M406738M406738
五、新型說明： 【新型所屬之技術領域】 本創作是一種振動量測診斷裝置，適用於散熱風扇之振動量測與異常診 斷。 【先前技術】 . 任何機械設備的運轉都會產生振動，振動乃是設備惡化、警告的徵候， 振動診斷技術乃針對設備振動訊號異常，但機台仍可勉強運轉時作故障診 ^ 斷’以判定為管路、基座、組裝或哪一個元件出了問題；它是擷取設備運 轉中的振動訊號’經過處理與分析後，判斷設備運轉狀態的方法；它的優 點是訊號容易量測’訊號處理方便，理論基礎的發展也較完備。振動診斷 所量測的訊號，都是異常現象已經發生的訊號，於一般設備有極大的助益， 因為設備的劣化是逐漸形成的，但對快速發展的異常，也就是從異常的初 始發生’到設備故障停機的緩衝時間很短，振動診斷就顯得較不足。 振動分析是針對不同量測點、不同量測方向之振動訊號處理，取得振動 之時域、頻域、軌跡圖…等，由這些資訊可以知道設備惡化的部位、嚴重 - 性或組裝欠佳…等因素。若機台已無法運轉，此時故障之判定，需仰賴過 . 去量測之歷史資料；由於振動的量測是在設備外部，由這些訊號來判斷内 邛的變化，對於單純的設備異常判斷，可以得到滿意的正確性，但若設備 同時發生數項異常，而且這些異常訊號相互干擾，就存在相當的困難度。 常見旋轉機械故障型態有軸不對中、齒輪磨損、轴承損傷等，進行故障 S乡斷時，需研究正常信號與故障信號之差異，利用時域波形、時域平均、 頻谱分析、模態分析等信號分析方法，建立故障信號特徵、故障診斷法。 0斷時需Φ時域信號及頻域信號，提取故障特徵，側不確定推理之推理 機構，以確定絲示錢舰及推論結料真實之程度。由於4測訊號的 相互干擾及雜訊影響，會增加故障診斷的困難度。 3 M406738 、4台私;F正常雜及料’若未树處職贿續嚴纽陣 ^期故障朋獨，不是被忽略就是找不歧障源，為加速轉檢出時間， 一展預測賴獅，建立觸制診_置有其必要性；本裝置硬體包含 一個人電腦，-振動量賴組’適用於散熱風扇之振動量測與診斷，本裝 置使用LabVIEW軟體建構頻譜分析、特徵識別，透過傅立葉轉換分析，比 較正常彳5號與故障信號之差異，推論風扇可能故障模式。 【新型内容】V. New description: [New technology field] This creation is a vibration measurement and diagnosis device, which is suitable for vibration measurement and abnormal diagnosis of cooling fan. [Prior Art] . Any mechanical equipment will generate vibration, vibration is the sign of equipment deterioration and warning. The vibration diagnosis technology is for the abnormal vibration signal of the equipment, but the machine can still be diagnosed when the machine is barely running. It is a problem for the pipeline, the pedestal, the assembly or which component; it is the method of judging the operation state of the equipment after the processing and analysis of the vibration signal in the operation of the equipment; its advantage is that the signal is easy to measure 'signal The treatment is convenient and the development of the theoretical foundation is relatively complete. The signal measured by the vibration diagnosis is a signal that an abnormal phenomenon has occurred, which is of great benefit to general equipment, because the deterioration of the equipment is gradually formed, but for the rapid development of the abnormality, that is, from the initial occurrence of the abnormality' The buffering time to the equipment failure is very short, and the vibration diagnosis is insufficient. Vibration analysis is to deal with vibration signals of different measuring points and different measuring directions, to obtain the time domain, frequency domain, trajectory map of vibration, etc. From these information, it can be known that the equipment deteriorates, seriousness or poor assembly... And other factors. If the machine is no longer able to operate, the judgment of the fault at this time depends on the historical data of the measurement; since the measurement of the vibration is outside the device, these signals are used to judge the change of the internal helium, and the abnormality of the simple device is judged. Satisfactory correctness can be obtained, but if the device has several abnormalities at the same time, and these abnormal signals interfere with each other, there is considerable difficulty. Common rotating machinery fault types include shaft misalignment, gear wear, bearing damage, etc. When fault S is broken, it is necessary to study the difference between normal signal and fault signal, using time domain waveform, time domain average, spectrum analysis, modality. Analyze