UA110624C2 - System and method of passive and active equipment of led lighting - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to the control and design of a passive or active LED lighting system that does not require electrolytic capacitors and can generate light at the output with reduced fluctuations in light flux. The proposal is particularly suitable, but not limited to, autonomous applications in which the lighting system is powered by the AC network. By eliminating electrolytic capacitors with a limited life span of usually 15,000 hours, the proposed system can be implemented using reliable electrical components such as inductor and diode circuits, and its advantages are long service life, low maintenance costs, resistance to temperature changes and good power factor. The proposed circuits can be used in systems with adjustable brightness if the input voltage of the AC can be changed by external means.

Description

Field of invention

The present invention relates to apparatus and methods of operation of LED lighting (LED) equipment, including those using passive and active drivers.

Prerequisites for creating an invention

LED technology has been promoted as a promising lighting technology to replace energy-inefficient incandescent lamps, and mercury linear and compact fluorescent lamps. Manufacturers of LED lighting have repeatedly noted that LED devices have a long service life, exceeding 5 years. However, electrolytic capacitors used in the power circuit and electronic control of LED systems have a limited lifetime, typically 15,000 hours (or 1.7 years) at an operating temperature of 105 "C. The lifetime is doubled if the operating temperature is lowered by 10" C, or is halved if the operating temperature is increased by 10C. Therefore, the short service life of electronic control schemes (which is sometimes called a start-up control device) of LED lighting is the only obstacle to the use of LED technology (Spypod, N. 5.-N.; No, M.-M.; Map, M. Tat, R. MU.; Nyi, 5. U.; "Sotragizop oi Oittabiye EIssigotadpeiiis apa EIIiesigopis VaiIavi 5uziet5-Ap Azzebz5tepi op Epegdu EPisiepsu apa Citeite", IEEE Protocols on Industrial Electronics, Volume 54, Issue 6, December 2007, page(s): 3145-3154; Nii 5. M.A. apa Map M/., "Ne-ehatipayop op Epegdu bamipud 85

Epmigoptepai! Ivtzev ip Sidpnpo Arriisayop5", Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Science and Technology of Lighting Sources, May 2007, Shanghai, China (Presentation by invited

And apatagk), pages 373-374).

Electrolytic capacitors are commonly used in inverting power amplifier circuits and in electronic control circuits for lighting systems because they provide the high capacitance required, hundreds or even thousands of microfarads, while other long-life capacitors such as ceramic, polypropylene, and metallized film capacitors have a relatively smaller capacitance of several tens of microfarads or less. High capacity electrolytic capacitors are usually required to provide a stable voltage of the PS link (direct current) in the circuit of the inrush control device to provide a stable power (with a reduced change

From the power level) to the load; of a stable PS power source in the electronic control of the inverting power amplifier circuit.

Known state of the art

In fig. 1 shows a diagram of a conventional autonomous lighting system. Autonomous lighting system in this application means a system that is capable of being powered from the mains AC (alternating current).

The power conversion circuit can use a two-stage approach, in which a power-factor-corrected DC-DC power stage is used as the first power stage, followed by a second DC-DC conversion stage to control the current for the LED load. An alternative to the two-stage approach is the use of a single-stage approach, which combines two power stages into one, and such a technique has been described in many designs of an autonomous power source |Kei5, E.5.0.; I ita, Kh.S.;

Topkoz5kKi, V., Ug.; Sapaiyi, M.M.; NKatoz, E.M.; Zapio5, A.; To55, M.; batapno, Sh.; Edag, E.;

Y otepgopi, I.;, "Zipdie viade BaiYiIavi tog podp rgezzige zodiit Iatrv", IESOM 2004, 30th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Association, 2004, Volume 3, November 2-6, 2004 page(s): 2888-2893 ; dipgopu Oiap; And hey, B.S.; "And the next event will be the event, the event will take place

Tasiog AS/OS sopmepeg m/yp ipimegza! ipri"", Twelfth Annual High Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1997, ARES "97 Conference Proceedings 1997, Volume 1, February 23-27, 1997, page(s):281-287; Oiao, S.; Zteaieu, K. M.; "A ioroiodu zigueu oi zipdieviade romzheg Tasiog soitesiog m/yp a roovi iuure iprii-sshtepi-5pareg", IEEE Power Electronics Protocols, volume 16, issue 3, May 2001, page(s): 360-368 ; Tve, S.K.; Spom/, M.N...; "Vipdie ziade podp rozheg Tasiog sopmepeg izipud Te Zperraga-Tauyuog toroiodu", 27th annual IEEE specialized conference on high power electronics, 1996, RESS "96 Kesoga., Volume 2, June 23-27, 1996, page(s): 1191-1197). Both approaches use electrolytic capacitors to provide an energy storage and energy buffer function, so the difference between the input power and the output power consumed by the load can be stored or delivered by the capacitors.

It has also been proposed to use frequency-doubled rectified AC to drive the LED load to reduce energy storage requirements, thereby eliminating the use of electrolytic capacitors and maintaining a high input power factor |. zi, H. Kiap, M. Hy apa K. Mao, "Meapz oi EIITipayipd bo EIesigoiiuis Sarasyog ip AS/OS Romeg Zirrivz yog GEO Hidnpipuo5z", I6EEEE Protocols on High Power Electronics, Volume 24, Number 5, May 2009, Pages: 1399-1408; as well as notes on the use of TZ MisgoeiIesigopis5 AM2711, April 2009). However, such proposals usually focus on the EMC performance of adjustable electronic LED drivers without proper consideration of the photometric performance of LED systems. Disadvantages are that LED loads driven by rectified DC (or current pulses) at double the DC mains frequency do not have continuous light output and suffer from severe flickering due to the LED power changing from maximum power to zero power at low frequency. For example, the flickering effect at 100Hz (frequency twice as high as 50Hz) is unacceptable.

Regardless of which approach is used, single-stage or dual-stage, a larger capacitance (requiring the use of electrolytic capacitors) is required as an energy storage function to account for the difference between the input power drawn from the grid

ZS, and the almost constant power of the LED load. The input power of an autonomous lighting system is usually a periodic pulsating function, as shown in FIG. 1.

For example, if the power factor is close to unity, then the input voltage and current are in phase, and thus the input power has a pulsating waveform (similar to a rectified sinusoidal waveform). If the lighting load is of constant power, then the capacitors must absorb or deliver the difference in power between the AC network and the lighting load, as shown in fig. 1.

A scheme of an electronic start-up control device without the use of electrolytic capacitors was proposed. But the requirement for an active power switch in such a proposal means that an electronic control board that transmits switching signals to the active power switches is required, and this electronic control board requires a power source, which requires the use of electrolytic capacitors. Normally, electrolytic capacitors are required in the power supply of the PS to provide the hold time of the output voltage (ie to store the voltage of the PS for a short period of time if the input power supply fails). Power electronic circuits using active switches usually require a DC power supply for the gate control circuits that provide switching signals to the active electronic switches. Thus, it would be

It would be useful if passive and electronic ballast circuits were developed that do not require electrolytic capacitors to provide a stable current source for the LED load. A passive or electronic ballast circuit (also known as an active ballast circuit) that does not require electrolytic capacitors would be a highly functional and reliable solution that would increase the life of the entire LED system. An unsolved problem is to determine how to provide a stable current source for the LED load based on a circuit that does not require any electrolytic capacitors.

The essence of the invention

According to the first aspect of the present invention, an LED lighting system is provided, including: a driver for receiving the input power of the AC and generating the output power, a driver having an energy storage element for storing the input power of the AC as stored power, if the input power of the AC is higher than that required for generation output power, and for the supply of stored power, if the input power of the power station is lower than that required for the generation of output power; and at least one LED consuming output power. The driver allows the output power to vary by a predetermined amount, so at least one LED provides a continuous flux visible to the human eye, and the energy storage element has reduced capacitance requirements as the predetermined amount increases.

Preferably, the output power has an average output power and in one embodiment the predetermined value is no more than approximately 50 95 of the average output power. In another variant, the predetermined value is no more than approximately 40 95 of the average output power. In the following variant, the maximum difference between the input power of the power station and the output power of the equalizer is about 50-95% of the average output power. In another variant, the maximum difference between the input power of the ZS and the output power is about -60 95 of the average output power. Preferably, the output power has substantially the same frequency as the input power of the DC.

The first version of the driver includes: (a) a rectification scheme for rectification of the input power of the AC and generating the rectified power of the PS; (B) the first scheme for reducing the pulsation of the voltage of the rectified power of the PS; and (c) a second circuit for generating the output power as a current source. At least one LED receives a current source as an input.

This driver can be used independently of the first aspect described above.

Accordingly, the second aspect of the present invention presents an LED lighting system, including: (a) a rectification circuit for rectifying the input power of the AC and generating the rectified power of the AC; (B) the first scheme for reducing the pulsation of the voltage of the rectified power of the PS; (c) second circuit for generating output power; and (4) at least one LED accepting a current source as an input.

The following variants and preferred features can be applied to both the first variant of the driver and the second aspect of the invention described above.

In one embodiment, the first voltage ripple reduction circuit is a power factor corrector circuit located between the rectifier circuit and the second circuit. The power factor corrector circuit may include a voltage doubler.

Preferably, the power factor corrector circuit includes a first capacitor and a second capacitor. The capacity of the first and second capacitors can be the same or different.

Preferably, the system includes a parallel capacitor connected in parallel with the output of the power factor corrector circuit.

Preferably, the second circuit includes an inductor. In one variant, the capacitor is connected in parallel with the inductor. The second circuit can also be used as a current ripple reduction circuit. Such a scheme for reducing current ripple can include a double inductor with a capacitor.

Preferably, means are also provided for controlling or reducing the sensitivity of the power of the LED to fluctuations in the input power source of the DC. This can be achieved, for example, by placing the input inductor in series between the input power source of the AC and the diode rectifier circuit. A capacitor can also be placed in parallel between this input inductor and the diode rectifier circuit.

In another embodiment, instead of the power factor corrector circuit, the first circuit includes an output capacitor connected in parallel with the specified rectification circuit between the specified

With the rectification scheme and the second scheme indicated.

The input inductor described above may be an adjustable variable inductor such that at least one LED is a dimmable LED.

A coil with a variable inductance can be used to provide a dimming function or to reduce the sensitivity of the LED output to fluctuations in the DC power supply input in conjunction with the dimming function.

In the second version of the driver, the input power of the DC is provided by the input power source of the DC. This second version of the driver contains: (a) a rectification circuit for rectifying the input power of the AC and generating the rectified power of the PS; and (B) an input inductor placed in series between the AC input power supply and the rectifier circuit.

The use of an input inductor as described above may also be useful independently of providing voltage/current ripple reduction and thus in accordance with a third aspect of the present invention there is also provided an LED lighting system comprising: (a) a DC input power supply providing input power of the power station; (b) rectification circuit for rectifying the input power of the AC and generating the rectified power

PS; and (c) an input inductor placed in series between the input power supply

ZS and the rectification scheme.

The following variants and preferred features can be applied to both the second variant of the driver and the third aspect of the invention described above.

In this case, the capacitor can also be placed in parallel between the inductor and the diode rectifier circuit. Also, the input inductor can be an adjustable variable conductor so that at least one LED is a dimmable LED.

In a third variant of the driver, instead of the input inductor described above, the driver includes an input capacitor connected in series between the input power supply of the DC and the rectifier circuit, in order to reduce the size of the system.

Preferably, the driver includes an anti-surge component in series with the input capacitor. Preferably, the anti-surge component is an inductor or a temperature-dependent resistor. It is also preferable that the system includes a capacitor, because it is connected in parallel to the inductor of the second circuit.

The independent use of such an input capacitor can also be useful, so according to a fourth aspect of the invention, an LED lighting system is also provided, including: (a) an input power source of the DC, providing the input power of the DC; (p) rectification scheme for rectification of the input power of the AC and generation of the rectified power of the PS; and (c) an input inductor placed in series between the AC input power source and the rectifier circuit.

In this case, the system may include an anti-surge component in series with the input capacitor, the anti-surge component may preferably be an inductor or a temperature-dependent resistor.

Preferably, in view of the first aspect of the invention, the operating and/or design parameters of at least one of said LEDs are selected such that said predetermined amount by which said output power can vary can be increased.

When examining the fifth aspect, this invention provides a method of operation of the LED lighting system, which includes the following stages: the stage of providing the input power of the ZS; the step of generating the output power for transmitting it to at least one LED; the step of storing the specified input power of the power plant as accumulative power in the energy storage element, if the specified input power of the power plant is higher than that required to generate the specified output power; the stage of supplying the specified accumulative power from the specified energy storage element, if the specified input power of the power station is lower than that required to generate the specified output power; and a step of allowing said output power to vary, such that at least one of said LEDs provides a continuous flux visible to the human eye, and said energy storage element has reduced capacitance requirements as said predetermined amount increases.

Preferably, the output power has an average output power and in one embodiment the predetermined value can vary by no more than approximately 50 95 of the average output power. In another variant, the predetermined value can vary by no more than approximately 40 95 of the average output power. In the following version, the output power can vary, so the maximum difference between the input power of the ZS and

With an output power of about 50 95 average output power. In another variant, the output power can vary, so the maximum difference between the input power and the output power is about -60 95 of the average output power. Preferably, the output power is generated at substantially the same frequency as the input power of the AC.

In the first variant, the method also includes the following stages: (a) the stage of rectification of the input voltage of the AC to generate the rectified power of the AC; (B) step of reducing the voltage ripple of the rectified power of the PS; (c) the stage of generating output power in the form of a current source from the rectified power of the PS with reduced voltage ripple; and (4) the step of applying a current source as an input to at least one LED.

These steps of the method can be used independently of the fifth aspect of the invention.

