101.M426701 — 年月母 修二..101.M426701 — Year of the Moon Mother II..
• · > |J 五、新型說明： 【新型所屬之技術領域】 本創作係提供一種磁斥型懸浮裝置，係涉及一種磁斥懸浮的裝 置者。 【先前技術】 現有磁懸浮裝置一般為懸掛式’包括有一吸頭和懸浮體，利用位 於懸浮體上方的吸頭内設置的電磁鐵對懸浮體（其内設有磁鐵）產生 的磁吸力來平衡懸浮體重力，從而使懸浮體懸浮及旋轉。 中國實用新型專利CN2569440Y公開了一種自動平衡式靜態磁懸 浮裝置’包括；底座和懸浮體，利用安裝在底座上的磁鐵所產生的頂 推力（磁斥力）來平衡位於底座上方的懸浮體（其内同樣設有磁鐵）。 但是這種磁懸浮裝置的懸浮體上必須設置兩個水平排列並相連的 懸浮永磁鐵，因此通常只能懸浮棒狀物體，並且這種懸浮體也不能以 其垂直中心輛作為旋轉軸來進行旋轉。 又 ’ CN1156071C、CN2726048Y、CN1267121A 以及 US5168183A 等公 開了一些其他類型的磁懸浮裝置，但上述這些現有磁懸浮裝置均不能 使懸浮體在底座上方懸浮及自由水平旋轉者 【新型内容】 本創作的目的是提供一種磁斥型懸浮裝置，能夠使磁性懸浮體在 底座上方懸浮及自由水平旋轉，同時不會上下翻轉者。 本創作的磁斥型懸浮裝置包括有底座和磁性懸浮體，其中，磁性 懸浮體為單個永磁性懸浮體，其在工作狀態下，其重力能被底座和磁 3 101 2. 2 3 Λ.._ ·. :卒月曰 性懸浮體之間產生的磁斥力所平衡，從而懸浮於準 位置’磁性懸洋體在懸浮時的下磁性端具有單一磁性其中底座包含 -個環形永磁鐵或_成環形的多個永磁鐵，基本水平設置在底座 内’其上環形表面的磁性與磁性懸浮體下磁性端的磁性相反由此磁 性懸浮體能夠懸浮於基準位置；以及懸浮體水平運動控制裝置設置 在底座内’ §底座上方齡的磁性懸浮體在水平方向上偏離基準位置 時，控制磁性懸浮體返回基準位置者。 本創作的獅永磁鐵斜㈣在雖财訂謂緑内，能對 柳永磁鐵上方巾錢處懸浮賴浮永賴產^上_斥力以平衡 磁性懸浮體的重力從而實現磁性懸浮體在垂直方向的平衡，此時磁性 懸浮體只能在-令基本水平的平面内作二自由度的移動另外懸浮永 磁鐵處於基本垂直平衡_狀態時，在環形永磁賴作訂，磁性懸 洋體還不會在垂直平面内翻轉。 本創作的電磁鐵固定在底座内，優選為四個，在水平面内以環形 、、、鐵的轴線為中心而分佈，再按中心對稱的兩兩串聯或並聯成一組 並使同-組電磁鐵的同向端在通電後磁性相反，當其作用於電磁鐵組 上方的懸浮永磁_ ’會在_永顧上合成—個斜力。 合成的水平力可以控制磁性懸浮體的一個水平自由度這樣兩組 直的電磁鐡就可以控制水平面内的二個自由度從而使磁性懸 浮體平衡於底座上方。 本創作的傳感器控制系統是由固定在底座内、靠近電磁鐵上端的 優選為每組兩個共兩組四個的相同的磁性傳感器組成，每—組傳感器 對應一組電磁鐵，以檢測懸浮永磁鐵在該組電• · > |J V. New description: [New technical field] This creation provides a magnetic repulsion type suspension device, which relates to a magnetic repulsion device. [Prior Art] The existing magnetic levitation device generally has a suction type and includes a suction head and a suspension body, and the magnetic force generated by the suspension (the magnet is provided therein) by the electromagnet disposed in the suction head above the suspension balances the suspension. Weight, so that the suspension is suspended and rotated. The Chinese utility model patent CN2569440Y discloses an automatic balanced static magnetic levitation device comprising: a base and a suspension body, and a top thrust (magnetic repulsion force) generated by a magnet mounted on the base is used to balance the suspension above the base (the same With a magnet). However, the suspension of the magnetic levitation device must be provided with two suspended permanent magnets arranged horizontally and connected, so that only the rod-shaped object can be suspended, and the suspension cannot be rotated with its vertical center as the rotating shaft. Further, some other types of magnetic levitation devices are disclosed by CN1156071C, CN2726048Y, CN1267121A, and US5168183A, but none of the above existing magnetic levitation devices can suspend the suspension above the base and freely rotate horizontally. [New content] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a The magnetic repulsion suspension device enables the magnetic suspension to float above the base and rotate horizontally freely without flipping up and down. The magnetic repulsion suspension device of the present invention comprises a base and a magnetic suspension, wherein the magnetic suspension is a single permanent magnetic suspension, and in the working state, the gravity can be absorbed by the base and the magnetic body 3 101 2. 