UA56228C2 - Composite ingot for producing by evaporating a functionally gradient cover with outer ceramic layer on metal lining (versions) - Google Patents

Abstract

A composite ingot for producing by evaporating a functionally gradient cover with an outer ceramic layer on a metal lining has a ceramic base, a first insertion disposed at its upper part made of the metals or alloys and oxides having different buoyancy of vapor at the evaporating temperature, and at least one additional fragment-insertion the content of which is different from the content of the first insertion. The additional fragment-insertion is made of metal and/or nonmetal materials or its mixtures. A one-stage process for forming on the metal linings the cover of defined gradient content and structure across the cover thickness is provided. As the materials for the composite ingot base the various refractory compositions may be chosen. First of all, the covers are designed for heat protection, protection from oxidation, corrosion and erosion protection, and the parts wearing in the contemporary power sets, for example, in the gas turbines or the internal-combusting engines.

Description

optimal coating technologies are those that create flat interphase surfaces between metal and ceramic layers. Smooth transitions from metal to ceramics are more preferable from the point of view of performance of ceramic layers.

On the basis of the above, the conclusion is suggested that further improvement of the methods of obtaining multilayer gradient protective coatings should be carried out in the direction of reducing the number of heterogeneous technological stages with the simultaneous formation of a smooth transition between layers, first of all, at the metal/ceramic interfacial surfaces.

The solution closest to the proposed invention, and therefore taken as a prototype, is set forth in the patent

Ukraine Me 17473 dated 07/19/1999 (B. A. Movchan and others) (analogue - US patent Mo 5,834,070 dated 11/10/1988). Here, a composite casting is proposed for obtaining by evaporation a functionally gradient coating with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate, which has a ceramic base (27O5(U203)) and an insert made of a mixture of metals or alloys and oxides with different elasticity is placed in its upper part vapor at the evaporation temperature. According to this invention, the gradient transition zone of the coating between the surface of the binding layer and the upper ceramic layer of 2гО5(у203) is obtained by electron beam evaporation of the specified ceramic ingot 27О2(у203) with a metal-ceramic insert (tablet) from a mixture of metals and oxides located on its upper end with different vapor elasticity at the insert evaporation temperature. This mixture can be, for example, the A!-AI2Oz-210" or A!I-AI2O3-RI-710" system.

The elasticity of the pair of insert components at the evaporation temperature is maximal for aluminum and minimal for zirconium oxide, that is, it decreases in the sequence AI-» AI2O33-» 2102. Therefore, aluminum begins to evaporate first, then aluminum oxide evaporation is connected, and at the final stage, zirconium oxide of the tablet evaporates with a continuous transition before evaporation of zirconium oxide ingot. As a result, in the process of condensation, a gradient transition zone with a thickness of 3-5 microns is formed between the metal surface (binding layer) and the ceramic coating 27O2(u203), which consists of separate microlayers, for example, MIAI, AI2Oz, AI2O03-2710". It should be noted that the condensation of the vapor stream of the tablet usually occurs on the surface of aluminum preheated to temperatures above the melting point of aluminum (660°C). Therefore, the first portions of aluminum condense on the surface in the form of a very thin layer of the liquid phase that interacts with the surface material of the substrate , for example, of the binding layer of MSOTGAIU, and creates a strong connection of the substrate with the transitional gradient zone.

As was noted above when describing the prototype, the composition "metal-ceramic tablet-ceramic ingot" makes it possible to obtain a gradient transition zone with a thickness of 3 - 5 μm between the metal substrate (binding layer) and the ceramic coating, the composition and structure of which is determined by the metal-ceramic mixture (tablet), which fractionally evaporates during electron beam heating. The requirement for fractional evaporation of metal-ceramic mixtures imposes certain restrictions on the composition, structure, and thickness of the gradient transition zone. In addition, the approach outlined in the prototype does not allow creating the necessary gradients of the composition and structure of both the metal binding layer and the upper ceramic layer.

The basis of this invention is the task of improving the composite casting by changing its design to obtain by evaporation a functionally gradient coating with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate in the process of implementing a one-stage coating deposition process.