Accordingly, the sixth aspect of the invention provides a method of operation of the LED lighting system, which includes the following stages: (a) a stage of rectification of the input voltage of the AC to generate the rectified power of the AC; (b) step of reducing the voltage ripple of the rectified power of the PS; (c) the stage of generating output power in the form of a current source from the rectified power of the PS with reduced voltage ripple; and (4) the step of applying a current source as an input to at least one LED.

The following variants and preferred features can be applied both to the first variant of the method and to the sixth aspect of the invention described above.

Preferably, the operating and/or design parameters of at least one specified LED are chosen such that the amount by which the output power can

BO change, can be increased.

Preferably, the thermal characteristic of the at least one LED is selected such that the amount by which the output power can be varied can be increased. Such a thermal characteristic may include the design of a heat sink, and/or the provision of forced cooling or natural cooling.

In one variant, the power factor corrector circuit is used to reduce voltage ripple of the rectified power of the PS. The power factor corrector circuit may include a voltage doubler.

Preferably, the power factor corrector circuit is provided with a first capacitor and a second capacitor. The capacities of the first and second capacitors may 60 be the same, or the first capacitor may be selected to have a capacity different from that of the second capacitor.

It is preferable that a parallel capacitor is connected in parallel with the output of the power factor corrector circuit to further reduce the voltage ripple of the rectified power of the PS.

In preferred embodiments, the method also includes the step of reducing current ripple of said current source. This step can be implemented by providing a ripple reduction circuit that includes an inductor. Preferably, the capacitor is placed parallel to the inductor. Alternatively, such a circuit may include a dual inductor with a capacitor used to reduce current ripple.

It is preferable that the sensitivity of the power of the LED to fluctuations in the voltage of the input power source of the DC is also adjustable. In one embodiment, the method also includes providing an input inductor to reduce the sensitivity of the LED power to fluctuations in the AC mains voltage prior to rectifying the AC input voltage.

In another variant, instead of using a power factor corrector circuit, an output capacitor connected in parallel with the output of the rectified power of the PS is used to reduce the ripple of the voltage of the rectified power of the PS.

It is preferable that the input voltage of the AC can be changed, so that the LED lighting system has a brightness control function. This can be accomplished by using a variable inductance coil instead of the input inductance coil described above. A coil with a variable inductance can be used to provide a dimming function or to reduce the sensitivity of the LED lighting power to the DC power supply in conjunction with providing a dimming function.

The second version of the method includes the following stages: (a) the stage of ensuring the input of the power supply to ensure the input power of the power supply; (b) the step of reducing the sensitivity of the output power supplied to at least one LED to fluctuations in the input power of the control panel; and (c) the step of rectifying the input power of the DC and generating the output power in the form of the rectified DC power supplied to the at least one LED.

Controlling and reducing the sensitivity of the LED power to fluctuations in the input voltage of the DC power supply can also be useful independently of each other. Therefore, the seventh

Ko) aspect of the invention provides a method of providing power to the LED lighting system, which includes the following steps: (a) a step of providing input power to the power supply to provide input power to the power supply; (B) stage of reducing the sensitivity of the power supplied to the LED lighting system to fluctuations in the voltage of the input power of the DC; and (c) the step of rectifying the input power of the AC and generating the AC power supplied to the LED lighting system.

Both in the second variant of the method and in the seventh aspect of the invention, an input inductor is preferably used to reduce the sensitivity of the output power or LED power to fluctuations in the DC input voltage before rectifying the DC input voltage.

In the third variant of the method, instead of using an input inductor as described above, the method includes providing an input capacitor connected in series with the input of the DC before rectifying the input voltage of the DC, in order to reduce the size of the final system.

Preferably, the method includes providing an anti-surge component connected in series with the input capacitor. The anti-surge component can be an inductor or a temperature dependent resistor. It is also preferred that a capacitor connected in parallel with the inductor is used to reduce current ripple in the current ripple reduction scheme described above.

The independent use of such an input capacitor can also be useful, therefore, according to the eighth aspect of the invention, a method of providing power to an LED lighting system is provided, which includes the following steps: (a) a step of providing a DC input to provide DC input power; (B) the step of providing the input capacitor and generating the rectified power of the PS, which is supplied to the LED lighting system; and (c) the step of rectifying the input power of the DC from the input capacitor and generating the rectified DC power supplied to the LED lighting system.

In this case, the method may include providing an anti-surge component connected in series with the input capacitor, and the anti-surge component may be an inductor or a temperature dependent resistor.

In all aspects of the invention described above, the LED lighting system can be passive or active. In aspects involving a driver, the driver may be passive or active. In variants with active drivers, the active drivers can include a single-stage power converter ZS-PS to convert the specified input power

ZS to the specified output power or two-stage power converter ZS-PS and power converter PS-PS to convert the specified input power of the ZS to the specified output power.

Although preferably the power factor corrector circuit described above used for a lighting load can be used more generally to generate a PS output voltage for a wide range of applications.

Therefore, in a ninth broad aspect of the present invention, a power factor corrector circuit for generating the output voltage of a PS is provided, which includes a first capacitor and a second capacitor, where the first and second capacitors have different capacitances, so that the voltage ripple of the PS output voltage is reduced.

A tenth aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a PS output voltage by using a power factor corrector circuit that includes a first capacitor and a second capacitor, where the first and second capacitors have different capacitances, thus generating a PS output voltage with reduced voltage ripple.

In the eleventh aspect of the invention, a system is provided that includes a power factor corrector circuit for generating a PS output voltage, said system includes a parallel capacitor placed in parallel with said power factor corrector circuit, so voltage ripples of the PS output voltage are reduced.

In the twelfth aspect of the invention, a method of generating the output voltage of the PS is provided using a power factor corrector circuit and a parallel capacitor located in parallel with the power factor corrector circuit, so the output voltage of the PS is generated with reduced voltage ripple.

Brief description of graphic materials

Some embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to accompanying graphic materials in which:

Fig. 1 shows the scheme and power profiles of a conventional stand-alone LED lighting system according to the known state of the art

In fig. 2(a) shows a diagram and "modified" power profiles of a stand-alone LED lighting system according to an embodiment of the invention.

In fig. 2(5) shows a diagram and "modified" power profiles of an LED lighting system with an active driver according to an embodiment of the invention.

In fig. C(a)-(c) shows the LED power and luminous flux variants in the variants of this invention.

In fig. 4 shows a generalized diagram of an autonomous passive or active LED driver with a current source output according to variants of the present invention.

In fig. 5(a) shows the input and output power profiles of a conventional stand-alone LED lighting system according to the prior art.

In fig. 5(5) depicts a profile of the power storage requirements of a conventional stand-alone LED lighting system according to the prior art.

In fig. b(a) shows the input and output power profiles of the autonomous LED lighting system according to the present invention.

In fig. 6(B) depicts a profile of the power storage requirements of a stand-alone LED lighting system in accordance with the present invention.

In fig. 7(a), (b) and (c) show (a) a schematic diagram of a stand-alone circuit design for an LED system using an inductor to reduce current ripple, (b) and (c) using a dual inductor to reduce ripple current

In fig. 8 shows a diagram of an example of one possible hardware implementation of the proposed scheme for an autonomous LED system using a standard power factor corrector scheme.

In fig. 9 shows a model used to simulate the circuit shown in FIG. 8.

In fig. 10 shows an example of the proposed scheme with a standard scheme of the power factor corrector for several loads.

In fig. 11 shows an example of the proposed circuit using a power factor corrector circuit with a voltage doubler for several loads.

In fig. 12 shows the LED system according to the variant of the invention during evaluation using simulation (I -1 Hn).

In fig. 13(a)" and (B) show (a) the simulated input voltage and current of the system shown in fig. 12, and (5) the simulated input power of the system shown in FIG. 12. (c;

In fig. 14(a)-(a) show (a) the simulated LED module voltage and current for the circuit shown in FIG. 12, (B) the simulated total power for the LED module and for the individual LED in the module for the system shown in FIG. 12, (c) and (a) are two examples of the relationship between changes in LED power and light flux fluctuations for an LED system using ZW LED devices.

In fig. 15 shows the LED system according to the variant of the invention when evaluating using simulation (I -2 Hn).

In fig. 16(a) - (4) show (a) the simulated LED module voltage and current for the circuit shown in FIG. 15, (B) the simulated total power for the LED module and for the individual LED in the module for the system shown in FIG. 15, (c) and (4) are two examples of the relationship between changes in LED power and light flux fluctuations for an LED system using ZW LED devices.

In fig. 17 shows a variant of the LED system with a "double inductor", where I -2 Hn, when evaluating using simulation (I -2 Hn).

In fig. 18(a) - (4) show (a) the simulated LED module voltage and current for the circuit shown in FIG. 17, (b) simulated total power for the LED module and for the individual LED in the module for the system shown in FIG. 17, (c) and (4) are two examples of the relationship between changes in LED power and light flux fluctuations for an LED system using ZW LED devices.

In fig. 19 shows a diode level lock that can be added to each LED chain in variants of the invention.

In fig. 20 (a) and (5) show the use of a power factor corrector circuit to reduce voltage ripple.

In fig. 21 shows a diagram according to the following variant of the invention.

In fig. 22 (a)-(e) show the idealized forms of oscillations in the scheme shown in fig. 21.

In fig. 23 shows a simplified equivalent of the circuit shown in fig. 21.

In fig. 24 shows the vector relationship in the equivalent of the circuit shown in fig. 21.

In fig. 25 shows a diagram according to the following variant of the invention.

In fig. 26 shows a diagram according to the next variant of the invention.

Zo In fig. 27 shows a circuit according to a variant of the invention, in which the circuit includes a coil with a variable inductance I z.

In fig. 28 shows the coil with variable inductance Ii ", shown in fig. 27, based on tap regulation.

In fig. 29 shows the coil with variable inductance Ii ", shown in fig. 27, based on the saturation of the core.

In fig. 30 shows a graph showing the output voltage of the rectifier bridge circuit only.

In fig. 31(a) is a graph representing the output voltage of the circuit shown in FIG. 21, on which C1-C2-220μF.

In fig. 31 (B) is a graph showing the output voltage of the circuit shown in FIG. 21, on which C1-C2-22μKF.

In fig. 32 shows capacitors CI and C2 connected in series.

In fig. 33 is a graph showing the output voltage of the circuit shown in FIG. 21, on which C1-600μF and C2-33ΩμF.

Fig. 34 (a) shows a scheme of a power factor corrector according to another variant of the invention.

In fig. 34 (b) shows a graph showing the output voltage of the circuit shown in fig. 34 (a).

In fig. 35 (a) shows a diagram of a power factor corrector according to another variant of the invention.

In fig. 35 (b) shows a graph showing the output voltage of the circuit shown in fig. 35 (a).

In fig. 36 (a) shows a circuit of a power factor corrector according to the following variant of the invention.

In fig. 36 (5) shows a graph showing the output voltage of the circuit shown in fig. 36 (a).

In fig. 37 shows a circuit according to another embodiment of the invention, in which the circuit includes a capacitor placed in parallel with the output of the power factor corrector circuit.

In fig. 38 shows a circuit according to the following variant of the invention, in which a power factor corrector circuit is used.

In fig. 39 shows a circuit according to another embodiment of the invention, in which the circuit includes an input capacitor.

In fig. 40 shows a variant of the scheme shown in fig. 39, with a capacitor placed in parallel with the output inductor.

In fig. 41 shows a circuit according to a further embodiment of the invention, in which the circuit includes a capacitor and a winding to reduce the sensitivity of the input porosity.

In fig. 42 shows a graph showing the difference between and. and from the diagram shown in fig. 41.

In fig. 43 shows a simplified version of the circuit shown in Fig. 41 and Fig. 44 shows a graph showing the input current iv occurring in the circuit shown in fig. 43.

A detailed description of the preferred options

Referring to the figures, the present invention provides an LED lighting system comprising; a driver for receiving the input power of the power source and generating the output power, which has an energy storage element for storing the input power of the power source as accumulative power, if the input power of the power source is higher than that required for generating the output power; and for the supply of stored power, if the input power of the power station is lower than that required for generating the output power; and at least one LED consuming output power. The driver allows the output power to vary by a predetermined amount, so at least one LED provides a continuous flux visible to the human eye, and the energy storage element has reduced capacitance requirements as the predetermined amount increases.

This invention also provides a method of operation of the LED lighting system, which includes the following stages: the stage of providing the input power of the power source; the step of generating the output power for transmitting it to at least one LED; the step of storing the specified input power of the power plant as accumulative power in the energy storage element, if the specified input power of the power plant is higher than that required to generate the specified output power; the step of supplying said stored power from said energy storage element if said input power of the AC is lower than that required to generate said output power: and the step of allowing said output power to vary so that at least one of said LEDs provides a continuous flow visible to the human eye, and said storage element energy has reduced capacity requirements as the specified predetermined value increases.

Preferably, the output power has an average output power and in one embodiment the predetermined value is no more than approximately 50 95 of the average output power. In another variant, the predetermined value is no more than approximately 40 95 of the average output power. In the following version, the maximum difference between the input power of the power plant and the output power is about 50 95 of the average output power. In another variant, the maximum difference between the input power and the output power is about 2-60 95 of the average output power. Preferably, the output power has substantially the same frequency as the input power of the DC.

In fig. 6 shows the input and output power profiles and the energy storage requirement profile in the variants in which the predetermined value is no more than about 40 95 of the average output power, and the maximum difference between the input power of the AC and the output power is about -60 95 of the average output power. For comparison, in fig. 5 shows the equivalent profiles of known systems in which the output power is rigidly regulated to a constant value.

