TWM478781U - Self-powered lighting device - Google Patents
Self-powered lighting device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWM478781U TWM478781U TW103202773U TW103202773U TWM478781U TW M478781 U TWM478781 U TW M478781U TW 103202773 U TW103202773 U TW 103202773U TW 103202773 U TW103202773 U TW 103202773U TW M478781 U TWM478781 U TW M478781U
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- unit
- lighting device
- self
- generating
- item
- Prior art date
Links
Landscapes
- Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
Description
本創作係有關於一種自發電照明裝置,尤指一種以超級電容單元進行電能之儲收,並利用超級電容單元之濾波及便易充、放電功能,以有效降低損壞率之自發電照明裝置。The present invention relates to a self-generating lighting device, in particular to a self-generating lighting device that uses a super-capacitor unit to store electric energy and utilizes filtering of the super-capacitor unit to facilitate charging and discharging functions to effectively reduce the damage rate.
按,一般手電筒是使用電池提供電力來源,但於郊外或於地震、颱風天、水災等特殊環境中,若電池電能耗盡,又無備用電池可及時更換使用時,手電筒便失去其照明功能。因此,乃有業者研發手搖式發電手電筒,以藉由人工動力轉換照明電力,如此,當使用者於郊外露營、登山時,或者於地震、颱風天、水災等環境中,身邊無額外電池可供替換使用時,便可以人力驅動的方式產生電力以使手電筒發揮照明功效。Press, general flashlights use batteries to provide power, but in the suburbs or in special circumstances such as earthquakes, typhoon days, floods, etc., if the battery is exhausted and no backup battery can be replaced in time, the flashlight loses its lighting function. Therefore, some manufacturers have developed hand-cranked power flashlights to convert lighting power by artificial power. Thus, when users camp in the countryside, climb mountains, or in earthquakes, typhoons, floods, etc., there is no extra battery nearby. When used for replacement, power can be generated in a human-powered manner to make the flashlight work.
而現有之手搖式手電筒,主要包含一手搖桿,並使該手搖桿連結一發電單元,且使該發電單元耦接一鋰電池,又使鋰電池耦接一發光體,藉此,透過使用者轉動該手搖桿,以令該發電單元產生電磁感應,進而發電以充電於鋰電池,再由鋰電池供電予發光體發亮以提供照明。然,於實際使用上,該鋰電池等蓄電電池,因使用者轉動手搖桿速度或快或慢,以致發電單元發出電壓亦時高時低、缺乏穩定性,因此,鋰電池接受該不穩定之電壓後極易發生損壞,且該手搖式手電筒時常處於充電並同時放電狀態,更增加鋰電池耗損率,故現有如鋰電池等蓄電電池,係難以適用於手搖式手電筒之作動模式,而當該鋰電池等蓄電電池損壞後即須更換,而該鋰電池等蓄電電池單價相當高,於頻繁更換上將耗費大量成本,極不符合經濟效益。The existing hand-held flashlight mainly includes a hand rocker, and the hand rocker is coupled to a power generating unit, and the power generating unit is coupled to a lithium battery, and the lithium battery is coupled to an illuminant, thereby transmitting The user rotates the hand lever to cause the power generating unit to generate electromagnetic induction, thereby generating electricity to be charged to the lithium battery, and then being powered by the lithium battery to illuminate the illuminator to provide illumination. However, in actual use, the lithium battery and other storage batteries, because the user turns the hand lever speed is fast or slow, so that the power generation unit is also high in voltage and low in stability, so the lithium battery accepts the instability. After the voltage is easily damaged, the hand-operated flashlight is often charged and discharged at the same time, which increases the lithium battery consumption rate. Therefore, existing storage batteries such as lithium batteries are difficult to apply to the manual mode of the hand-operated flashlight. When the storage battery such as the lithium battery is damaged, it must be replaced, and the unit price of the storage battery such as the lithium battery is quite high, which will cost a lot of money for frequent replacement, and is extremely inconsistent with economic benefits.