and analyze signal analysis methods to establish fault signal characteristics and fault diagnosis methods. When the time is 0, the time domain signal and the frequency domain signal are needed to extract the fault characteristics, and the reasoning mechanism of the indeterminate reasoning is to determine the true degree of the silk display and the inferred material. Due to the mutual interference of 4 test signals and the influence of noise, the difficulty of fault diagnosis will increase. 3 M406738, 4 private; F normal miscellaneous materials 'If you don't have a bribe to continue the bribery of the new array, you will not be neglected or find a source of disobedience, in order to speed up the detection of time, a forecast Lion, establishing a contact diagnosis _ has its necessity; the device hardware includes a human computer, - vibration quantity 赖 group is suitable for vibration measurement and diagnosis of the cooling fan, the device uses LabVIEW software to construct spectrum analysis, feature recognition, Through the Fourier transform analysis, the difference between the normal 彳5 and the fault signal is compared, and the possible failure mode of the fan is inferred. [New content]
Ihr 習知的振動量測裝置，可量測振動時域訊號，轉成頻域訊號後的故障診 斷’需由有經驗的維護人員為之；由於雜訊及訊號干擾問題 困難或誤判現象。 本創作是-種勘#_峡置，可4醜輪_域峨、頻域訊 號、振動缝、峨麟特徵，進行風歧_別。树置包含一電腦， 用以分析娜訊號、擷取故轉徵，進性輯識淑顯示診_果；一振 動量測模組，肖以量測躺訊號，縣風扇轉触湘、加舰、訊號放 大器、訊麵取盒。風顧跋—職平台，轉速控織用轉制調整風 扇轉速’加速規用以量測振動減，經訊號放大輯成電壓訊號後，由$ 號操取盒傳至·;賴端個—介面卡將勘峨讀人，執行振動訊號 特徵分析、故障識別與結果顯示，電腦端可設定振動訊號取樣率、讀出率 計算振動總量，顯示振動頻譜及風扇故障類型。 本創作建立振動訊號量測裝置，分析不同故障型態振動頻譜，建立振動 總量(Over all)估算法，特徵頻譜擷取方法。風扇固定於—測試平 關 方便振動量測模組量測振動，經電腦端的介面卡讀出振動量，由軟^進行 故障特徵擷取及故障類型判別。透過此裝置，維護人員可即時知道風扇= 轉狀態，發生異常時故障型態，達成縮減維修時間、預測維護目的。^ 本創作的較佳實施例及其功效，茲配合圖式說明如後。 M406738 . ' 9B, 9 v 〇 年月f:l 【實施方式】 一 本創作之硬體組成請參閱第一圖所示，振動量測模組由一測試平台、轉 . 速控制器、訊號擁取盒（SCC_68)、訊號放大器（ACC-01)、加速規組成； 轉速控制器實體圖，上有一轉速調整鈕，可用於調整控制風扇轉速，使振 動量改變。訊號擷取盒可連接訊號至NI M系列DAQ資料擷取卡，是可 擴充的桌上型量測裝置’它有4個SCC插槽，可將熱電偶、應變規、RTD、 電壓调fp器、低通滤波器、荷重計（L〇acj ceu)、加速規、饋通（Fee(j through)、SPDT繼電器等訊號輸入，它是隔離的數位1/〇和隔離的電壓輸 ^ 入模組；ACC 01為單通道振動訊號量測放大器，它提供加速規4mA激發 電流，並產生振動電壓值，最大量測範圍為±5V。 量測時將風扇固定於測試平台，風扇接至轉速控制器，加速規黏於風扇 上端’用訊號線現連至ACC-01 ’ ACC-01插於SCC-68上，SCC-68用一訊 號線連至電腦。電腦為振動量測與故障診斷單元，内插pCI 622丨資料擷取 卡’它有2個16位元類比輸出（833 kS/s取樣率），16個類比輸入，取樣 率250 kS/s，24個數位I/O，32位元計數器，用於振動資料擷取。 機器設備振動劣化以OA(OverAll)值管理最常用，〇A值管理之目的在 訂定機台之警界值，當機台振動訊號超出警界戒值時，可由頻譜圖之特徵 ^ 進行故障之判斷，頻譜圖是由振動訊號經傅立葉轉換而來。〇A值是一種 總能量表示法，其計算公式如下： OA =Ihr's well-known vibration measuring device can measure the vibration time domain signal and turn it into a fault diagnosis after the frequency domain signal. It needs to be performed by experienced maintenance personnel; it is difficult or misjudged due to noise and signal interference problems. This creation is a kind of survey #_峡, 4 ugly _ domain 频, frequency domain signal, vibration seam, unicorn characteristics, wind _ different. The tree contains a computer for analyzing the Nashao number, picking up the sign of the transfer, and analyzing the results of the diagnosis. A vibration measurement module, Xiao measured the lying signal, and the county fan turned to Xiang and Jiajian. , signal amplifier, signal box.