to the cylinder, and the movable part of the mold is closed to the fixed part of the mold when it comes into contact with the wall of the mold. vessels It is better that the workpiece for forming the con-

container in the form of a bottle or a similar configuration of the workpiece, which is in the cavity, was made in the form of an elongated and initially excessive internal pressure of the fluid medium and essentially a cylindrical product that has an open external fluid pressure opposite the closed end product In more cases, and the excess internal pressure in the two specific embodiments of the present invention is only the excess external pressure. The inner diameter of such a product can essentially be equal to, and the external pressure is provided, accordingly, the double diameter of the neck part of the container in the form of baric systems that have an independent bottle, and the product has the ability to form and adjust. The rate of deformation of the workpiece is sufficient to expand to the given shape by independent adjustment of one forming operation under pressure. If such cracking and external excess pressures are not enough for forming, then first of all, the media applied simultaneously to the press, to start the RKEE-forming described above, in order to change the difference between these pressures. The workpiece is pre-placed in the cavity, as a result, the difficulties associated with the oversize matrix of smaller sizes than the above-mentioned empty deformation rates are eliminated, and the bottom is reached, and this cavity is exposed to the action of internal positive results, for example, a decrease in pressure of the fluid medium in order to expand the damping of hydrostatic stresses capable of causing crushing to intermediate sizes and shapes smaller than damage to the microstructure of the container walls. given transverse dimensions and a given shape. The next feature of this invention is field-

Alternatively, if it is elongated and initially heated in the fact that during the expansion of the workpiece, the essentially cylindrical product has a larger primary temperature gradient, for example, creating a diameter than the neck part of the bottle, then a certain temperature gradient in the workpiece. The method of forming a container in the form of a bottle can include the addition of heaters to the punch in the workpiece, including an additional stage of rotary molding, a temperature gradient is created, directing the product in the area near its open side from the bottom up. To create a diminutive gradient, directed from top to bottom, with a diameter of one foot in the tempera workpiece to form the neck part. This stage follows the execution of RKE - heaters can be installed in the upper time - formation. shadows of the matrix. It is possible to embed additional ones

It is also possible to reduce the diameter of the neck of the heaters in the side walls of the matrix. The introduction of tempe- part of the workpiece by narrowing with the help of a gradient gradient during the expansion of the workpiece of the extension ring. This narrowing operation allows you to determine the moment of the beginning of the extension ring and can be carried out to improve formability. stage of expansion. The expediency of the contact was also established

The workpiece can be aluminum (use a punch with the workpiece before starting, the term "aluminum" expanded here refers to alloys on nia, as well as the expediency of creating a punch on a certain basis of aluminum, as well as pure aluminum) and can axial load throughout the manufacture from a sheet of aluminum that has an expansion recursion. In those cases, when the punch applied a certain axial load to the closed microstructure and thickness in the range of approximately 0.25 to 1.5 mm. The workpiece of that end of the workpiece during the entire process can be made in the form of a cylinder with closed expansion, it is better not to carry out displacement and deformation of the end by repeated drawing or closed end of the workpiece until completion by opening by the reverse method. the roar

During the action on the workpiece, the internal pressure of the other features and advantages of the present invention will be that of the fluid medium, the pressure of the fluid medium is clear from the detailed description below and a series of consecutive attached drawings passes inside the workpiece. stages: () rise to the first maximum to In Fig. 1 as an example of the realization of the beginning of the expansion of the workpiece, (ii) fall to mini- simplified and, to some extent, schematic representational value after the beginning of expansion, (its) ny in perspective the equipment for carrying out a gradual increase to an intermediate value according to this invention. to the degree of expansion of the workpiece, but to its incomplete Fig. 2A and 28, similar to Fig. 1, show contact with the wall of the matrix, and (im) the following stages of the implementation of the first variant of expansion from this intermediate pressure at recruitment according to this invention. extension of the workpiece. In the best version, Fig. 3 shows a graph of the dependence of the internal invention on the movement of the punch, its pressure and the movement of the plunger as a function of shifting and deformation of the closed end of the punch when used as a liquid medium for the pulp, in this sequence of stages of changing the pressure of the rest air ; the graph illustrates the time dependence between hiring at the end of stage (iii). operations of action on the workpiece of internal pressure