The task is solved by the proposed composite ingot for obtaining by evaporation a functionally gradient coating with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate, which has a ceramic base and a first insert placed in its upper part, made of a mixture of metals or alloys and oxides that have different elasticity steam at the evaporation temperature, in which, according to the invention, the ceramic base of the ingot, depending on the desired structure of the gradient coating, contains in its upper and/or middle and/or lower part at least one additional insert fragment, the composition of which differs from the mentioned first insert and which made of metallic and/or non-metallic materials or their mixtures.

Such a solution, namely the selection and appropriate placement in the ceramic base of a composite cast, preferably cylindrical in shape, of fragments-inserts made of metallic and non-metallic materials of the required shapes and sizes, ensures, with continuous evaporation and subsequent condensation of the vapor phase on the substrate, the formation of a gradient multilayer coating of the given composition and structures.

It is desirable that the first insert and additional insert fragments located on the upper part of the ceramic base are made of materials selected, according to the purpose of the coating, from the group consisting of metals, alloys, intermetallics, silicides, metal ceramics, ceramics or organic substances, having a lower melting point and a higher vapor elasticity than the melting temperature and vapor elasticity of the ceramic base of the ingot, so that when the composite ingot is heated, the material of the first insert and additional insert fragments placed in the upper part of the ceramic base evaporates first to be formed on the substrate transitional binding layers of the desired composition and structure.

It should be emphasized the positive influence of low-melting metals and alloys present in the inserted fragments, the melting point of which is lower than the preheating temperature of the substrate before coating deposition. A thin liquid film created on the surface of the substrate at the initial moment of their condensation dissolves micro-uniformities of the surface and, interacting with the material of the substrate, contributes to the formation of a dense structure of the contact zone between the substrate and the binding layer. The mentioned selection of materials provides an optimal structure and composition of transitional binding layers on the substrate.

It is desirable that the additional insert fragments placed in the middle and lower part of the ceramic base are made mainly of non-metallic material so that the material of these insert fragments evaporates and condenses simultaneously with the ceramic base of the ingot, forming the composition and structure of the upper ceramic layers of the gradient coating .

The basis of this invention is, in particular, the task of improving the composite casting by changing its design to obtain by evaporation a thermal barrier functionally gradient coating with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate to implement a one-stage coating deposition process.

The task is solved by the proposed composite ingot for obtaining by evaporation a functionally gradient coating with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate, which has a ceramic base and a first insert placed in its upper part, made of a mixture of metals or alloys and oxides that have different elasticity steam at the evaporation temperature, in which, according to the invention, the ceramic base of the ingot is made of partially or fully stabilized 2gO" and, depending on the desired structure of the gradient coating, contains in its upper and/or middle and/or lower part at least one additional insert fragment, the composition of which differs from the mentioned first insert and which is made of metallic and/or non-metallic materials or their mixtures.

The ceramic base of the ingot, made of 710", which has a low thermal conductivity, determines the thermal barrier properties of the resulting gradient coating, and the presence of fragments - inserts made of metallic and non-metallic materials of the required shapes and sizes, ensures continuous evaporation and subsequent condensation of the vapor phase on the substrate of the formation gradient multi-layer coating of a given composition and structure.

Preferably, when making the ceramic base of the ingot from 2gO2, the first insert and additional insert fragments placed in the upper part of the ceramic base were made of a material selected from the group that includes metals AI, 5i, Re, Mi, So, St .

AI203, Сg203, metal-ceramic mixtures of the type M-U-270", M-U-RI- 210", M-U- AI2Oz- 21O" (where M - AI, Si), ceramic mixtures AI2O3-С12Oz3- U2Oz- 210" .

This solution contributes to the formation of the optimal structure of the contact zone of the substrate - the binding layer, which ensures high adhesion of the thermal barrier coating based on 270".

It is preferable that the additional insert fragments placed in the middle and lower part of the ceramic base are made of a material selected from the group that includes oxides A/Ig2Oz, U2Oz; And a2O3; SeO"; BUT"; BO" and their mixtures.

