UA137684U - METHOD OF PREVENTING THE NEGATIVE INFLUENCE OF HARMFUL GAS SPACE - Google Patents

Abstract

The method of preventing the negative impact of the harmful space of the gas mask is based on changing the mechanics of external respiration. Exhaled air when using a gas mask is sent by a short, airtight, variable-length tube with a mouthpiece directly to the inner exhalation valve opening.

Description

The utility model relates to military and civil emergency protection, applies to filtering gas masks, in which a helmet-mask is provided, and is proposed to improve the protective capabilities of existing gas masks.

More than 100 years have passed since the creation of the filtering gas mask, however, one of the main requirements for modern gas masks is the need to have a small, additional to natural, so-called "dead air volume" to prevent re-inhalation of exhaled air.

The value of the specified "dead volume" under the rubber helmet-mask, which is worn on the human head, depends on the quality of the individual selection of the number of the helmet-mask and the correctness of its wearing. But these measures, which are necessary and useful, reduce the size of the "dead volume" under the helmet-mask only partially, therefore all existing gas masks - analogues of this useful model - have a certain amount of harmful "dead volume" of air.

The closest analog in terms of the set of features and the achieved result to the method that is claimed is the method of reducing the harmful effect of the "dead volume" under the helmet-gas mask by means of the maximum individual "molded" fit of the helmet-mask IKratkaya medysnaya znziklopediya, M., 1972, t.2. P.496; E. Stebluk, Civil Defense, Kyiv, Znannia, 2006, 487 p.). But, in addition to methodological complexity, such a tactile fit is not tolerated by users for a short time due to unpleasant and painful sensations. It is this method that can be considered a prototype of the proposed useful model, but the problem is not solved by the specified prototype and in modern gas masks that are used, the harmful dead volume of air is on average 250-300 cm3 of "exhausted" air. This means that when using a gas mask that exists today, with repeated breaths even when the body is at rest, the volume of each breath also includes 250-300 cm3 of exhaled air, in which the amount of oxygen (Og) is reduced to 14 95 (at the norm in the atmosphere of 20 .97 95) and an increased amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) up to 4 9, compared to atmospheric air, where the amount of carbon dioxide in the norm is - 0.03-0.04 9.

Such an increase of "exhausted" air to the inspiratory volume leads to a decrease in the ventilation coefficient of alveolar air, reduces the concentration of oxygen and increases the concentration (partial pressure) of carbon dioxide, which worsens the gas exchange between alveolar

With air and blood capillaries in the alveoli of the lungs.

At the same time, the tension of oxygen in the blood decreases, and the tension of carbon dioxide increases.

The latter leads to compensatory hyperventilation of the lungs by increasing the depth of breathing and increased activity of the cardiovascular system already at rest and even more so during physical exertion, which leads to overstrain of the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system, a decrease in the functional capabilities of the body and the development of fatigue.

That is why suggestions for leveling the negative impact of the "dead volume" of the gas mask helmet are relevant.

The basis of the proposed useful model is the task of developing a method of preventing the negative impact of the harmful space of the gas mask, in which, due to the change in the path of exhalation air, an increase in the useful time of using the gas mask is ensured and the possibility of carbon dioxide poisoning is reduced.

To solve the problem in the method of Preventing the negative impact of the harmful space of the gas mask, which is based on changing the mechanics of external breathing, according to a useful model, exhalation air when using a gas mask is directed through a short, sealed, variable-length rubber tube with a mouthpiece directly to the internal exhalation valve opening.

In this regard, we have developed a principle and a device for preventing the harmful effects of the "dead volume" of a helmet-mask based on the combined military filtering gas mask of the F-100, M-53 type, which is presented in the proposed useful model | (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, table). 1). In principle, a healthy person can use one of 4 methods of external breathing: 1) inhalation and exhalation through the nose with a closed or open mouth; 2) inhalation and exhalation through the mouth (runny nose, nasal polyposis, nasal trauma, etc.);

C) inhalation and exhalation through the nose and mouth during significant dynamic physical exertion; 4) inhalation through the nose, exhalation through the mouth if necessary and desired.

The fourth option is the most expedient, economical and physiological when using a gas mask, modernized in the proposed way.

The essence of the proposed useful model is that the exhaled air is exhaled directly into the atmosphere, and not under the helmet-mask - the mouth, hermetically connected by a tube with the 60 exhalation valve opening, the helmet-gas mask.

Inhalation takes place through the nose from the under-helmet space, which is known to be connected to the inhalation valve opening and the gas mask cleaning box.