In the process of applying the internal pressure of the flowing medium and moving the punch into the piled medium, the end of the workpiece is closed using the method according to the present invention. there is an enlarged and essentially hemispherical configuration. Figs. 4B, 4C and 40, similar to Fig. 1, show rations when the workpiece comes into contact with the wall, successive stages of the implementation of the second variant of the matrix, while moving the punch according to this invention. are engaged essentially at the moment when the closed end of Fig. 5A and 58, similar to Fig. 1, the reduced workpiece acquires this configuration. simplified schematic representation in perspective

In addition, according to this invention, the application of the stage of rotational molding, which illustrates the application to the workpiece of the internal pressure of the fluid, successive stages of the implementation of the third variant of the medium is a simultaneous application to the method according to this invention.

Figs.bA, 68, 6C and 60 show the received caps with a vertical axis, a punch 12, through computer processing schematic images of which film is intended for the formation of successive stages of the bottom of the container defined in a vertical section (in in the shown variants, according to the present invention, for example, the punch has a dome-shaped profile for

Fig. 7 shows a graph of the change in pressure as a function of providing the bottom of the finished dome-shaped container) and time (using arbitrary units of the plunger 14 attached to the punch. On time), which illustrates the feature of simultaneous application. Fig. 1 shows only one of the two halves of the independently adjustable redundant internal matrix connector. The second half is a mirror image of the external and external pressures of the fluid medium of the shown first half. Of course, on the workpiece located in the cavity of the matrix, the two halves are connected in a plane, which allows us to make a comparison with the case of a change containing the geometric axis of the bottle, determined by the internal pressure (as in Fig. 3) in the absence of the wall of the cavity 11 of the matrix. excessive external pressure. The minimum diameter of the matrix cavity is 11 in

Fig. 8 shows a graph of the change in deformation of its upper open end 11a, which corresponds as a function of time, obtained using the metho-neck of the cavity in the form of a bottle, is equal to the curvature of the end elements, which shows the deformation of the inner diameter of the workpiece (see Fig. 2A ), which for one specific position (element) is placed in the cavity, with an allowance for a gap. From two different pressure regimes, which are compared on the table, the workpiece is located above the punch 12

Fig. 7. and has a 1t1a discharge fitting at the open end

Fig. 9 shows a graph similar to Fig. 16 (shown schematically) for providing the introduced in Fig. 7, which illustrates a certain regulating pressure. Injecting can be carried out, whose mechanism can be used in the process, for example, by connecting to a die, forming in the case of simultaneous action of a vane on the upper open end of the workpiece, or internal and external excess pressure by inserting a tube into the open end fluid on the workpiece in the cavity of the workpiece and creating a seal with the help of a matrix. removable matrix or other injection fitting.

Fig. 10 schematically illustrates a workpiece that is heated. example of water or air under pressure sufficient to

Fig. 11 shows a graph showing the expansion of the workpiece inside the punch cavity, internal pressures and the fact that the wall of the workpiece is essentially completely pressed by the punch during the expansion of the workpiece. not to the wall that defines the cavity of the matrix,

Fig. 12 illustrates in perspective the stages of production, thanks to which the workpiece will be given the shape and shaping of the workpiece from a flat disk. transverse dimensions of this cavity. Broadly speaking,

The invention is described with the help of its reali- used fluid medium can be compressed or incompressible and can have any containers, the shape of which is not necessarily weight, flow rate, volume or pressure with regulation of these be axisymmetric, i.e., radial parameters in such a way as to regulate the pressure, the action of which is symmetrical with respect to the geometric axis of which the walls of the workpiece are subjected. When choosing a fluid container that uses a combination of a hydraulic medium, it is necessary to take into account the temperature pressure, that is, the internal pressure of the fluid, the conditions used in the process of the forming medium, and forming using melting. If this medium is, for example, water, then the so-called technology of plunger molding - the temperature must be below 100"C, and if molding under pressure (RKE-molding). a higher temperature is required, such ser-