风 跋 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职 职The person will be surveyed, perform vibration signal feature analysis, fault identification and result display. The computer can set the vibration signal sampling rate and readout rate to calculate the total vibration, and display the vibration spectrum and fan fault type. This creation establishes a vibration signal measuring device, analyzes the vibration spectrum of different fault types, establishes an over total estimation method and a characteristic spectrum acquisition method. The fan is fixed to the test level. It is convenient for the vibration measurement module to measure the vibration. The vibration amount is read by the interface card on the computer side, and the fault feature extraction and fault type discrimination are performed by the soft ^. Through this device, the maintenance personnel can immediately know the fan=turn status, the fault type when an abnormality occurs, and the maintenance time is reduced and the maintenance purpose is predicted. ^ The preferred embodiment of the present invention and its effects are described below in conjunction with the drawings. M406738 . ' 9B, 9 v 〇 年月 f:l 【Embodiment】 Please refer to the first figure for the hardware composition of a creation. The vibration measurement module consists of a test platform, a speed controller, and a signal. Take box (SCC_68), signal amplifier (ACC-01), accelerometer composition; speed controller entity diagram, there is a speed adjustment button, can be used to adjust the control fan speed, so that the vibration amount changes. The signal capture box can be connected to the NI M series DAQ data capture card. It is an expandable desktop measurement device. It has 4 SCC slots for thermocouples, strain gauges, RTDs, and voltage regulators. , low-pass filter, load cell (L〇acj ceu), accelerometer, feedthrough (Fee (j through), SPDT relay and other signal input, it is isolated digital 1 / 〇 and isolated voltage input and output module ACC 01 is a single-channel vibration signal measuring amplifier that provides an accelerometer 4mA excitation current and generates a vibration voltage value with a maximum measurement range of ±5V. The fan is fixed to the test platform and the fan is connected to the speed controller during measurement. The acceleration gauge is attached to the upper end of the fan. The signal cable is now connected to the ACC-01. The ACC-01 is plugged into the SCC-68. The SCC-68 is connected to the computer with a signal cable. The computer is a vibration measurement and fault diagnosis unit. Insert pCI 622 丨 data capture card 'It has 2 16-bit analog output (833 kS / s sampling rate), 16 analog input, sampling rate 250 kS / s, 24 digital I / O, 32-bit counter For vibration data acquisition. Machine equipment vibration degradation is most commonly used for OA (OverAll) value management, 〇A The purpose of management is to set the police value of the machine. When the vibration signal of the machine exceeds the warning threshold, the fault can be judged by the characteristic of the spectrum diagram. The spectrum is transformed by the vibration signal by Fourier transform. The value is a total energy representation, which is calculated as follows: OA =
= 0.8165 JZA2 1 ^ Harming 0A :全頻寬或某一頻帶（Band) OA的值（〇veraii ievei) N :頻譜解析條數（Lines);指全頻寬或頻帶内。= 0.8165 JZA2 1 ^ Harming 0A : Full bandwidth or a certain band (Band) The value of OA (〇veraii ievei) N : The number of spectral resolutions (Lines); refers to the full bandwidth or band.