緣是,本創作人有鑑於現有如手搖式手電筒等自發電照明裝置於使用上仍有有上述諸多缺失,乃藉其多年於相關領域的製造及設計經驗和知識的輔佐,並經多方巧思,針對現有手搖式手電筒等自發電照明裝置進行研發改良,而研創出本創作。The reason is that the creators have many of the above-mentioned shortcomings in the use of self-powered lighting devices such as hand-operated flashlights, and they have been assisted by many years of manufacturing and design experience and knowledge in related fields. Thinking, researching and developing the self-powered lighting device such as the existing hand-operated flashlight, and researching and creating this creation.
本創作係有關於一種自發電照明裝置,其主要目的係為了提供一種以超級電容單元進行電能之儲收,並利用超級電容單元之濾波及便易充、放電功能,以有效降低損壞率之自發電照明裝置。The present invention relates to a self-generating lighting device, the main purpose of which is to provide a super-capacitor unit for storing electric energy, and to utilize the filtering of the super-capacitor unit to facilitate charging and discharging functions, thereby effectively reducing the damage rate. Power generation lighting device.
為了達到上述實施目的,本創作人乃研擬如下自發電照明裝置,係主要設有一照明裝置主體,並於該照明裝置主體上組設有人力驅動單元,並使該人力驅動單元與設置於該照明裝置主體內之發電單元相連結,又於該照明裝置主體內設置有整流單元、阻逆單元及超級電容單元,乃使該整流單元與該發電單元相耦接,並使該整流單元與該阻逆單元相耦接,且使該阻逆單元與該超級電容單元相耦接,又於該照明裝置主體上設有發光單元,以與該超級電容單元相耦接,復於該照明裝置主體內設有第一定量單元,並使該第一定量單元耦接於該超級電容單元與該發光單元間。In order to achieve the above-mentioned implementation, the present inventors have developed a self-generating lighting device, which is mainly provided with a main body of a lighting device, and a human driving unit is disposed on the main body of the lighting device, and the human driving unit is disposed on the a power generating unit in the main body of the lighting device is connected, and a rectifying unit, a reciprocating unit and a super capacitor unit are disposed in the main body of the lighting device, so that the rectifying unit is coupled to the power generating unit, and the rectifying unit and the The anti-reverse unit is coupled to the anti-reaction unit and coupled to the super-capacitor unit, and the illumination device body is provided with a light-emitting unit to be coupled to the super-capacitor unit to be integrated with the illumination device body A first quantitative unit is disposed, and the first quantitative unit is coupled between the super capacitor unit and the light emitting unit.
如上所述之自發電照明裝置,其中,該照明裝置主體上係進一步設有電力輸出單元,且使該電力輸出單元與該超級電容單元相耦接。The self-generating lighting device as described above, wherein the lighting device body is further provided with a power output unit, and the power output unit is coupled to the super capacitor unit.
如上所述之自發電照明裝置,其中,該照明裝置主體內係進一步設有第二定量單元,且使該第二定量單元耦接於該超級電容單元與該電力輸出單元間。The self-generating lighting device as described above, wherein the illuminating device body is further provided with a second quantitative unit, and the second quantitative unit is coupled between the super capacitor unit and the power output unit.
如上所述之自發電照明裝置,其中,該第一定量單元及第二定量單元係設定相異之電流輸出量。The self-generating lighting device as described above, wherein the first quantitative unit and the second quantitative unit set different current output amounts.
如上所述之自發電照明裝置,其中,該電力輸出單元係為USB插接埠。The self-generating lighting device as described above, wherein the power output unit is a USB plug port.
如上所述之自發電照明裝置,其中,該人力驅動單元係為手搖桿。The self-generating lighting device as described above, wherein the human power driving unit is a hand crank.
如上所述之自發電照明裝置,其中,該阻逆單元係為隔離二極體。The self-generating lighting device as described above, wherein the blocking unit is an isolation diode.
如上所述之自發電照明裝置,其中,該整流單元係為DC-DC轉換器。The self-generating lighting device as described above, wherein the rectifying unit is a DC-DC converter.
如上所述之自發電照明裝置,其中,該發電單元係為發電機馬達。A self-generating lighting device as described above, wherein the power generating unit is a generator motor.