The RKE-forming process has two different stages: the preparation of the workpiece and the subsequent formation of a liquid that does not boil at the temperature of the formation of the workpiece into a ready-made container. There are several baths. variants of the full cycle of forming, and proper As a result of the injection stage, all choices are determined by the ability to form shaped parts of the matrix wall are transferred to the used sheet aluminum. rcal reflection on the finished surface

The workpiece is made from a sheet of aluminum, which is a container. Even if such parts or the general one has a recrystallized or restored microstructure, the shape of the manufactured container is not hollow and the thickness ranges from 0.25 to 1.5 mm. The workpiece is symmetrical, the container is easily removed from is a cylinder with a closed end and can be made equipment thanks to the use of a removable mat, for example, by means of a reusable extractor. or pressing by the reverse method. Diameter In the specific embodiment of the invention, shown in Fig. 2A and 28, the workpiece is in the range from the minimum diameter of the workpiece 18 is a hollow cylinder to the maximum diameter of the finished aluminum product with a closed lower container. Before performing the following operations, the end 20 and the open upper end 22. The outer molding can be applied to the workpiece, the diameter of the workpiece is equal to the outer diameter of the thread. The profile of the closed end of the workpiece can open the neck of the bottle being formed. Formative ektuval. in such a way that it contributes to the shape- the voltage during RKE-forming is in the behavior of the profile of the bottom of the finished product. horror caused by the ability of the workpiece to form

As shown in Fig. 1, the equipment for offering, which depends on the temperature and speed of the new method includes a detachable matrix 10 from the deformation. If the workpiece has the proper capability of the shaped cavity 11, which determines the formability before forming, the shape of the cavity 11 mat-

rytsi is performed exactly as it should be in rou, the workpiece is already significantly expanded. of the finished product, and this product can be made. Fig. 4A-40 shows the second variant made with the help of one operation REBEN- the invention. In this version, as in the case of formation. The movement of the plunger 14 and the intensity shown in Fig. 2A and 28, the cylindrical workpiece of the internal compression are such as to reduce to a minimum the primary outer diameter equal to the stress mum during forming and to produce the container to the minimum diameter, i.e. the diameter of the neck of the required shape. The neck and side walls of the finished product. However, in this variant, the preforms are formed mainly as a result of the fact that the deformation during RKE-forming of the spring of the workpiece under the action of internal pressure exceeds the limits of the formability of the workpiece. At the same time, as the shape of the bottom is determined, in the main case, two consecutive operations are required with the form of a plunger and a punch 12, while profiling under pressure. During the first operation (FIG. 4A and the face of the punch is turned to the closed end 48), the plunger is not needed, and the usual blanking takes place. expansion of the workpiece within the usual variety

In the implementation of this invention, the large sign matrix 40 to the larger diameter of the product is increased due to the proper synchronization of the internal supply due to the internal pressure. The second operation is the pressure of the fluid medium and the control of the process of REKE formation (fig. 4C and 40). In it, a punch and a punch, that is, their movement, use the product obtained from the primary inside the cavity. Fig. 3 shows a graph with an expansion in a detachable matrix 40, as well as a silent matrix 42 with a cavity 44 in the form of a bottle and a sequence of analysis results using a punch 46, a movable plunger 48, and a movable plunger 48, designed by computer modeling. ), which shows the process of forming, is used as the internal pressure, shown in Fig. 2A and 28, with the use and movement of the plunger. During this operation, a finished bottle of a given shape is obtained by melting the compressed air and adjusting it, together with all the individuals. The graph illustrates the dependence of the pressure (| on the profiles of the side walls and the bottom, which is achieved by the displacement of the plunger over time. As is clear, it is mainly due to the punch 46.

