UA119201C2 - METHOD OF CONTINUOUS POWER SUPPLY OF A CRITICAL RECEIVER IN THE EVENT OF AN EMERGENCY SITUATION - Google Patents

Abstract

The method of continuous power supply of the critical receiver belongs to the electric power industry, namely to three-phase networks and installations. The method is used in single and double-circuit networks with voltage from 110 V to 330 kV. The method is based on the retention of the magnetic flux by additional current circuits formed by the wires of the network line and the phase stabilizer, providing "conservation" of magnetic energy in multiphase circuits, as well as by changing the routes of currents in the breaks of the wires of the phases of the three-phase network, or / and in the phases of the phase coils circuit or / and three-phase circuit. In transients, the method contributes to the reduction or removal of the free transient component, which leads to overvoltages and overcurrents, as well as to high-voltage harmonic components. The proposed method eliminates shutdowns in the work of enterprises, delays the repair of the consequences of accidents, limits the area of damage to power transmission.

Description

The claimed method belongs to the electric power industry, namely to electrical networks and AC installations of all types, in particular to single-circuit, double-circuit, ring and loop AC networks, motors, generators, transformers and other converters. In this case, the concept of "uninterruptible power supply" refers to computing equipment, alternating current machines and other critical receivers, whose power supply interruption is unacceptable.

There are no absolutely reliable electrical networks and installations. Therefore, the occurrence of emergency situations in electrical installations and networks should not be considered an exception to the rules, but a separate regime. Therefore, accidents in electrical installations are inevitable. Therefore, there is a problem - identifying signs of emergency situations and managing these accidents in order to achieve continuity of power supply to the critical receiver. A critical receiver is an electrical receiver that, on the one hand, must continuously perform its functions, and on the other hand, the interruption of its electrical supply must not exceed 10 ms 11,691.

At present, in order to reduce the number of accidents and reduce damages from their consequences, it is necessary to take into account not only the effect of terrestrial natural phenomena (aging of metals and wire insulation, the effects of wind, thunderstorms, earthquakes, floods, ice), but also the effect of extraterrestrial phenomena (geomagnetic storms), take into account the need to switch to alternative power sources (solar and wind power plants), as well as take measures in case of the threat of an energy attack, in particular EMI. The high branching of electrical networks and the variety of modes of networks and receivers require universal ways of achieving continuity of power supply.

Below is a description of the most promising and currently known methods of achieving uninterrupted power supply.

There is a known method of protecting the electrical receiver from phase and interphase short circuits in single-phase three-wire and three-phase networks I14-9, 12|. When these accidents occur, electric motors, transformers, switching equipment, etc. fail. and this causes significant material damage. In this method, protective operations are proposed that allow you to avoid losses. In one such method, described in patents (15,7), a procedure for tripping the circuit breaker is proposed, which guarantees not only protection

Protects from the above-mentioned accidents, but also protects service personnel from electric shock and eliminates the danger of fire. In addition, according to this method, a cyclic check of the serviceability of the emergency circuit breaker is carried out, which makes it possible to detect the failure of the automatic circuit breaker in advance. The main disadvantage of the method is that the protection procedure ends with the de-energization of the critical receiver of electrical energy, which disrupts the production process.

A known method of protecting an electric receiver from arc distortions. The method consists in weakening and limiting the action of the arc by introducing three switches, which are closed for the duration of the action of the arc |Z, 81. During the action of the arc, the receiver's power is switched to a backup power source. Disadvantage of the method: changing the power supplies causes a change or fluctuation in the power of the supply sources. The method does not guarantee continuity of operation of the critical receiver.

There is a known method of protecting the electrical receiver from breaks in linear and zero-phase wires (11, 21. The method is designed to ensure the stability of the operation of computer centers in the event of wire breaks or short circuits in the distribution network. In the cells of nodes and blocks of computer centers, power supply is carried out at a voltage of 5 volts direct current.

Such power supply of nodes and blocks is carried out from three-phase transformers of distribution networks of 400 volts of alternating current. In addition, two more power sources are provided in such computer centers: the first source is a set of internal uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), made at a voltage of 5 volts of direct current. The internal uninterruptible power supply stores energy from the AC distribution network. This energy is converted into direct current energy and stored in elementary batteries 58 |i.

The working and reserve power sources are connected by the terminals of the same name semiconductor rectifiers. In the event of a break in the wires of the distribution network, the nodes and blocks of computing centers are powered at the expense of multiple internal ОР5. The duration of the emergency power supply of the nodes and blocks of the computer centers occurs for several minutes, during which the diesel generators are started and the input clamps of the computer center are switched to power from the diesel generators. In this case, the internal OZ are parametrically disabled using a microswitch (tisgo-AT5); switching occurs quickly, reliably and without transitions. Disadvantages of the method: diesel generators are stopped when there is a lack of fuel and stoppages for preventive repairs. Such stoppages disrupt the 60 efficiency of the critical receiver. When switching to this method, a fundamental reconstruction of computing equipment is necessary, in particular, equipment with batteries and tpisgo-AT5 cells.

The low reliability of inverters, which is due to the low reliability of semiconductor elements and batteries (2) is an obstacle to the widespread use of the method in distribution networks.

A promising electric network (|10-13,|) for supplying consumers is known, which is made in the form of loop or ring circuits, the beginning and end of which can be connected both to the transformers of the same transformer substation and to the transformers of different independent substations, for example two-circuit three-phase network. The loop circuit can be made both closed and open on the high side. Due to the introduction of fast-acting series-on switches, for example, thyristor or electromechanical, with the help of a loop network, the reliability of power supply to consumers is significantly increased (11). One of the perfect options for execution and control of the loop network is described in patent O5 9279846 |13|. Increasing the reliability of the operation of the loop, and sometimes radial, network during the interruption or short circuit of the network wires is achieved due to the measurement of the current surge and the identification of the current surge. The described protection, according to the authors (1131 ), suitable not only for powering passive receivers of electrical energy, but also shows good results when connecting renewable sources of electrical energy, such as wind generators or solar power plants, to the network line. Disadvantages of the network: interruption of the power supply in the event of a phase or phase-to-phase short circuit; the duration of the electrical receiver power interruption exceeds 10 milliseconds (ms) and ranges from 20 ms to 100 ms. In addition, a short circuit ends with a break in the line or zero phase wire.

There is a known method of continuous power supply of a critical receiver in the event of emergency situations in a three-phase network, in which the network is equipped with many independent backup sources of alternating current, including power from two independent substations, as well as a battery. In order to match the constant voltage of the battery with the variable voltage of the network, a rectifier and an inverter are added to each of the specified energy sources (1, 16, 20, 21, 23-25, 29, 30, 44-47, 49-51, 53-55, 62 ). In this case, a characteristic feature of the method is the presence of a constant voltage link. In this method, all sources with different frequencies or different voltages, etc., are matched. Typical

A representative of this group of methods is described in patent 05 9013902 (29). In the uninterruptible power supply method, multiple critical receivers are fed from an inverter connected to the main or back-up sources, including a buffer battery, after accidents.

The positive effect of this solution consists in a smooth transitional (asynchronous) process of transition of the power supply of the critical receiver from the distribution network to a backup source, including to a wind, wave or solar power plant. The modes of operation of all sources are not related to each other, which can be successfully used in emergency modes. Such a distribution network has no contraindications in case of short-circuits, in the case of interruptions in the phases of the wires and in the case of changes in the voltage frequency of individual backup sources in a wide frequency range. Disadvantages of the method: low reliability of inverters, which is due to the low reliability of semiconductor elements, the currents and voltages of which cannot withstand the operational modes of distribution networks. The margin of voltage and current of semiconductor thyristors and transistors does not exceed 40 95-60 95. The second disadvantage of such networks is the need for a large number of semiconductor elements. The third disadvantage is overheating of power semiconductors, due to the properties of semiconductors. The fourth disadvantage is the aging of batteries. Due to the indicated shortcomings, the use of such networks is limited by small capacities, short periods of operation in emergency modes and greenhouse operating conditions.

There is a known method of continuous power supply of a critical receiver, in which the voltages of the distribution transformers are coordinated with one or more backup sources, for example, a battery using an alternating current link (14, 15, 17-19, 22, 24, 26-28, 29-32, 34 , 42-44, 47, 48, 53, 63). A characteristic feature of this method is the coordination of one source of alternating current with another source of alternating current and with one or more backup sources of direct current. In such a group of analogues of the method, each source is connected both to the load and to the backup sources by means of electromagnetic communication. Such a connection is formed between equivalent windings of a transformer or an AC motor. Typical representatives of this group are the methods with an alternating current link, which are described, for example, in patents 05 6320731 (26|Y and 4719550 |27Y. Below we will give a comparative characteristic of analogues with matching links on direct and alternating current. With the method of matching on direct current, the change the voltage in the backup power sources does not affect the mode of each other source of active energy and critical (responsible) receiver. When applying the method of matching with the alternating current link, the voltages of the distribution transformer and backup power sources are tightly interconnected and require synchronization of changes in frequency, phase and the voltage values of all sources. When one of these sources is turned off (while the internal resistance tends to infinity), there is no need for a synchronous change in the voltage of such a source. Disadvantages of the method: the method has advantages over others when one wire is broken in a single-circuit network or when several wires are broken in two-chain network. But in case of occurrence of phases and interphase short-circuits of wires, including to the ground, the phases of the same name of all sources are short-circuited, which leads to an accident. Therefore, methods of uninterrupted power supply with an alternating current link not only have no advantages over similar methods with a direct current link, but, according to the authors, have no prospects for application. The statement also applies to the loop and ring schemes of the execution of network lines | 0).

There is a known method of continuous power supply of a critical receiver, which is used in the network in the event of emergency damage to change the current flow routes in the wires of the distribution network (13, 18, 31, 36-41, 52, 56, 58, 59). Changing the current flow routes is performed by power switching devices, for example, automatic switches, fuses, contactors, thyristors, etc. The most characteristic switching devices are protected by patents SHA 90475 (11.05.2010) ИЗ9ОИ 05 2012/0090966 (19.04.2012) (171, 05 2013/0049470 (28.02.2013) (31), О5 9190871 (17.11.2015) (13). In the patent |IZOI implemented cyclic switching of the clamps of the main source (distribution transformer) on the clamps of the reserve source of active energy under the condition of maintaining the continuity of the power supply. At the same time, the switching of phases is performed as follows: after disconnecting the first phase of the first source from the receiver, the disconnected phase is connected to the first phase of the second source, which is of the same name as the first phase of the first source; similar operations are performed with the second and third phases of both sources of active energy. Such a switching device, depending on its type, ensures the duration of switching three phases of the load from one source to the other in a time interval from 100 milliseconds to one second During switchovers, critical power receivers are continuously supplied and reduced the freedom of the transition process to five periods, which does not lead to significant sparking of commutating contacts. In switching devices (261 and I40)| three

The phases of the first source are simultaneously replaced by three phases of the second source. Patents (33, 34, 41, 68) proposed methods of trouble-free operation of alternating current motors from a backup source. The disadvantage of this method is that at the moment of opening of current commutators (switches) during a short circuit, transient switching processes occur, which are often unacceptable according to with prescriptions of technical norms and standards; critical receiver power interruption exceeds 10 ms. The greatest damage is caused by arc processes and high-voltage fluctuations.