Such a solution allows forming a smooth transition zone between the binding metal and upper ceramic layers of this gradient coating based on 270".

The basis of this invention is, in particular, the task of improving the composite casting by changing its design to obtain by evaporation heat-resistant and erosion-resistant functionally gradient coatings with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate to implement a one-stage coating deposition process.

The problem is solved by the fact that another version of the composite ingot is proposed for obtaining, by evaporation, a functionally gradient coating with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate, which has a ceramic base and a first insert placed in its upper part, made of a mixture of metals or alloys and oxides, having different steam elasticity at the evaporation temperature, in which, according to the invention, the ceramic base of the ingot is made of A/2Oz and, depending on the desired structure of the gradient coating, contains in its upper and/or middle and/or lower part at least one additional fragment - insert, composition which differs from the mentioned first insert and which is made of metallic and/or non-metallic materials or their mixtures.

Such a solution ensures obtaining not only heat-resistant and erosion-resistant, but also hard and wear-resistant coatings based on A/I2O3z.

Preferably, when making the ceramic base of the ingot from AI2Oz, the first insert and additional insert fragments placed in the upper part of the ceramic base should be made of a material selected from the group that includes metals 5p, AI, Si, Ee, Mi, So, St, U, Met and MOGAIM alloys (where M is 5p, Si, Ee, Mi, Co), intermetallics of iron, nickel, and cobalt, chromium silicides, organic compounds containing carbon, metal-ceramic mixtures of M-

A25Oz, M-MIi- AI25Oz (where M - 5p, A, St, M, Ee, Sy), Zp-St- AI205.

In this case, it is this solution that provides the optimal structure of the contact zone, the substrate is a binding layer that ensures high adhesion of heat-resistant and erosion-resistant functional gradient coatings based on AI20O3.

It is preferable that the additional fragments-inserts, placed in the middle and lower part of the ceramic base, are made of a material selected from the group that includes oxides StggOz, MoaO, 510"; 2710"; ХУ2Оз; Hg2Oz.

This solution allows for the formation of a smooth transition zone between the binding metal and upper ceramic layers of this gradient coating based on A/I2Oz.

The basis of this invention is also the task of improving the composite casting for obtaining by evaporation hard and wear-resistant functionally gradient coatings with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate by changing its design to implement a one-stage coating deposition process.

The task is solved by the fact that one more, third, variant of a composite casting is proposed for obtaining by evaporation a functionally gradient coating with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate, which has a ceramic base and placed in its upper part the first insert made of a mixture of metals or alloys and oxides having different vapor elasticity at the evaporation temperature, in which, according to the invention, the ceramic base of the ingot is made of titanium carbide TIiS and, depending on the desired structure of the gradient coating, contains at least one additional fragment in its upper and/or middle and/or lower part - an insert, the composition of which differs from the mentioned first insert and which is made of metallic and/or non-metallic materials or their mixtures.

It is preferable that, when making the ceramic base of the TiS ingot, the first insert and additional insert fragments placed in the upper part of the ceramic base should be made of a material selected from the group that includes metals 5p, AI, Si, Re, Mi, So . Mi-tTiS, St-So-tTiS, St-Mi-TiS, Zp-Si-Mi (So) -TisS;

Zp-Si-TI-TIS.

In this case, it is this solution that provides the optimal structure of the contact zone of the substrate - the binding layer, which ensures high adhesion of heat-resistant and erosion-resistant functional gradient coatings based on Yew.

It is preferable that the additional insert fragments placed in the middle and lower part of the ceramic base are made of a material selected from the group that includes 2, NIS, SizS"2; TIV?" and their mixtures.

This solution allows you to form a smooth transition zone between the binding metal and upper ceramic layers of this TisS-based gradient coating.