Fig. 3, a fluid medium inside the workpiece. Fig. 5A and 5B show the third option. In this version, the workpiece 50 is created by pressure that passes through a number of successive stages: () increase to the first maximum 24, first, that its primary outer diameter is greater than the expansion of the workpiece will begin, (ii) the fall of the given minimum outer diameter, which to a minimum value of 26, when it usually begins is the diameter of the neck of the finished container, (ii) a gradual increase to the crotch in the form of a bottle. The choice of such a workpiece can be of the size 28 according to the expansion of the workpiece, but it should be carried out, proceeding from the boundaries of the formation before entering into full contact with the walls of the matrix of the preliminary formation stage, or for the purpose of sweeping, and (m) a faster rise (at the point 30) stress reduction during REE formation. As a result of this intermediate value, the workpiece must be included during the completion of this process of obtaining the finished product. In the best version of the implementation of the chat, both transverse compression and transverse expansion of the movement of the punch for shearing and scraping of the workpiece, and therefore the formation of the closed end of the workpiece in the specified way cannot be carried out only by RKE-forming. To form a sequence of stages, pressure changes begin (one point of the walls and bottom is used REE-32) essentially at the end of stage (ii). On the graph, the formation shown in Fig. 5A, using the unit of measurement of time, pressure and displacement of the plunger. detachable matrix 52 and punch 54, which leads to

Figs.bA, 68, 6C and 60 show the result of the plunger movement operation, as well as in the version shown with the workpiece, presented in the graph of Figs. 2A and 28. To obtain the necessary configuration

Fig. 3, received with the help of a computer neck of the container, the required rotational division, for moments of time 0.0; 0.096; 0.134 and mowing or other appropriate operation. As shown in 0.21 seconds counted along the X-axis in Fig.3. in FIG. 5B, you can use the operation of

At the beginning of injection of the melt forming fluid, proposed, for example, inside the hollow blank, a 12-gauge punch is inserted under the closed end of the billet in the closed end of the billet, which is considered simultaneously with this application. proximity to it, for example, in the dovka, where several pairs of disks 56 are used to form the neck of the teak bottle 60 in order to limit the axial stretching of the workpiece under the action of the applied internal pressure. foot formation and conical mandrel 58.

Here, the vertical orientation of the axis is assumed. The above-described RKE-forming operation on the equipment, as shown in the drawing. When in practice, it may be associated with large crushing has expanded to a large extent, although expanded deformations. Therefore, the composition of the alloy is selected or not yet completed, the plunger 14 is set in motion and adjusted in such a way as to ensure the forced upward movement of the punch. If you still need to shape the closed end according to the shape of the poinset surface, you can adjust the tempeson, because the transverse expansion of the workpiece is formed as described below, under the action of internal pressure. The shift of the upper end of the workpiece cannot cause ductility, and therefore, to increase the formability, the upward movement of the workpiece relative to the matrix or protrusion may require an operation or operations of the side walls of the workpiece, as it could happen in RAB- formation at elevated temperatures of the case of premature lifting of the plunger, because and/or restorative annealing of the workpiece. at the time when the plunger began to move the punch ugo- The proposed technology differs from the

in-house stamping operations, for example, formulations of the nose part of the punch. If the plunger is moved too early into the phthalate, in particular, by adding an external, compared to the rate of increase, an internal forming element in the form of a punch. Internal pressure, possible protrusions and the appearance of folds on the corral punch, sometimes used in molding under the action of axial compressive forces. If the floatation of polyethylene terephthalate bottles is moved too late by blowing, then the building material is not needed. The applicants do not know the existing where to undergo excessive stress in the axial way of manufacturing the shaped aluminum con- direction, therefore, to collapse. Thus, for the container, the diameters of which would be in such a successful execution of the forming operation, there is no range achieved in this invention. Such coordination of the rate of increase internally, the applicants do not know the existing method of pressure and displacement of the plunger with the nose of an asymmetric profile, for example, with the bottom part of the punch. Proper synchronization with bottom or spiral belts on the side is better achieved when using the analysis behind the surface of the container. by the finite element method (FEM). The results

The proposed method can also be used - such an analysis is shown in Fig.3. be used to form containers from other materials, such as steel. with the example shown in Fig. 3, as if on

The significance of the movement of the punch 12, which brings the outer surface of the workpiece, which is inserted by the plunger, into the cavity 11 for the cavity of the matrix, there was no excess, displacement and deformation of the closed end 20 of the workpiece-18, for example, superbarometric pressure of the liquid sec- as shown on Fig. 2A and 28, may be further explained. In this case, the external pressure on the zana with reference to Fig. 3 (see above), the preparation in question, located in the cavity of the matrix, is together with Fig. bA-60, where the dotted line represents the main external atmospheric pressure. When the vertical profile of the cavity 11 of the matrix, and the workpiece expands, the air located in the cavity will be removed due to the post-position 12 at different moments of time after the beginning of the adhesive reduction of the volume between the outer surface of the the internal pressure is shown on the scale of the blank and the walls of the matrix through a suitable opposite of the dotted line. the opening or channel provided with this