A well-known method of continuous power supply of a critical receiver is a prototype (Z5BI (patent 05 7447568), in which the power network is connected to powerful, for example, two-circuit networks, improved synchronous machines, capable of changing the generator mode to the engine mode and vice versa thanks to the use of speed regulators of engines of the type OR and/or voltage regulators; such a two-circuit line is improved by AC/OS converters, synchronous generators and reactive power regulators and other devices, in particular measuring and protection means. The essence of the invention is to create a method of controlling the flows of active and reactive energy not only under normal operating conditions , and in the event of emergency damage such as a short circuit.

In the event of a short circuit, the measuring node gives a command to raise the voltage (that is, activate the booster - accelerator, lever) by all rotating machines of the network, which makes it possible to maintain the level of voltage deviation at a level not worse than 10,905, and to gain time for making further decisions on with measurement data and recommendations of a computer program on the second period of the main frequency. As a result, a device capable of reducing short-circuit currents by unloading the network and timely increasing the voltage in distribution and two-link networks was created, thereby saving up to 100 milliseconds of time, which is necessary for making further computer decisions on network management. Increasing the reliability and survivability of the distribution network is achieved by changing the longitudinal routes of current flow. Such a change is achieved by a number of operations: parallel switching on of the switch and resistor; a combination of a switch and an induction divider; by replacing the windings of a star with a triangle in transformers and motors, etc. A similar problem is solved by regulating the speed of wind turbines interconnected and connected to the alternating current network for large-scale distribution of the produced energy, including during transient processes.

Disadvantages of the prototype method: the task of the invention (35), which consists in reducing the duration of the interruption of the supply of electricity to 100 milliseconds (ms), was relevant at the time of filing the patent I35), and currently the question is raised about reducing the interruption of the power supply of a critical source to 1.0-10.0 ms. It should be emphasized that certain processes developed in IZ5I are very relevant at the present time and can be used to further improve the trouble-free operation of large electric power systems. The rapid switching of the network circuit is hindered by the reactive energy projectile in the reactive elements, and this energy in the circuit is proposed to be quickly reduced by increasing the active resistance of the resistor. To reduce the accumulated energy, it is released and converted into thermal energy. Adding a resistor to the short-circuit circuit leads to a decrease in the network load and related voltage sources, which increases the voltage to the nominal value. Fault diagnosis of the distribution network is the first task of the network measurement system, which is performed during the first fundamental frequency period, and fault recovery and decision-making are performed during the second fundamental frequency period, which requires a total of 40 ms of time. The rest (60 ms) is needed to switch the configuration of the electrical circuit and restore normal operation of the network. In order to quickly discharge the short-circuit energy that is accumulated in the currents of the inductive elements of the network, a period of time is required during which a transient process must occur that can discharge the energy of the inductive elements. But the currents in the inductors slow down the transient process. Due to this, the duration of the transient process cannot be reduced to 0.01 seconds.

Losses that occur in networks due to interruptions in power supply are estimated at 100 billion US dollars (according to ERKI, USA). Our analysis showed that these losses in most cases occur due to the occurrence of short interruptions in the power supply of electrical installations, the duration of which is in the range from 15 ms to 100 ms. Precepts of electrical engineering standards require the reduction of power supply interruptions to the duration of one half-cycle of the main frequency: in systems with a frequency of 50 Hz, the duration of a half-cycle is equal to 10 ms, and in systems with a frequency of 60 Hz, the duration of a half-cycle is equal to 8.3 ms. If the duration of the power supply interruption exceeds the specified norms, the electrotechnological processes are disrupted. | on the contrary: technological processes

Consumers are demanding an increase in the quality of electric energy. Thus, a sudden decrease in voltage or its interruption for 30 ms - 40 ms can lead to a stoppage of the large compressor IZ34, 41, 681, which is the first main drawback. The second disadvantage is the loss of synchronism of large synchronous machines during their short-term de-energization and the occurrence of powerful oscillations when the synchronous machines are turned on again |41, 681. The third disadvantage is associated with a decrease in the volt-second integral of the voltage during at least one period of the basic frequency. In the case of short-circuiting and interruption of network wires, various asymmetric modes can occur on the main and higher harmonics, while the torque of alternating current motors can change its sign to the opposite, for example, when resetting the sequence of alternating phases, which leads to a sharp increase in the slippage of asynchronous motors that serve technological production lines. A computer failure occurs when the volt-second integral of the voltage drops to 1.0 V.s (volt-seconds) per half-cycle of the main frequency. A voltage drop below the specified value leads to malfunctions in the operation of large technological production lines.

The analysis of the current level of technology indicates that the electricity supply lags behind production needs.

In connection with the specified shortcomings of the prototype, the tasks were set: 1. To ensure the continuity of power supply of critical receivers, for example, computers, synchronous motors of compressors, as well as asynchronous motors of technological lines of automated production, which belong to critical receivers. Such receivers are critical to failure of the volt-second integral of the supply voltage. Reduce the duration of the failure of the supply voltage of the critical receiver in the event of a break in the zero or linear phase wire to no more than 1 millisecond. 2. During phase short circuits, reduce the rate of release of electromagnetic energy accumulated in inductive elements; to develop a method and a means of "conservation, freezing" of the accumulated energy for a short period of time, necessary for switching the circuit. Reduce the duration of the failure of the supply voltage of the critical receiver in the event of a phase short circuit to no more than 10 milliseconds. 3. To ensure trouble-free operation of electric energy receivers during the flow of interphase short-circuit currents and in case of interruption of network wires. Reduce the duration of the failure of the supply voltage of the critical receiver in case of an interphase short circuit to no more than 13 milliseconds.

4. To limit the spread of emergency damage to the entire power transmission only to the network line. Develop a method of actively reducing (several times) the length of the emergency route of the network line. 5. To ensure delayed repair, i.e. to ensure long-term trouble-free operation of energy receivers in the event of damage to the network line until the time when the repair will cause less financial and technical damage. 6. In transient processes, reduce or remove the free component that leads to overvoltages and overcurrents, as well as to high-voltage harmonic components.

The tasks are solved by connecting the rotating magnetic flux with additional current circuits formed by linear and zero-phase wires, as well as phase stabilizer wires, which leads to the "conservation" of magnetic energy in multi-phase circuits, by changing current routes when the normal operation of the network line is disturbed, and/or breaks in the wires of the phases of the three-phase network, or/and in the case of phase short circuits, or/and interphase short circuits, or/and three-phase short circuits, namely that: in the method of continuous power supply, for example, a critical receiver in case of emergency situations in multi-phase, in particular three-phase networks or installations, in which in each wire (phase) of the lines of the network or installation, electric energy is transmitted by two or more routes along one or more lines of the network or installation, and at least on the first (main) route, electric energy in each phase transmitted along each wire of a network or installation line, at least on the second (backup) route, electric energy is transferred to the damaged phase transversely, that is, between the wires of one or more lines of the network or installation at a certain point, for example, between the wires of a two-circuit line, a backup route is created by introducing at least one point of one network or installing an interphase connection the connection performed in electromagnetic or electric, for example, inductive-capacitive, or in semiconductor versions, in each phase of the output of the network or installation, ensures the approximate equality of the potentials of the critical receiver when it is powered by both the main and backup routes , in the event of an emergency situation in which the phases of the main route are damaged,

The damaged phases of the main route are parametrically replaced by the phases (wires) of the backup route, the damaged wires of the network line are galvanically isolated from the undamaged part of the network wires or installation.

Transverse transmission of electrical energy between wires (phases) of a network or installation is carried out using a phase stabilizer, which performs the role of an interphase transformer, in particular, a filter of zero-sequence currents, which is connected in parallel to the clamps of one or more lines of the network or installation.

The phase stabilizer is made on the basis of a three-rod magnetic circuit, at least two windings are placed on each of its rods, the coefficient of mutual electromagnetic connection between the windings of each rod is increased to a value from 0.95 to 0.9999 by mutual compensation of the scattering magnetic fields, which is achieved, for example, by convergence of wires of different phases and/or surrounding the wire of one phase with one or more wires of another phase, the windings of the phase stabilizer are interconnected according to the scheme selected from the series: zigzag, lambda, Scott scheme, A-shaped scheme, single-phase transformer and autotransformer scheme, half-corner , Star of David, three-winding on one shaft; at the same time, the outputs of the linear and zero phases of the phase stabilizer are connected one by one to the outputs of the linear and zero phases of one or more lines of the network or installation, by introducing an interphase connection (phase transformer), the electrical network is transformed into an effectively connected system of linear and zero phases.

The phase stabilizer is combined with another electromagnetic element taken from the series: synchronous or asynchronous alternating current machines, transformer with connection of windings "delta - star with zero" or/and "star - half horn with zero", autotransformer with intermediate winding terminals, shunt choke, amplitude-phase converter of the number of phases, made with the use of capacitive and/or inductive resistances, or/and with the use of semiconductor elements.

In the network, reduce the sensitivity of the potential of the zero phase wire to the current of the neutral wire (dio/dio) from 3 to 15 times, or/and reduce the sensitivity of the potential of the wire of each linear phase to the current of the linear wire (aiMmmaip) from 1.5 times to 3.0 times , and the reduction of phase sensitivity is achieved either by increasing the installed power of the elements (for example, increasing the cross-section of the wire) of the network line or installation, and/or by connecting a phase stabilizer, in which the degree of mutual compensation of the magnetic scattering fields is increased.

When the phase stabilizer is turned on to a three-phase network, its starting currents are reduced.

Switching off short circuits is performed by high-speed switches, which are selected from the following: a fuse with a fuse, a fuse with a deliberate blowout of a fuse, a contactor, a circuit breaker, a semiconductor switch, such as a thyristor.

In a single-circuit or two-circuit network, as well as in a ring or loop network and installations, for example, multi-phase filters, the continuity of the power supply in the event of a break in one or more wires of the linear or zero phases is achieved parametrically and instantly by restoring the amplitude, frequency and phase of the phase voltage of the backup route.

In case of phase or interphase short circuits, the continuity of the power supply is achieved by stabilizing the voltage of the critical receiver with the help of a semiconductor voltage stabilizer connected between the phase stabilizer and the critical receiver.

In a two-circuit network, ring or loop network, in which in two lines the voltage vectors of the same phases differ from each other by an angle of 180", the continuity of the power supply in the event of a phase break is ensured by the connection of a six-phase phase stabilizer.

At the time of an emergency situation, the lateral transfer of electrical energy between the phases of the network or installation is performed with the help of at least one reactor (choke or inductor) and/or at least one capacitor bank.