The above-mentioned task of improving a composite cast for obtaining by evaporation hard and wear-resistant functionally gradient coatings with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate is also solved by the fact that another, fourth, variant of a composite cast for obtaining by evaporation a functionally gradient coating with an outer ceramic layer on a metal substrate is proposed. a substrate having a ceramic base and a first insert placed in its upper part, made of a mixture of metals or alloys and oxides having different vapor elasticity at the evaporation temperature, in which, according to the invention, the ceramic base of the ingot is made of TiVa titanium diboride and depending from the desired structure of the gradient coating contains in its upper and/or middle and/or lower part at least one additional insert fragment, the composition of which differs from the mentioned first insert and which is made of metallic and/or non-metallic materials or their mixtures.

In this case, it is preferable that the first insert and additional insert fragments placed in the upper part of the ceramic base are made of a material selected from the group consisting of metals 5p, AI, bi, Si, Ee, Mi,

Co, St, M, MStg alloys (where M is 5p, Si, Ee, Mi, Co), cobalt silicides, organic compounds containing carbon, metal-ceramic mixtures St-TIV2, Zp-TIV2; U-TIV2, Zp-SI-TIV2; Zp-TI-TIV".

In this case, it is this solution that ensures the optimal structure of the contact zone of the substrate - the binding layer, which ensures high adhesion of heat-resistant and erosion-resistant functional gradient coatings based on TiV".

Preferably, the additional insert fragments placed in the middle and lower part of the ceramic base are made of a material selected from the group that includes 282; TIiS, 27, NIS and their mixtures.

Such a solution makes it possible to form a smooth transition zone between the binding metal and upper ceramic layers of this TiV-based gradient coating."

The formation of the upper layer of complex multiphase ceramics is achieved by placing in the lower part of the ingot, which is in contact with the cooled surface of the crucible or the mechanism of movement of the ingot, an insert made of non-metallic materials in a wide range of melting temperatures and vapor elasticity. The insert evaporates last and completes the formation of the gradient coating, in particular, its composition and condensation conditions determine the degree of surface roughness of the coating.

The identity of the shape, size, internal structure and composition of composite ingots for this type of coatings, due to the technological simplicity and precision of their production by traditional metallurgical methods, primarily by powder metallurgy methods with constant optimal parameters of evaporation and condensation, ensures a high level of repeatability of the composition of the structure and properties of gradient coatings.

The technical essence and principle of the invention are explained by examples of its implementation with references to the attached drawings, where

Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the structure of a composite casting.

Fig. 2. presents the scheme of the structure of the composite ingot C1i4NiO/ (Mist AIigO»2(U2O3z) (a) and the distribution of the main elements along the cross-section of the gradient heat-protective coating obtained by its evaporation, after vacuum annealing at 10507С for 2 hours (b).

Fig. 3. presents the scheme of the structure of the MOGA!M/13A1I-0.2u-2 AIgOz-84.8705/7gO2(U2O3) composite ingot (a) and the distribution of the main elements along the cross-section of the gradient heat-protective coating obtained by its evaporation (b).

Fig. 4. shows the scheme of the structure of the composite ingot SeO»g2/21O2(7 M2Oz) (a) and the distribution of the main elements along the cross-section of the gradient heat-protective coating obtained by its evaporation (b).

Fig. 5. shows the structure diagram of the composite ingot 4851p-52C1/ AIgOz/MdO (a) and the distribution of the main elements along the cross-section of the protective coating obtained by its evaporation (b).

Fig. presents a scheme of the structure of the composite ingot 10AI-90Co/TiS/TiB2 (a) and the distribution of the main elements on the cross-section of the solid coating obtained by its evaporation (b).

The ceramic base of the ingot 1 (Fig. 1) is mainly in the form of a cylinder, has a number of internal cavities, in which there are inserted fragments 2 - 7 of metallic and non-metallic materials. In the upper part there are fragments-inserts 2, C and 4 in the middle and lower - 5, 6 and 7. As noted earlier, depending on the purpose of the gradient coating, the material of the base of the composite ingot can be different refractory compounds: 2гО5;

A205; TIS; TiV" and others.