When forming an aluminum bottle, the plunger connects the cavity of the matrix with the outer one and performs two important functions: it limits the deformation of the medium. stretching in the axial direction and forms the bottom As determined by the analysis for the container. First, the punch 12, which is driven by the method of finite elements on a specific plunger, is held in the immediate vicinity of the row of aluminum containers, during the absence of any excess external pressure from the bottom of the workpiece 18 or in light contact with it (FigbA). This reduces the axial stretching of the lateral plastic deformation (flow) of the workpiece, which would have otherwise started, causes a very large and actually inconsistency under the action of internal pressure. Thus, the trolled strain rate. This is due to an increase in internal pressure, the side walls will expand at a low or zero speed of mechanical grinding until entering the aluminum alloys at the working temperature - contact with the inner surface of the matrix without the REE-forming process, for example, close to a significant elongation. In other words, at such temperatures, the rate of mechanical strengthening of the aluminum billets will increase along the length, both up and down. At a certain moment of the alloys is actually zero, and as time increases, the bottom of the workpiece acquires an almost hemispherical deformation rate, the plasticity (that is, the boundary of the form with a radius approximately equal to the forming radius) decreases. Thus, from the multiplication of the matrix (Fig. 68). It is at this moment of time that the rate of deformation during forming and immediately before it is necessary to reduce the plasticity of aluminum, the possibility of action of the plunger to move the punch 12 up the formation of the containers of the given final form (Fig. 6C). The profile of the bottom of the container is definitely shortened. is the configuration of the nose part of the plunger. Another important feature of the invention is the action, that is, the shape of the surface of the punch. As soon as under the influence of the internal pressure of the fluid medium in the cavity of the matrix, the formation of the workpiece according to the shape of the medium ends simultaneously with the action of the excess pressure of the walls of the matrix cavity (compare the shoulders and the fluid medium on the inner surface of the workpiece) bottles in Fig. 6B, 6C and 60), movement of the plunger in preparation. These excess external and internal pressures, combined with the internal pressure pressing the bottom of the flowing medium, are created by two independents to the profile surface of the punch, thanks to adjustable baric systems. Above all, the necessary shape (Fig. 60) is provided without excess external pressure of the fluid medium and excessive stretching deformations, which could be provided without complications by causing damage. Due to the flow movement of the independently adjustable source of the feed up to the hemispherical region of the workpiece, the excess pressure of the fluid medium is applied to the above-mentioned outlet hole or channel, thereby reducing the total stress caused by the underpressure in order to maintain the excess pressure in pressure relief, and contribute to the radial flow of the layer between the matrix and the workpiece, which expands the material outwards to fill the embossed holes.

Figures 7 and 8 compare the graphs of pressure and devo- the yield strength and formation speed should be taken into account as a function of time for the process of REB mechanical strengthening of metal. To ensure the formation of the container with regulation of the flow of super-plastic, i.e. inelastic, material with and without external pressure. The term of the workpiece, the pressure difference should be such that "deformation" denotes elongation by one unit effective value of stress in the workpiece exceeds the length created in the body of the workpiece by the external yield strength. If there is a place by force. Curve 101 in Fig. 7 corresponds to the curve "Pressure" tive speed of mechanical strengthening, then fixed in Fig. 3 for the case when no effective stress is applied to the workpiece, which is provided by the excess external pressure of the fluid. pressure and exceeds the yield point, it will be

Curve 103 in Fig. 8 is the resulting deformation to call the deformation of the metal to the stress level, which for one specific position (element), is equal to the applied effective stress. This is determined by the method of finite elements. It is easy to see that the moment the strain rate approaches zero, that in this case the strain grows to zero. In the case of a very low or zero speed, almost instantaneously, and the workpiece expands to the entrance of mechanical hardening, the metal will be deformed in contact with the walls of the matrix at a very high speed until it comes into contact with juicy deformation rates for very short with the walls molds (matrices) or until destroyed - a period of time. On the contrary, curves 105, 107 and 109 are on nya. At elevated temperatures, possible under