One important aspect of the present invention, at least in its preferred embodiments, is to provide a way to reduce the size of the capacitors required so that other types of capacitors than electrolytic ones can be used. With the exclusion of electrolytic capacitors from the lighting system, the entire system becomes more reliable and has a longer service life.

In fig. 2(a) and (b) show modified versions of the variants shown in FIG. 1, and are used to illustrate this aspect of the invention. If the power of the LED is allowed to fluctuate, then the amount of energy buffer required in the energy storage element of the system becomes smaller and thus the size of the capacitor can be reduced to such a level that it becomes possible to use non-electrolytic capacitors instead of the electrolytic capacitor. In addition, the use of a complicated control circuit (which may also require electrolytic capacitors) can be eliminated. In fig. 4 shows a generalized scheme of an autonomous passive or active LED driver.

In addition, to exclude electrolytic capacitors, the design is also related to the input power factor, because the international standard IES-61000 regulates the input power factor. Passive power level correction circuits, such as power factor corrector circuits and their variations (K. Ky Zit, "Itrgomei Mayeu-Riii Razzime Sstepi Znare"",

Romžeg Zuziet Uuopa, 1997, pages 1-8; And at, u.; Rgameep, K.; "A Mem Razvime MaiIeu RIYA Oittipu

Eiesigopis Vaiyavzi m/y Ehiepded Hype Sitepi Sopaisiop Apdie", IMTEGES "06. 28th Annual International Conference on Energy in Telecommunications, 2006. September 10-14, 2006, pages: I-7 can be used in passive and active shunt circuits (active shunt circuits are also known as electronic shunt circuits ) in the variants of this invention depicted in fig. 2 (a) and (b).

Power factor corrector circuits allow smoothing of the input current, so the current distortion factor and thus the input power factor can be improved. It is possible to choose which capacitors to use in the power factor corrector circuit, so non-electrolytic capacitors can be used. Unlike previous applications, the power factor corrector circuit is used in variants of this invention to reduce output voltage ripple, which in turn will reduce current ripple in the next power stage. This aspect of the application of a power factor corrector circuit has not been considered before because in the prior art power factor corrector circuits have typically been used in voltage sources and used as power factor correction means by nominally connecting their outputs directly to another power converter or load.

For example, in the document of the company Mayopa! 5 Betisopisiog: And M3445 Simistor Autonomous Driver of LED with Adjustable Brightness, March 2009, two C7 and C9 capacitors used in the order of the power coefficient of the power factor, are electrolytic capacitors and the capacity of the capacity of the capacity. power of the LED load. This example of the application of the power factor corrector scheme reflects the traditional use of the "electrolytic capacitor" in the absorption variant

Due to the high power and nature of the voltage source at the known state of the art.

In embodiments of the present invention, power factor corrector circuits are used in reverse to reduce output voltage ripple. As shown in fig. 20 (a) the output voltage of the diode rectifier has large voltage ripples. However, the output voltage of the PFC circuit is significantly reduced, as shown in FIG. 20 (B). In embodiments of the present invention, the power factor corrector circuit is not connected directly to a load or other power converter as in the prior art, but is connected directly to an inductor or to a dual inductor based on a current ripple compensation circuit to provide a smoothed current to the LED load.

In embodiments of the invention, an inductor (Fig. 7(a)) or a dual inductor with ripple compensator (Fig. 7(5)) can be used to limit output current ripple and thus power variations for the LED load.

In fig. 7 (a) and fig. 7 (B) shows schematic diagrams of circuits according to embodiments of the invention that can provide high reliability, long service life, and low cost.

Each system includes a diode rectifier, a power factor corrector circuit to improve the input power factor, an inductor to convert the voltage source into a current source with reduced current ripple (Fig. 7(a)), and an LED load. They form part of the passive or active circuits of the driver. In the case of active circuits, the active components are not specifically specified, but are usually included.

Alternatively, as shown in fig. 7 (B), is a replacement for the inductor shown in fig. 7 (a), a double inductor and a capacitor, so that these components form a double inductor with the function of compensation of current ripples. It will be shown that such a current ripple compensator, which is commonly used in high-frequency (above 20 kHz) switching power supplies, can also be effective when operating at low frequencies. The LED load can be a row of LEDs or multiple rows of LEDs in modular forms. Various power factor corrector circuits or improved variations thereof can be used to improve the input power factor. In variants of the invention, non-electrolytic capacitors can be used in the power factor corrector circuit and in the current ripple compensation circuit. In addition to the standard power factor corrector circuit, a power factor corrector circuit with a voltage doubler or other variations of the power factor corrector circuit can be used in this invention.

Let us first consider fig. 7 (a), let the output voltage of the power factor corrector circuit be Mosh and the total voltage of the LED module (with the LED devices connected in series) be Mio. The inductance of the inductor can be changed to limit the current flowing through the LED module because the current ripple

Iyer and i to M. Zyrazdna in the form:

And where LI is the time period during which the current changes.

From the above equation, it can be seen that the value of the GI of the inductor can be used to reduce the current ripple, which in turn can limit the change in the total power of the light source, because:

The alternative depicted in fig. 7 (B), there is the use of a double inductance coil with a current ripple compensator, as described in I(Natii, O.S.; Kheip, R.T.; "A "72ego' girriye yesppdiye arriiisabiye yu apu OS sopmepeg!", 30 -th annual IEEE specialized conference on electronics, 1999, RESS 99, volume 2, June 27 - July 1, 1999, page(s): 1165-1171; 5spshchep, M...;

Zividepgmai, V.I. Zabraie, 9U.A.; "Wirrie sitepi sapseyayop sixii", 18th Annual IEEE Conference and Exposition on High Power Electronics, 2003. ARES "03. Volume 1, February 9-13, 2003, page(s): 464-470; Spepa, O .K.OMU.; im, Kh.b.; ee, M.5.; "A pem/ itrgomeid roovi sopmepeg my hirrie itee ipryi sitepi ibvipd socirieid ipdisiog5", 17th Annual International Conference on Electronics of Large Powers and Drives with variable speed, 1998. (publ. conf. Mo 456) September 21-23, 1998, page(s): 592-599.) The primary winding of a twin inductor is used as a PS inductor, as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 7 (a). The secondary winding is connected to the primary winding and provides an alternating current to reduce the ripple in the load. If the primary current in the first inductor rises at the dot terminal of the secondary winding (i.e. changes in the positive direction), then the flux ZS, caused by an increase in the primary current, is connected to the of the Turin winding of the ZS. The transformer effect forces

The current flows from the terminal marked with a dot of the secondary winding to the capacitor, which leads to the elimination of the DC flow. Thus, the total current ripple at the output of the dual inductor (including the primary and secondary windings) and the load are reduced. Similarly, if the secondary current flowing into the dot terminal of the secondary winding decreases (i.e. goes negative), then the CCS flux connected to the secondary winding will cause current to flow into the dot terminal of the secondary winding and , thus reducing the overall current ripple of the dual inductor. The effect of a double inductor on the reduction of current ripple is shown in Fig. 7 (c).

In the variants of this invention, there is a fluctuation in the power of the load LED, but it is possible to obtain a bright light at the output of the LED system with minimal fluctuation of the light flux, even if the power of the load LED will fluctuate. This will be clear when considering the relationship between the light flux fu and the power of the LED Pa, as shown in figures C (a) - (c). Let the maximum power and minimum power of the LED load be Ripach and Rtip according to fig. With (a).

It was proved that the relationship between the luminous flux and the power of the LED system corresponds to the asymmetric parabolic curve shown in fig. Z (B) (Niyi 5.MU.K. apa Oip M.H., "Sepega! rpoiyuo-eiYesigo-Ipegtai! INeogu og IPupi-etinipud aiode5 (GE) 5zuzietv5", IEEE Conference on High Power Electronics, February 2009, Washington, DC,

United States, Article 16.2; О55М12/370,101, the content of which is included in this application by reference).

If the LED system is designed in such a way that Ripach and Rtip cover the region of maximum luminous flux and the LED power curve has a minimum slope, as shown in Fig. Z(B), then a significant change in LED power (Peru) will result in only a relatively small change in luminous flux (Afu). An alternative is a design in which Plakh and Rtlip are within the luminous flux region and the LED power curve has a relatively small slope (i.e. near the region of the maximum), as shown in Fig. C (c).

As can be seen from the above, changing the power of the LED to some level (as shown in Fig. 3), so that the fluctuations of the light flux are not perceived by the human eye, is allowed to reduce the difference in power between the input and output and subsequently reduce the requirements for energy storage and eliminate the need to use electrolytic capacitors in the system.

Thus, the control circuit can use non-electrolytic capacitors without causing large changes in the light output of the LED system. This concept can be implemented in existing electronic start-up devices by replacing the electrolytic capacitors with other capacitors with 3 smaller indicators and reconstructing the LED system in such a way that the change in the power of the LED is in the region of the maximum luminous flux

Another aspect of the invention includes the use of state-of-the-art passive power circuits that achieve the above advantages without the use of active electronic switches. The options shown in fig. 7(a), 7(b) and 7(c) can also be equipped with completely passive switching devices with similar characteristics to those shown in Figs. With (a), (6) and 7 (c). Without the use of active electronic switches, these circuits do not require an electronic control circuit for switching and can be more reliable, have a longer life, and lower cost than their active electronic counterparts. Of course, these advantages are in addition to the already known advantages described above in the use of this invention in its application where active or electronic starting control devices are required.

In fig. 8 shows a schematic diagram based on a standard power factor corrector circuit. In the actual simulation, as shown in fig. 9, a small number of LED devices are represented as individual LEDs and a large number of LED devices are represented as an equivalent resistor that has the same voltage drop and consumes the same power as a group of LED devices when the rated current flows through these in series with connected devices. The scheme of the power factor corrector with a voltage doubler, as shown in Fig. 10 may also be used if desired. If multiple LED modules are used, as shown in fig. 11, then current balancing devices can be added to ensure that each LED module is supplied with the same current.

For purposes of illustration of this aspect of this invention, a passive circuit is used,

Zo is shown in fig. 12, for powering a series of ZW LEDs. Three diodes are used in the simulation, while the other diodes are represented as an equivalent resistor, as described earlier. In fig. 13 (a) shows the simulated input voltage and current of the entire system. The waveform of the input current does not have the shape of a sharp pulse (as it would be with a rectifier bridge with an output capacitor) and the power factor is thus improved. In fig. 13(B) shows the input power of the system. In fig. 14 (a) shows the simulated voltage and current of the LED module. The inductor is made in such a way that the nominal current of the LED TA (for ZW LED devices) is not exceeded in this example. Despite the input power ripple, the reduction of voltage fluctuations due to the use of a power factor correction circuit and the filtering effect of the inductor have largely smoothed out the load current. In fig. 14(B) shows total LED power and individual LED power. In this example, the power change ranges from 1.2W to ZW (ie 60 95). This simulation confirms that a passive circuit without electrolytic capacitors can be implemented to provide a current source with adjustable current ripples for an LED system with an input power factor correction. The scheme indicated above can be included in lighting systems with a completely passive ballast. The circuits can also be incorporated into a lighting system with an active or electronic ballast, which is not shown in the figures, but can be made in a suitable manner.

This element-by-element result of the power of the LED in fig. 14 can be interpreted by conventional LED systems with different thermal calculations. For example, it was shown that the luminous flux - power curves of the LED depend on the thermal resistance of the heat sinks. In fig. 14(c) and 14(a) show typical curves for LED systems using two different heat sinks for eight WW LED devices. The heat sink used in fig. 14(c) has a smaller size than the one in fig. 14(4). For example, in fig. 14(c) 60 95 power change from 1.2W to 3W for each device will result in approximately 24 95 change in brightness. For example, in fig. 14 (4) 60 95 changing the power of the LED will lead to

ZO 905 brightness changes.

However, it should be noted that the choice of inductance of the inductor can affect the current ripple and, thus, the change in the power of the LED. If the inductance of Y. 60 increases from 1 Hn to 2 Hn (Fig. 15), then the waveforms of the simulated LED voltage and current will have the following form, shown in Fig. 16 (a). The corresponding total LED power and individual LED power are included in the graph in FIG. 16(B).

It can be seen that when Y is increased to 2 H, the change in power (from 1.6 W to 2.5 W) is 36 95. If the same power change is applied to the two examples cited in Nii et al... INii 5.U.K. Apa Oip, U.H., "Sepega! rpogo-eIesio-Stettai INeogu og IapI- etinipd aiodez (GE) 5u"(etv), IEEE Conference on High Power Electronics, February 2009, Washington, DC, USA, paper 16.21 , Fig. 16(c) and Fig. 16(a) show that the change in luminous flux is about 7 95 and 12 95, respectively. It is believed that human eyes are not sensitive to such small changes in luminous flux.

It can be seen that a large inductance can reduce current ripple and LED power variation. The choice of Y also depends on the losses in the core and the losses in the copper in the inductor. The general design thus relies on the thermal calculation as explained in Nia et al..., and the choice of Nia so that the operating range can be limited to the region of the luminous flux - LED power curve where the slope of the curve is small.

An effective way to further reduce the current ripple, and hence the LED power variation, is to replace the inductor shown in fig. 12 and fig. 15, a means of compensating current ripple in the form of a double inductor and a capacitor, as shown in fig. 17. Fig. 18(a) and fig. 18(5) demonstrate the electrical measurements of the system. It can be seen that the changes in current ripple and LED power have been significantly reduced. The power change is only within 0.2 W (from 1.9 W to 2.1 W). This 9° change in power will result in less than a 4° change in brightness in the two examples shown in FIG. 18(c) and 18(9).

It is also worth noting that it may be desirable to provide a diode-capacitor level latch that can be added to each LED chain to provide a current path for the inductor current in case some of the LED devices fail. An example of such a possibility is presented in fig. 19.