藉此,當旋轉手搖桿即可驅動發電單元發電,並經整流單元及阻逆單元將電流輸送至超級電容單元儲收,以供電予發光單元,而藉由超級電容單元之濾波及便易充、放電功能,即可適用於電壓輸出不穩定及頻繁充、放電之裝置使用,達到有效降低自發電照明裝置損壞等效果。Thereby, when the hand crank is rotated, the power generating unit can be driven to generate electricity, and the current is sent to the super capacitor unit through the rectifying unit and the reversing unit to supply power to the light emitting unit, and the filtering is facilitated by the super capacitor unit. The charging and discharging functions can be applied to devices with unstable voltage output and frequent charging and discharging, which can effectively reduce the damage of self-generated lighting devices.
(1)‧‧‧照明裝置主體(1) ‧‧‧Lighting device body
(2)‧‧‧手搖桿(2)‧‧‧Hand rocker
(3)‧‧‧發電單元(3) ‧‧‧Power generation unit
(4)‧‧‧整流單元(4) ‧‧‧Rectifier unit
(5)‧‧‧阻逆單元(5) ‧‧‧Resistance unit
(6)‧‧‧超級電容單元(6)‧‧‧Super capacitor unit
(7)‧‧‧發光單元(7) ‧‧‧Lighting unit
(8)‧‧‧電力輸出單元(8)‧‧‧Power output unit
(9)‧‧‧第一定量單元(9) ‧‧‧First Quantitative Unit
(9’)‧‧‧第二定量單元(9’)‧‧‧Second quantitative unit
第一圖:本創作之立體圖(一)The first picture: the perspective of this creation (1)
第二圖:本創作之立體圖(二)The second picture: the perspective of this creation (2)
第三圖:本創作之架構圖The third picture: the architecture diagram of this creation
而為令本創作之技術手段及其所能達成之效果,能夠有更完整且清楚的揭露,茲詳細說明如下,請一併參閱揭露之圖式及圖號:In order to make the technical means of this creation and the effect it can achieve, it can be more completely and clearly disclosed. For details, please refer to the following diagrams and drawings:
首先,請參閱第一〜三圖所示,為本創作之自發電照明裝置,係主要設有一照明裝置主體(1),並於該照明裝置主體(1)上組設有手搖桿(2)等人力驅動單元,並使該手搖桿(2)與設置於照明裝置主體(1)內之發電單元(3)相連結,該發電單元(3)係為發電機馬達,又於該照明裝置主體(1)內設置有整流單元(4)、阻逆單元(5)及超級電容單元(6),該整流單元(4)係為DC-DC轉換器,該阻逆單元(5)係為隔離二極體,且使該整流單元(4)與該發電單元(3)相耦接,另使該整流單元(4)與該阻逆單元(5)相耦接,並使該阻逆單元(5)與該超級電容單元(6)相耦接,又於該照明裝置主體(1)上設有發光單元(7)及電力輸出單元(8),以分別與該超級電容單元(6)相耦接,而該發光單元(7)係為發光二極體,另該電力輸出單元(8)可為USB插接埠,復於照明裝置主體(1)內設有第一定量單元(9)及第二定量單元(9’),該第一定量單元(9)及第二定量單元(9’)係為定電流二極體,並設定不同電流輸出量,乃使設定可供小電流量通過之第一定量單元(9)耦接於該超級電容單元(6)與該發光單元(7)間,另使設定可供大電流量通過之第二定量單元(9’)耦接於該超級電容單元(6)與該電力輸出單元(8)間。First, please refer to the first to third figures. The self-generating lighting device of the present invention is mainly provided with a lighting device body (1), and a hand rocker is arranged on the lighting device body (1) (2) a human power drive unit, and the hand rocker (2) is coupled to a power generating unit (3) disposed in the main body (1) of the lighting device, the power generating unit (3) being a generator motor, and the lighting The device body (1) is provided with a rectifying unit (4), a reversing unit (5) and a super capacitor unit (6). The rectifying unit (4) is a DC-DC converter, and the reciprocating unit (5) is For isolating the diode, and coupling the rectifying unit (4) to the power generating unit (3), the rectifying unit (4) is coupled to the reciprocating unit (5), and the reversing The unit (5) is coupled to the super capacitor unit (6), and is further provided with a light emitting unit (7) and a power output unit (8) on the illumination device body (1) to respectively respectively and the super capacitor unit (6). ) coupled, and the illumination unit (7) is illuminated The first power meter (9) and the second metering unit (9') are provided in the main body (1) of the lighting device, and the first power meter (8) is a USB plug. The quantitative unit (9) and the second quantitative unit (9') are constant current diodes, and set different current output amounts, so that the first quantitative unit (9) for setting a small current can be coupled. Between the super capacitor unit (6) and the light emitting unit (7), a second metering unit (9') configured to pass a large amount of current is coupled to the super capacitor unit (6) and the power output unit. (8) Room.