Insert fragment 2 has the form of a small cylindrical ingot, made mainly of metallic materials (metals, alloys, intermetallics). For example, during the deposition of thermal barrier coatings, when the ceramic base of ingot 1 is made of partially or fully stabilized 77O", the material of the fragment - insert 2, depending on the chemical composition of the substrate and the required properties of the coating, can be AI, Mi, St, B,

MOgHAYIM, MiA!, (Mist) Ai!, (MIRI) Ai, RIAiYI, Stzbi, etc. For hard, erosion-resistant and wear-resistant coatings, the ceramic base of the ingot is AI2Oz; TiS; TiVg or compositions based on them, and the material of insert fragment 2 can be 5p, AI, Si, Ee, Mi, So, St, M and their alloys.

The technique of vaporizing a composite ingot using a concentrated energy source, preferably an electron beam, is similar to the technique of vaporizing a conventional ceramic ingot. The composite ingot is placed in a copper water-cooled crucible. Heating and evaporation start from the upper end of the ingot and continue continuously until the ingot is completely evaporated. The evaporation surface, usually the surface of the liquid bath, is maintained at a constant level by moving the ingot up with the help of a movement mechanism. For ingots of a small height, approximately 10 - 20 mm, it is not necessary to move the ingot.

When heating the surface of the composite ingot, fragment-insert 2 evaporates first and ensures the formation of a metal binding layer (or layers).

Insert fragments 3, one or more, in the form of tablets or columns are placed in a circle around the fragment - insert 2, if additional influence on the composition and structure of the binding layer obtained by evaporation of the fragment - insert 2 is necessary.

When the surface of the composite casting is uniformly heated, the insert fragment (or insert fragments)

C, depending on the composition and location in relation to the surface of the ingot (see Fig. 1), evaporates before the beginning, at the same time or at the end of the evaporation of the fragment - insert 2, which, thus, allows to expand the range of regulation of the composition and structure of the binding layer .

With the help of fragments - inserts Z, it is easy to introduce into the binding layer additives of such elements as AI, Bi, Ee, Mi, So, St, Mp, M, Ri, 7t, NE; ceramics AiI25Oz and Si2Oz, metal-ceramic mixtures, as well as to form additional layers. For example, evaporate fragment-insert 2, deposit a layer of MSOGAY, and cover it with a layer of nickel or platinum aluminide on top of it by evaporating the fragment-insert (fragments-inserts) from the appropriate composition. The possibility of initial evaporation of the fragment - insert (fragments - inserts) 3 consisting of organic carbon compounds and the formation of layers containing carbide phases should be highlighted. For example, the evaporation of C1i4Ni anthracene, the melting point of which is known to be 216"C, and the boiling point is 35170.

Fragment-insert 4 has the shape of a tablet, is located under fragment-insert 2 and evaporates after evaporation of fragments - inserts 2 and 3. It is included in the composition of the composite casting if it is necessary to form a smooth transition zone between the binding metal and upper ceramic layers of the gradient coating. According to this purpose, the tablet fragment-insert 4, as a rule, consists of mixtures of metals and ceramics or ceramics. For example, for thermal barrier coatings, these are mixtures of metal-oxide or oxide-oxide types: AI-U-27107; AI-X-RI-21O»2; AI-X- AI2Oz3- 210"; AI2Oz - Si2Oz - MU2Oz - 710".

Ceramic fragments-inserts 5, 6 and 7, which have the form of columns 5, cylinders and cones 6 or tablets 7, are introduced into the ceramic base of the ingot to change the composition and structure of the thickness of the ceramic layer, which is created in the process of evaporation and condensation of the ceramic base of the ingot. First of all, with the aim of obtaining layered gradient compositions and structures and, therefore, the corresponding physical and mechanical properties: density, thermal conductivity, hardness, etc.

The advantages of the proposed composite casting are illustrated by the following examples.

Example 1.

The ceramic ingot consisted of a ceramic base 202-795 U2Oz with a diameter of 6b9mm, a height of 37mm and a weight of -500g, fragment 2 in the form of an intermetalide tablet (MISP)A! with a diameter of 4mm, a height of 3mm and a weight of 40g, and also had an additional fragment of C in the form of a small tablet of anthracene (StieNio) weighing 0.5g. The ingot was placed in a copper water-cooled crucible with a mechanism for moving the ingot as it evaporated.