2 3 Λ.. _ ·. : The magnetic repulsion generated between the stagnation suspensions is balanced and suspended in the quasi-position. The magnetic suspension has a single magnetic state at the lower magnetic end of the suspension. The base contains a ring-shaped permanent magnet or _ into a plurality of annular permanent magnets are disposed substantially horizontally in the base. The magnetic properties of the upper annular surface are opposite to the magnetic properties of the magnetic ends of the magnetic suspension, whereby the magnetic suspension can be suspended at the reference position; and the horizontal movement control device of the suspension is disposed at the base. The magnetic suspension that is older than the base is controlled to return to the reference position when the magnetic suspension is horizontally offset from the reference position. This creation of the lion permanent magnet oblique (four) in the green book, can be suspended in the towel above the Liu Yong magnet, the floating force of the magnetic suspension to balance the gravity of the magnetic suspension to achieve the magnetic suspension in the vertical direction The balance, at this time, the magnetic suspension can only move in a plane of two degrees of freedom in the plane of the basic level. In addition, when the permanent magnet is in a substantially vertical equilibrium state, the ring-shaped permanent magnet is ordered, and the magnetic suspension body is not yet Will flip in a vertical plane. The electromagnet of the present invention is fixed in the base, preferably four, distributed in the horizontal plane centered on the axis of the ring, and the iron, and then connected in series or in parallel according to the central symmetry and the same group electromagnetic The co-directional end of the iron is opposite in magnetic force when energized, and when it acts on the suspension permanent magnet above the electromagnet group, it will be synthesized on the _ forever. The resultant horizontal force controls a horizontal degree of freedom of the magnetic suspension so that two sets of straight electromagnetic humps can control two degrees of freedom in the horizontal plane to balance the magnetic suspension above the base. The sensor control system of the present invention is composed of the same magnetic sensor, which is fixed in the base and close to the upper end of the electromagnet, preferably two groups of two groups, and each group of sensors corresponds to a group of electromagnets to detect the suspension forever. Magnet in the group
位置 列方向。 本創作的控制電路由傳感器信號檢測電路與信號檢測電路相接的 放大電路與放大電路相接的功放電路以及與上述各部份相接的電源電 路組成，其t，信號檢測電路為減法電路，將每—組傳感器中的兩個 傳❹的輸出信號相減而合成-個新的信號變化量，從而有效控制磁 性懸浮體的懸浮穩定性。 本幻作的新賴雜置彻獅磁鐵巾心、磁力縣（排斥）的 方式使物難浮並_林_外設置_結财況下使其在水平方 向旋轉’從而產生—種全新的懸浮效果。 本創作的新型1 樹置可廣泛制於各種場合，如玩具、禮品、 廣告等領域，具有極細觀賞性。 【實施方式】 本創作基於這樣-個物理學原理：獅磁鐵的環縣面區域附近 的、佳形磁鐵的該環形表面以外的雜預定輯㈣磁性相反。 例如如果水平放置的環騎_上表面的極性為s，職該環形磁 鐵上方的某個預定區域的極性為Ν’並且該區域的極性N _弱會隨垂 向或水平位置輕化而發生變化。 