據此,當使用實施時,使用者即可握持並旋轉該手搖桿(2),以使手搖桿(2)帶動相連結之發電單元(3)發電,且使該發電單元(3)輸出之電流經由整流單元(4)調節至所需之直流電壓強度,再使該已調節至所需直流電壓強度之電流經阻逆單元(5)輸送至超級電容單元(6)儲收,並於超級電容單元(6)內進行緩衝、濾波,以穩定其電壓,而藉由阻逆單元(5)設置則可將該電壓穩定之電流保護、隔離於超級電容單元(6)內。According to this, when the implementation is used, the user can hold and rotate the hand rocker (2), so that the hand rocker (2) drives the connected power generating unit (3) to generate electricity, and the power generating unit (3) The output current is adjusted to the required DC voltage intensity via the rectifying unit (4), and the current adjusted to the required DC voltage intensity is sent to the super capacitor unit (6) for storage via the anti-reverse unit (5). It is buffered and filtered in the super capacitor unit (6) to stabilize its voltage, and the voltage stabilized current can be protected and isolated in the super capacitor unit (6) by the anti-reverse unit (5).
於此,當啟動發光單元(7)作動時,該超級電容單元(6)便可經第一定量單元(9)輸出所設定之穩定電流予發光單元(7),以使發光單元(7)穩定發亮,以供照亮周遭環境,尤其使用者於郊外露營、登山時,或者於地震、颱風天、水災等環境中,可藉由自力驅動本創作之照明裝置發光,以照亮周圍環境,或作為警示及求救等用途者。再者,利用本創作之電力輸出單元(8)設置,當使用者於戶外其行動電話、筆記型電腦或平板電等電器用品無電力可使用時,本創作亦可提供作為行動電源器使用,以將行動電話、筆記型電腦或平板電等電器用品之傳輸線與電力輸出單元(8)對應插接,此時,超級電容單元(6)內儲收之電能便會經第二定量單元(9’),以輸出設定之穩定電流予電力輸出單元(8),再由電力輸出單元(8)經傳輸線傳送至電器用品,以供使用者於戶外仍可藉由本創作之供電達到驅動其隨身電器用品作動的效果,尤其在郊外露營、登山時,或者於地震、颱風天、水災等特殊環境中,利用本創作之供電更可令使用者之行動電話等聯繫物品,可隨時保持與外界聯絡的效果,以於發生危難時,發揮緊急救援之功效,另於停電時,亦可提供作為驅動一般家電用品之使用等,而進一步提高本創作之自發電照明裝置實用性。In this case, when the illumination unit (7) is activated, the super capacitor unit (6) can output the set steady current to the illumination unit (7) via the first quantitative unit (9) to enable the illumination unit (7). Stable and bright, to illuminate the surrounding environment, especially when camping, climbing, or in earthquakes, typhoons, floods, etc., can be illuminated by the self-powered lighting device to illuminate the surroundings. Environment, or as a warning and help. Furthermore, by using the power output unit (8) of the present invention, the present invention can also be provided as a mobile power source when the user has no power available for outdoor use such as a mobile phone, a notebook computer or a tablet. The transmission line of the electric appliance such as the mobile phone, the notebook computer or the tablet electric power is connected to the power output unit (8). At this time, the stored energy in the super capacitor unit (6) passes through the second quantitative unit (9). '), to output a set steady current to the power output unit (8), and then the power output unit (8) is transmitted to the electrical appliance via the transmission line, so that the user can still drive the portable electric appliance by the power supply of the present invention outdoors The effect of the action of the products, especially in camping, mountain climbing, or in special circumstances such as earthquakes, typhoon days, floods, etc., the power supply of this creation can also make the user's mobile phone and other contact items, and can keep in touch with the outside world at any time. The effect is to play the role of emergency rescue in the event of a crisis, and also provide as a driving device for general household appliances in the event of a power outage. With an equal, to further enhance the self-generating APPLICABILITY The present illuminating device Creation.