Steam deposition was carried out directly on the surface of a sample of a nickel alloy containing 26 bwag.9o St and 15 w.bo MU. The samples were in the form of disks with a diameter of 12 mm and a thickness of Zmm. They were fixed on the surface of the sample holder with a diameter of 100 mm and a length of 100 mm, attached to a horizontal shaft that rotates during coating deposition at a speed of 25 rpm. The distance from the surface of the samples to the evaporation surface of the ingots was 300 mm. Deposition of the steam flow was carried out directly on the surface of a nickel alloy sample containing 2 wt.bo of Cg and 15 wt.bo of MU. The temperature of the preheating of the sample, carried out by an electron beam, was 1000 "C. The power of the electron beam for vaporizing the composite casting was equal to "-32.0 kW. The rate of condensation of the steam flow on the surface of the sample was equal to 5 μm/min, respectively.

Evaporation of the composite ingot under continuous electron beam heating occurred in the following sequence: anthracene-»mintermetalide-»ceramic.

In the process of evaporation and condensation on the heated substrate, dissociation of anthracene took place with the creation of a thin layer of carbon on the condensation surface, which interacts with the carbide-forming elements of the substrate (MU, St), and a binding layer of chromium-enriched intermetalide.

Fig. 2a, 65 shows the scheme of the composite casting of variant 1 - 2 - C and the distribution of the main elements along the cross-section of the gradient heat-protective coating after vacuum annealing the coated sample at 105070 for 2 hours. Attention is drawn to the presence of three concentration peaks (indicated by arrows) on the distribution curves of MU and St in the transition zone of the substrate/coating, which contains carbon. Additional metallographic studies showed that the peaks of tungsten and chromium correspond to carbides of tungsten and chromium formed in the alloy matrix as a result of the interaction of the carbon film with the substrate. The chromium peak on the right corresponds to chromium carbide, formed as a result of the interaction of carbon with the zone of the chromium-rich binding layer (Mi, SOAI. Between this peak of chromium and the outer ceramic layer, there is a layer of intermetallide MIiAI with 5 - bwag.oo chromium, approximately 1 µm thick. Such thus, the binding layer in this example with a total thickness of approximately 15 μm consists of two layers: a layer containing MU and Cg carbides, and a layer of intermetallide with - bwag.95 St.

By increasing the mass of fragments 2 and 3 and varying the temperature of coating deposition and subsequent annealing, the total thickness of such a binding layer can be increased several times.

Example 2.

The composite ingot consisted of a ceramic base 270" - 7ves.9o U2Oz with a diameter of b9mm, a height of 45mm and a weight of "500g; of fragment 2 in the form of a small ingot of MOTGAI!M (20 wt.9o So, 20 wt.bo St, 12 wt.95 AI, 0.2 wt.oo

U, the rest Mi) with a diameter of 4 mm, a height of 9 mm, a weight of 120 g and fragment 4 in the form of a metal-ceramic tablet 1 Zvag.uyu A! - 0.2 kg M - 2 kg AI2Oz - 84.8 kg 27O2 with a diameter of 45 mm, a height of 3 mm and a weight of -«-16 g.

The coating was deposited directly on the surface of Nepe Me 5 alloy samples.

Fig. Za, b shows the scheme of the composite casting of variant 1 - 2 - 4 and the distribution of the main elements along the cross-section of the gradient coating after deposition.

As can be seen from Fig. 30, the binding layer consists of a thick layer (uZOμm) of the MegA!iM alloy and a thin (72.0μm) intermetallic layer (Mi, CO)A! with approximately 5 wt.95 Cg adjacent to the metal/ceramic interface. It can be assumed that A/2Oz from fragment 4 is in the intermetallic layer in the form of dispersed particles.

By increasing the AI content in the metal-ceramic tablet (fragment 4) from 1 wt. 95 to 20 wt. 9 o, it is possible to increase the width of the intermetallide (MIiSO) AI layer by 1.5 - 1.6 times.

Example 3.