At the time of an emergency situation, the lateral transfer of electrical energy between the phases of the network or installation is carried out with the help of at least one semiconductor or two-semi-periodic rectifiers of undamaged phases, the energy of which is directed to the wires of the damaged phases through the battery and inverter.

Electric energy is accumulated in at least one phase with the help of one capacitor battery, the accumulated electric energy is discharged to the fuse fuse using a controlled thyristor or transistor switch, and by burning the fuse, the phase short circuit is eliminated, as a result, the short circuit mode of the phase is changed to the open mode of that same phase.

In the event of an interphase short circuit, the thyristors or

Transistor switches at the input and output of one phase of the network line or installation, and telemetric means of synchronizing the moments of turning off the specified switches.

In the event of an emergency situation in the network, the area of power transmission damage is limited (localized) by the limits of the length of the network line or installation by introducing a direct parametric transformation of the three-phase system of voltages and currents of the critical receiver into a two-phase system of voltages and currents of the network line, as well as an inverse parametric transformation of the two-phase system of voltages and currents network line into the three-phase system of voltages and currents of the part of the power transmission, which is located between the beginning of the network line and the power generation means of power transmission.

To explain the essence of the invention in fig. 1 - fig. 15, corresponding drawings are given.

In fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the method of continuous power supply in the event of a break in the line phase wire.

In fig. 2 shows a block diagram of the method of continuous power supply in the case of a phase short circuit.

In fig. This is a block diagram of the method of continuous power supply with the help of intentional (controlled) overburning of fuses in the event of a phase short circuit.

In fig. 4 presents a block diagram of the method of continuous power supply (with the use of breaking the circuit of wires with thyristor switches.

In fig. 5 shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a two-circuit or loop line of a network with one phase stabilizer.

Fig. b shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a two-circuit or loop network line with two phase stabilizers.

Fig. 7 shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a four-wire network in the event of interruptions or short circuits of the linear and neutral phase wires.

In fig. 8 shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a four-wire network in the event of interruptions or short circuits in the wires of two linear phases.

Fig. 9 shows a method of parametrically limiting the area of power transmission damage by balancing the mode at the network boundaries.

In fig. 10 shows an oscillogram of symmetrical three-phase voltages in the initial region (before entering the network line).

In fig. 11 shows an oscillogram of symmetrical three-phase currents in the initial region (before entering the network line).

In fig. 12 shows an oscillogram of asymmetric three-phase voltages after entering the network line.

In fig. 13 shows an oscillogram of asymmetric three-phase currents after entering the network line.

In fig. 14 shows an oscillogram of symmetrical three-phase voltages in the final region (after leaving the network line).

In fig. 15 shows the oscillogram of symmetrical three-phase currents in the final region (after leaving the network line).

In fig. 1 are marked: 1 - symmetrical three-phase three-wire high-voltage line before entering the network distribution line; 2 - network line transformer; 0 - output of the zero phase of the transformer; A, B, C - outputs of the linear phases of the transformer; 3, 4, 5 - single-pole switches at the input of the network line; 6, 7, 8 - fusible inserts of the mains line input fuses; 01, AT, VI, C1 - the intermediate part of the overhead or cable line of the network; 9 - breakpoint of phase B wire in the network line; 10, 11, 12 - full resistances of network line wires in phases AT, VI, C1; 13, 14, 15 - single-pole switches at the output of the network line; 16, 17, 18 - fusible inserts of fuses of the network line output; 19 - phase stabilizer; 02, A2, B2, C2 - zero and linear phases at the output of the network line; 20 - fuses with fusible inserts of the network line output; 21 - critical receivers.

In fig. 2 are marked: 22 and 23 - phase short circuit points in point 24; the rest of the designations of fig. 2 are shown in fig. 1.

In fig. Marked with: 25, 26, 27 - capacitors of the fuse-link reflow unit 16, 17, 18; 28, 29, 30 - thyristor keys at the output of the network line; C1 - capacitor charging resistors; 32 - charging rectifiers in capacitor circuits; the rest of the designations of fig. With shown in fig. 1.

In fig. 4 marked: 33, 34, 35 - thyristor switches in phases A, B, C at the input of the network line; 36, 37, 38 - single-pole bypass contactors at the input of the network line; 39, 40, 41 - automatic single-pole switches; 42, 43, 44 - supports of the wires of the linear phases of the network line; 45, 46, 47 - automatic single-pole switches; 48, 49, 50 - thyristor keys of the network line output; 51, 52, 53 - single-pole bypass contactors at the output of the network line; 54, 55, 56 - automatic single-pole switches at the output of the network line; the rest of the designations of fig. 4 are shown in fig. 1.

In fig. 5 marked: 57 and 58 phase short circuit points in point 59; 60 - transformer of the second network line; 61 - point of wire break of phase B3; 03, C3, VZ, AZ - designation of the wires of the zero phase and linear phases of the second line of the network; 62 - phase stabilizer of two network lines: 63-65 - overcurrent extinguishing supports when phase stabilizer 62 is turned on; 66 - contactor blocking resistances 63-65; 67 and 68 - sectional contactors; 04 - designation of the connection of the wires of zero phases 01 and 03; 04 - also designation of the wire of the zero phase of critical receivers 21; A4, B4, C4 - clamps of critical receivers 21; 69 - automatic three-pole switch of critical switches; the rest of the designations of fig. 5 are shown in fig. 1.

In fig. 6 are marked: 70 and 71 - insulation breakdown points between the wires of linear phase A and zero phase 0; 72 - point of disconnection of the wire of linear phase B; 73-75 - overcurrent extinguishing supports when switching on the phase stabilizer 77 (SFI1); 78-80 - power contacts of the contactor blocking resistances 73-75; 81 - three-pole automatic switch of critical switches; 82 - phase stabilizer SF2; 83-85 - resistances for extinguishing overcurrents when switching on the phase stabilizer 82 (SFg); 86-88 - power contacts of the contactor blocking resistances 83-85; 89 and 91 - windings of the first autotransformer; 98 and 100 - windings of the second autotransformer; 104 and 107 - windings of the third autotransformer; 90, 92-97, 99, 101-103, 105, 106, 108, 109 - single-pole contactors; the rest of the designations of fig. 6 are shown in fig. 1.

In fig. 7 are marked: 110 and 111 - insulation breakdown points between two linear phases A and C; 112 - breaking point of the wire of linear phase A; 113 - capacitor battery; 114 - inductor (choke, reactor); 115 - uninterruptible power supply; 116 and 117 - three-pole contactors; MFA - alternating current machine; the rest of the designations of fig. 7 are shown in fig. 1 and fig. 6.

In fig. 8 are marked: 118 and 119 - insulation breakdown points between linear phase A and zero phase 0; 120 - the point where the wire of phase B was broken; 121 - the first capacitor 60 battery; 122 - the first inductor; 123 - the second inductor; 124 - the second capacitor battery; 125 - uninterruptible power supply; 126, 127, 128 - three-pole contactors; 129 - diesel generator; the rest of the designations of fig. 8 are shown in fig. 1 and fig. 6.

In fig. 9 marked: Ao, Vo, So - wires of a high-voltage line, for example, 10 kV or 35 kV; 130 - total resistance of the zero phase wire; 131 and 132 insulation breakdown points between phases A and C in item 133.

In fig. 10 are marked: и and и - instantaneous values of voltages and time of oscillograms of three-phase voltages; tsap, ivp, isp - oscillograms of three-phase voltages in wires Ao, Vo, So of the high side of transformer 2.

In fig. 11 are marked: и and и - instantaneous values of currents and time; iap, ivp, isp - oscillograms of three-phase currents in wires Ao, Vo, Co of the high side of transformer 2.

In fig. 12 marked: ivm and ism - oscillograms of the two-phase voltage system in wires B5,

C5, 05 network lines.

In fig. 13 marked: ivm, ism, iom, - oscillograms of three-phase currents in wires B5, C5, 05 of the network line.

In fig. 14 marked: tsak, ivk, isk - oscillograms of three-phase voltages in the wires at the end of the network line (on the terminals Аг, В2, С2, 02 of critical receivers).

In fig. 15 are marked: yak, ivk, isk - oscillograms of three-phase currents in the wires at the end of the network line (in clamps A2, B2, C2, 02 of critical receivers).

The composition and structure of the means of the method of continuous power supply of critical receivers in the event of an emergency situation in the network. The method has several variants of implementation, which depend on the number and type of power sources, on the type of network lines, as well as on the components of the converting equipment used in the method. In fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the method of continuous power supply in the event of a break in the linear phase wire. In this case, the network contains transformer 2, network line A, B, C, 0 and output terminals A2, B2, C2, 02.

Transformer 2 is equipped with input high-voltage terminals 1 and low-voltage terminals A, B, C, 0. Wires A1, VI, C1, 01 - belong to the wires of the main (longitudinal) route of the network line. The mains line contains input 3-5 and output 13-15 single-pole circuit breakers, input 6-8 and output 16-18 fuses, and mains line wires that connect low-voltage terminals A, B, C, 0 of transformer 2 with line output clamps A2, B2,

From C2, 02. The full resistances of the network line wires are marked with numbers 10-12. The network line belongs to the number of low-voltage single-circuit networks. Critical receivers 21 are connected to the end clamps of the network line A2, B2, C2, 02. The place of the wire break (rupture) of phase B in the network is indicated by mark 9. Current switches 3-5 and 13-15 are made in the form of single-pole switches, which is a feature of the network. In addition, the network includes a control unit, protection and signaling units, and 35 voltage and current sensors connected to the microcontroller (not shown in Fig. 1). In fig. 1, one part of the network wires is shown with solid lines, and the second part of the wires is shown with a dash. After the method is activated, part of the wires and switches are de-energized; the voltage is removed from part of the wires, so such wires are marked with dashed lines after an accident. 40 A feature of the network is the phase stabilizer 19 (SF). The design of the phase stabilizer is adapted to the transfer (transformation) of energy between phases of the network. The phase stabilizer performs the function of an interphase transformer. It is designed for the transformation of voltages and currents between linear and/or neutral phases of the network. The magnitude of the transverse component of energy transfer between phases of the network reaches a third of the power of the total longitudinal energy transfer. 45 The phase stabilizer has very small (0.1-0.001 Ohm) resistive and inductive winding resistances between zero and linear phases and low energy losses in steel and copper. The phase stabilizer is characterized by a unique design of windings. Its windings are made of copper or aluminum bus or thin foil. To reduce the total resistance between the phases of the network in the phase stabilizer, a 10-fold reduction of the inductive component of the resistance between the phases of the network is provided by mutual compensation of the scattering magnetic fields. Such compensation is achieved due to the convergence of the magnetizing and demagnetizing conductors of the windings. A feature of the phase stabilizer is also the division of the current of the zero phase wire into three almost equal parts, each of which flows through the outputs of the linear phases. Similar to alternating current machines, the phase stabilizer performs direct and reverse parametric transformations of symmetrical balanced operating modes into non-symmetrical modes and, conversely, of non-symmetrical modes into symmetrical ones; for example, turns a three-phase system of voltages and currents into a two-phase system of voltages and currents and vice versa. It is this property and a number of others |I6Е1| used to achieve uninterrupted power supply in the event of an emergency in multiphase electrical networks. In some cases, there is no need for additional phase stabilizers if the transformer windings are made according to the triangle-star, triangle-zigzag or star-half-corner schemes. To ensure reliability, as a rule, the cross-sectional area of the zero phase wire is increased. The latter is achieved by replacing the existing zero-phase wire with a wire with a triple section, or supplementing the existing zero-phase wire with an additional laid one, or using the conductivity of the ground or pipes connected in parallel to the existing zero-phase wire. In the method, the overloading capacity of the wires of the network line is used, since the cross-sectional area of a specific wire of the linear and zero phase is selected from the condition of mechanical strength under wind loads, taking into account the action of icing. As a result, network wires are capable of three- or five-fold temporary current overload without exceeding the permissible overheating temperature. The structure of the single-circuit trunk line of the network, which is shown in fig. 1, is used in the case of ensuring the continuity of the power supply in case of non-simultaneous breaks in the wire of the zero phase 0 and each of the linear phases.