Figures 34(a), 34(B), 35(a), 35(B), 3b(a) and 36(5) are images of other embodiments of the power factor corrector circuit used in the present invention. These implementation options make it possible to further reduce the voltage ripple of the output voltage M,

Zo to reduce the value of H. of the input coil inductance.

It will be understood from the above that in preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is proposed to use a passive power correction circuit, such as a power factor corrector circuit, to reduce the voltage ripple that feeds the inductor (or a double inductor with a capacitor in the form of a current ripple compensation circuit) and LED modules, in order to (i) reduce the current ripple, and therefore the power variation in the LEDs, and (i) improve the input power factor. Allowing some change in current and power in the LEDs within the region of the light flux - LED power curve, where the slope of the curve is small, will lead to only small changes in the light flux from the LED system. The inductance of an inductor or dual inductor in the form of a ripple compensation circuit can be used to further limit the power variation of the LED system. All these features can apply to lighting systems with active or electronic ballasts, or completely passive ballasts.

By using proper thermal calculation, the LED load's power variation range can be designed to fall into the region of the LED's luminous flux-power curve, where the slope of the curve is small and the luminous flux is at or near maximum.

Due to the requirement of only small capacitance in the proposed system, electrolytic capacitors can be eliminated from this design. Since the circuit consists of more passive and reliable components (such as power diodes, non-electrolytic capacitors and inductors), it is characterized by low cost, high stability and reliability.

One possible drawback, however, is that the above circuits assume a fairly constant input voltage, which may not necessarily be the case. In countries where AC power supply networks are unreliable, or in any other situation where AC mains voltage fluctuations may occur for any reason, a significant variation in LED power may be observed for a given AC input voltage rating. Therefore, in preferred embodiments of the invention, it may be preferable to provide a device for controlling the sensitivity of the load power depending on the voltage fluctuations of the AC.

Fig. 21 represents one example of a scheme equipped with a means for controlling the sensitivity of the load power depending on the voltage fluctuations of the AC. In this example, the inrush control device for the LED system is shown as equipped with a diode rectifier, a power factor corrector circuit to reduce the ripple of the rectified power voltage PS, and a filter coil of inductance Y to generate a current source that is provided for the LED load. It will be understood that, as described above, the inductor Y could be replaced by a current ripple reduction circuit comprising a dual capacitor inductor. In this scheme, the input coil of the inductor I 5 is provided in series between the source of the HF UZ: and the diode rectifier, which, as will be explained below, provides the necessary power sensitivity control. And again, the scheme can be included in the composition of completely passive systems, or active systems, in this case the active components are not clearly shown on the graphic materials, but are included in the usual way.

Fig. 22(a)-(a) show idealized waveforms of the proposed current source circuit

ZS-PS for LED loads. Namely: fig. 22(a) represents the idealized waveforms of the input voltage of the AC network and the current (with a phase shift (fu between Me and Iv); Fig. 22(b) represents the idealized waveforms of the input voltage MU" and the current IF of the diode rectifier (where M2 and They are in phase); Fig. 22(c) represents the idealized waveforms of the output voltage U: and current Io of the power factor corrector circuit (where Mz is the rectified version of M"); and Fig. 22(a) represents the idealized waveforms of the voltage on LED load (Mo), output current (Is) load and output power (Po) load.

Circuit analysis can be started from the load side by considering the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 23, where the resistance of the inductor winding is shown as K, and the total voltage drop Mo of the LED load is assumed to be constant.

From fig. 23, the average output current Io can be expressed as: g. M3- M. o in (1)

Uz where is the average voltage of Uz.

From the Uz waveform presented in fig. 22(c), -83

Ma - 2 Mass 4 (g) 4- 4 -

Mass - 8 U3 that is in)

With Z

(3)

It is worth noting that the total voltage drop of the LED load is approximately described by the constant Mo. Therefore, Mas does not change significantly if Io does not change significantly.

In general, Mo is significantly more than vol. Therefore, Mas is close to 1.33Mo. The next question is to find a way to reduce the change in Io due to fluctuations in the input network voltage.

According to the law of energy storage, the input power is equal to the power that enters the diode bridge, provided that the input coil of the inductor I 5 has a negligible resistance. It is also worth noting that M: and Iz are in phase, as shown in Fig. 22(B).

MeYv so5f - Mazie (4) where Mai is the main harmonic of M".

Similarly, the input power is also equal to the output power of the power factor correction circuit, provided that the power loss in the diode rectifier and the power factor correction circuit is negligible.

Mi - mi; - Zmi; - Vo viv so5F - M3 o - -2 Mas Io U BA To Mo 4 (5)

If the resistance of the inductor winding is negligible, K-0, this gives:

WITH

Mo -- Mas 4 (6)

Using Fourier analysis on the M2g waveform, the fundamental Maya harmonic of the M2 signal can be determined as: 2-U2 . .

My ee a -f)-1086. Mas vip(oi - f) dk (Ta)

Therefore, the root mean square value of M2i is 1086

Ma ptv tour -077. Moss (75)

By dividing (4) by (5) to relate M: and Mas, and using (7B), it is possible to relate |Izi

TV: Y 0.7 7Masiv - 0.7 5Mas 5 -iv - 09741

Now consider the equivalent circuit and the vector connection between M: and Mi, as shown in Fig. 24.

According to fig. 24, 2 2 2

M5 - Mb (01 viv) (9) g In Ma

Io in (10)

From (ta) it can be seen that Mg: depends on Mas, which is approximately equal to 1.33Mo, (approximated as a constant value). With the help of (8), 0974-01. in (17)

Differentiation (11) will give: - DU l o874 yati

Ov (12)

Equation (12) is an important equation that shows that the input inductance 5 can be used to reduce the change in the average output current of the LiIo load for a given change in the DM input voltage of the DC network. Let's consider an example. For a 50 Hz AC network, the angular frequency o is equal to 1O00l, i.e. 314.16. For 5-1 Hn, the influence of the input voltage fluctuation on the output average current will be reduced by 314.16 times, as shown in (12). For I 5-2 Hn

The reduction will be 618 times. In order for this sensitivity control to be effective, the inductance of the input coil of the inductor I 5z must be moderately large (usually about

Henry or similar).

In order to provide a conductive path for the current in Ii: in case there is some problem elsewhere in the circuit that can cause current to stop, capacitor C5 can be placed at the other end of the input inductor, as shown in Fig. 25. This arrangement of I5 and C5 will also play an additional role as an input filter. But the main meaning of using "big" | 5 here is to reduce the sensitivity of the output current of the load (and, thus, the output power of the load) of the proposed circuit to fluctuations in the input voltage.

In order to connect Io with Mx, we begin by modifying (9) using (75) and (8), which gives:

ma -(077Ma5) in (0974)

Using (6), (13), we get: 2 2 - ma - oza is "(in (09740)! (14)

Solution (14) gives: r. um2-iot2- m 0.974. si (15)

It is worth noting that Mo can be determined from the number of LED devices in LED chains. If /5 is chosen, then (15) provides the relationship between the average output current and the input voltage of the DC network:

So, the power of the yardage load is:

R. - Mo pa po: lin: VL 0.974. si

From the above, it can be seen that by providing an input coil in series between the AC source voltage and the diode rectifier, the sensitivity of the LED power to AC source voltage fluctuations can be reduced.

Indeed, providing an input inductor in series between the DC source voltage and the diode rectifier can have useful applications as a device for limiting LED load power changes in circuits that do not include voltage ripple reduction.

Fig. 26 represents an example of such a circuit, where the input coil of inductance I 5 is provided in series between the voltage Me of the source of the ZS and the diode rectifier, the output of which is fed directly to the load. As with the circuit shown in fig. 25, capacitor C5 may be provided in parallel between the input inductor and the diode rectifier to provide a current-carrying path in the event of any short-circuit or other problem elsewhere in the circuit, and to provide a filtering function.

In another variant, the lighting system described above can become a system with adjustable brightness using a coil with variable inductance I 5, as shown in Fig. 27. As previously explained, the use of an input inductor of moderately high inductance is used to reduce the sensitivity of the LED power to changes

From the input voltage. The relationship between the change in the output current (which affects the power of the LED) and the change in the input voltage was described as: 0.974. ой 5 pihidvmey sumum PS can be expressed as: з5 0.974. oh 5

This equation means that the inductance of the input inductor can affect the power of the LED load. If the inductance of the input coil of the inductor I 5 can be changed, the brightness control function is enabled. By using a coil with variable inductance /5, as shown in fig. 27, the power control of the LED load can be obtained.

A variable inductance coil can be implemented in various forms. For example, fig. 28 represents an image of an inductor with tap adjustment. By controlling the switch or switches designated in this embodiment as 51 and 52 to determine the number of turns in the inductor, the amount of inductance can be adjusted. Fig. 29 shows another implementation of a variable inductance coil that uses a direct current in the auxiliary winding to vary the magnetic properties (such as saturation level) of the core to vary the amount of inductance.

Another aspect of the invention relates to power factor corrector circuits in general, which are used in reducing the output voltage ripple of the PS and/or the current ripple in the power conversion of the PS-PS. Based on the ratio of the capacitors used in power factor corrector circuits, output voltage ripple can be further controlled and reduced. So, it can be used to provide a voltage source

PS with even more reduced voltage change than, for example, described above. Also, if an inductor is connected to the output of the power factor corrector circuit to convert the voltage source into a current source, a current source with even more reduced current ripple can also be created.

This additional aspect of the present invention is particularly suitable for a large number of applications in which a sufficiently constant output current source is required. Thus, while this aspect of the invention will be described with reference to drivers for LED loads for general lighting applications such as those described above, this aspect of the invention may be more broadly applicable.

Power factor corrector circuits have been proposed as passive methods (without active power switches) for input power factor correction in DC-DC power conversion circuits and have been adapted to low-cost applications such as electronic ballasts and DC-DC converters. Modified versions of power factor corrector circuits have also been proposed for power factor correction. The two common features that these PFC applications share are that (i) PFC circuits are used primarily to shape the input current in a DC-DC power conversion circuit to improve the power factor and (it) use capacitors with the same amount of capacity in individual schemes.

As described above, power factor corrector circuits are used to reduce ripple or variations in the output voltage of the PA, so that a sufficiently constant current source can be created using a filter inductor. One preferred embodiment of such a scheme is shown in fig. 21, which, as mentioned above, can be included in lighting systems with active or passive start-up control devices. IN

From traditional applications of power factor corrector circuits, two capacitors C1 and C2 have the same capacitance value. This will allow the output voltage to be less than the output voltage of the diode bridge, meaning the output voltage ripple can be reduced by about 50 95.

If the circuit of the power factor corrector in fig. 21 is not used, a diode rectifier at the front end provides a rectified output voltage as shown in FIG. 30.

It can be seen that the rectified voltage of the PS reaches a maximum value at the maximum value of the input sinusoidal voltage and then drops to zero. However, when a C1-C2-220 μF power factor corrector circuit is provided, the output voltage of the PS that feeds the filter inductor Yi and the LED load has a much reduced voltage ripple, as shown in Fig. C31(a). In this case, the maximum voltage approaches 180 V, and the minimum voltage approaches 90 V.

It should be noted that smaller capacitors, such as C1-02-22 μF, can also be used. For a capacity of such a small size, electrolytic capacitors, which have a short service life, are not needed. Fig. 31(rB) shows the PS output voltage of the power factor corrector circuit with these smaller capacitors. It also becomes obvious the charging and discharging of the voltage in the capacitors, as shown in fig. 31(B), but the average voltage is close to that shown in fig. 31a).

In the cases presented in fig. 31(a) and 31(B), the ripple of the output voltage of the PS is about 5095 from the maximum value. This is a common feature of power factor corrector circuits in which C1 and C2 are identical. When the voltage of M2 is at its highest point, the output voltage of the PFC circuit, which is fixed by the voltage across the LED load, will reach its maximum value. The rectified input current charges two identical capacitors C1 and C2 equally through the diode U2, and therefore the voltages of the two capacitors at this moment are equal. It is worth noting that this voltage for C2 (half of the maximum voltage of the PS) is the maximum voltage for C2. Therefore, only full maximum voltage or half maximum voltage levels appear in the output voltage of the power factor correction circuit if C1 and C2 are large enough and have the same capacitance. It is worth noting that the lower voltage PS is actually the voltage on C2. With a decrease in voltage ripple to 50 95, the inductance of the filter coil of inductance I. can also be reduced.

However, the PS output voltage of the power factor corrector circuit can be reduced by a further 60 to further reduce the output ripple of the PS and/or the filter inductor size. It is well known that for capacitors connected in series, the voltage across each capacitor depends on the capacitance. Fig. 32 shows one example of two capacitors connected in series. It is worth noting that the current flow in this series branch of the circuit is the same in the two capacitors, regardless of their capacity. That is, capacitors have the same amount of charge for a given serial current flow. The voltage across each capacitor is inversely proportional to the volume of the capacitor.

In order to increase the lower level of the PS voltage (that is, the voltage on C2), you can choose the capacity of C2 smaller than the capacity of C1 (that is, C1 » C2). This rule ensures that the voltage on C2 is higher than 5095 of the maximum voltage of the PS. In order to confirm this concept, Si! and C2 are changed, respectively, to 6600 μF and 330 μF. Fig. 33 shows the resulting voltage

PS of the power factor corrector circuit, if this is done. You can see that the voltage ripple is now reduced to around 30 95.

Therefore, the definition of C1 » C2 further reduces the ripple of the output voltage in the power factor corrector circuit to reduce the ripple of the output inductor current and/or the inductance of the filter inductor.

It will be noted that any capacitors can be used, including electrolytic capacitors. However, non-electrolytic capacitors are preferred because they provide longer service life and higher reliability.