第圖為本創作-種磁斥型懸浮裝置最佳實施例的結構示意圖， 如圖所下磁斥型懸浮裝置包括有：一磁性懸浮體1和底座2，該磁性 年月日fhPosition Column direction. The control circuit of the present invention is composed of a power amplifier circuit connected to the amplifying circuit and the amplifying circuit connected to the signal detecting circuit and the signal detecting circuit, and a power circuit connected to each of the above parts, wherein the signal detecting circuit is a subtracting circuit. The output signals of the two transmitted signals in each group of sensors are subtracted to synthesize a new signal variation, thereby effectively controlling the suspension stability of the magnetic suspension. The new illusion of this illusion is based on the way of the lion magnet towel heart and the magnetic county (repulsive). It makes it difficult to float and _林_外设置_With the financial situation, it rotates in the horizontal direction to produce a new suspension. effect. The new 1 tree set of this creation can be widely used in various occasions, such as toys, gifts, advertisements, etc., with extremely fine viewing. [Embodiment] This creation is based on the principle of physics that the magnetic resonance of the lion magnet is opposite to the annular surface of the good magnet. For example, if the horizontally placed ring rider has a polarity of s, the polarity of a predetermined area above the ring magnet is Ν' and the polarity of the area N_ weakly changes with the vertical or horizontal position. . The figure is a schematic structural view of a preferred embodiment of the magnetic repulsion suspension device. The magnetic repulsion suspension device includes a magnetic suspension 1 and a base 2, and the magnetic year and month fh
M426701 懸浮體1的内壁固定有圓柱形永磁鐵11，而底座2内固定有水平放置 的環形永磁鐵3。The inner wall of the M426701 suspension body 1 is fixed with a cylindrical permanent magnet 11, and the base 2 is fixed with a ring-shaped permanent magnet 3 placed horizontally.
其中底座2内的環形永磁鐵3的上環形表面的磁性為s，那麼在環 形永磁鐵3上方的中心線附近一定有由環形永磁鐵3形成的磁性為N 的區域，將磁性懸浮體1放置在該磁性為N的區域内，並將固定在磁 性懸浮體1内的圓柱形永磁鐵11的N極端（即圓柱形永磁鐵u的下 磁性端’也就是磁性懸浮體1的下磁性端）朝下（朝向環形永磁鐵3 )， 以同性相斥之原理，通過調節磁雜浮體！的位置（從而調節磁斥力 的大小）’在縫域_某點處，雌财體丨的重力會被磁斥力辭 衡，從而產生懸浮效果，同時，磁性懸浮體！不會產生垂向偏轉運動。 由於圓柱形永磁鐵U能夠與環形永磁鐵3相互作用從而平衡磁性 懸浮體1时力，因此在雖料體i喊無f另外設韻浮時下表 面磁性與環形永磁鐵3上表面磁性相_環形磁鐵來平衡磁性懸浮體i 的重力，從而能夠大大減小磁性懸浮體丨的體積和重量。Where the magnetic property of the upper annular surface of the annular permanent magnet 3 in the base 2 is s, then there is a region of magnetic N formed by the annular permanent magnet 3 near the center line above the annular permanent magnet 3, and the magnetic suspension 1 is placed. In the region where the magnetic property is N, and the N-terminal of the cylindrical permanent magnet 11 fixed in the magnetic suspension 1 (that is, the lower magnetic end of the cylindrical permanent magnet u is also the lower magnetic end of the magnetic suspension 1) Downward (toward the ring-shaped permanent magnet 3), adjust the magnetic waste by the principle of same-sex repelling! The position (and thus the magnitude of the magnetic repulsion) 'At the seam domain _ some point, the gravity of the female financial body will be balanced by the magnetic repulsion, resulting in a suspension effect, at the same time, magnetic suspension! There is no vertical deflection movement. Since the cylindrical permanent magnet U can interact with the annular permanent magnet 3 to balance the force of the magnetic suspension 1, the magnetic properties of the lower surface magnetic and the upper surface of the annular permanent magnet 3 are obtained when the material i is shouted without f. A ring magnet balances the gravity of the magnetic suspension i, thereby greatly reducing the volume and weight of the magnetic suspension.