In fig. 2 shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply in the event of a phase short circuit, which occurred at point 24 between point 22 of the zero phase wire 01 and point 23 of the linear phase wire A1. The composition and structure of the means of performing the methods presented in fig. 1 and fig. 2, are the same.

In fig. This is a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply with the help of deliberate over-blow of fuse fuses in the event of a phase short circuit.

Burnout (triggering) of the fusible link, which, as is known, is carried out due to the phase short circuit current, takes place in two stages. In the first stage of melting, the insert is heated to a melting state that can be determined with sufficient precision. In the second operation, the molten fusible insert boils and changes its properties. When boiling, the melt of the fusible link changes its chemical composition. As a result, the melt turns into a substance called fulgurite. Due to this, the conductivity of the fusible link decreases to the state of a complete insulator in a short period of time. The total time of heating and transformation of the substance of the fuse insert into fulgurite is called the burnout time of the fuse insert. The specified time period is not standardized due to the fact that short-circuit currents vary widely (from hundreds to several thousand amperes and more). To reduce the burnout time of the fusible link, its characteristics C and D are changed to B. But such actions often cause premature tripping

From fusible inserts, which also causes damage. Therefore, we suggested breaking the fuse with an autonomous current pulse (without short-circuit currents) or as an addition to the short-circuit current for the fuse. This made it possible to significantly reduce the duration of switching currents from 1,..., 2 milliseconds to 10 milliseconds. The passing of an additional, controlled by direction, duration and amplitude pulse current of the fusible link at the moment of passing through it a short-circuit current opens up new possibilities for the use of fuses. Thus, it becomes possible to correct the fuse current in the process of a phase or phase-to-phase short circuit (not shown in Fig. C). In fig. C current pulses are formed by charging capacitors 25, 26 and 27 to the amplitude phase value of the voltage through supports 31 and diodes 32. Therefore, capacitors 25-27 are in a charged state.

Correction of the current of the fuse, for example, 17 (Fig. 2) is performed at the moment of the occurrence of a short circuit using a thyristor or transistor key 29.

Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of the method of continuous power supply (using circuit breaking with thyristor or transistor switches. According to this method, it is necessary to use six keys, three of which are placed in the input links of the network, and the other three keys are used at the end of the network. Fig. . 4 input and output links are separated by network line resistances 42-44. Circuit breakers 3-5, 39-41, 45-47 and 54-56 are used for repair and prevention of switches without de-energizing the network and without interrupting the supply of the critical receiver. For delayed repair networks and preventing loss of continuity of power supply use a bypass scheme (bypassing, bypassing the current route). This bypassing is performed by automatic switches or contactors 36-38 or/ha 51-53.

In fig. 5 shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a two-circuit or loop line of a network with one phase stabilizer. Means that serve this method include: phase stabilizer 62, which is common to two network lines, resistors 63-65, three-pole contactor 66 and section switches 67 and 68.

The features of the method include combining the wires of the zero phases 01 and 03 of both single-circuit lines with the help of the wires of the zero phase 04.

Fig. b shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a two-circuit or loop network line with two phase stabilizers. This method is carried out with the help of phase stabilizers 77 and 82. Each network line is served by a separate phase stabilizer. Each phase stabilizer is protected against overcurrents by low-resistance resistors, eg 73-75, and a blocking three-pole contactor with contactors, eg 78-80. High reliability of the method is provided by the introduction of three single-phase autotransformers with windings 89 and 91, 98 and 100, 104 and 107. The maneuverability of the method is ensured by single-pole contactors 90, 92-97, 99, 101-103, 105, 106, 108, 109. According to this method zero phases of single-circuit network lines are combined and connected to the zero phase of critical receivers. A feature of the method is the powering of each phase of critical receivers from the middle terminal of a single-phase autotransformer, which halves the voltage deviation from the nominal value, and also protects both single-circuit lines of the network from through currents between transformers 2 and 78. Single-pole contactors 96, 102, 109 are used to introduce bypass during preventive repairs. With the help of single-pole contactors 90, 92-94, a bypass is introduced when phase C of the first or second line of the network is disconnected. Single-pole contactors 95, 97, 99 and 101 are used for phase B bypass of the first or second network line.

When bypassing phase A, switches 103, 105, 106, 108 are used.

Fig. 7 shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a four-wire network in the event of interruptions or short circuits of the linear and neutral phase wires. This method is also suitable for use in three-wire three-phase, for example, high-voltage networks in case of interruptions or short circuits of one of the wires of the network line. This method differs from the previous ones by four transverse routes of electrical energy transfer: the first transverse energy transfer is performed using the phase stabilizer 77; the second transfer of transverse energy - with the help of a capacitor bank 113; the third transverse energy transfer is performed using the inductor 114; the fourth transverse energy transfer - using an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) 115.

In fig. 8 shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a four-wire network in the event of interruptions or short circuits in the wires of two linear phases. This method is also suitable for use in three-wire three-phase, for example, high-voltage networks in case of interruptions or short circuits of one or two wires of the network line. This method differs from the previous six transverse ones

With electric power transmission routes: the first transverse power transmission is done using the phase stabilizer 77; the second transverse transmission is made by a capacitor battery 121; the third transverse transmission is made with an inductor 122; the fourth transverse transmission is made with an inductance coil 123; the fifth transverse transmission is made by a capacitor battery 124; the sixth transverse transmission is made using an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) 125 or a diesel generator 129.

In fig. 9 shows a method of parametrically limiting the area of network line deterioration in an emergency situation by balancing the mode. Achieving continuity of power supply to a critical receiver by known methods during and after short circuits and wire breaks entails a mandatory deterioration of not only the network line, but also the entire power transmission as a whole, from the generator to the receiver. Achieving the same goal by the proposed method allows you to limit the area of deterioration of the power transmission operating mode by removing from it the initial area close to the network line. Achieving continuity causes side effects in the form of sharply asymmetric modes of the network line, which result in triple current overloads in the zero-phase wire and 73 9o current overload in the wires of two linear phases. The network line of fig. 9 has three specific sections: the first section is formed by wires Lo, Vo, So and the secondary winding of transformer 2; the second section is formed by the primary winding of transformer 2 and all wires of the network line A5, B5, C5, 05, as well as part of the phase stabilizer 19; the dividing line between the second and third section is the phase stabilizer 19. The third section includes the wires of the linear and zero phases A2, B2, C2, 02 and critical receivers 21. The voltages and currents of the first section of power transmission are shown in fig. 10 and fig. 11. Voltages and currents of the second section (network lines) are shown in fig. 12 and fig. 13. Voltages and currents of the third section of the network are shown in fig. 14 and fig. 15.

Operation of means of achieving continuity of power supply of critical receivers. In the absence of an emergency situation, the equipment of the claimed method does not cause a change in the operating mode of the electrical network (Fig. 1). The moment of occurrence of an emergency situation cannot be predicted in advance or measured with the help of a special sensor. Even in the case of accurate measurement of the beginning of the accident, the power electrical equipment within a short period of time (from 2 milliseconds to 10 milliseconds) will not have time to react in time, for example, to a 60 line phase wire break. The peculiarity of this method is that its equipment must instantly respond to changes in the mode of three-phase power transmission. Instant determination of the moment of the beginning of the accident (emergency situation) would make it possible to include preliminary measures to correct the course of emergency processes in order to mitigate the consequences (destruction).

The use of modern high-speed meters to a certain extent facilitates the decision-making process, but does not speed up the execution of power processes that proceed according to the laws of transient processes, including emergency ones. That is why the algorithm of the behavior of the electrical network must be determined in advance and for each type of accident separately.

Before the break, the broken ith wire had a potential that can be written as Qi. This means that such a potential must be created a second time, already during and after the accident, and delivered at least to the broken part with the help of a backup wire r. The delivered potential must have a value of Or. Next, the problem is divided into two parts: the creation of reserve potentials and their delivery to broken phases under the condition

Or with TSI, (1)

Energy delivery to damaged phases is a well-known part of this problem.

In this method, the first part of the problem is solved by transverse energy transfer from the undamaged phase to the damaged phase. Creation of reserve potential Or under condition (1) is possible in three ways.

The first way is to create backup potentials of the network line wires using a symmetrical autotransformer converter of the number of phases, in particular a three-phase autotransformer made in the form of a phase stabilizer, for example, a zero-sequence current filter. Phase stabilizers differ from autotransformers in general and from zero-sequence current filters in particular by too small winding resistances. Windings of phase stabilizers are made of copper or aluminum tires or foil. When using a round winding wire, large sections are divided into several smaller sections of smaller diameter. A decrease in the resistive resistance of the winding wire is achieved by increasing the total cross-section of the winding wire, and a decrease in the reactive resistance of the winding wires is achieved by mutual compensation of the magnetizing and demagnetizing ampere-turns of the operating currents.

З According to the first route, transverse energy transfer is carried out with the help of electromagnetic connections in four directions: from two linear and one zero phase to one damaged linear phase; from three undamaged linear phases to a damaged zero phase; from one undamaged linear phase and one undamaged neutral phase to two damaged linear phases; from two undamaged linear phases to a damaged linear and neutral phase.

According to the second route, transverse backup energy transmission is carried out with the help of electrical connections also in the four directions indicated above. Energy transfer between phases is carried out with the help of inductive and capacitive elements: chokes, reactors, inductors, as well as capacitor banks.

According to the third route, transverse backup energy transmission is carried out using combined connections also in the four directions indicated above. In this case, DC and AC circuits are used, as well as high-frequency circuits, in particular, with the help of inverters, frequency converters and multiphase rectifiers.