又本創作之自發電照明裝置係主要以超級電容單元(6)取代現有以鋰電池等蓄電電池作為儲收電能之手段,該超級電容單元(6)除可提高電能儲存量外,更具有良好緩衝電壓之濾波功能,因此,極適用於手搖式等會因使用者轉動手搖桿(2)速度或快或慢,而使電壓輸出不穩定的自力發電模式,且超級電容單元(6)係具有便易充、放電之功效,故更適用於時常處於充電並同時放電狀態之自發電照明裝置,藉此,以有效降低自發電照明裝置的損壞率,避免頻繁維修之經濟損失等效益者。In addition, the self-generating lighting device of the present invention mainly replaces the existing storage battery with lithium battery as the means for storing electric energy by using the super capacitor unit (6), and the super capacitor unit (6) has better in addition to improving the electric energy storage amount. The buffer voltage filtering function is therefore very suitable for self-power generation mode in which the voltage output is unstable due to the user turning the hand lever (2) speed or slow, and the super capacitor unit (6) It has the effect of easy charging and discharging, so it is more suitable for self-generating lighting devices that are often charged and discharged at the same time, thereby effectively reducing the damage rate of self-generated lighting devices and avoiding the economic loss of frequent maintenance. .
前述之實施例或圖式並非限定本創作之自發電照明裝置實施樣態,凡所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者所為之適當變化或修飾,皆應視為不脫離本創作之自發電照明裝置專利範疇。The foregoing embodiments or drawings are not intended to limit the implementation of the self-generating lighting device of the present invention. Any changes or modifications made by those of ordinary skill in the art should be regarded as not departing from the patent of the self-generating lighting device of the present invention. category.
由上述結構及實施方式可知,本創作係具有如下優點:According to the above structure and implementation, the author has the following advantages:
1.本創作之自發電照明裝置係利用超級電容單元進行電能之儲收,藉由超級電容單元所具濾波及便易充、放電功能,即可適於電壓輸出不穩定的自力發電模式及頻繁充、放電狀態之裝置使用,達到有效降低自發電照明裝置損壞的實質效果。1. The self-generating lighting device of this creation uses the super capacitor unit to store electric energy. With the filtering and easy charging and discharging functions of the super capacitor unit, it can be suitable for the self-power generation mode with unstable voltage output and frequent The device in the state of charge and discharge is used to achieve the substantial effect of effectively reducing the damage of the self-powered lighting device.
2.本創作之自發電照明裝置係設有整流單元及阻逆單元,以使發電單元輸出電流,可經整流單元調節至所需電壓型式,再利用阻逆單元,以防止進入超級電容單元內之電流逆流,藉此,即可達到提高超級電容單元輸出電流穩定性之功效者。2. The self-generating lighting device of the present invention is provided with a rectifying unit and a reciprocating unit, so that the output current of the power generating unit can be adjusted to the required voltage type by the rectifying unit, and then the anti-reverse unit is used to prevent entry into the super-capacitor unit. The current is reversed, thereby achieving the effect of improving the stability of the output current of the super capacitor unit.
3.本創作之自發電照明裝置係設有電力輸出單元,以於戶外或地震、颱風天、水災等環境中,無電力可使用時,可緊急提供一般電器用品等插電使用,據此,以進一步增加本創作於照明外之實用性者。3. The self-generating lighting device of the present invention is provided with a power output unit for emergency use of plugging in general electrical appliances, etc., in an environment such as outdoor or earthquake, typhoon, flood, etc., according to which, To further increase the practicality of this creation outside the lighting.