這一點對本創作是很重要的，因為本領域技術人員通常會認為磁 性懸浮體和底座内的磁鐵需要同性相斥才能平衡磁性懸浮體的重力， 而不會認為相對端磁性相反的磁鐵會產生平衡磁性懸浮體重力的效 果’創作人正是基於實驗時的顯發現’克服人們的上述技術偏見而 完成了本創作者。 k種磁斥力可以平衡磁性懸浮體！的重力（因而在懸浮過程中 無需控制磁性懸浮體！的垂向運動），㈣於在實際懸浮過程中，磁性 懸細物水恤増蝴動，蝴—㈣所示的χ、 6 卜月曰顏 Υ方向產生獅，因此還必須控制雜懸糖的^動（即 X、Y方向的運動），即設置磁性懸浮體水平運動（二自由度運動）控制 裝置。 為了控制磁㈣雜丨在水平方向上的運動，底座2内還設有由 帶鐵芯4的四個線圈3卜32、33、34所組成的電磁鐵組如第一圖所 厂、線圈31 32、33、34 ·沿環形永磁鐵3的内圓周表面均勻分佈並 且分別串聯成相互獨立的兩組線圈3卜33以及 -線圈組分別沿圖中所示的Y、x方二^ 圈例如線圈組31、33鄰近磁性懸浮體！或鄰近柱形永磁鐵u的一端 (例如第二圖所示的上端）的磁性相反（參見第二圖）。 在底座2 _近各線圈3卜32、33、34頂端的位置還分別安裝有四 個霍爾元件傳感器（磁性傳感器）51、52、53、54，該四個傳感器Η、 52 53、54分成兩組：51、53和52、54，分別控制兩組線圈3卜泊和 32、34的勵磁電流，進而控制磁性懸浮體丄在γ和X方向上的自由移動 者。 在底座2内還*裝有控制電路板6，其上的控制電路由兩套 疋王相同且相觸立的控制電路12組成。 如第三圖所示’其中控制電路12分別控制線圈組別、33和線圈组 32 34的勵磁電流。每個控制電路12包括四個電路部份8、9、m 現以'_組31、33的控制電路12為例說明如下： 傳感器組5卜53的輸出電壓值分別接入信號檢测電路部分8的減法 電路的兩個輪人端’因此（參照第―、二圖）其輸峨值反應了磁性 101. 懸浮體1在線圈組31、Me A ： 33連線方向上（即 通過前級放大電路部分（J治旧電壓 刀9進仃放大，再經減法電路部分10與 II。進行比較，確定合適的輪出電㈣，並傳輸到功放電路部分 磁性懸浮體丨在線_、33連線方向（即γ方向）上的位置與基準: 壓U。所表不的基準位置重合時，其輸出電壓①為零，當雜懸浮體 輯表不的基準位置時，其輸出電壓&不為零， 電壓U丨改變壓控電阻丨？沾加祕 ^ 的阻值，即改變功放電路部分u的反饋電阻阻 值乂 ’曰大或減J、線圈3卜33的勵磁電流，從而使磁性懸浮體1回 準位置。 & 當兩組控制電路12同時工作時就可控制磁性懸浮體ι在懸浮水平面 上的二維自由度（即YW方向）的運動，並由此達到完全控制磁性縣 浮體i的三維空間位置從而逹到使磁性懸浮體ι懸浮的目的。 另外ώ於摘伽斥鶴浮裝置所具有賴特結構雜底座内基 本水平設置_縣磁鐵上環形表面的磁性與磁性餅義浮時的下磁 性端的磁帅反’除了能夠達到上鶴浮效果以外，在不需要額外設置 旋轉機構的航下，懸料，雜财體還_在基準位置作自由水平 旋轉，從而具有獨特的視覺效果。 本領域技術人貞應”轉，上述實財式僅起轉本創作的作用， 而不應當理解為對其作出的任何_。例如：環縣磁鐵和磁性懸浮體 水平運動控觀置在底油的含義不局限概賴設置在底座的外殼内 部’而應當理解為其可以設置在缝的任何部位；裝置磁㈣浮體i不 局限於_，可_據需要設計雜倾嫌絲本纽I麵需形狀 的永磁鐵；永磁鐵11雖然優選圓柱形，但條形以及由多個永磁鐵組合而 成的能夠產生懸浮特性的永磁鐵組合體也是可以的；底座2内的水平放 置的永磁鐵3不局限於單個環形永磁鐵，還可以是在水平面内環形分佈 的二個以上的柱形永磁鐵組或是一個環形永磁鐵與環形分佈的柱形永磁 鐵組在垂直方向疊加在—起敝合體；在顧2内水平放置的環形永磁 鐵3也可以稍微傾斜，例如與水平面成1〇度角即基本水平即可；所 述環形不限於圖示_形環，還可以是顚形、方形、菱形、規則或不 規則多邊轉等；電磁鐵也;j；紐於4個，麟分成雜（每組至少包 3個電磁鐵）以上以控制水平方向上的兩個自由度都是可以的，例如 6個等’與此相應，磁性傳感器的數目也不局限於四個能夠控制磁性 懸浮體1在水平方向上二維自由度運動的任何數目的傳感器都是可以 的’另外’電磁鐵也不局限於沿環形永磁鐵3的内圓周表面設置，根據 需要可以設在獅永磁鐵3 _部、外部或上部，或與組成環形永磁鐵 3的多個柱形永磁鐵在圓周方向上相互間隔剩；此外，電磁鐵也不局 限於為帶戦的_，曝可無魏圈來作為電磁鐵者。 M426701This is very important for this creation, because those skilled in the art generally think that the magnetic suspension and the magnet in the base need to be repelled by the same sex to balance the gravity of the magnetic suspension, and it is not considered that the opposite magnetic end of the magnet will balance. The effect of magnetic suspension weight power 'creator is based on the discovery of the experiment' to overcome the above-mentioned technical bias of the people to complete the creator. k kinds of magnetic repulsion can balance the magnetic suspension! Gravity (thus without the need to control the vertical movement of the magnetic suspension during the suspension process), (d) during the actual suspension process, the magnetic suspension of the water-sleeved sneakers sway, the butterfly - (4) shown χ, 6 曰月曰The lion is produced in the direction of Yan Yan, so it is also necessary to control the movement of the suspended sugar (ie, the movement in the X and Y directions), that is, to set the horizontal movement of the magnetic suspension (two-degree-of-freedom motion) control device. In order to control the movement of the magnetic (four) chowder in the horizontal direction, the base 2 is further provided with an electromagnet group consisting of four coils 3, 32, 33, 34 with a core 4, such as the first figure factory, the coil 31. 