Further reduction of the voltage ripple of the output voltage Mz can be achieved by having a parallel capacitor Cz in parallel with the output of the power factor corrector circuit.

This provides a further reduction in the size of ITS input inductor, which, in turn, reduces cost. One embodiment of the invention, which uses such a parallel capacitor C3, is presented in fig. 37.

Referring specifically to FIG. 37, and 5 is an inductor used to control the flow of power into the LED circuit. It can be a linear inductor or a variable inductor. The diode bridge and the power factor corrector circuit rectify the input voltage of the M5 AC into the PS voltage with reduced voltage ripple (Mz). The output filter coil of inductance I (with the resistance K of its winding) is used to reduce the ripple of the output current Io.

Although the parallel capacitor C3 has been described as being connected in parallel with the output of the power factor correction circuit shown in FIG. 37, capacitor Cz can be similarly applied to other variants of the power factor corrector scheme. In addition, although the C3 may be of the electrolytic type, the C3 is preferably of the non-electrolytic type, which usually has a longer service life.

Instead of using the power factor corrector circuit as described above, a simpler circuit can be used that has a rectifier circuit with an output capacitor. In this version, the power factor corrector circuit is not required. Since their input inductor is large enough to filter the input current, the input current is mainly sinusoidal and has a low current harmonic content. The input power factor can be improved by using standard methods, such as using a parallel capacitor in parallel with the AC network.

An example of this variant is shown in fig. 38, which can again be included in lighting systems with active or passive start-up control devices. Namely, fig. 38 shows a circuit with a rectification circuit in the form of a simple diode bridge and an output capacitor C3 connected in parallel to the output of the diode bridge. The filter coil of the inductor of the output current is still required. K represents the resistance of the winding Y. The scheme shown in Fig. 38, does not require a power factor corrector circuit.

However, like the previously described variants of implementation, the circuit of this variant of implementation requires an input coil of inductance I 5 to regulate the flow of power into the LED load.

Part of the analysis detailed above for the input inductor I 5 in relation to the other options described above remains unchanged. In addition, Y5 can be either a linear inductor or a variable inductor.

The analysis provided above with respect to other embodiments is repeated below in the context of the embodiment currently described.

First, the equivalent circuit and vector relationship between Me and Ma are considered, as shown in Fig. 24.

According to fig. 24, we have

MB - MB I (vi-viv) (9)

I- M - Ma

Io in (10)

It can be seen from (6) that M2i depends on Mas, which is approximately close to Mo (approximated as a constant value). Using (8), 0.974. 01 5 (11) ifermization (11) will give fereshennsya

In (12)

Equation (12) is an important equation that shows that the input inductance Y5 can be used to reduce the change in the average output current Lo of the load for a given change in the input voltage DM of the AC network. Let's consider an example. For a 50 Hz AC network, the angular frequency c is equal to 1001, i.e. 314.16. For 5-1 Hn, the influence of input voltage fluctuations on the output average current will be reduced by 314.16 times, as shown in (12). For 15-52 GN, the reduction will be 618 times. In order for this sensitivity control to be effective, the inductance of the input inductor I xz must be moderately large (usually about

Henry or similar).

In order to provide a conducting path for the inductor current in I5 in case there is some problem elsewhere in the circuit that could cause a current drop, capacitor C5 can be placed at the other end of the input inductor, similar to the arrangement shown in Fig. . 25. This arrangement of 5 and C5 will also play an additional role as an input filter. But the main point of using the "big" I 5 here is to reduce the sensitivity of the output current of the load (and, thus, the output power of the load) of the proposed scheme to fluctuations in the input voltage.

The scheme presented in fig. 41, is another example of how to reduce power sensitivity. In this scheme, which can be included in the system with active or passive start-up control devices, the capacitor Cx and the winding are introduced. As shown in fig. 42, the phase difference between Iz and -Ix is relatively small (which can also be understood from experimental existing waveforms), and, as an approximation, the two currents can be considered to be in phase with each other.

When the input voltage Me increases, the current Iz increases accordingly, as does the induced flux fo». Since f': and fo are in phase, the equivalent inductance of I 5 increases, resulting in reduced power sensitivity.

From The above theory can be verified by a simple scheme presented in fig. 43, the experimental results for which are presented in fig. 44. It can be seen that under the same input voltage, when the switch is on, the input current Iih« decreases (ie, the double amplitude decreases from 4.12 A to 3.88 A), which is equivalent to an increase in the inductor I 5. It will be clear that there are other options that can use the features presented in fig. 41 as those which also include a power factor corrector circuit or in which the output capacitor Si connected in parallel with the diode bridge output is replaced by a power factor corrector circuit, both of which have been described above.

In some embodiments described above, the input inductor I15 is used to limit the flow of power into the LED load and filter the input current. The use of the input inductor Y 5 ensures the resistance of the LED driver to emissions, such as lightning and large voltage spikes in DC networks, because the inductor is a good low-frequency filter. Therefore, the use of an input inductor in the LED driver described above is particularly suitable for outdoor applications. However, for some indoor applications, the size of the LED driver can be an issue.

One way to reduce the size of the LED driver is to replace the input inductor Y 5 with an input capacitor Cx, as shown in Fig. 39. In order to reduce the inrush current when the LED driver turns on, the anti-surge component (X) can be connected in series with Sv, as shown in fig. 39. The LED driver is suitable for applications where the AC mains voltage is fairly stable, such as indoor applications. The anti-surge component (X) can be a small inductor or a temperature-dependent resistor (for example, a temperature-dependent resistor with a negative temperature coefficient with a high resistance in the cold state and a low resistance in the hot state).

The second way to further reduce the size of the system shown in fig. 39, is to add a capacitor C in parallel to the input inductor I, as shown in fig. 40. By adjusting the IC values as a resonant filter at the pulsation frequency, which is 100 Hu for a 50 Hz AC network and 120 Hz for a 60 Hz AC network, the GI value. input coil inductance can be reduced.

It will be readily understood that both of these above ways of further reducing the size of the system apply individually or together to the options described above and other options. For example, it will be easy to understand that the circuit of the power factor corrector shown in fig. 39, can be replaced by other variants of the power factor corrector circuit, with or without the output capacitor C3. The scheme of the power factor corrector shown in Fig. 39, can also be replaced by simpler circuits, such as a circuit with only the output capacitor C3. And indeed, the embodiment shown in fig. 40, includes an output capacitor C3 instead of a power factor correction circuit, but it will be readily understood that variations of the embodiment shown in FIG. 40, may also include a power factor corrector circuit instead of or in addition to the output capacitor Cz. However, it should be noted that in some embodiments, such as that particularly shown in FIG. 40, the inclusion of a power factor corrector circuit in addition to the output capacitor C3 would make the power factor corrector circuit redundant and therefore unnecessary to include.

As indicated, the above schemes can apply to both passive and active systems.

However, with particular reference to active systems, embodiments include single-stage

ZS-PS power converter or two-stage ZS-PS and PSO-PS power converter to convert the ZS power source to the PS power source to drive the LED load. According to preferred embodiments of the invention, the power of the LED is allowed to vary to reduce the energy storage requirement of the DC-DC power converter so as to eliminate the use of high capacity electrolytic capacitors. ZS-PS power converters could be step-up

Of type (such as boost converter), buck type (such as forward converter) or boost/buck type (such as flyback converter,

Chuka and asymmetric converter of constant voltage on inductor coils (ZERIS)).

It is worth noting that the proposed relaxation of the output power control to provide a specific range of power variation in the present invention enables the existence of mode-switching power converters where the normally tight output power regulation must be easily varied without a significant redesign process. By simply relaxing the output power control loop to allow the output power to vary within a specific range, the energy storage requirement can be relaxed and thus the need for an electrolytic capacitor can be eliminated.

As an example, if the output power is tightly controlled to be constant (ie output power variation is 0 95), the peak-to-peak power variation in the energy storage buffer is -100 95 of the average power (see Fig. 5(5)), and therefore a large capacitor is required. If the output power is allowed to vary by 540 95 average output power (Fig. b(a)), the energy storage requirement and hence the size of the storage capacitor can be reduced by 40 9o (Fig. 6(B)) and still the minimum output power is 60 9o average output power, which means that the flickering effect will not be noticeable due to the relatively large and continuous output of the luminous flux. In practice, the change in output power up to 50 95 average output power is acceptable without noticeable flicker even at network frequencies

Hz. 50 The present invention in its preferred forms provides a generalized method of eliminating the use of electrolytic capacitors in both passive (i.e. without actively controlled semiconductor switches) and active (i.e. using actively controlled semiconductor switches) LED drivers by limited variation of the LED load power within a predetermined range as a means of reducing the requirements for energy storage in the process of energy conversion and maintaining the continuous PS component of the light flux to avoid a noticeable flickering effect.

The following table provides a summary of the advantages of this invention compared to systems known from the prior art.

oh howling sleep! 0 fonuhnnnysnosib 000 Proposed and s fish-stable output 00 Pulsating o! (snposibi-outgoing page) | output ' current with a limited ooo peguzhnnit; "Mine! Pyhidny. Post yney | BVelykha zny | It's a change! current | n strength 2 about strength with ; ! m points of zero continuity I now Nv. cheek | by current: and N E same SN IN NN I kish Y Hey y: : ! and ! oVymogedeo 00 Big Little Sweetie accumulation | : ! ener | Mezrien (Blektrolytncheny o KBlectrolytncheny: and electroparticles and capacitor not s kondenevtor not : : hondensitor p vetribsyu popnoev o Coekti NO Yes NO: s inemia of changes (weight of change limited to changes ! multiplicity o poOtEgE from power with !

In general, although the invention has been described with reference to specific examples, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in many other forms.

It will also be clear to those skilled in the art that the features of the various described examples can be combined in other combinations.

Claims (15)