Figure 7 shows, respectively, the excess internal time of RKE formation, the speed of mechanical shear, the pressure of the fluid medium, and the excess externality of aluminum alloys is close to zero. internal pressure of the fluid and the difference between these For applying both internal and external pressures, when these independently adjustable pressures are suitable, for example, nitrogen, air and argon, are often applied to the workpiece in the cavity, and this list is not exhaustive, and also matrices. The internal pressure is greater than the external, therefore any mixture of these gases, there is a resulting excess pressure, necessary for the expansion of the workpiece. Curve 111 at a point on the workpiece wall at any instant of time

Fig. 8 represents the circular deformation, that is, the deformation depends only on the instantaneous effective stress, the formation created in the horizontal plane, which in turn depends on the pressure difference. The choice of the circumference of the workpiece during its expansion, for external pressure, depends on the internal pressure, the case of independently regulated internal and external pressures, and is carried out according to the general principle of reaching external pressures, shown by curves 105, 107, and regulation of the effective stress, therefore, 109. As you can easily see, the circular deformation, showing the rate of deformation, in the wall of the workpiece. on curve 111, reaches the same final value. Fig. 9 shows another adjustment mechanism similar to curve 103, but for a much longer time, which can be used in the forming process, therefore, with a much lower rate of deformation. bathing To optimize the process at the same time

Curve 115 in Fig. 8 represents the axial deformable finite element method. In Fig. 9 tion, that is, the deformation created in the vertical curve 120 represents the internal pressure (Rip) in the same direction during the elongation of the workpiece. acts on the workpiece, curve 122 - external pressure (Rots),

Full control of the forming operation, and the one acting on the workpiece, and curve 124 - the difference in preventing very large and uncontrolled pressures (Ry-Rip-Roche). This graph shows the rate of deformation achieved at the same time the nature of pressure changes in one of the methods of regulation by applying internal and external pressure. In this case, the mass of the fluid medium excess pressure, regulated independently and acting in the internal cavity remains constant - the workpiece in the cavity of the matrix, and in addition, a change, and the pressure in the external cavity, that is, the external difference of these pressures. An increase in the plasticity of the workpiece decreases according to a linear law. When preparing and, thereby, increasing the limit of molding, the properties of the coating are also taken into account, explained by two reasons. of materials that depend on the rate of deformation. firstly, reducing the rate of deformation during such a regulation mechanism is currently the most- operations of forming increases its own plastic- better, because it simplifies the technological process. ness of the aluminum alloy. Secondly, the introduction of Fig. 10 refers to another version of the actual excessive external pressure reduces, perhaps, the invention, in which the workpiece is heated to negative values, hydrostatic stress in creating a temperature gradient. As shown in the walls of the expanding billet. This is able in Fig.10, the punch 12 is in contact with reduce the detrimental effect of destruction, connected with the bottom of the workpiece 18 and contains a heating element with micropores and intermetallic particles in 19. This element heats the workpiece from the bottom up, the metal. Here, the term "hydrostatic stress" refers to the arithmetic mean of three mutually increasing expansion of the workpiece from bottom to top with an increase in internal pressure. of perpendicular stresses directed along x-axes. Fig. 11 presents graphs illustrating are in the process of expansion. One curve shows the

This feature of the invention expands the possibility of relocating the plunger and punch, and the other is the change of the RKEE-forming for successful production of the load acting on the plunger and punch, in aluminum containers in the form of bottles or similar over time. The third curve characterizes internal forms. by adjusting the speed, deformation pressure in the workpiece. mation and reduction of hydrostatic stress in the metal At point A, the plunger is preloaded during forming. compressive force of 22.7 kg, and at point B in the total