32, 33, 34 · two sets of coils 3 and 33 which are evenly distributed along the inner circumferential surface of the annular permanent magnet 3 and which are respectively connected in series to each other, respectively, and a coil group, respectively, along the Y, x square, and the coil shown in the figure, for example, a coil Groups 31, 33 are adjacent to the magnetic suspension! Or the magnetic end of one end of the cylindrical permanent magnet u (for example, the upper end shown in the second figure) is opposite (see the second figure). Four Hall element sensors (magnetic sensors) 51, 52, 53, 54 are respectively mounted at the positions of the base 2 _ near the top ends of the coils 3 32, 33, 34, and the four sensors Η, 52 53 and 54 are divided into Two groups: 51, 53 and 52, 54 respectively control the excitation currents of the two sets of coils 3 and 32, 34, and thus control the free movement of the magnetic suspension 丄 in the γ and X directions. A control circuit board 6 is also mounted in the base 2, and the control circuit thereon is composed of two sets of control circuits 12 which are identical and in contact with each other. As shown in the third figure, the control circuit 12 controls the exciting currents of the coil group 33 and the coil group 32 34, respectively. Each control circuit 12 includes four circuit parts 8, 9, m. The control circuit 12 of the '_ group 31, 33 is taken as an example to illustrate the following: The output voltage values of the sensor group 5 and 53 are respectively connected to the signal detection circuit portion. The two rounds of the subtraction circuit of 8 'thus (refer to the first and second figures) whose input value reflects the magnetic 101. The suspension 1 is in the direction of the coil group 31, Me A : 33 (ie, through the front stage) Amplifying the circuit part (J ruled the old voltage knife 9 into the amplification, and then subtracting the circuit part 10 and II. Compare, determine the appropriate wheel output (four), and transmit it to the power amplifier circuit part of the magnetic suspension 丨 online _, 33 connection Position and reference in the direction (ie γ direction): Pressure U. When the reference position of the table is coincident, the output voltage 1 is zero. When the miscellaneous suspension is not referenced, the output voltage & Zero, the voltage U 丨 changes the resistance of the voltage control resistor 沾 沾 秘 秘 , , , , , , , , , 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功 功Suspension 1 return position. & When two sets of control circuits 12 work simultaneously It is possible to control the movement of the magnetic suspension ι in the two-dimensional degree of freedom (ie, the YW direction) on the suspended horizontal plane, and thereby achieve the purpose of completely controlling the three-dimensional spatial position of the magnetic county floating body i and thereby suspending the magnetic suspension ι. In addition, the 水平 伽 斥 鹤 鹤 鹤 所 所 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤 鹤In addition, under the voyage that does not require additional rotation mechanism, the suspension material and the miscellaneous wealth are also freely horizontally rotated at the reference position, thereby