FORMULA OF THE INVENTION 1. An LED lighting system comprising: a driver for receiving DC input power (AC) and generating output power, the driver having an energy storage element for storing said DC input power as storage power when said DC input power is higher than required, to generate the specified output power, and to supply the specified storage power when the specified input power of the AC is lower than that required to generate the specified output power; and at least one LED receiving said output power; wherein said driver allows said output power to vary by a predetermined amount such that said at least one LED provides a continuous flux visible to the human eye, and said energy storage element has a reduced capacitance requirement because said predetermined amount is increased, said driver comprising circuitry a rectifier for rectifying the specified input power of the DC and generating the rectified power of the PS (direct current), and an output capacitor connected in parallel with the specified rectification circuit. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said output power has an average output power, and said predetermined value is no more than about 50 95 of said average output power. 3. The system according to claims 1 or 2, which differs in that the specified driver contains: the first scheme for reducing the voltage ripple of the specified rectified power of the PS; and a second circuit for generating the specified output power in the form of a current source; said at least one LED receiving said current source as an input. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein said first circuit includes said output capacitor connected in parallel with said rectifier circuit between said rectifier circuit and said second circuit. 5. The system according to any of claims 3-4, which is characterized by the fact that the specified second circuit is a current ripple reduction circuit. b. The system according to any of claims 3-4, characterized in that said second circuit includes an inductor. 7. The system according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the input power of the DC is provided by a source of input power of the DC, and the specified driver includes: means for reducing the sensitivity of the specified output power supplied to the specified at least one LED to fluctuations in the voltage of the input power of the DC . 8. The system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the input power of the DC is provided by the input power source of the DC, and the specified driver includes: an input inductor provided in series between the specified source of the DC input power and the indicated rectification circuit. 9. The system according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized by the fact that the specified input power of the DC is provided by a source of input power of the DC, and the specified driver includes: an input capacitor provided in series between the specified source of input power of the DC and the indicated rectification circuit. 10. The system according to any one of claims 1-9, which is characterized by the fact that the operating and/or design parameters of the specified at least one LED are selected so that the specified value, by which it is allowed to change the output power, can be increased. Zo 11. A system according to any one of claims 1-10, characterized in that the thermal characteristics of said at least one LED are selected such that said predetermined amount by which said output power is allowed to vary can be increased. 12. The method of operation of the LED lighting system, which includes the stages: ensuring the input power of the power supply; rectification of the specified input voltage of the AC to generate the rectified power of the AC; generating output power to supply at least one LED; storage of the specified input power of the ZS as accumulative power in the energy storage element when the specified input power of the ZS is higher than required to generate the specified output power; supplying the specified storage power from the specified energy storage element when the specified input power of the DC is lower than required to generate the specified output power; providing an output capacitor for receiving said rectified PS power, and allowing said output power to vary such that said at least one LED provides a continuous flux visible to the human eye, and said energy storage element has a reduced capacitance requirement as said predetermined amount is increased. 13. The method according to claim 12, which is characterized by the fact that it includes the steps: reducing the voltage ripple of the indicated rectified power of the PS; generation of the indicated output power in the form of a current source from the indicated rectified power of the PS with reduced voltage ripple; and applying said current source as an input to said at least one LED. 14. The method according to claim 12, which is characterized by the fact that it includes the steps of: providing a DC input to provide the specified DC input power, and reducing the sensitivity of the specified output power supplied to the specified at least one LED to voltage fluctuations of the specified DC input power. fUizhku:ue HEARS ZUE VE Kivone lemki klu zho MYLY ЖК КТ КК Ж ЗК КК ОКА ДУ MK Ж D aku ooo ovi ZU x 7 SU NMY y 1 x Z game I Kivin nci X gain I EC WOVK PO Cascade | | Eretvorychka, penny! пн и Эх и I еолаж кукия джему Sян щ ГТ НИ Вот My NU pimple DYKO I rya KA IZ MevekYA Z BO i: Ne sr xx Klometiii GKD KNKIM SUK NN NN I NN EZENE kNIVaNiagii KI INK VUKE Went KODAK D DOTI Du IZ i rya and OT e her wife x sah NE ' their OT i - x VKA ' x K MY 1 AKKKKKKKkkKKH re MKK i t : I: zho u a i s o A v a e x i x. shocio In alive scraps In vve In XE | Wauveries, I have a heaven ZhEk and I and the same X XI it in the Ie Ie, and these in many capacity Tuns, beige. SHO re»she background boefh: І і: ЕС х х 5 m в я ой цение І ? 1 NO N y il y chips U y cha szhkovyuho gi papa MMK MMK m mk Ж ХК DT или Hkliliyu mot EI Kaszhe і N KU g baskad N aa se sya h day yut Ж fronti sei Ж ooo NO: Muses NE oso MEM fMehomenamoya 00 H oookoo oko kossososnyu tek h i EE KI BI her x her x i nakamitsi h oon E ee SHI x TAJ ZHI i hi POWERFULLY EAT WITH i i i gak shchen N YE OK NMYH I Ka «rzhh tse i: V OZHENIZH ; and t Ko and Her and N PI sh: і і і vky KUM MMK UM. Her ; І і ИЗ і N і Hm OK zhе SO m a s m v v Ha sha zhkk tt і ak х sut kususiesyu Erik yami dinnia Tu nIVVNya Powerful v I і v U х х х 1 і: У і і such a medicine. Z che ie i aku dek Uh EH NETv i SEU PE ZHNKOVO s: S EM NKU v i: re Z Kk V: y Y -2 x dxx x « Z Z I och I EE U IZ Ken sk frh V IZ Z 3. U y kh y v ud rlii Mosk k zhk "fu ikh y y Z mag y U y 3 xx x heat y gru ey 3 BEK sovu ko E ХЕзж NK, ZY t M pi y V ikrynki mchi hik VK y POEM KNYZAHCHI more p kh N N N E: 12 fl Z utukatyu san Mkkvkkku Tschi o vyh yi a i kh yi y y SHO hekozhyuyu EE Ka Ya ek UKV, CHE mekhmmh EN y Grain and pn zo zva n them I UA their y N ES MO U stupid 00 ur TE y WavenIshche Her hi KUKI yuch NS Я N rot tyu xx N s I VE ZK a vol U y zhennyv Z NE syh ke : ih ! m i zzhnik of the UN and her and ; μm VHF o dos x U y KO y x 2 lily nn Khukhzhnyutyunk y, y Le zhrzhyuyu zhhu tyyuyu zhk kyu Ш ШЖ yuyu Ш Zhuk zh Ш zhk mi ly y ik ky kh. KZ i x V. shoi J te - Z Birrtko kvi, ah hi yi Uiooru amy muki KTK NOI Vilna Bufernyuvanya 4 z : y ikh Okh Y : yi «: ts Hek, nn PeKUZHNYI ko z UNN ST i shchey TOK i BU KU i and Gn Kesh - N N i ? From ped ke: 1 st MI st 7 gusak: In zhsvyh there is also time NEO V Petryk KOZH and her slllyalsyas" JUE Klum also how. zehkhchuu or ME that Uh vna se U y TK h i is Her x. Si z sha p p i still B) they nn nn: chis skh onny voyko. Ko i z ak i : children mkm Y Mo SIMKA KK N Zh x ih. : N her name N Ku i Kk N Ya N : y i: s : : K і B : х х іх Ша іх N i SHK EE х ж ож t Ж і I і- : N veni she nn і і і шк t u bliskrymukiynkk M ykh i pe Bush ХХ use EI Mother's tongue ii Y : ro i : ra ore, shk I M sha OK H 4 N . and Ka : Her and : y Goes to х Ko kom U Ko vk 1 : і I : і і х I U In the band KTK eh t Teka TKdh iklEshchytsiV OV BU m ChNO nina a a y No : and І і some 5 tni, zma ik tu B 1Peratvanoyaiya : p Eli te SY nakintaanih Mo mahy stitched ped and 1 Not Mzh KD ME roti zhk i 1: : Still NISHNNINN NeFEN I ! Moss WHAT skkui ren ryh ne : N I : and I N nu zhu tnyu tnyuUNANX I. I N Nhenya ha viziana NOTU TEЇ: і: 1 sel i і z 1 en і a a p В N i o u E KZ KN: Ж N g KZ KAK і: y nin pi nyny o? Х fenu: их: з х х х Э Э Э I KO х: 3 У х: GOD benefynnnnnunnnnnnfnntutya х 5 З х fitnnnnnnnnni их и (Z KU х х ж х КЯ х Нож НУ В ОЖ ОС деко оон О 1 х N z ; x Y OO MY i m KKU fu ku fe : z g: i - i Z i: : IK ih x u i x t x x i Okh 5 x Z i N Her zhd ho x x i I ef fany i : ож 01 5: хх х 3 х I U od I BK Z Zhyly y ; x ZK, ХВ still BU in u we : N Zhefliu vu. ze g : Kuk igralyusmh E dekah dl JAN in her E JANV to zakanev Cook: 1 Y : so : NO oj I : No 3 N TOJ pudu "denkntlinlyanyazhnlya books yuyu yunaknya ny NAAN ЖЖ я кт и 1 a N sa i и KU : her ih Km it, m drink , whining, pt ti, drink U и g І І І І І E same ! i x kl KU Y I Z 3 o; : Я гу ще и и КУ x 3 Her КЗ : vyм ШЭ 2 and pom shik wa ih zann sh yannia rev vd 1 5 shk U zach sgo s "ih: M aa, yoschOoya Ge --I i 5... pli : No! : WE ; N : KOM OD dDuchuuiim it net titiktk nki : NO i : : NI Kukzhracekni : I V i Every field of time and H 7 N ts 1 N . : Her Me g i s ; and ! and Z : 1 -vr V fe fenfth kefernh Z x ih i i o. Охи хх ПИ ЯНА и Ж da g хи и п НН: ГОЖОВЕ ке fe в Еч: их и х Eк х r KE ж х 7: TOB ver den щ Z: ЖХ denni ож ї х х В х. х Хи fe ххх I shen nn nn y V V PK W ON Y Sche U y s Z y I X Ko Be ke k y AJ x щ 5 х х х A ИЗ 7 РИК r; х и и: и и : ЕК 1 5 из ии I : хх : 3 : : ије - что sk N : IZ ke sche Zhe I voza zva u V Kevin : : V YAN ! Mymoga zo pakevychenne puki AND MORE: ! Because Z rema a Y 1 : : i es : : NZ : : i ek v v r : ih : dich sia I owl; : ROZHODromenifinnunya ne zhk kkknkya en feny eh nyu KK ROK ke x I N Oh, Kz y 7 i ih : i : GU «VE Zrenkhiyuninyan t Kok KK KT u u zhu : dukha ekv kt i E Jacket ! Yah Kitutsika ZnduKumnCC p a o CHYN N To Nhnya Vo bali 110 yun KO UK : ! WE a era PAK o Me Madiyayu Z zasne i. M fofvnaryayuhr r POSSIBLE ivan KA Same mortgage tui and and and zoasrynih and A KNyU t - piy - fey aura Du ! in KIM t bare i - N: nn nn in I: HOW t Capable of herucei go tm DUMU hosts Um Ku ME N . VkmnyaV : Her Tsirliny : y Zhlzhyukh May, vyh : zh Manu eh xxx sieve A schemes Z Zhym: used to yawning | Voeyuvya, | noz Ya osey PERE UK nemkhn yan kny e NOW OR IN Mn i Z UK oi oi : eh kove and wig Y r y ' MON NU fo : uch They lived LY X WHAT: - i feya their she chin Zhe Kb ka m x thing em, zu their Kanny stvum zh peven U g y ay Uzh iE h y In chich - zysk i x 0 piky forum puli KO vruma p p a a KK v v nn ZI KA NYA y pu KY still dyk p M І I se: і і І Х і піценіня goats stuUM Goes kkd Ж zhihuit t zhzhki 0 VMeshNpTENtsaM SULDNY WE І i : : : : hih FI e Cht asan i x : : N i N GU rntnkkucha sreeeteyuennnny : i x i N IZ 1 i odiilu dk kzhnuyauiya i i i ! хЭ х нный у N M ИЗ EN х хи и и Эх : х Ж Ж : и и х -к и т ржшК Н х ия ха U и manni Ki. : X t i 5 07 ioofeekmi - ! НЙ and І Yours: removal of the Horse E šy Ekh m: pzhhia ok і 5 1 trіh і і Mеkyu ХУК і і 14157 N х her and her. I - ; m shi V Z Her KZ their hu Her i fo ber i EE KU N i Z I z N N Maya Kenknnnnnu i Kol i 5 1 N i 1 Z x GMoeeenny i i i : : i X i I OO : K : Z i i their N and N: and and Hu! And xx they peck Z even more. In ZK group N 4 E sunshE U fu uky kAANANNNK : i N : E : Her U 2 : : oh y 1055 N ii ii ii ; hron N i. sdvy U x : ia: SHE SCHO NN ZE tk 45 is U i i ke YAN i i i EU i Kooruyszhtnnani t Z Mei NK : E ECZ i 11 ! EN N U z y y he. Ж Я OT i VV dme pek tk E і і N mu B KU Km en nu H 3 I і N н NNYA 5. t ih h і k zh re Х х 5 4 ih H І ; : 5 5 THEN I : r : i; her Y y : plus HER EN N no enny Ki i: y - herhyd Y rya TYN : NOT y 1: vi ME KU rya y : their KU ny y y. kh t BZH Co of zh 5 I a N y x H MNN y N yi N: gu N i: х xx i N 7 и N H A N t х KM KU N BU KZ х Я HID A DED DV en KO ze Y i y ! 