Thus, the exhaled air practically does not enter the under-helmet-mask space and cannot be inhaled again. Now the space under the helmet constantly contains clean atmospheric air and does not add to the harmful anatomical volume of the human respiratory system. Moreover, our method also involves reducing the size of the natural anatomical harmful space by the size of the volume of the nasal passages, as a result of changing the mechanics of external breathing.

With each breath, clean atmospheric air is now inhaled, which has passed through the cleaning system of the gas mask box.

As for the tube that hermetically connects the user's mouth with a gas mask to the exhalation valve opening, it is presented by us in three parts (Fig. 1, Fig. 2). In Fig. 1 presents a diagram-drawing of the proposed innovative device for a helmet-mask filtering gas mask to prevent the negative impact of the harmful under-helmet space - in a stretched state: 1 - a basic plastic cylinder with an outer diameter of 33 mm and an inner diameter of 30 mm; 15 mm high with a cutout in the upper-back part, 30 mm wide and 6 mm deep. This tube, with its lower circular base, is fixed with strong (epoxy) glue above the exhalation valve hole from the inside. 2 - a section of a corrugated fabric-rubber "gas-proof" tube, including a C-ring with an outer diameter of 29 mm, an inner diameter of 25 mm and a length of 25 mm. This tube "2" is inserted with its corrugated part into the tube "1" to the full depth and is fixed at the lower end with strong glue previously applied to the lower joints.

C is a section of standard rubber tubing with an outer diameter of 25 mm and a length of 18 mm and a mouthpiece at the end, which also includes "interdental" protrusions. 4 - a section of a standard rubber tube with a mouthpiece, including "interdental" protrusions.

The breathing hole of the mouthpiece has a wide enough diameter - 15x10 mm. Tube "3" is inserted on rubber glue into the upper free uncorrugated section of tube "2" to a depth of 5 mm. As a result, the tubular device can fold, that is, sink into the base cylinder "1" and be fixed in it.

З In the folded state, the height of the tubular device is 33 mm. In the extended state, when the tube "b" is fully extended from the base cylinder "1", the height of the tubular device is 43 mm. At the same time, the tube "2" can lean back at an angle, entering partially into the upper-rear arc cutout of the cylinder "1". In Fig. 2 presents a photo of the proposed innovative device for a helmet-mask filtering gas mask for leveling the harmful effects of the under-helmet space: 1 - a basic plastic cylinder with an outer diameter of 33 mm and an inner diameter of 30 mm; 15 mm high with a cutout in the upper-back part, 30 mm wide and 6 mm deep. This tube, with its lower circular base, is fixed with strong (epoxy) glue above the exhalation valve hole from the inside. 2 - a section of a corrugated fabric-rubber "anti-gas" tube, including 3 rings with an outer diameter of 29 mm, an inner diameter of 25 mm and a length of 25 mm. This tube "2" is inserted with its corrugated part into the tube "1" to the full depth and is fixed at the lower end with strong glue previously applied to the lower joints.

C is a section of standard rubber tubing with an outer diameter of 25 mm and a length of 18 mm and a mouthpiece at the end, which also includes "interdental" protrusions. 4 - a section of a standard rubber tube with a mouthpiece, including "interdental" protrusions. 5 - "hole" of the exhalation valve opening;

The user of the gas mask can freely stretch and fold the tubular device while wearing a helmet-mask, pressing up with his hand on the lower valve part of the helmet-mask, and affecting the mouthpiece with his front teeth.

Thus, the device can be used or not used for some reason (runny nose, nasal injury, nasal polyps). In this case, the device is compressed to its original state, and if the circumstances do not allow you to remove the helmet-mask, then you should press your hand up on the valve box of the gas mask. Of course, it takes practice to inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth using a gas mask with our device. Studies have shown that appropriate adaptation occurs quickly, even immediately after instruction.

There are significant differences between the analogue gas masks used today and the gas mask - a useful model that is proposed: 1. The useful model involves the implementation of our constructive additions to the filtering 60 gas masks and the corresponding recommendations on the mechanics of external breathing.

2. The proposed useful model of the gas mask, while preserving all the protective properties of the analog gas mask, excludes certain of its shortcomings.