The choice of pressure difference is determined by the property of the supplied internal pressure, which is supported by the metal from which the workpiece is made. Especially - at the level of 1.14 MPa. In the shown process, the position of the plunger between points B and C changes abruptly. Although Fig. 10 shows only one heating element inside the punch 12, which acts on the plunger, in order to maintain the force of compression b8kg. When the load on the forming plunger can be ensured, several zones stop rapidly decreasing after stirring. For example, you can place a separate plunger (from point C to point 0), the plunger additional heater around the top continues to move to a mark of approximately 25 mm workpiece and several additional separate heaters mm and a load of approximately 454 kg (point E). Under the side walls of the matrix cavity. By means of this linear movement of the plunger from the center of the independent selection of temperature in each point O to point E, forming takes place from these zones, it is possible to create optimal dynamic container bottoms at the same time as the expansion of the workpiece - expansion conditions for different types of containers. vky, so that point E corresponds to the end of the for- In fig. 12 shows a typical sequence of emptying a container. forging a workpiece from a flat disc. Use-

Fig. 11 shows a jump-like process, the standard technology of reusable but also possible expansion and forming of extrusion from aluminum sheet 70. First, from the blank into the container in one smooth operation, the sheet is formed into an empty cylinder 71 with a closed, for example, when using a computer control at the end of which by re-extracting the trans- by this process. The advantage of such an operation is to form a second cylinder 72 of a smaller diameter, creating a temperature gradient, when it has a longer side wall. Then the cylinder 72 is prepared by pulling out the plunger and the expansion punch to form the cylinder 73, which is further pulled out gradually from the bottom to the upper wall into an even longer and thinner cylinder 74. wall. It was shown that this technology leads to It is clear that the invention is not limited to the improvement of formability in comparison with the previous ones and the options described above on the specific methods described, in which the expansion of the examples, but can be implemented by other along the entire length of the speech within its essence. pestles

Hydpoforkumachny pressure of pressure with leremieikie puzuyuzhiva yi shi NI mio moe

Essay rya b Shcho ry ry Pereukhtsennya lyukoemiv a SCHO yan | what or, -35u9 If nya u - na-- ! / Gr ro ref i

Ten, K v i i ch ok B: kn no a aa even I and TE

And more | from--- 1st c. alone and still p pn neck 5

FIG 1 of her K | and Ana and SHO about DN still Spit STILL with ! - 7 p-o8 shi "48 In her | | | ra 28 y

ZY ke nn u oman m : / OO Sha shi

Good day! inn - we and sh -88 her M rf tt

Go yi ah 00 VE IN 15 ah 48 | ts puta 16 NINI ND KD me ; ik and 7

EKZ I attack FZ s-m kish 18 ХУ xx Yadshov Shan; What else? Shk IBN

Pastyoshya En STaya | Yes, yes, what day! r will give | she and she still she she she

ПНЯ С ши и ше г ME (ve ! ше : шо адын шчи І и єє

Ov shi op shi shchi

LK | THIS IS Vi shk EK and KOR 18 she tia that sew she in SHE

Ши ш ш Ше ше sne schi more

And l-th Dy still KO va sh- WHAT 7 | come on, what else?

Residential complex Sha MA i shi

Yes, zay N dO g VZN N EZSHYA B ! t still AI ek y. iy | and o) !

These V ey s YOU Y U Y -y le ! t 2 I figyaA EOoche i

And BUT and KY: и у у ру ш- шчи шы

FIIA -th Fig. ov Mn FV nt shk kydkom iv KKZ tv-KK t--EMKH I same dya sv U N TEM ; U іЯ і N X NO

SO M: heh heh heh ooo

EI and : ee SHE in I U NE y g 1 and Denmark Z І i BO X, НЕІ ий ше ши ши п-яу

AVM. schu A a

Z HUD x Z : і o 1 ki sec E sey 0 fin ava shk POP dit o More: a

B: shi shi OPT rya ee NN s AN ! ORI EE SHE SHE AND I DON'T NENE p o MOUSE

OB swarm PTO. | Ka t. and este y

RI SNYA and "ah x Zh!" y OH WEN SHE 2 M vych re NE YAN a; According to NN INN has

On t gi Te S DN ZM kam two

OEM g

Kuk and dn Yi shi SCHE yi This N scho Y" NEBO s-m etribyu sp PA sce. -chk ogo A U SHE ne IY dvy Fa OV sya sce SHYN sha yn Sv "g. BV