The composite ingot consisted of a ceramic base of 2gO2-7wag.9o U2Oz with a diameter of 9mm, a height of 37mm and a weight of -500g. Fragments 5 in the form of three SeOg columns with a diameter of mm, a length of 40 mm and a weight of 5.5 g each were located in the central and lower parts of the ingot as shown schematically in Fig. 4a. The distance from the upper end of the ingot to the first column of SeOg was -12 mm.

The conditions of evaporation and condensation of this ceramic ingot are similar to the examples given earlier.

Fig. 465 shows the distribution of the main elements along the cross-section of a ceramic layer with a thickness of 150 μm.

Three microlayers with a thickness of "5.0 μm each containing 15 wt.9o SeO" are clearly visible.

Composite ingots containing fragments 6 demonstrate the following examples.

Example 4.

The composite ingot consisted of a ceramic base AI2Oz with a diameter of 9mm, a height of 18mm and a weight of -160Gg; fragment 2 in the form of a tablet of alloy 10 wt.9o Zp -90 wt.9o A! with a diameter of 25 mm, a height of 4 mm and a weight of 7 g, as well as fragment 6 in the form of a truncated cone made of ModO with a base diameter of З5 mm, a height of 12 mm and a weight of ЗОг.

Substrates of Ee, Ti, and Si measuring 35 x 5 x 2 mm were fixed on the flat surface of the stationary device.

The distance from the surface of the samples to the evaporation surface of the ingot was 30 mm. The temperature of the preheating of the samples, carried out by an electron beam, was equal to 3507"C. The evaporation of the composite ingot was also carried out by an electron beam with a power of 20 - 25 kW. The average speed of condensation of the steam flow on the substrate was approximately 4 μm/min. The sequence of evaporation of the ingot components is as follows:

Zp-SI-» AI2Oz-»MdO.

Fig. 5a, C shows the scheme of the composite casting of variant 1 - 2 - 6 and the distribution of the main elements along the cross-section of the gradient protective coating: based on Al2Oz with a total thickness of -100 μm, deposited on a Ti substrate.

First of all, it should be noted the good adhesion of the coating on all three types of substrates: Ee, Ti, Si. This result can be explained, similar to example 1, by the active interaction of liquid tin with the surface of the substrate at the initial stage of coating formation at a temperature of 35070. As a result, a gradient transition zone (binding layer) with a thickness of 5 µm is created between the substrate and the coating. Next is a 40 µm thick A/Ig2Oz layer (not shown in Fig. 5B) and a ~Bm thick Al2Oz and MdO layer.

By varying the dimensional and weight parameters of the ceramic base of the A/g2Oz ingot and fragments 2 and 6, the composition, structure, and properties of the above-mentioned protective coating based on AI2Oz can be widely varied.

Example 5.

The composite ingot consisted of a TiS ceramic base with a diameter of 9mm, a height of 20mm and a weight of 190g, fragment 2 in the form of a tablet of the 1Ovag.9o AI-9Ovag alloy. 95 So with a diameter of 25 mm, a height of 2 mm, a weight of 7 g, as well as fragment 6 of TiVg in the form of a truncated cone with a base diameter of Zbmm, a height of 10 mm and a weight of 22 g. As in the previous example, deposition was carried out under stationary conditions on the surface of iron samples.

The sample preheating temperature is 900702. The power of the electron beam for vaporizing the composite ingot was 25 kW. The average rate of condensation was 4 - Zmcm/min.

Fig. 6 shows a diagram of a composite casting of variant 1 - 2 - 6 and the distribution of the main elements along the cross-section of a gradient solid coating based on TiS with a total thickness of -110 μm, deposited on an iron substrate at a temperature of 90076.

It is easy to see that the coating contains a transition zone (bonding layer) with a thickness of 100 μm, a TiC layer with a thickness of approximately 40 μm, and a TIC layer with TiV with a thickness of 6 μm.

It should be emphasized that a similar distribution was also obtained for the ceramic base of the ingot from TiVg2, fragment 2 from the similar alloy 1Ovag.9o A - 9Ovag.9o Co and fragment 6 from Tis.

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