4.本創作之自發電照明裝置係設有定量單元,以分別耦接於超級電容單元及發光單元與電力輸出單元間,於此,以使由超級電容單元輸送設定之穩定電流量予發光單元與電力輸出單元,以增發光單元與電力輸出單元相接設之電器用品作動的穩定性。4. The self-generating lighting device of the present invention is provided with a quantitative unit to be respectively coupled between the super capacitor unit and the light unit and the power output unit, so that the set current constant current is supplied to the light unit by the super capacitor unit. And the power output unit, the stability of the electrical appliance connected to the power-increasing unit and the power output unit.
綜上所述,本創作之實施例確能達到所預期功效,又其所揭露之具體構造,不僅未曾見諸於同類產品中,亦未曾公開於申請前,誠已完全符合專利法之規定與要求,爰依法提出新型專利之申請,懇請惠予審查,並賜准專利,則實感德便。In summary, the embodiment of the present creation can achieve the expected effect, and the specific structure disclosed therein has not been seen in the same kind of products, nor has it been disclosed before the application, and has fully complied with the provisions of the Patent Law. It is required that if an application for a new type of patent is filed in accordance with the law, and the application for a patent is granted, the patent will be granted.
(1)‧‧‧照明裝置主體 (1) ‧‧‧Lighting device body
(2)‧‧‧手搖桿 (2)‧‧‧Hand rocker
(3)‧‧‧發電單元 (3) ‧‧‧Power generation unit
(4)‧‧‧整流單元 (4) ‧‧‧Rectifier unit
(5)‧‧‧阻逆單元 (5) ‧‧‧Resistance unit
(6)‧‧‧超級電容單元 (6)‧‧‧Super capacitor unit
(7)‧‧‧發光單元 (7) ‧‧‧Lighting unit
(8)‧‧‧電力輸出單元 (8)‧‧‧Power output unit
(9)‧‧‧第一定量單元 (9) ‧‧‧First Quantitative Unit
(9’)‧‧‧第二定量單元 (9’)‧‧‧Second quantitative unit
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
TW103202773U TWM478781U (en) | 2014-02-18 | 2014-02-18 | Self-powered lighting device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
TW103202773U TWM478781U (en) | 2014-02-18 | 2014-02-18 | Self-powered lighting device |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
TWM478781U true TWM478781U (en) | 2014-05-21 |
Family
ID=51296146
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
TW103202773U TWM478781U (en) | 2014-02-18 | 2014-02-18 | Self-powered lighting device |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
TW (1) | TWM478781U (en) |
-
2014
- 2014-02-18 TW TW103202773U patent/TWM478781U/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN103615668B (en) | The portable LED lamp of gravity power generating | |
CN201611021U (en) | Hand-powered solar hand lamp | |
TWM478781U (en) | Self-powered lighting device | |
CN103115252A (en) | Solar hand lamp with direction indicating function | |
CN203615091U (en) | Portable LED lamp with gravity power generation | |
CN203752736U (en) | Pen capable of generating electricity to perform illumination | |
CN201795406U (en) | LED bulb | |
CN202872418U (en) | Solar charger with functions of electric quantity displaying and temperature protection | |
CN201748171U (en) | Portable emergency work lamp | |
CN207269160U (en) | Multifunctional manual charger | |
CN204652024U (en) | A kind of hand-rail type outdoor emergency power supply | |
CN204437974U (en) | A kind of corridor lamp of intelligent power generation | |
CN202281165U (en) | Residential area body-building generating lighting device | |
CN103017068A (en) | Solar underground energy-saving lamp | |
CN201116658Y (en) | Charging type AC/DC light-emitting diode mosquito-catching, reading lamp multipurpose electric torch | |
CN200999979Y (en) | Hand-operated power generation lighting lamp | |
CN203828157U (en) | Solar miner lamp cap with dimming function | |
CN207069962U (en) | A kind of portable type solar energy electric supply installation | |
CN201589173U (en) | Electricity generation desk lamp | |
CN202674869U (en) | Multipurpose outdoor flashlight | |
CN201185703Y (en) | Solar energy umbrella | |
CN202513654U (en) | Self-help multifunctional charger | |
CN201844215U (en) | Portable lamp | |
CN102367946A (en) | Body-building, power generation and lighting device in residential area | |
CN2854328Y (en) | Desk lamp |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
MM4K | Annulment or lapse of a utility model due to non-payment of fees |