Ai :頻譜解析線上的振幅值（Amplitude) 0) M406738 年月 1曰補充 NBF .加權視窗因子（N〇iseb⑽^碰），視窗為1 5 — 由於全頻寬OA值或峰值，適切的警界值有時變得不夠敏感（尤其對高 =轉速的若降鱗界細娜太_ (尤其雜倍於轉速的頻 率^ ’為了調和這種情形’ _帶警界方式，即鋪機器其各種故障特性 及其特性_神細，將全魏讲⑽_帶（Band)，每個 別設定警界值並作趨好I全解_鮮理可分為〇α值與峰值兩二 辦法，頻科懿的警界鎌鮮〇Α值法f界_挪至_為之。 幾個常見振動不&問題特徵歸納如下：Ai : Amplitude on the spectrum analysis line (Amplitude) 0) M406738 Year 1曰 Supplement NBF. Weighted window factor (N〇iseb(10)^Touch), window is 1 5 — Appropriate police due to full bandwidth OA value or peak value The value sometimes becomes less sensitive (especially for high = speed if the scale is fine too _ (especially the frequency of the speed is ^ ^ in order to reconcile this situation' _ with the police mode, the machine is faulty Characteristics and characteristics _ God fine, will be all Wei (10) _ with (Band), each set the police value and make a good I full solution _ fresh can be divided into 〇α value and peak two or two methods, frequency science 懿The police 镰 〇Α 〇Α 法 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
>平衡不良問題 平衡不良的定義-當轉動件慣性轴心線與轉動軸心線不在同一直線上 時’此轉動件即為平衡不良’造成轉動件不平衡的原因：⑴.轉動件本身形 狀不對稱、（2)权製造上的公差、（3)·«絲不當、⑷勸件於運轉時 變形⑶·轉動件破損磨耗、⑹.轉動件附著異物。 平衡不良的娜概如下：⑴.振_駐要發纽—倍轉速、（2).振動 方向通常都發生於徑向、（3).軸向振巾小，遠小雜向之Μ、2倍、3 倍或其他倍頻之振動，幾乎沒有 。 >機械鬆動問題 鬆動造成的原因大致可分為兩種： (1).外鬆動：結構 '底板、基礎鬆動或螺栓鬆脫。 ⑺.内鬆動：兩配合元件之鬆動如軸與轴承内圈、轴承蓋與轴承外圈、轴與 1χ、2χ、3Χ......7χ、8x 或更 ，而外鬆動與内鬆動的頻譜通 不淪外鬆動或内鬆動，頻譜均會顯示明顯之 高之轉速頻率，且徑向和轴向都有相同特徵 常還是有些微不同之處。 >對心不良問題 對心不良的定義-所謂對心不良是指聯結在一起的兩台設備的運轉中心 線不在同一直線上。對心不 . 早損壞。(2).軸承位置有高溫甚至=有·⑴麟、_ L 鬆脫現象。⑷.聯軸器間隙過讀出潤滑油等現象。⑺·基礎樁螺絲有 器會有粉末排出。⑹.馬達運。(5)·聯抽器有高溫現象且橡塑膠聯轴 内外對稱_現象。 ^偏㊅。⑺勒承損壞在轨道上有⑽度與 對心不良的振動特徵:⑴.振動 (2).因大部份之不對心乃混 私纽七2七或，倍轉速上， 自於經向和軸向 ；角度式+平彳了式）’故振財向同時來 >軸彎曲問題 軸#曲的振動特徵：⑴輛中心處^ 振動方向主要發生於H w H域辭之振動， 動，振動方向亦發生於轴向熟_曲#造成2倍轉速頻率之振 >轉軸摩擦 特徵如T :⑴.錢餐姻請雜時，其綱鄕動她 會激發轉速的整數分數的次簡雜動頻率〇/2，1/3，1/4 ••…）' #本裝置利用LabVIEW建立量測診斷系統，量測時之振動訊號取樣率、 。買出率可於電社設定，附件—顯示監控麟畫面，内含制之時域訊號、 頻域魏、振純徵、振動總量及轉_觸，此畫面是風扇在正常狀 態’訊號取樣率設為lk/s ’讀出率(Read _)為5〇〇/之結果。附件一顯示風 扇振福幅約在a〇25g以下，調整風扇轉數，發現各〇A值多在警界值下面， 指示風扇正常無故障。 ，進行故障診斷時，需先建立故障特徵表，本裝置對平衡不良、鬆動、平 衡不良加鬆動問題進行分析，轉速^倍頻的頻讀圖建立故障異常特徵 表，如表1所示。 M406738> Definition of bad balance problem - When the rotating element's inertia axis is not on the same line as the rotating axis, 'this rotating part is bad balance' causes the rotor to be unbalanced: (1). The shape of the rotating part itself Asymmetry, (2) tolerance in manufacturing, (3)·« improper wire, (4) deformation during operation (3), damage to the rotating member, and (6) foreign matter attached to the rotating member. The poor balance of the general is as follows: (1). Vibration _ station to the button - double rotation speed, (2). The vibration direction usually occurs in the radial direction, (3). The axial vibration towel is small, far and small miscellaneous, 2 Vibrations of times, 3 times or other octaves, almost no. > Mechanical loosening problems The causes of loosening can be roughly divided into two types: (1). External loosening: Structure 'The bottom plate, the foundation is loose or the bolts are