These preliminary explanations allow us to simplify the description of the operation of specific options for the implementation of methods of continuous power supply of critical receivers. The claimed method is intended for use in low-voltage and high-voltage single-circuit and double-circuit lines of alternating current networks, which can have aerial and cable versions.

Consider the process of transverse energy transfer, which is performed using the phase stabilizer 19 (Fig. 1, (36-38, 60, 611). The linear and zero phases at the break point 9 of the wire are marked A1,

ВИ, С1 and 01. Wires that are shown as a dashed line are no longer current-flowing and are not used until the end of the delayed repair and the restoration of the power supply according to this method.

In normal operation, single-pole circuit breakers 3-5 and 13-15 are on. Fuses 6-8 and 16-18 are in working condition. Electrical energy flows from transformer 2 to critical receivers 21.

The phase stabilizer is in the non-working (idle) mode.

Let's imagine that due to the action of wind or ice in point 9, phase B1 was broken (Fig. 1). If we connect a voltmeter to the ends of the broken wire at point 9, then we will not be able to detect the reliable fact of the break due to the insignificant amount of voltage drop between the ends of the broken wire of phase B. This happened due to the instantaneous generation of voltage at point 9 of the wire break. As a result, the difference in (1) does not exceed 10-20 volts at the nominal value of the phase voltage, for example, 230 V. Similar results are obtained if we measure on the terminals of critical receivers 21. Within the network line, phase B has become de-energized, but not de-energized, i.e. not devoid of tension. To one end of the broken wire of item 9, the potential of phase B1 is supplied from transformer 2 through the switched-on switch 4 and fuse 7. To the other end of the broken wire of item 9, the potential of phase B1 is supplied from the phase stabilizer 19 through fuse 17 and the switched-on single-pole switch 14. The reason for the indicated instantaneous phase generation is a phase stabilizer 19. Studies have shown that not only phase stabilizers are endowed with the property of phase generation. Synchronous and asynchronous motors, transformers and autotransformers have this property. But the effect of instantaneous generation of a phase when the linear or neutral phase wire breaks is most effectively manifested in the phase stabilizer. It most effectively shows the effect of the principle of inertia of the magnetic flux. When the wire of phase VI1 is broken, the current flow route in the network line changes. So, before the break, currents of 1.0 conditionally equal to 1.0 flowed through the wires of the AT, B1, C1 phases, and there was no current in the zero phase wire, that is, 0-0. After the interruption, the current in phase B1 became equal to zero (Iv1-0); the currents in the wires of phases Ai1 and C1 will grow to the root of three times (IA1-IS1-(3)72); the current in the zero phase wire increased from zero to three nominal currents (0-3.0). It was established that the phase voltages Oa, OB, Os of the critical receiver after the break of the linear wire in point 9 relate to each other approximately as follows

POATSVIIS-0.88:0.98:0.98, (2) and the linear voltages Oar, Obbs, Osa of the critical receiver after the break of the linear wire in point 9 are related to each other as

ОАВ:ШВСШСА-1.62:1.71:1.71 (3)

In the event of a break, the coefficient of asymmetry of the linear voltages of the critical receiver in the reverse sequence does not exceed 3.67 95. Note that for an emergency situation, the permissible value of the coefficient of asymmetry of the linear voltages of the critical receiver in the reverse sequence is equal to

From 495. Therefore, according to the deviation of voltages, less than or equal to 10 95, and according to the coefficient of asymmetry of linear voltages in the reverse sequence, less than 4 95, the obtained results satisfy the conditions of operation in the emergency mode. These results are obtained with the installed power of the phase stabilizer, which is approximately 45 95 of the nominal value of the power of the critical receiver. If it is necessary to improve these results, the installed power of the phase stabilizer should be increased by 40 95-50 95. The restoration of the voltage in the phase occurs due to the transverse transfer of energy, shown by the arrows in Fig. 1. Energy transfer to de-energized phase B2 occurs in phase stabilizer 19 in three ways: energy transfer from phase A2 to phase B2; energy transfer from phase C2 to phase B2; by transferring energy from phase 02 to phase 82.

The main parameter when changing the power supply routes in this way is the duration and depth of voltage dips of the critical receiver. Tests have shown that the duration of the voltage drop by this method is less than at least 10 microseconds, and the depth of the voltage drop (change) does not exceed 10 95, which does not violate the operating conditions according to the European standard EM 50160.

Under such conditions, critical receivers of electrical energy can normally perform their assigned functions.

The possibilities of this variant of the method can be extended to the following cases of emergency situations: - non-simultaneous breaks in the wires of the linear phases Ai, VI, C1 or the wire of the zero phase 01; - non-simultaneous phase short-circuits of the wires of the linear phases AT, B1, C1 to the wire of the zero phase 01, as well as for other cases. One of these methods will be explained with the help of drawing fig. 2. In fig. 2 shows a block diagram of a method of ensuring continuous power supply in the event of a phase short circuit at point 24, namely between point 23 of the linear phase wire A! and point 22 of the zero phase wire 01. Consider the block diagram and operation of the method of continuous power supply with a phase stabilizer. The network includes: power transformer 2, single-pole switches 3-5 and 13-15, fuses 6-8 and 16-18 with fusible inserts; the network contains the supports of wires 10-12 phases A1, B1, C1 and the stabilizer of phases 19. To the output clamps Ag,

B2, C2, 02 connected critical receivers 21, connected to the line phases through fuses with fusible inserts 20. By turning on automatic switches 3-5 and 13-15, the network line is put into operation. Note that when the power line is turned on, the fuses 6-8 and 16-18 are in a complete state, that is, they are not burned out. In the absence of an emergency situation, energy is transmitted from the power transformer to critical receivers 21 in normal mode in the longitudinal direction.

Next, consider the case of a phase short circuit at point 24 between point 23 of the linear phase wire A1 and point 22 of the zero phase wire 01 (Fig. 2). As a result of a phase short circuit, the current in wires A! and 01 increases sharply. Passing through the fusible insert 6 at the entrance of the network line, the current melts it and sprays the arc. At the same time, the material of the fusible link of the fuse 6 is transformed from a conductive state into fulgurite, that is, into an insulator state. Due to this, the short-circuit current in phase A1 disappears, but it disappears only in the section from transformer 2 to point 23 of the wire of phase A1. In the section from point 23 to phase stabilizer 19, the short-circuit current remains, but its value decreases significantly. This residual short-circuit current is often sufficient to blow the second fuse 16 located at the end of the line. As a result, the short-circuit current disappears along the entire length of the wire of phase A of the network line. In fig. 2, the de-energized section of the wire of phase A is shown by a dashed line. This means that the network line from the phase short-circuit mode switched to the phase A open mode. And in this mode, as it was shown with the help of fig. 1, the phase stabilizer 19 parametrically transforms the non-full-phase mode into a three-phase mode with a permissible coefficient of asymmetry of three-phase voltages.

Let's analyze the voltage change when a phase short circuit occurs. Phase short circuits can be divided into three types according to their duration: the first is a deaf or metallic short circuit; the second - a short circuit to the ground, or a remote short circuit; the third is a circuit with arc characteristics. The difference between them lies in the magnitude of the voltage drop and the duration of its action. The control unit measures the magnitude of the voltage drop in the wires of the network line. It analyzes the measured voltage values and when one phase voltage drops to the minimum value in a time interval of approximately one millisecond, it emits a signal that indicates the beginning of a phase short circuit. After the first fuse 6 blows, the second fuse 16 also blows due to the transient process in the phase stabilizer.

And now we will answer the question: "Why during a phase short circuit at the output of the phase stabilizer 19 there is practically no instantaneous complete voltage drop (in magnitude no

Zo exceeds 5-10 Fo) and why is the instantaneous drop not equal to the full (100 95) voltage drop that occurs during a phase short circuit of the linear phase A1 wire to the zero phase wire 01, namely between points 22 and 23 without a phase stabilizer? (fig. 2)".

The answer to this question is as follows. In the case of a phase short circuit in the phase stabilizer, actions take place in accordance with Lenz's law, which as early as 1883 proposed the law of electromagnetic inertia (Lenz's Rule), namely: "At any change in the magnetic flux coupled to any conductive circuit, forces arise in the latter of electrical and mechanical origin, which tend to maintain the constancy of the magnetic flux".

It is this kind of electromagnetic inertia that the phase stabilizer 19 has, which instantly generates voltage on the critical receiver.

The analysis of blown fuses at the end of the network line showed that this method has significant drawbacks, namely, the failure of the fuse fuses located at the end of the network line, for example, fuse 16, to operate clearly. Fig. This is a block diagram of the method of continuous power supply by means of intentional overburning of the fusible link in the case of a phase short circuit. Such reflow of the fuse 16 makes it possible to de-energize the line phase wire in all types of short circuit, since the value of the reflow current has a more stable value, which depends mainly on the voltage of the capacitor 25.

Let's explain it in more detail. The fusible insert of the fuse 16 (Fig. 3) flows around not only the current caused by the phase stabilizer 19 during a phase short circuit. To this current in the fuse insert is added the impulse current of the discharge of the capacitor 25. This impulse current in the fuse fuse 16 is caused by the discharge of the capacitor 25 through the thyristor key 28. Each key can be made in both thyristor and transistor versions. The discharge moment is set by the microcontroller of the control unit (not shown in Fig. C). Capacitor 25 is always in a charged state. The DC voltage of the capacitor is equal to the amplitude value of the phase voltage. The capacitor 25 is charged through the charging resistor 31. The phase voltage is rectified according to the one-semi-periodic scheme by one of the diodes 32. The dispersion of the voltages of the capacitors 25-27 is determined by the deviation of the phase voltage from the nominal value, which does not exceed "10 95 according to the power supply norms. That is why the use of a more stable source of overblow of the fuse fuse leads to the stable operation of the method of continuous power supply of critical receivers.

In the method described by the drawings of fig. 3, the direction of limited use of semiconductor elements in switching circuits is presented. In fig. 4 shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply with wide application of breaking the circuit of wires by semiconductor, in particular, thyristor or triac switches. The method uses six keys 33-35 and 48-50. When the network line is operating without accidents, all semiconductor switches are open and energy flows from the input terminals A, B, C, 0 of the network line to the output terminals A2, B2, C2, 02. At the same time, single-pole automatic switches 3-5, 39-41, 45 -47 and 54-56 are on and single pole switches 36-38 and 51-53 are off.

In the event of a phase break, for example, phase A, the control unit detects the fact of a wire break of phase A in a fraction of a second, checks the reliability of the signal, delaying it for 0.1ms-1.Ohms, and after checking, signals about it with world and sound signals. At the same time, the restoration of the three-phase voltage system at the output of the network line occurs parametrically due to the action of the phase stabilizer 19. When the wire of phase A is broken, free components of transient processes practically do not occur, because of this, higher harmonics of voltages and currents do not occur. In this case, the wire of phase A can be disconnected from the network line. Disconnection of a broken network wire occurs both at the beginning and at the end of the network line. At the same time, switches 33 and 48, as well as single-pole switches 3, 39, 45 and 54 are turned off. In this state, the network can work for hours or months. If the interruption is due to a malfunction of the semiconductor key, then the backup power supply is started using the input bypass (turn on the single-pole switch 36) or using the output bypass (turn on the single-pole switch 51). This makes it possible to repair or replace damaged keys 33 and/or 48.