Q. The useful model of the gas mask offered, thanks to our innovation, unlike the helmet-mask of the gas mask-analog, excludes the possibility of exhaled air getting under the helmet-gas mask and, for this reason, re-inhaling a significant volume (250-300 ml ) of "used" air with an increased amount of carbon dioxide (up to 4.0 95) and a reduced amount of oxygen (up to 14 9). 4. The useful model of the proposed gas mask, in contrast to the analogue gas mask, eliminates partial carbon dioxide poisoning and increases the ventilation rate of alveolar air, ensuring normal gas exchange of the body and the external environment and a normal concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. 5. The useful model of the proposed gas mask, in contrast to the analog gas mask, ensures the normal activity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems at rest and during increased physical exertion. 6. The proposed useful model, excluding the influence of the harmful space of the anti-gas analog, provides an opportunity to reduce the minute inhalation volume by an average of 44.6 95 (P«e0.01) even when the body is at rest, which prevents fatigue of the respiratory muscles , body fatigue, negative effect on the central nervous system. 7. The proposed useful model, in contrast to the analog gas mask, by reducing the minute volume of breathing (MOV) by 44.6 95, by the same percentage, in principle, increases the effective period of action of the absorber of the gas mask box, which has an important defensive value. 8. The use of the proposed gas mask model is not accompanied by fogging of the glasses of the helmet-mask, which is also of defensive importance. 9. A useful model that is offered is not financially expensive. The proposed useful model has the following advantages: 1. The negative influence of the "dead volume" contained under the worn helmet-mask of an ordinary gas mask is prevented. 2. The depth and frequency of respiratory movements are normalized, compared to breathing in a regular filter gas mask.

From 3. The normal composition of inhaled air is ensured. 4. The term of the protective action of the harmful gas absorber in the gas mask box is extended, corresponding to a decrease in the minute respiratory volume (MOV), by 44.6 9. 5. The negative impact of the use of the gas mask on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of the body is reduced. 6. It is easier to carry out (perform) physical load due to a significant reserve of HOD. 7. The volume of calm inhalation and exhalation decreases by 44.2 95, compared to the existing gas mask. 8. The value of the minute respiratory volume (MOV) decreases, on average, by 44.6 95. 9. The proposed device does not exclude the use of a gas mask without its use. 10. The fogging of the helmet-mask glasses is reduced, because moist exhaled air does not get under the helmet-mask. 11. The use of additional gas cleaning devices - DPG-1 and DPG-3, an intercom device, the possibility of accepting drinking water, liquid food, etc. is not excluded. 12. The proposed useful model is suitable for all types of gas masks that require the use of a helmet-mask, including the so-called insulating gas masks, which are characterized by a significant amount of harmful "dead space" up to 500-600 cmU, because the harmful space in this gas mask also includes corrugated tube, if single. 13. The use of the proposed useful model for insulating gas masks is desirable, but requires significant improvements: replacing the helmet-mask with one like in filtering gas masks (with a valve box), adding another separate (possibly paired) exhalation corrugated tube, etc.

Example 1. Subject Z (P4Or.), male, height - 170 cm, body weight - 70 kg, practically healthy. Normal room of the laboratory, 11 o'clock in the morning. The subject's position is passively sitting. 2 corresponding plethysmographic channels of the P8VCH-01 type polygraph were used. Plethysmographic sensors - thoracic and abdominal - circular corrugated air-tight tubes, placed: one - around the chest, the second - around the abdomen and work by reducing the pressure during stretching during inhalation and returning to the initial state during exhalation. After a 10-minute warm-up of the polygraph and simultaneous adaptation of the subject to the conditions of the laboratory and the placed plethysmographic sensors, the subject's initial plethysmogram of respiratory movements at rest was recorded for 2 minutes.

After that, the subject put on the helmet-mask of the complete gas mask, modernized by our innovation, according to the proper rules and, without using the innovation, adapted to breathing in a standard gas mask for 10 minutes. After that, respiratory movements were recorded for 2 minutes. at rest in the conditions of an ordinary filtering gas mask. Later, the subject pressed his hand on the valve box of the gas mask from below, grabbed the mouthpiece of our device with his lips and teeth, and after 10 min. adaptation of breathing under these conditions, he had a plethysmogram of respiratory movements (chest and abdomen) registered for 2 minutes. The results of the study are presented in Fig. 3. and in Table 1.

In fig. C shows a plethysmogram of respiratory movements of the thoracic and abdominal parts of the body of subject 3 (P40), who is practically healthy.