Chas boss Chak tr tys Chas 0295 e Chas bis U y y pl

Kiy PI: i Drink i go t a Drink t

Kit i niya i y obi bi kre Mi i rik i Wash Beat them Ki B i i drink Kiy feya iy IL i pi dOrzhn ZI i i NI OA NN I IN OA NN A NA IY

YES: SY yy fiyny nyy y lu Bak aa Z hy y Tit y y a p, k i A y ; i pc syh Sa Beat Kiya Beat Beat y y V y? kt ryy it U SA Mi Kk Y Byty

Shi SHE: VU no NI i ry ia i Ky aa : OM Ky: pi A i Kiya Mu A

A av IY ih How STA how zv SA sveya rashi zhu SHE NI yZHA OVO YAMA i u pon shi shi i Ж piy A i A

Neo: W you NOT I, ryy Beat drink EM i y yy S MIMO Iyy sy pi VO Wash i would A Beat Na We i zh poh Wash pi Ko ih y hi shin shi ev still ry as SHY yn chi a: i et U ii le i POJOEIih aa WHOM shiy you drink i kyi OB pi

Y with M 12 18 12 18

FG. FOR «g, In Fo Ffg. wo and Occupancy of deformation in vpekemta 8 yaroces fobmation to it Change of pressure from the process of formation by Izprotnyk and al nya - fr dn odno ttnatntnn tn nty me Y -; pd bot: 7th '405' in Vnutrytsnaya tysh | w d : : g, z External pressure | 1 DV le nyani tt ket en o netu 5.5 AR SHYNNCHYOCHI Col zh of the bones k i Н N r re N x Only intrauterine pressure and - : POL LISH i : x --Resulting tic | DDd ber dn inno same I V dentin ptn Mn du dineyu nenia inno dit teett, -E Y i i TO : y y y Y : : y i iya 107 : . and - and pap Because the POP x and ! - I VN: N I TOI hu kyuadefsomai Z

Yes, the efficiency of the intestine is new today. х 53 and и и и и и и и и и в Kopova deraknov VI; HO DM teri fr ttntnitntit i A Kopovy den M m C 09 oi V i g E | "Quiet

НК х p A ny i Н ЖЖ I - у : : НЖ : и NOT и : и 14 nn nn ши иши шии г Я ие я и ; ' ! and ! - ROREGHO : и Н N : : и ( | Й В и : Й dl a TET nt я uv t ba ad am a v am pali a314 p 0 p 000 005 010 015 020 025 030 035 040 045 050 omana na p a o

Time is; " times in Fig? "ha

The change in deformation during the forming process (if the properties of the material depend on rapid deformation) and 96 pi ste ! iia RN t | | 5th year of St. SHI I-- I and 15th Ro

FO Vb tt tires nin eh" ROIV.

GU sewing current N that U

WITH

With Ge ke 41 put shi ' kl zhu epi i | and a Y (p. Her I Y 4 124 and | I and She 14 Y - | Y r chsch b Y | N Y Al» 020 10 20 30 40 50 50 70 80 90 05

Time with

FIG. 9

ION

SHI

GO and not

PI INC

1 0

Her | Another 18

WHAT | :

LE. more

And No her ts

AND; TV

PE O

And mk! Her, Fig. 10 z ra tr. 19

Ks shchi x z | Pnfemmeheh in i. TK

Let me start these things:

EN and Er E vi ma; rez 5 хОгЕ E EE their cat same H 5

Eh I I » m she

EN. mi oh

EN YN NI: re Neo y Shk HE Vyuttodmu, tkoh u yaatotovh 1. Ta La NYA Zh o 1 g o - z BU still ze Nm z Z Z KyaSYA zh z "S ih

UvUlyuk. KO

IN

WHO! In I/ n I a ShK; dn FI la 70. Ak KY SHH / Ii

Pong Shi SHK. HER

ZU sa BYK i du shk SHI SHU ts MYH; PIK and che o. o B x i 2 z and fig. 12

Computer typesetting by T. Chepelev Signature Circulation 26 approx.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

State Department of Intellectual Property, str. Urytskogo, 45, Kyiv, MSP, 03680, Ukraine

SE "Ukrainian Institute of Industrial Property", str. Glazunova, 1, Kyiv - 42, 01601