In the case of a phase short circuit (Fig. 4), for example, linear phase A to zero phase

The control unit detects the fact of a short circuit in a fraction of a millisecond and signals this with light and sound signals. In the event of a short circuit, the microcontroller of the control unit creates a signal that turns off the semiconductor switches 33 and 48 in a time from two to ten milliseconds and thus transfers the phase short-circuit mode to the partial-phase (two-phase) mode, which, due to the action of the phase stabilizer, turns into an almost symmetrical mode of operation critical receiver. The critical receiver does not experience voltage dips if their duration does not exceed 10 milliseconds.

Zo In the case of an interphase short circuit (Fig. 4), for example, between linear phase A and linear phase B, the control unit detects the fact of a short circuit in a fraction of a millisecond, checks its validity within a time interval of 0.1-1.0 milliseconds and signals about it light and sound signals. In the event of a short circuit, the microcontroller of the control unit creates a signal that turns off the semiconductor switches 34 and 49 in a time of two to thirteen milliseconds and thereby transfers the phase-to-phase short-circuit mode to the partial-phase mode, which, due to the action of the phase stabilizer, turns into an almost symmetrical mode of operation of the critical receiver. The advantage of the method is also manifested in the fact that possible failures of semiconductor keys can be eliminated automatically, for example, by replacing damaged keys with serviceable ones.

The described methods are used for continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by two-circuit or loop network lines with one phase stabilizer. In fig. 5 shows a block diagram of the method, which contains two three-phase four-wire networks.

The first of them is fed from transformer 2, and the second is fed from transformer 60. The ends of the network lines are connected by section switches 67 and 68. The phase stabilizer 62 and critical switches are connected to the ends of both network lines. A feature of the method is the avoidance of overcurrents that occur in the three-phase network as transient processes when connecting the phase stabilizer 62 to the three-phase network. Transient processes when the phase stabilizers are turned on can last several seconds, causing overcurrents in the network line. Overcurrents are caused by the high quality factor of the windings of the phase stabilizer. The circuit for replacing the phase stabilizer 62 can be presented as four inductors, each of which is placed on the rod of a magnetically connected three-rod magnetic wire. It is known that inductors with low active resistance of the circuit when connected to the network can cause significant overcurrents in it, the multiplicity of which can reach 30-100 compared to the nominal value). Such currents are capable of blowing fuses, for example, 6-8 and 16-18 in both lines. In addition, these overcurrents can cause significant voltage drops and thereby disrupt the operation of protection and signaling devices. To eliminate overcurrents, the connection of the phase stabilizer 62 to the network is carried out through additional resistors 63-65 when the contacts 66 of the three-pole contactor are open. The introduction of additional resistors in the circuits of the windings of the stabilizer 62 from three to twenty times reduces the amplitudes and duration of overcurrents of the transient processes of the phase stabilizers. After the end of transient currents, supports 63-65 are blocked by contacts 66 of the contactor.

When an interphase short circuit occurs at point 59 between point 57 of the linear phase A1 and point 58 of the linear phase C1, the microcontroller of the control unit selects two of the four fuses involved in the interphase short circuit, namely fuses 6 and 16 (Fig. 5) and burns out the fusible inserts in them according to the method of fig. 3. As a result, the wire of one phase A1 is de-energized. The de-energized wire is indicated by a dashed line in Fig. 5. When the circuit breaker 67 (Fig. 5) is turned on, due to the action of the phase stabilizer 62, the two-phase mode of the first line of the network, which is powered by transformer 2, turns into a three-phase mode due to the asymmetry of the three-phase voltages within the permissible norm.

In two-circuit, ring or loop lines of the network with one phase stabilizer, the continuity of the power supply can be maintained in emergency situations that disable the wires, the number of which can vary from one to five when the sectional switches 67 and 68 are closed. For example, in the event of an open circuit of the VZ phase wire of the second line of the network at point 61, which is powered by the transformer 60 (Fig. 5), at the output A4, B4, C4, 04, continuity of the power supply can be achieved. This variant of the method was considered in detail in fig. 1, so it is not considered further.

The method discussed above, illustrated in fig. 5, provides continuous power supply to critical receivers when the sectional switches 67 and 68 are turned on. A minor disadvantage of this variant of the method is through power flows between substations with transformers 2 and 60, which can be territorially spread over long distances. The indicated power flows cause additional energy losses and imbalance of the energy supply schedule in time and territory. To eliminate this shortcoming, you can use the method, the scheme of which is shown in the drawings of Fig.b. Fig. b shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a two-circuit or loop network line with two phase stabilizers. First, this method has all the properties inherent in the method of fig. 5, and which was discussed above. The method turns into such a block diagram when the sectional single-pole switches 96, 102 and 109 are turned on. When they are opened, each of the two lines of fig. 6 acquires separate properties because each of the network lines is equipped with its own phase stabilizer from the pair 77 and 82. Each of the phase stabilizers is equipped with three additional resistances selected from the pair 73-75 and 83-85 to protect against

From overcurrents. Resistance blocking is performed by contactors with contacts 78-80 and/or 86-88. Therefore, the method shown in fig. b, has a number of advantages over the method of fig. 5: 1. The method is free from power flows between feeder substations, since both network lines are separated by windings 89 and 91, 98 and 100, 104 and 107 of single-phase autotransformers. 2. When single-pole switches 96, 102 and 109 are open and single-pole switches 93 and 94, 97 and 101, 106 and 108 are closed, changes and fluctuations in the voltages of critical receivers are halved. 3. With the properties indicated in point 1, deviations and asymmetry of voltages are approximately half as small when compared with the methods described in fig. 1-fig. 5. 4. The method provides instant switching of power circuits and delayed repair of line wires when up to five wires fail. 5. The method has relatively simple and reliable switching algorithms of single-pole switches.

So, for a two-circuit network, the method described above and illustrated by the drawings of fig. 6, is the most promising. As for loop and ring circuits, which are most common in the United States, the method of FIG. 6 can also find wide application. In fig. 6 shows the case of providing uninterrupted power supply to the loop network, provided that two phase stabilizers are placed at the point of the loop network, which divides the route of the network line in half.

But the best option in the loop network is the case in which the entire network path is divided into three parts, and the phase stabilizers 77 and 82 are placed at the points of the path division.

Above we have shown ways of possible continuous power supply of a critical receiver over three wires left intact after an accident. Next, we will describe the following ways in which uninterrupted power supply is achieved with two unbroken wires of the network line. In fig. 7 presents a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a four-wire network in the event of interruptions or short circuits of the linear and neutral phase wires. In this case, a more complex accident is considered, after which only two wires of the linear phases of the network line remain undamaged.

The main principle underlying the development of the invention is the principle of maintaining the excitation of power transformers. This means that in the event of an accident, first of all, it is necessary to preserve the magnetic fluxes of the power transformers. Let's consider the case of a phase or short circuit. For this, we turn to the drawing of fig. 2, on which a phase short circuit occurred at point 24 between point 23 of the linear phase Ai7 and point 22 of the zero phase 01.

Let's analyze the first moment of the beginning of a phase short circuit. The potential of point 22 of the zero phase of the network in the first moment will change from zero (0.0 95) to 40.0 95 from the nominal value of the phase voltage. In a similar way, the potential of the zero phase of the phase stabilizer 19 should change, but it does not change due to the transformation of the phase voltages in the phase stabilizer 19. The indicated transformation should increase the potential of phase Ai by 22095. Therefore, currents arise in the circuits of the phase stabilizer 19 that maintain the potential of phase A at the level which is close to the nominal voltage at the output of phase A. And the principle of inertia of the magnetic flux became the first assistant in maintaining the voltage of the critical receiver in the first moments of a short circuit (Rule

Lents), which is similar to the principle of inertia in mechanics, according to which when trying to stop a body (for example, a car), inertial forces arise that prevent a change in uniform motion.

Recall that in fig. 7 shows a block diagram of a method of continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a four-wire network. In the first moments of an accident, voltages and currents occur in phase stabilizer 77, which provide continuous power supply to critical receivers, due to interruptions or short circuits of the linear and neutral phase wires. But such a phenomenon is not long-lasting. Lenz's rule manifests itself when the number of phase stabilizer circuits increases. In this case, a more complex accident is considered, after which only two wires of the linear phases of the network line remain undamaged. At the beginning of the accident, the circuits of all phases, including the zero phase, participate in transient processes. At the first moment of a short circuit, the circuits support the voltage of critical receivers. But with the passage of time (a fraction of a second), the voltage of the critical receiver decreases and may exceed the permissible limits of prescriptions.

In order to prevent interruption of the power supply, the following options for further actions are provided for in the method.

The first variant of the method consists in the direct fast connection of at least one section of the capacitor bank 113 and the slow inclusion of the unsectioned inductor 114. Each capacitor bank is divided into sections. Each section is switched on by a separate current switch controlled by the microcontroller of the control unit. The sections are turned on at the command of the microcontroller, which reduces the free components of the transient process. In a steady state (non-transient) process, the resistors of the 7113 capacitor bank and the coil

From the inductance 2114, set according to expressions (4) and (5) 2113-5p0y51ip(p6-61)/(3)172 ChIn)2"Zip(p/Znrnaibi), (4) 2114-5p0551p(p6-61)/( 3)172 ЧИн)2» Zip(t/Z - fn), (5) where: Zp - the previous total current power of the load of critical receivers; -bI. - the loss angle of the inductance coil; In and fn - the nominal current and the phase angle of the total current load of critical receivers.

In the normal state of operation of the network line, single-pole switches 3-5 and 13-15 are in the on state; fuses 6-8 and 16-18 are also turned on; capacitor bank and inductor are not connected to the mains line. In the event of a break in the neutral phase wire (Fig. 7) at point 112, the fuses 6-8 and 16-18 and the single-pole switches 3-5 and 13-15 continue to perform their functions, and the critical receivers continue to work normally, since the phase stabilizer 77 is sufficient accurately (with an error of no more than 2 95) transforms line voltages into phase voltages. Therefore, the quality of the voltages of the critical receiver when the zero phase wire breaks is maintained with satisfactory accuracy. In the event of a break in the zero-phase wire, the voltage dip of the critical receiver was not detected: the depths and durations of the voltage dips were not detected.