Table 1

Comparative statistical indicators of external breathing in healthy people in normal conditions and when using a combined military and, modified by us, filtering gas mask at rest body number at rest | conditions | conditions in peace | in conditions | conditions in peace | in conditions | in conditions of (cipher) gas mask | gas mask | models | gas mask | gas mask | models | gas mask | gas mask | models

And a | 6 | in | and | 6 | in | and | 6 | in 0 | 26000 | 5406 / 3264 | 60 | 97 | 52 | 23 | 18 | 16 203 | 2890 | 5bTO | 3960 | 46 | 90 | 55 | 16 | 16 | 74

Zp) | 5000 | 9250 / 4680 | 90 | 1295 | 60 | 18 | 714 | with o | 9366 | 179.56 | 7297 | 186 | 2936 | 071 | 365 | 296 | ia oobhabe | | zma | me | dz o| 4 and | | 3 | b essay || wav) still | vva | more | | llo| July 8-1 | in 2531 12525100 USD 3.3609 3.29 2.4408 3.729 1.4274 | 0.1409

GAME | | "001 | "002 | -: M | "005 | "001 | (B | 501 | ol

The type of breathing is mixed with the predominance of the abdomen, "a" - in normal conditions of rest, "b" - when using a combined military filtering gas mask of the FIt00, M-53 type, "c" - when using the same gas mask in the conditions of application of the innovative device offered . The upper curve is a thoracic plethysmograph, the lower one is an abdominal one. Table 1 presents the comparative statistical indicators of external breathing in healthy people in normal conditions and when using the general military and, modified by us, filter gas mask, which is proposed - at rest of the body.

As can be seen from Fig. From "a" and Table 1, the subject "P" is characterized by a mixed type of external breathing with the predominance of the abdominal type over the thoracic type, which is generally characteristic of men. At the same time, in the initial state, at rest without the use of a gas mask, the respiratory rate was 18/min., the total (thoracic and abdominal) respiratory volume (TO) - the volume of inspiration, is 500 ml. While breathing in a normal gas mask at rest, without using our innovation, as can be seen from Fig. From "b" of Table 1, the frequency of breathing did not change significantly, while the depth of breathing increased significantly due to both the thoracic and abdominal mechanisms.

The volume of inhalation, and equally the volume of exhalation (DO), increased by 425 ml (85 95). The minute volume of breathing (COD) increased by 3.95 L (43.89 95). This increase in the depth of breathing even when the body is at rest illustrates a significant depletion of the body's reserve capabilities, which are required for physical exertion,

This is caused by a decrease in the pulmonary ventilation coefficient, the accumulation of excess carbon dioxide in the blood, and a decrease in oxygen tension.

In fig. With "c" and in table 1, plethysmograms and quantitative data of DO and HOD are presented in the conditions of using a useful gas mask model offered by us. As can be seen from the plethysmogram, the quantitative indicators of the external respiration of the subject "P" in these conditions do not differ significantly from the normal weekend: DO is 468 ml, HOD is 6 liters. It is interesting that the indicators of external breathing (DO and HOD) when using our innovation can be even slightly better than without using a gas mask at all. It is easy to understand if you take into account that when using our innovation, the volume of the nasal cavity falls out of the volume of the natural anatomical harmful space.

Example 2. Subject 4KK), 19 years old, gender - male, height - 175 cm, body weight - 70 kg, practically healthy. Normal room of the laboratory, 11 o'clock in the morning. The subject's position is passively sitting. 2 plethysmographic channels of the PVC-type polygraph were used

unit Plasmographic sensors: thoracic and abdominal, - circular hermetic corrugated elastic tubes, placed: one around the chest, the other around the abdomen and work by reducing the pressure during stretching during inhalation and returning to the initial state during exhalation.

As can be seen from Table 1-4(K), the value of DO of the air of the subject when using a typical gas mask significantly exceeds the initial value of DO when breathing without a gas mask - by 384 ml, which is 115.395. The value of the COD in the subject 4(K) under the conditions of using a typical filtering gas mask is 7.2 L, also significantly - by 2.9 L (67.4 95), it exceeds the value of the COD in the conditions of breathing without a gas mask (4.3 L) , which has a negative impact on the functional state of the body at rest, - reduces the functional reserves of breathing for physical exertion. As for the comparison of the values of DO and HOD in the conditions of using the proposed useful model and in the conditions of breathing without a gas mask at all, in the studied 4(K), as well as in the studied Z(P), in the conditions of the useful model, the indicators of external breathing are slightly better , smaller (DO by 6.6 ml - 1.98 95) than in conditions without a gas mask.

It should be noted, however, that in subjects 1(I) and 2(7) - Table 1, with a relatively small value of DO, the indicated "surplus" improvement in DO and HOD was not detected. But this does not reduce the positive value of our useful model. It is possible that the absence of the specified "surplus" is due to the fact that a small part of the exhaled air in these subjects penetrated under the gas mask helmet due to the insufficient density of the lips of the mouthpiece. Ideally, theoretically, the "surplus" - slightly supplementing the reduction of DO in the conditions of our useful model by the amount with the volume of the nasal cavity - is also natural during each respiratory act.

Claims (1)

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