4 I pekefottyuttmy pekuche i pe IZ i i 2 Uk eh N i h g ZA i ! x KUNA NI Ka and Ky shcha same X Medove x | And her | | and MK! and puh E N N i z she t Э her M: Her і pn nya : ihmihu : і і х І lu N і 3 KE і IZ ех EE IY і GU 1 Z something shcha iya : х Ah She. Mk Ha t E ! i: u z Her I I i i i i i od ienenyankfoveettyutnyayai i: KK ; With Beh! : And eat! ; ' | ! X; and she and pezhzhhnfeyuyutyayayaya and "uzzhzhzhi ekyu and Dadeekyuyuitkkny a zhk WHAT en opt AMKU; det yuki and ! "g he vezh is still x : SOJ aty and more | y 7 KK NK remykh y kh m Kk A Sh : n le U 3 now I in E x sya la 7 y Bej ih : y Z E : EI I y KKU Ken ne g: Esh ! TU pika Na Esh i g 5 "АЖ июня Ne Z i i 1 E : i i i ! ДН I: С I: N i xx KU EM background 4 ' і I і х Live, sho and х. : i ii U: Demy NN i ny renya ! she still eri M i Her 3; -th their V SHE g i SUYA 1 and her VO Met i and Z 7 2 already DON Ko and shchi their 7 1 th their and XX HA» r THIS her and BAGS ped my tu in sh o u M LJ Trfony y y y her i What M M still 7 y: sawing tyzhnka and M shk enya:y pk knahkkkkzhknazhakkyunya i; I'm waiting for you: shk and FO. 5 s i t si diko NI y-- 1 MN : shk PE SHE M! І дою ню Н ЗАХОЩХУе ж І GB ee and I прия and ! 2nd horse; zi ie her GI B u Esh MKOSHcheya yi yi : N yi YA oh Christya br ) yi yi i kh Mrsnunya royu, : E I and Ж! WHAT IS IT : Z i ren m - VMO N E : H 7 NE NN t. E ! more a і ИZ I: I sei THEY і I 1 іni UVA rr er t More AH SHA schi - KOM o ХК і і і 1 Ne KZ tai s. E and i і і біхІ schi ІІВ I bark BT To KOM. and write m and Remove m SHY and depo ech chuk shi shi imya ttytya shcha ; nen and ZHE Miliieliuya te pod ; | more What is the price Z Ne etskkntnu che pnya Z g UIZHM MAADAKAH ALANA AL St ; ; ; n tu a : " y ; : how pochi x Z y: y y y d zh: NO V 175 Her 3 11 them I x I and her M Gah EN 25.24 and NK V z M U 13 NP NI: M NV MORE | : no and ref BEAVER r: i: Kr en NN A NOT y: i i WITH ME same gu HER Ri g REVE Her ti Vi MECH NI ! i : iiI Z her x NISHU BR IN BACK. i 11: I RI 1: ІІНН Z 5:51. IN A NA NNY NE NN ZE НШШ НН SD DOES NOT KNOW HER: KOH, І - і і 111, NOT A ENN I ZA BEiya tt g В! 1311 Ballet M: Shcho nin ne і Kr three N BE NYA ET ZA NN . ih i IN ri ENN ri I Bl; SCHE her NI i: : her i Gi EE ta: N Z ORE TI i ii i BABY 17 NU NDU Ж ve Nu 1 11, І Kk: і Ku I: Run to TYA and І І E : ! Bureau NIA ; KE and g nka I TREK FROM BATH OR KG NOW NIA NIA I E and ENSHNE BOX her 1 NE ro OO 2.0. IN: : EE Cat: NOT I. -1 ee and them РРО 1.31 un, Ve ZORI, ENN N INN ИЗ ri: Tesrk I i і EE SCHI SCHI SCHI Bezh N : KO her Kz VAZ EO N sho zh Hog NE U NI EE OV NNYA and NN NE MN: OBO BO Fen NYA KO Ne I her ORE YareYayae Esh i i NEK NN NI ee: Or U : re ot E NE: UNO Ok A SCHE i ON NI NN IN y U I; NIA OO u OV EN ZE U VE ovi BOTH NE UNK: NE SCHI M SHEU IN: OBO ' Shk i! MOB Ne V MO KOVO VO OOV, in KIN ! вх not to her but Duseeeettetyuyuyuttje yayu tin on "VK Z -k What where are wei g, Not shk UEEV ЖЖ fany Ko. MK am fu u ty i TI KITA tt DY TD t Kt kozh ShMZHV ii ii ii : : : pi DY Z NA NN A a Z Z NN AN AN But NOBODY write xx NA snya i ny i in Ж ZK NI y vimy shimi ши ши ше We и ши MV ME ХХ Ma m v v EE ER. v. 1 11. y. GEO Tk gi eat her: ! ! Her KE with Ya and KA. Mr. KD. K aku MV i Z LE CHA LE SHE ME ke ku i x z E. m i z t “. 34 , bony yuku i u yan et ki zhk yuke et tyuyuyuyutnnny zp ; jo m o v Kk o a p v p i o o o Her: there is KhDU deninnnntkniatnnnknnu - - y NO ! : : ! WE A she g; a I I AM I ME M EE u pe o p EE I DE ČL I 7 ZE lk NI DK i dy nki ny KN NK A ANNA hi You Ve M o We NE ZY Z WE You ZM MV Chak YOU ZMK VV i i SHE CHK YN: ZE SU EE rye BE OT 3 3 u 1, M chi U U CHE N pdkh 0 SDN; in Okh 0. SHE zh o ONE SON NI mo. NBU SON ZANNNK S -V MOSCOW N : N pi : : i E : : и Й : Н Н : Н ШУ Meienyuyuyutyekyunyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuutnyuutzhkkkkyuyuyuuteetkkyuueeeeeeteyuyeekkyyuyuye kyuyukt nanya jya yun AAAAAKKKKKK YUK AAAAAANKYAI plE STILL we from ju between times FN a dnk EK YUK TE ROK TT TK KKU CAT KK KU RUK i : pl tt In the racket this one U KKUTTt UTUUT UKUMUUU KKATKN KAKUUU UUUU : I x - I her i : uk tho od» Z oh oFoyu moe Mo oh oh everything is poison. Z: Ek nin nin NN tv ni SHK ya! Me NE she r NE: : : «y : : | ии TMM JE mesy mi, po yn sadn A ne y H 1 NU N ' sho : : g 5 PE yah heh xxxh ojyuh xx: oi Her shh ! and and! Ж Ж : Н : и ии и ше Э : 3 : : и15 и о : N BO I schi 1 7 N in Her EC : OKO: Y : : : Z N them : KK 8 s : I IN NAME SV M : : : From her 1: th XE : : I : i ZO Ku oh K ch i tr V, 21 EY bezinchinnial et nya 8. noi y RO S im 5 DakhktkunkKuM iz NBU 1 yah nn ka a OZ : o more : fozhoonyuheky semphekek ehiih EM : : ih Ж: 4 and | ии VODO YADDK ef tyty otit sh-k schi kh, y I NU still in yav y y fmeobhysleky "tsik AS KIM I N : NBU Ta Z unenkhin ekon ki ktttyuizhetyannuyuyikzh books y NK her : : i I zho : oh : : y I ke і: іі і N:: і i Гі' 3 pen kA n; her ! nn en nn nn nn they p V i : i i RU ah x ZE x z X z i i i i i i N i 1 U V ekeyuchuhh u tki M R i Z ZE uv» zni SL ! BNO Don't eat it! Poems nn nn Y Her N : : : : і u i i I : : : : і : : : : : : i і 1 : N іі NN : і o nn memes to drive I py tents : Eh Z ! ! We do not : ! NU Those Czech horrors hmm zho: ke dm va iya ; y Berya: no Zh. : : Pe nn v o E NN N EK V ne g t I meh ni N GE : : kozh X SCHO NE NK N : shh No I b : N Zh V E se Z ! t, r Vyko Yarom tyu info Fh? H 15 Tukk zhk sche : a o N N IK : Us : E : NKU 1 U : sh y me : ih H 7 M 1 KZ t 7 : N y y re : E : : : ! i N z : i : : h : NI i 1 Z : i i N ; Her ka in E; I N i NACHI ZSH 7 V Y i N : i KHE i V i u eyazhvysyh V IKPIMTSOME MA N 3 N x i i N : xx i i i x i V. kot i x 1 x sec. juices "ts x x x GY 1 i I Idy si tsoho and ojtih z chord ME N N NE i Zhe Shk ni a a NK VN 5: GE i : 7 Ei z i i KU i : I E : : : N them Z i : U - her i7oov : I ; BEN KI in Her ! 7 th y y 7 th y N y N y : 3 з z х 51 Н : и : : и U ry zhyuhyu ku stuk V TK N yi Kuye zvo KZ : i x : : i nn a a a p a a I Z » pk v BZh p Klen i RAD : U N ky : 1 i : ' : N i : sya N o i ih E N i i ' i : i : : : : i i : : N : and eat i zu i N Horror Horror 1. az still and M VZ oka shchy Z N i | Me I and I and : : : I and menya N N z ; N sh, vah : i : S N I gri g Bk i rennya fol fr ba 00 X KO -iii N : I N Be N NI: I : N : : M N i. and i same i Mk : N OschЯАИ шЯ s, : N o: : N N N i : o: N 3 i : : E z v v BEU m N N u i E : i z 1 Neo I : M i oi : Her ; h E I i IZ i I N : cho RI mk Me re nn i NP V VO VO i - : sadi Z : : N : N oo ME on s NI yan o NN m ny ony IN CHI pvaAadAapldplpvapnpnapAly sha TA vv viv iy o NEO VO OO ovecha AKA A Bosh r shu m: ek You NV NN Z M nn i VN V ZY ona vk SIANU : N Y i ЖЖЩЖК Mesniki UK Kut uki i u GA - ЖЖЮ ME Her x "w. RAN U PUUTUTU KT i UNK U U u un : H 1 KU pk K KK GY» Koch y zhkh ko CHO m sa I s tk KK in KAK yah yah, KO KA OV u i ana ek an kn V Na in M Ne KN NA M omm M V kV S V KM M p M V S S M SM VU pk : i 1 i N : : r : : 1 i - i N : i N : : i i I ruch V 2 Zh TU I Zneisem until it GU che Thrace for ah. vata zushduese yin KK amy WE COAL ge SHE i Nd p p i: i sche Y i SCHE ! and on not: MOH i i a EN AKA KAAA Y pi o s Ne V V M ShK ShK o V NE V SHE Ion yan she pen i in Se i ke U E U hy Me - M y o wa chi sce B m ZE SN x KASH i zv: Z : i N : N re Kut is WE WOMAN puskova E I zon KO, Her : : : her k Ka meh g No I I them their them OO U their xx gentlemen i: i i EV NA ZY A ON I CHNI Fort A NE o V M You Sp S M S M S M M M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S JAN BI ven mn wn v nn E: i aka Akzh o "AKyu. bug "VK N i 1 flkhmosmmk meh fak FkhYu eoggo ovo ShkhkhA vezh zedo V as i: sem i i Ne nn SM i V i V KM z yavka: Be i 1 1 : a STV. zrtze st un: rock MK: 3 E Y she: and their N: in I same them 1 N Z V N N Z A; PAUL Ne ZY g 3 song I KO se M Ve Id b, and their i yah Z i N iya: i ZBE I o: : OM OH m piti S NE: i . : : Ж 1 : Ж: : E ii N E ii tou x feeotnninn yi EM zhk o dim yo. oh : ; i i: 1-x: UZH N ih Ei N A N Y M Kk I: Z Z gi RO rrnya h shcha Pan 1 izh I Jh pnennyi i ii 1 sh N Zhe i pofochkomihakok govyh hohyh i N N izh I y: і Z і і і BOB m to blow ; Ach i r Ov du Bezh yna skh tsykhoi eclipz skin ih! N V Her N : dily tlya tin ADAL ATAK kt tyzh i i her o : : :Z What nn V tah : : and what Nvya I I eat her i i xx E: . and Z zhk znan pen nin nyk v u y i y KU : xx y KU x Х і і і : і і і N dol A Kesuzhvuk spgziukakh VAZ uh і N Er zeknvet dvva KE E and pegitniitnii nty tn tt TAANI KANT KAK K ZHUANA CHK NN : x : Tx p. nn v i i FEH gueyientkhyuittya cake yuyu ZHAN kn tt sti - - ; N : ШЕ : : и : Н : р : : : и : : : и Й В : : Н ШЕ: и min ; ; pinni N NN sh-k I sho Z E Zh. : ! и х Й : а пи НН : Ки х У : VOОЖ о Бе Ж, : Гай се 5 ; ho Y Noya as some, me Mch i TOLIA ЖЖ "Dmzhkyu lk. zzhzhkh, Suzhyu MKK tm, I pielyuzhnkoteoh ko zhi! ии ШУ Я ТК и Я Я Я 1 я рей : Я ии з E жом кох штох жох юмех и и чн и их : Я Е НВ НН їв NN: ; : shchi SHE GE NK : i i KOH | their I : : Iii 1 Same SY Shk. nin ROM zhk. esnnodknny Kn ony pt yanya lah i : WHAT IS SU OYI y : : 1 Z zhen i t І і і : І same КИ : Е: з их : ЗИ : : і N r ! ШВ В войен ін ін: N TOJ U I -3 o NN N i I B N x - focus on the screen of these Y i N Ot H 5 Z E x. Y SH U i N N BU : B : zov MKM M'OKuomkk MZHK more and N ozh eh vy in, Y Vy M pi yan N Z : : : I : u Zh : x : : iiy ! 