Suppose that following the break of the zero phase wire, an interphase short circuit occurred between points 110 and 111 of the linear phases Ab and Сb (Fig. 7). The current in the wires at the section "switch C - point 110" of phase A and the section "switch 5 - point 111" of phase C begins to increase sharply. The microcontroller of the control unit determines the type and phases of the short circuit. After performing logical operations, the microcontroller issues a command signal either to blow the fuses or to close (disable) the semiconductor switches. In the last option, when using thyristor or triac switches, the switch cannot instantly execute the command to interrupt the current in the wires of the network line. For example, due to the absence of a current transition through the zero value. The duration of the waiting period for the specified condition can reach 10-13 milliseconds. The microcontroller forcibly blows fuses b and 16. But at the same time, the microcontroller connects the capacitor bank 113 between phases Ab and Vb.

The connection takes place in several stages, during which the controller connects several sections of the battery 113 to phases Ab and Vb at intervals. In the first section of such a capacitor bank, pulse capacitors are used, the terminals of which have a reduced inductance. The current from the sections of the capacitor banks instantly spreads along the network line.

From the moment a short circuit occurs, two elements begin to work actively: the phase stabilizer and the capacitor battery, which keep the excitation of the transformers; undamaged wires of linear phases Вб and Сб keep 100 95 ОБс voltage; the phase stabilizer transforms 50 95 into Ovo and Oso voltages; the capacitor bank injects additional currents into the Oao voltages.

At the next stage, the inductor 114 is connected to phases Ab and Сb at the moment of maximum voltage between phases AB and Сb. As a result, the three-phase power system is restored: the phase stabilizer establishes the relationship between line and phase voltages; quick recovery of the three-phase voltage is also facilitated by the grounding of the zero phase.

During the transient mode lasting 10 ms, the rotor of the synchronous machine can deviate from the rotating magnetic field of the stator by an angle of 2.37. The transient mode does not end in 10 milliseconds, but the synchronization of the rotors of the alternating current machines connected to the network line has already begun. Note that in the event of a phase break or short circuit, the movement of the rotors of alternating current machines quickly loses synchronization (I68), for example, when the power supply is interrupted for 0.3 s, the lag angle of the rotor from the stator field can reach 69", which can lead to powerful oscillations and shutdown synchronous motor.

If there is a significant reactive component in the current of the receivers, the duration of phase and interphase short circuit when using thyristor or triac switches can reach 15 ms. In this case, high-voltage power transistors should be used as keys.

During the waiting time interval (absence of current transition through the zero value), the microcontroller calculates the values of sections of capacitor banks and inductance coils necessary to transform a single-phase system of voltages and currents into a symmetrical three-phase system. At the same time, the microcontroller optimizes the type of transient process and the moments of turning on the capacitor bank and the inductor coil. This ensures a reduction in the generation of higher harmonics in the transient process when reactive elements are turned on. In addition, the microcontroller determines the resistances of capacitor banks and

From the inductance coils according to expressions (4) and (5). The results of the calculations indicate that when the phase angle fn of the load increases from zero to 60" to ensure satisfactory quality of electric voltages, it is necessary to connect two reactive elements to the network, one of which should be a capacitor, and the second - an inductor. At fFn-60" the need to connect the inductor disappears. And with fFn "60", the transformation of a single-phase voltage system into a three-phase voltage system is possible when two capacitor batteries are connected to the network line. This means that at fFn "6b0", the inductor 114 should be replaced with a second capacitor battery. But even under these specified conditions, the transformation of a single-phase voltage system into a three-phase symmetrical system is impossible without the addition of a phase stabilizer 77.

The phase stabilizer creates an artificial zero phase and at the same time rigidly determines the proportion that connects the line and phase voltages. In addition, as indicated, the phase stabilizer 77 "conserves" the magnetic fluxes, which at the first moments of accidents are equal to 100 95 in each of the three rods; then the magnetic fluxes gradually decrease and finally become: in the first rod -100 90; in the second and third - 50 95 each.

If the ratio of magnetic fluxes along the rods does not satisfy the network requirements due to voltage dips, the duration of which exceeds the permissible value (10 milliseconds), then an alternating current machine MZS, for example, a synchronous reactive power compensator (Fig. 7), is connected parallel to the input.

If the process of connecting the capacitor bank and inductor requires a time interval of more than 10 milliseconds, for example 100 milliseconds, then an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is connected to the critical receiver during the transient process, which in case of accidents provides continuous power supply to the critical receiver. This makes it possible to create a sufficient period of time during which capacitor banks and inductors are connected to the network. After they are connected, the UPS is turned off, since the duration of the UPS batteries, as a rule, does not exceed 10 minutes.

We indicated above that the method outlined in fig. 7, can be used for both four-wire and three-wire networks, for example high-voltage networks ZkV-33OokV. In the latter case, the method is recommended for single-chain trunk or dead-end

LEP

To the signs of perfection of the method of fig. 7 should include a simplified structure for achieving 60 transformation of a single-phase voltage system into a three-phase system. The conversion is performed by three energy carriers in the transverse direction relative to the network line (a phase stabilizer, one or two capacitor banks and/or an inductor).

The most perfect is the method shown in fig. 8, which shows a block diagram of the continuous power supply of critical receivers that are powered by a single-phase network (linear phase C - zero phase 0") in cases of interruption or short circuits. In the method, during an accident, two wires of the linear phases of the network fail, when this also leaves two wires of the mains line intact, one of which is the neutral phase and the other is the line phase.

In the normal state of operation of the network line, single-pole switches 3-5 and 13-15, as well as fuses 6-8 and 16-18 are in the on state. All reactive elements 121-124 and diesel generator 129 are disconnected from the network line. An uninterruptible power supply 125 remains connected to the line.

In the event of a break in the linear phase wire at point 120, three-phase power is maintained in the phase B wire at critical receivers, because after the break occurs at point 120, the phase stabilizer 77 begins to parametrically transform the incomplete three-phase mode of the network into a three-phase mode with an imbalance of three-phase voltages, less than 10 95.

In fig. 8 shows another accident: a phase short circuit between point 118 of line phase A and point 119 of neutral phase 0. Due to this accident, line phases A and B became de-energized because the microcontroller detected a phase short circuit and issued a command to blow fuse 16. What as for the fuse b, this fuse burns out even earlier when a phase short circuit occurs between phases A and 0. In fig. 8 wires of de-energized sections of the network line are shown by dashed lines. According to the next command of the microcontroller, the reactive elements are quickly connected to the network line as shown in fig. 8. Simultaneously and almost instantly with the connection of the capacitor batteries, the microcontroller sets the values of the currents in these batteries.

The following current modules 1121 and 1124 are installed in capacitor banks 121 and 124:

I121: IpyBip(n/Z rn 1)/5ip(t76-6I 1), (6)

M24: Ip"BIip (n/2 same fnyabiI 2)/5ip (6 -6I 2), (7)

At the same time, the microcontroller sets the currents in the inductors 122 and 123. 122-Ip"Sov(fn)/Zip(pb - 611), (8) 123:-pyBip(t/Z - fn)/Zip(tt - bi 2) , (9)

Expressions (6)-(9) indicate: (n - previous current (symmetrical) total load current of critical receivers; 611 - loss angle of inductance coil 122;; 612 - loss angle of inductance coil 123; fn - phase angle of total load of critical receivers .

If in the method of fig. 7, the phase stabilizer 77 creates an artificial zero phase, which rigidly connects the linear and zero phases, then in the method of fig. 8 on the contrary - the phase stabilizer establishes the relationship between line and phase voltages in the presence of one of the phase voltages. In addition, as indicated, the phase stabilizer 77 "conserves" magnetic fluxes, which is necessary in the first milliseconds of the beginning of an accident.

If the time margin for measuring and turning on the reactive elements does not satisfy the demands of the network due to unacceptable voltage drops, then a UPS uninterruptible power source (ORB5) is connected in parallel to the output. In more complex cases of transition from a damaged to a continuous network line, either alternating current machines or a diesel generator 129 are connected to it (Fig. 8). In real conditions, engines are always connected to the network, which allows you to abandon UPS 125 and diesel generator 129.

After switching to continuous power supply, the UPS (RB5) is turned off. Over time, longer power sources, such as alternating current machines or diesel generators, are turned off. The method of fig. 8, like the previous fig. 7, can be used for both four-wire and three-wire networks, for example high-voltage networks ZkV - Z33OkKV.

In the latter case, the method is recommended for single-chain trunk or dead-end

LEP

To the signs of perfection of the method of fig. 8 should include the structure of the transformation of a single-phase voltage system into a three-phase one, which is performed by five energy carriers in the transverse direction relative to the network line (a phase stabilizer, two capacitor banks, two inductors). The method uses two types of electric energy carriers with complementary characteristics: a phase stabilizer and capacitive-inductive elements.

Ways to achieve continuity of power supply of critical receivers, which are described by the drawings of fig. 1-fig. 8, have another notable property of limiting (localizing) the area of power transmission damage by the boundaries of the network line. The entire route of electric energy from the generator to the receivers is called the power transmission route.

Part of this route may be one of the network's overhead or cable lines. Let's give a simple example. If one wire of a loaded three-phase, four-wire network line breaks, the remaining wires are loaded even more and a phenomenon called "voltage avalanche" may occur in the energy industry. The part of the power transmission that is connected to the end of the network line cannot, in principle, supply three-phase loads, for example, synchronous or asynchronous motors from a two-phase network. The part of the power transmission, which is connected to the beginning of the network line, has an unbalanced load, including overloading of individual phases. And in general, we can say that when one phase fails, the power transmission on its entire route is affected by the accident. Application of the proposed methods outlined in Fig. 1 - fig. 8, makes it possible to sharply narrow the area of damage to the power transmission and limit the boundaries of the damage to the boundaries of the network line. To explain this effect, consider fig. 9, where three parts of the power transmission are presented: the front part, the network line and the end part. The front part of the power transmission is limited by transformer 2. The network line is limited by transformer 2 and terminals A2, B2, C2, 02. The final part of the power transmission is limited by terminals Аг, B2,

C2, 02. After the occurrence of an interphase short circuit between the linear phases A5 and B5 under the action of the microcontroller, the semiconductor keys C and 13 are turned off; phase A wire becomes de-energized. Due to this, the continuous power supply of critical receivers is further carried out with the help of stabilizer 19 by converting the two-phase voltage system into a three-phase one with limited asymmetry. After the end of the transition process, oscillograms of voltages and currents were recorded in each part of the power transmission. Oscillograms are shown in fig. 10 - fig. 15. Arrows coming from the first (front) part of the power transmission point to diagrams of phase voltages tsap, ivp, isp (Fig. 10) and phase currents iap, ivp, isp, iop (Fig. 11). Arrows from the second part (network line) of the power transmission point to the diagrams of phase voltages ivm, ism (Fig. 12) and

From the phase currents iam, ivm, ism, iom (Fig. 13). Arrows from the third (end) part of the power transmission point to the diagrams of phase voltages Хак івк, іск (Fig. 14) and phase currents іак, івк, іск, ок (Fig. 15). Current values of voltages and currents of the oscillograms of Fig. 10 and fig. 11 are equal to:

Oap-1.0; Ovp-1.0; Osp-1.0; Iap-1.0; IVP-1.0; Spanish-1.0; yuop-0.0 (10)

Current values of voltages and currents of the oscillograms of Fig. 12 and fig. 13 are equal to:

Ohm: -0.0; Ovm-1.0; Osma-1.0; Iam-0.0; Ivm-1.7; cm-1.7; 10m-3.0 (11)

Current values of voltages and currents of the oscillograms of Fig. 14 and fig. 15 are equal to:

Oak-1.0; Ovk-1.0; Osk-1.0; Ysyak-1.0; Ivk-1.0; Isk-1.0; ioKk-0.0 (12)

The peculiarity of the mode in the entire power transmission is that, if the load mode in the final part of the power transmission is balanced, then the balanced mode is also established in the remaining parts of the power transmission. This means that when the critical load regime is balanced, the pulsating power M in each of the three parts of the power transmission is also equal to zero, i.e.: if μ--|МК|екоювногоО, then Mt: |Мм/" echoоноюО and Мп: | Мп| 7 known- -0, (13) where: o - circular frequency (0-2 pi-314); y - initial angle of the pulsating power vector M; MK - pulsating power of the final power transmission area; Mm and Mp - pulsating power of the network line and the final power transmission area ; i - time.