having a unique visual effect. Those skilled in the art should "turn, the above-mentioned real money only The role of the rotation of this creation, and should not be understood as any of its _. For example: the meaning of the horizontal movement control of the ring magnet and the magnetic suspension in the base oil is not limited to the inside of the outer casing of the base. It should be understood that it can be placed at any part of the seam; the device magnetic (four) floating body i is not limited to _, can be designed according to the need to design the permanent magnet of the shape of the Ibene However, a cylindrical shape is preferable, but a strip shape and a permanent magnet assembly capable of generating a suspension characteristic by a plurality of permanent magnets are also possible; the horizontally placed permanent magnet 3 in the base 2 is not limited to a single annular permanent magnet, and It may be two or more columnar permanent magnets arranged in a circular shape in a horizontal plane or a ring-shaped permanent magnet and a ring-shaped columnar permanent magnet group superposed on each other in a vertical direction; a ring placed horizontally in FIG. The permanent magnet 3 may also be slightly inclined, for example, at a 1 degree angle to the horizontal plane, that is, a basic level; the ring is not limited to the illustrated ring, but may be a dome, a square, a diamond, a regular or an irregular polygon, etc. ; electromagnets; j; new in 4, arbitrarily divided into (all sets of at least 3 electromagnets) above to control the two degrees of freedom in the horizontal direction are possible, such as 6 etc. The number of magnetic sensors is not limited to four any number of sensors capable of controlling the two-dimensional degree of freedom of the magnetic suspension 1 in the horizontal direction. The 'other' electromagnet is not limited to the ring shape. The inner circumferential surface of the permanent magnet 3 is disposed on the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Iron is not limited to _ with 戦, exposure can be used without the Wei circle as an electromagnet. M426701
懸浮裝置最佳實施例的結構示意圖 【圖式簡單說明】 第圖為本創作一種磁斥型 第二圖為本創作之底座内一組電磁電線圈的連接示意圖 第二圖為本創作之底座内控制電路的示意圖 【主要元件符號說明】Schematic diagram of the best embodiment of the suspension device [Simple description of the diagram] The first diagram is a magnetic repulsion type. The second diagram is a schematic diagram of the connection of a group of electromagnetic coils in the base of the creation. The second diagram is in the base of the creation. Schematic diagram of control circuit [main component symbol description]
磁性懸浮體----------1 圓柱形永磁鐵-------11 鐵芯----------------4 傳感器----------------- 控制電路板----------6 電路部份--------------- 壓控電阻------------13 底座------------------2 每形永磁鐵------------- 綠圈-----31 ' 32、33、34 '、 51、52、53、54 控制電路---------------- 10、11Magnetic Suspension----------1 Cylindrical Permanent Magnet -------11 Iron Core----------------4 Sensor---- ------------- Control Board----------6 Circuit Part--------------- Voltage Controlled Resistor-- ----------13 Base ------------------2 Every shape permanent magnet ------------- Green circle -----31 '32, 33, 34 ', 51, 52, 53, 54 control circuit ---------------- 10, 11