1 th th Y th : N N th every p KN : i : i 7 th t ! In m: y x of 3 g. their E! I IH uu bitches ik check VTK Uk N I roki zano cha E Ya. BC v. Ek ZEUh Z KE i; -E E her t N N N N NYA and her ina E for Z : N ! nn pov Z KE i i : і N х і Uh I lo bach E che I U 1 EV KO "kozh ve : Z N y: Mo I ih. he Aa : I V i x k 1 (Z ' 1. E N i N N i i NN N N N yam mk denniy E i 33 : i I pe zmi Her i : I : N : MUK Uh i 12003 pet v : eh hee St : ha Her tro oi I : ii ii N i NIS H : : A i ii N ii how I roya Z Z N shcha zh shchi "Y i ! E Ot : I Khapts : i oi : : TU N nn nn sn : Mao N : : i Ka i Zhizhzhntttnt nih. : N Y N o i seozhu In KE lo ZE me ih nn a Ko KO KKU pound le : sleeps І : 7 : і I I Н N 1 N :. : N i KN she she she nn o p N : : i i : - i ie I z titi ia tik m she i i i i i ; and ZV Mknintnnnyaya tyu yuyu yuchy yuky yayu t kuki tyuki KZho Zhe 5 s nen y SCHO ZD pn se sek : : i i : : 3 i ikh --o : m he i. sh- NU TsTK MTU u tu Um pu i UT U Uzh M nya that 1 x : : : u : : i with : momu vnymi and tutenn! ; pi chn p no p NI be Z i : i i J 7 i i I V ozh nn ee mya pa ZLE KEeoku; fuchovku hek "Fa Sassn nok Z u shchdj ZKKDU duet u u u escape idtnu pek SO i : : N "shchih at least in V oo Mn i SV o o S si B: - V i i i . With H? : i : i : i : i PI Gollya horrors Ah KAH ANT KAK KK KAK AMK ANA AH Ko ЖААА th kl lnchnnnoY Tivat MMKUHE TIK vessels VU ; It is important S N I i 5 : Z E : i 22 feod o i V even B h t Y i vad : ! : i I : N E : 1 DID Men decree KAH KAK KAMYU UA KA Kat nnyIA MAH eh BU la zasisny dnih khim FV nn a ! i N " N : : : N 1 : s o v v i er : 1 en NN NN WINE i NU : More : y : Й : Б " : Й NKU N і і Z : : t : 5 eh ah u - sih к ще в Ж 000 и : 1 И и : : оман Н - Ж N и х и и х : И реж и I : че : ије З : Н Н хх Н х В: EI : и Н и ХЕ и : KE: No, Mom. t. Jean mnaty tod mit Km enmmy. neck N zha ZK e EE : : ii i i shk : 4 o. 1 х 1 Ж и : so : : : и и и В и ИЗ : и и ТЕ и. : : : I : i Eh i o V : EK V NI Tako SHA yan Rye o p i yo. leading N NEBU M i Z: N pn a N : NKU i shcha o dezhenomnomyi "soraneke ah : i N pk i Zh 4 y : Go tom Teny no dya ssh sht : vo NYA s x :OshOiK re y : fol lom sh yni mah U mih V і і NU ne; i A Z gi NU i shchi : nn o : : IT donya nn : To her my petmyitnya Ei - g: U I E | : And ; : и : ECZ и : ии : pu nn nn a nn vn na i : i Z h ce i zv 2 yah 5 zB i ! : Них чечик з КК and Е EvBugnost sim o SU VA Z ZE. More ; ; Y Y N N : : : : Ti : : : y Y N N m I N : : Y N i N 7 zho Zh. y y Ne : : : I u Klen zo -k :. N in BO 1 : : the same; I'M HORRIFIED! : pvoshke : B : I і і sho і what i і і7 same JANV i N SE a Z WE B eh zak DE : Ne іi NEON i KI : : r NE dk I pon ofN KV, nya run away NE х V ny: ! in Ki V i y , : i : sh Mody r xz : : I N EM oz sh- nnya M v p M KE still pk : : : N : y: y. ! ! ! and the sheath now is not NN sn SHE x I Y tom ekeokon sKktezhehyuy kkschoh N and N o. Ki I x I; их хр Я : ии 3 3 Z ZK uovnisnonov квбхитный ех имиянахх Ki јей Oko humh o vytshe Su shk - m 5 ИЗ ke M i : foru ryu : N N IV : : : : : NO AC. : i. : : НН и Z х х 3 т и SU: Include ode SOKU; SZNNNEEN Be "uhzhki i nn: dnu IZ z i Z i kkd kkyuchnnh V i: sa: nazdtzazhennya: , Z x ! and not And ; VESSEL: ННх ННН МКМ ц . y s m s h s g hi zho a aayadaayala vay i nn a NE A SHE NINI BANDAGES IN EE 1 AND MORE ZNZ i i COLLECT ZB RESERVES BRIV GIR TOBI RENI V va Ek EV NI VE I NI VENI ZE VE NE MNE KEN MU BERE BRBIKI ER: FRI RII VZ 12 11 53 315 1 11 their tk 1 (EE nin EE NN NU NO NO EK pnya B oBoB BOB BO Vo Bo Bo BO V ENN, ME SCHE NE U SCHE KINE Z EE NOT IN M SK EE ve 0 shishish B. x z U: ME ZE Z och g cho I shk she shi she she she shi shi shk She SHYN ME SHE KU xx xx xx 5 xx x x ih Z xx x xx 5 z xx Z 5 5 xx shi ШШШШШШШШШШШ ШШШШШШШ: g. 1. shk shk what else! cho x i: KU x i 3 i: i i zh KN i nn o KD nn nn p i p I ZE EH hm Pra gido Z Tsunai Z BUM ZHK DU u la A tya AKKNYA Z i N : : Zk - m 1 SHE zla adAlAlAnAY her and TK: A t3 OH ih sh i xx 35 OTSI BT PrOBEIRK Boii HC: BABY, BACH TE B: EE IEE 1, TWEN EI x ze. TV nikami nen IC MKM ssh 3 U i VSH KE TE SK I 5 Z NU i xx: r 5: YEARS U Za SCHE ZKU Z NE VC ; But KESH SHE Y EE lush Kosh mmoOh y Uh y SU ES YAYA y Ko y KU xx x Z M ih y y y «va! ше ше ше ше ше ш В з и Я х : ! N : i і : : Е N : і ! i :: N VD My house is in the University of Chimi A zd aa Yasya "I'm waiting Cheka Mn a r KU I Meter of trknyh ve zny OKO,; ? Ki Ki Z ; і і 4 Z і і E yak і KE M і p ee V g p YN N 3 і і і t : і Chi Z і t : pek pkt N N TIHE, ke asan V B NNYA ih: EV VUYUCHI Her her N Or TU; Zhe M: Z DE ANNA VE ZI Hall Me Zrku zhe iv KUKI N N 3. ? и Ne NK KN i nm NNYA Ж 5 u НЯ - ЧЕ ke ke 1 I I pellets Donnh and for ekyu them nia NU KO Si and I «Zhe ; : and N FG. with and more 2. t her U i - Ei en 1 N N N N I ih N zhrennia Yam s ky, Shchy i pen KKU um r KM NA nya Kulya KA holmuekkkyukya Ky» N y m schi N y N y m M y YANG. В 2 in І І Z br, і Z PohKshch in pkkkizhkyyuukimiy E ; IEU ukA THOSE. si 3 i i : g ; N ih : N : ii ii M ii ; Che g KU KE kt Ba і і і s 1 how she Z VEE E zh Bu ! EN and Kb INV" vyy and N TU ut Cheka Mk Ya Zk zhk ren Ku : o V ooo» ЖЖ креккіК каням Me B х ох SK у ko Z Жd only Z Cream N і Zhe B gch i sce Meekeyuyeyueetetk u uh 7 NO a Kachan 15 nn UZH ev 1 TT i I в х в мне eueny 5 rt et g ikh she te ms Ж sya. sum dih ki Her o. zicheksvy SHVU nn sh in NE with PEVIVAN TNK. CHI: v EI ke K : v ryn not yet BY r nnryennnnnnnni Bi i OV Z eri EN i i N y me i Yang i Zh. ke uk pen their shk k v i U ! ves ne SHE avavay I h i ' N g se MM ee i ! rei Esh chna Te OEM z zh : 1 A VE : AG. With Shawn and V fu tutu Ya o en-ya Z ; Koh Her g E Nuk h uz muye sveh te pek How: Mk oh ee i h sd E ven ov I | sin i te M chYA ih ssh MAZI Tan 7 shshsh tr ki ! schoi sh M KO annos Zy kn V N y y I y y m royu Mk schy klyny m "hi zhk izhe vu VH g. nin nn i Ri HSN SHE Z y ka a a pn a y I U y Ve ZV ZV eh ec HE Mi Peremyazheachi daya zeguznvanvnya milestone I, With his hand: N sho Ya. fen Don Regezhnomo jerena stu Nu info smoke tt rr rr rek sum Einashniniiyinshiiiiishiiiyishi sha ve Beijing Ininnyni them not Na EN NO Z M NO 1145 zn niny ni ni nom nn ni no YOU M IN MV IN VE ME DERMU Joke Guide Sonia VN A Codes dkdkyu nina ny nyny shi they mesh shi sny ee Ve ee lez Va рН fr 11111111 ДН ІАН ВЕ ЗЕ ДЕННЕ CHANGES мн швын н OA ин ze ее ее Me anu DISAPPEARANCE Kz KN OK o KAK NIKY zizni tire tire Km y na KY ANYA CHE NKY pi NE DNYA mini ani ik en nn so ZK NYA met per HUK flood VK TKU KTET NM VN ON HEIGHT «dn OZ NANNYA nn v o рН ek v v и ENN МЙ НШЭ Я КЕ ЕВ Fe MENE BLOK nnia "fe pijimyny VN kn, EE: tA. KZ AN YAN NAH sec neipn in i ni EV KV MkKeeSyek KAM KIEVE NE EE VYAKK Dfiun DMfnu v shi reve i-yuy Mur Z r vk yan ; : ; g En m M mk Zak ZU z M KN SKK i dk kdjinnia "V" eV chnya ke fen TYA rezhi nen i nyny i SYA EV NEN YAN Ne NE KE Z YAN DEC MENE OK DEC KN ACHICHKK zhna zhen peren Ya shimi kak pivna or and NUK Vyn At the same time Kk new ones and in OV sn EV. obati TIV khy znbe MYUmy Zhbbzhmk o bze ME Te Zubasche be nya bbbeye MZH Shamo im ba be OM; hi k still VYKO Yara in sy "NOT. 38 pustyr mercury kun, Zh I SI Z NI NE I MI NKY ZK NA KN Z in A ZK ME MN OK tan ni they z zm Mo i MOY A Ve EN NEK PEK TO KI Z I you s In Deni tru tutyuMitu tuye 520.0 43 COM MN De in nn na i i V MN VOK kamnivy vyshky We M V ZM NOV VNYM i ZK UK also KETI YANA Broker DE SY ZA E nu ny MN NYA U ME vmek i MOV NY BUT not shi sh sh vii ShMK in DEN k ee do mk MK and MNK ee azh SK a EN EE M ieeeveveya, MUK Koko eV INC oku pud zhen SENT TKU Z P i k i M V Ky shi ekv s IN WHICH LANGUAGE VYK I KZ i piky oder IN NOT ON ME V. g NO outside mice and now I em nnnnii NN KE ZY KN AN A VK A tova NIZH ryu nen IKK NU Se Ne KD VEKia AV ki sonya Defenin ZeDK Mrk EKK Te U NAV ME SHE NI ME ZENA ek uekvn ia p m a i M V V V V i efe v Mernya TK EE i i WRITE shi ma i a m a i a WIN fer ekevee Kurku au Ferrero NNYA i-i in in m i v p p V V V EV cones pr tru ME M AK NE CHI KON se dn HANA YAN TK MK a zennh eh ie I. sh ku Te YIV still be ba me be and me him Te bas be es sa tse y MI meE pase TO still I ch. e I Ka «V : suk i ENN tupu um um ruk uchnuye y ZY IN i M OM MKM Z ZY MM MK MM NV: o DY A IN NK MY A AK DE MAN MKM DE NZ ovo a To Ko Za VV Fe tim u i ti tu ! Fr. і K.M і Vidy fer o Me і S A NA Ne DY I in ne she u KE i MAN EK AY refor de i "dkfo ik Korea Ves shiy a EN Mri ii nn Nm AK V NAD NN M "FK ZU konik ne ne M VI OO eri x Ver MN MZHK YAM EN MK COKON shin ny NN nn en in en y KO wk yi i yi Ka PEK ki i NE ON W: KY I Kale y Za aa How a ee ZEUS VNYH en i shk g write today harvest NK m ROK MN Z NM: z Berk an er KN OM NK i Ma vm: ton defnneiya KM V V VS IN EV y : her Ne mn MAMAYA Koko yun fen pre frertrerr rerofof wn r ven ek M Z MINA NN YOU are my mother's mother's ZALA DYNA M ZK EN Z ME NI EE AN ef Me; DUST ZV NKU VE A V ME DN x faru gm pekan nnknyankniknknnannin nya ts MA u x x MM zh Me i. I'm looking forward to seeing you in the future. 5. Mch A chro szhi z VI OZC! i i i i i i xx i i Zhurosznyunniak 10 ME eya Sht Ko i i i i i i 1 i xx. i y t km nin Pfrokhchechnnnia hu, MK den, en V : g SHE N ! A doro zh NI merntrknktrkyurnn ukr o o EK KS : ZU KK KK tru KEKSY Щ mother; MAK ur tvya ME temy shnajhinizshiiyuyuy now me ref farm form MY INC MK vin mo MKK VC Ve MON KO no zv Ve NI ZK I V VC DISAPPEAR lush. IY M MELE M IK KK VN DK: s oo zone m ny nn NN M MY Z : ref ZT MM i here KV rn mer nn nya Kona and A A A KN YN still today and her Kok gedichya nene they poured now Z VDY MNY : nn nyny i i o nan i ZHK YAN EN DAE EM OS AAE MOH VI ZAS ZHANA MNVK koi Kodak x kine Mei ee eV VTK MN El De i i i It i punk ki wn ZK OK VM KN ee nak, av i V KK in VZ ZNIDEI I Z ODNE DYA ZADNII ee reve Ker reshe eE kis yk Ka o AK A peyerezhrnya KEKV nene o EI Domain of the farmer M NE VE name M NE We mon i ni reve V AV Z ZNM NIH ZK ME ME NEK EYADKK NK A NOT A LEV shim. piki nn lower now ote fer ker i ve iEh Kan ZY NE ik YAK Ky NE ZKYS ENN Medic ky mn nn i y y V V AN uv y s pf poker kenya riv PE KO nin zhe en chi a p a zum nin en Na ny KN Z ZK - ; U su A dy Zv 5KH them oh shi ZNEme an ZBE ME VYZ her ram given Zm Uk aschs ЖЯ ZNE ME MZHK liu TVO Mme OTTO Mme bas tik VE sk chae sna ANA ZU Yang. from M Their same Yuk a 15. Ko y BU Dr dnya Her dune 3 y y KK I y y x zh Mu ku KK I 7 ; A fenu and U AH -K i same ; 1 st iii 3 s | E E y FTI N and Her 1 her x U Zzhzhezhyuyuyuchykykh IZi y I ih Doli i y : t EeZ i kh N I ki M Ua yi kih XX p. and sec, nka puh z V KU Z 1 : y E NO, zay FG, NO, vy panna chn A a yo moz yi yi « yi ki Z N zh E ih chih i kh IUKH kh hu i ih ih. I NK N i N yah SCHA OK ven N N Kshe yi Oti i -1,: і u I ih kh і tih To N fe Mykrnnnnyai tt, I E Ou N schy I in t vi KOZH. and B as i z OV 12 v v s nan She uyu N I V khy Ya deya Gojkh : y : ME dyak N , : ke ih N ya I oh NE i U Zk s NNYA : KZ Uk Z KO U 1: N y IZ leich hu y : I td, po piki tini. i : huy DE fenu tyzh yu he i yi hi - : yi x U 1 Kor yuyu zh zhi t yuyu yuyu yuyu U ZK sjumE UZH uk. Fo Ya. ZO Ka ne y ut ee he nn nn sn VANN lyach SK ih ih ih g ih hya ih ih Х БK BD Хі: Ж. that kn uky, siv і і " ; ; і і NE I KE i і х Kz i: i x 1. dkeknkkya Z N i u N g i IZ x N x : N i i i i x Z hai Her "ek: 3 Ж sil u khkkhkkhkh Her - i i i K Tok i Toro I diyuyumuchkmmya i 0- 4 th And their Ki : : th- 3 th N M -ikh th den iya y Her y y y - zh A) Tatu y N y 1 I ih kh y : y N her: y her N Z y ih To uy kh 15 sec. 1 t nen -ih ; ; ; Y N ri x Her x : u she t h. I io N i! U t; kh i ; vo OT UMUHuUUU Zhooliyuuh I He i N KU : і 15 і х і і і N Z N Her 2. 1 i I i i. 3 Kn Y x i x i: ef fen I x GNE Z vhy i z ZY SHEU EE ih i oyu z M N deeudekyunh ve syu N Uh, z: dek x N khudkyu unik ukri i і AMKU Ж ok "k і : ki х BU і і I і p o KK ZN ZBe ZNE ZB) i i i i z 1 i Still N ti z Me 0 schu a yak OH VO Zak KZ i deko zhzhknzhkyuyuyuyukyu hkyukkkzhknzhyuyuyuyuyutyukya p y t y z I dnih z i EK: I have not yet і і і in ИZ EZ і and uk ze ! Zk i I N o N i h i sh i sho Z u, i huy i 5 de i Z i Y same Her ZDMU K Tu KE AK VD i N zum z I'M FROM