Analysis of the dependences of the diagrams taking into account the values in expressions (10)-(13) indicates that the transformation of a two-phase system into a three-phase system of voltages and currents is a direct transformation, which is characteristic of the phase stabilizer 19 connected to the critical receiver 21. The reverse transformation is performed in transformer 2, where the asymmetrical system of voltages and currents is also transformed into a symmetrical system of voltages and currents, but only for the previous part of the power transmission. In Europe and the USA, the reverse conversion will be performed automatically if the direct conversion of a two-phase system into a three-phase system is performed using a phase stabilizer 19. This is due to the fact that in electrical networks

Delta-star and delta-zigzag transformers are widely used in Europe and the USA.

In this invention, a set of useful properties of various electrical elements is concentrated, which made it possible to propose the claimed method. In our opinion, the way to this method was paved by the phase stabilizer, which turned out to be an element of functional redundancy. The concept of functional redundancy is established and approved by national and international standards, namely: "Functional redundancy is a redundancy that uses the ability of the object's elements to use additional functions" BO, 61, 63-67).

Field of use. It is advisable to use the method of continuous power supply of the critical receiver in the event of emergency situations: in low-voltage single-circuit four-wire networks with linear voltages from 0.2 kV to 1 kV, as well as in two-circuit, ring and loop medium-voltage bkV-35kV and high-voltage 110k8-330kV networks of general use with the frequency of the main harmonics 50Hz-6bOHHz. The method is intended for powering receivers critical to power interruptions, in which the depth and duration of voltage dips are regulated by the prescriptions of international standards. In variants of the method, a reduction in the duration of voltage dips in the event of wire breaks to 0.001 seconds has been achieved. With phase short circuits, the duration of voltage dips is reduced to 0.002s-0.0095s, and with interphase short circuits, the duration of voltage dips is reduced to 0.003s -0.01 36.

The method can be used to eliminate voltage dips in the power supply of state organizations, ministries, computer centers, hospitals, stadiums, schools, universities, as well as complex productions, for example, technological lines, rolling mills, conveyors of enrichment factories.

Some of the critical receivers most vulnerable to transient voltage dips are computing equipment and synchronous motors that drive pumps and compressors (34, 41, 68). Computing equipment can cause a failure in calculations in case of power supply voltage failures from

From 0.01s to 0.02s and above. Under the influence of the back pressure of the compressor and a short voltage drop, these engines can exit the mode of synchronous rotation of the rotor relative to the rotating magnetic field of the stator. As a result, the static stability of the engine is disturbed. An emergency situation occurs in the network, which entails the occurrence of powerful voltage and current fluctuations and the disconnection of such motors from the three-phase network.

The proposed method makes it possible to avoid production shutdowns due to similar power supply accidents. The method allows you to postpone the repair of the consequences of accidents. The method limits the area of power transmission damage. In transient processes, the method contributes to the reduction or removal of the free component of transient processes, which leads to overvoltages and overcurrents, as well as to high-voltage harmonic components. The method takes into account the action of geomagnetic storms and allows taking measures in case of a threat of energy attack, in particular EMI.

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Claims (15)

FORMULA OF THE INVENTION 1. The method of continuous power supply of the critical receiver (21) in the event of an emergency situation in a multiphase, in particular three-phase network or installation, in which in each wire (АТ, ВИ, С1, 01) the lines of the network or installation transmit electric energy by two or several routes one at a time or several lines of the network or installation, and at least on the first (main) route, electric energy in each phase is transmitted along each wire (AT, VI, STI, 01) of the line of the network or installation, which differs in that at least on the second (reserve) route electric energy to the damaged phase (VI) is transferred across, that is, between the wires (A2, B2, C2, 02) of one or more network lines or installations at the end of a single-circuit or two-circuit network line, the second route is created by introducing at least one point of one network or installations of interphase communication, which are performed in electromagnetic (19, MZS), and/or in electric, for example, inductive-capacitive (113, 114) , or/ha in the semiconductor (115) variants, in each phase (A2, B2, C2, 02) of the output of the network line or installation, ensure the approximate equality of the potentials of the critical receiver (21) when it is powered by both the first and second routes, in the event of an emergency situation (9), in which the phases of the first route are affected, the damaged phases (B1) are parametrically replaced by the wires of the second route, the damaged (B1) and undamaged (B, B2) wires of the network line are disconnected. 2. The method according to claim 1, which differs in that the transverse transmission of electrical energy between the wires (A, B, C, 0) of the network or installation is carried out with the help of a phase stabilizer (19), which performs the role of an interphase transformer (19), in particular a filter currents of zero sequence, which are connected to the clamps (A2, B2, C2, 02) of one or more lines of the network or installation. C. The method according to claim 2, which is characterized by the fact that the phase stabilizer (19) is made on the basis of a three-rod magnetic circuit, at least two windings are placed on each of its rods, the coefficient of mutual electromagnetic communication between the windings of each rod is increased to a value from 0.95 to 0.9999 by mutual compensation of the scattering magnetic fields, which is achieved, for example, by bringing the wires of different phases closer together and/or surrounding the wire of one phase with one or several wires of another phase, the windings of the phase stabilizer BO include each other according to the scheme selected from the series: zigzag, lambda, Scott circuit, A-shaped circuit, single-phase transformer and autotransformer circuit, half-corner, star of David, three-winding on one rod, while the terminals of the linear and zero phases of the phase stabilizer (19) are connected one by one to the terminals of the linear and zero phases (A2, B2, C2, 02) of one or more lines of the network or installation, by introducing interphase electrical and electromagnetic communication network is transformed into an effectively (hard) connected system of linear and zero phases. 4. The method according to claim 3, which is characterized by the fact that the phase stabilizer (19) is combined with another electromagnetic element taken from the series: synchronous or asynchronous alternating current machines, a transformer with a connection of windings "delta - star with zero" or/and "star - half-horn bo with zero", autotransformer with intermediate winding terminals, shunt choke, amplitude- phase converter of the number of phases, made using capacitive (113) and/or inductive (114) resistors, or/and using semiconductor elements (115). 5. The method according to claim 4, which differs in that in the network (A, B, C, 0) the sensitivity of the potential of the wire (01) of the zero phase to the current of the zero wire (dio/aiio) is reduced from 3 to 15 times, or/and reduce the sensitivity of the wire potential of each linear phase (A1, B1, C1) to the current of the linear wire (dip/dip) from 1.5 times to 3.0 times, and the reduction of phase sensitivity is achieved either by increasing the installed power of the network line elements or the installation, and/or by connecting a phase stabilizer (19), which increases the degree of mutual compensation of magnetic scattering fields. b. The method according to claim 5, which differs in that when the phase stabilizer (19) is turned on to a three-phase network (Ag, B2, C2, 02), its starting currents are reduced. 7. The method according to point b, which differs in that short circuits are cut off by high-speed switches, which are selected from the series: fuse with a fuse (b), fuse with a purposely blown fuse (16), contactor (36), automatic switch (4), a semiconductor switch (30), such as a thyristor (33). 8. The method according to claim 6, which differs in that in single-chain or two-chain networks, as well as in ring or loop networks and installations, for example, multiphase filters, the continuity of the power supply in case of interruption of one (AT) or several (Ab, Vb, Ab, 06 ) wires of linear or zero phases are reached by charge or discharge of the capacitor battery when restoring the amplitude, frequency and phase of the phase voltage at the points of the backup route (Ag, B2, C2, 02, 19). 9. The method according to item b, which differs in that in case of phase or interphase short circuits, the continuity of the power supply is achieved by stabilizing the voltage of the critical receiver (21) using single-phase semiconductor voltage stabilizers connected between the phase stabilizer (19) and the critical receiver (21) . 10. The method according to claim 6, which is distinguished by the fact that in a two-circuit network, ring or loop network, in which the voltage vectors of the same phases in two lines differ by an angle of 180", the continuity of the power supply in the event of a phase break is ensured by the connection of a six-phase phase stabilizer. Zo 11. The method according to point b, which differs in that at the time of an emergency, the transverse transfer of electrical energy between phases of the network or installation is performed using two capacitor banks (121, 124) and two inductors (122, 123). 12. The method according to item b, which differs in that at the time of an emergency situation, the transverse transfer of electrical energy between phases of networks or installations is carried out using at least single-semi-period or two-semi-period rectifiers of undamaged phases, the energy of which is directed to the wires of the damaged phases through the battery and inverter. 13. The method according to claim 7, which is characterized by the fact that electrical energy is stored in at least one phase (A) with the help of one capacitor battery (25), the stored electrical energy is discharged to the fuse insert (16) using a controlled thyristor or transistor key ( 28), and by burning the fuse (16), eliminate the phase short circuit, as a result, the phase short circuit mode is changed to the phase interruption mode. 14. The method according to claim 7, which is distinguished by the fact that in the event of an interphase short circuit, thyristor or transistor switches are turned off at the input (33) and output (48) of one phase of the network line or installation, and the moments of switching off and on of the indicated switches are synchronized by telemetric methods . 15. The method according to claim 14, which differs in that in the event of an emergency situation in power transmission, the area of damage is limited by the boundaries (2, A2, B2, C2, 02) of the route of the network line or installation by introducing a direct parametric transformation of the three-phase system of voltages and currents of the critical receiver (21) into the two-phase system of voltages and currents (AB, B5, C5, 05) of the network line, as well as the inverse parametric transformation of the two-phase system of voltages and currents of the network line into the three-phase system of voltages and currents in the transformer (2) for part (1) of power transmission , which is located between the beginning of the network line (2) and means (Ao, Vo, Co) of power generation. 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