loose. (7). Loosening: loosening of two mating components such as shaft and bearing inner ring, bearing cap and bearing outer ring, shaft and 1χ, 2χ, 3Χ...7χ, 8x or more, and loose and loose inside The spectrum is not loose or loose inside, the spectrum will show a significantly high speed, and the same characteristics in the radial and axial directions are often slightly different. > The problem of bad heart The definition of bad heart - the so-called bad heart means that the operating center lines of the two devices connected together are not on the same line. Not right. Early damage. (2). The bearing position has high temperature or even = (1) Lin, _ L loose phenomenon. (4). The coupling gap is over-reading the lubricating oil. (7)·The foundation pile screw has powder discharge. (6). Motor transport. (5)·The coupling has a high temperature phenomenon and the rubber-plastic coupling is internally and externally symmetrical. ^6. (7) Bearing damage The vibration characteristics of (10) degrees and poor centering on the track: (1). Vibration (2). Because most of the mismatches are mixed with the new seven or seven, or multiple times, from the warp and Axial; angle type + flat 式 type) 'There is a vibration of the shaft at the same time> Axis bending problem Axis vibration characteristics: (1) The center of the vehicle ^ The vibration direction mainly occurs in the vibration of the H w H domain, moving, The direction of vibration also occurs in the axially cooked _ 曲# caused by the vibration of 2 times the speed of the vibration > the friction characteristics of the shaft such as T: (1). When the money meal is mixed, the outline will move the integer fraction of the speed of the rotation. Dynamic frequency 〇/2, 1/3, 1/4 ••...)' # This device uses LabVIEW to establish a measurement and diagnosis system, and the vibration signal sampling rate during measurement. The purchase rate can be set by the electric company. The attachment-display monitors the screen, including the time domain signal, the frequency domain Wei, the Zhenchun sign, the total vibration and the turn-to-touch. This picture is the fan in the normal state. The rate is set to lk/s 'The read rate (Read _) is 5〇〇/. Attachment 1 shows that the fan vibration amplitude is below a 〇25g, adjust the fan rotation number, and find that each 〇A value is below the police value, indicating that the fan is normal and fault-free. When performing fault diagnosis, it is necessary to establish a fault characteristic table first. The device analyzes the problem of poor balance, looseness, poor balance and looseness, and establishes a fault abnormality characteristic table by the frequency reading of the frequency multiplier, as shown in Table 1. M406738
故障診斷是將量測之振動訊號特 算，決定故障類型，公式如下 微與故障特微頻譜比較，透過貼進度計 A： 7--1 (2) 狀雜μ ’aij為轉彳故。綱日怕f聽動訊號， 计异轉速各倍讎幅建立故障特徵表，將制之_舰河料表内之特 徵比較，計算二者在各倍，轉織小者其崎度獻，由貼進 度最大者判別故障型態。 本裝置在不平綱題賴結果_在附件二，在—倍贼有較明顯振 幅，約為正常值三倍，其他處均在〇.吻以下，其〇A直亦在警界值及危險 值間變動’此日林平衡指示燈亮；實驗結果顯示，隨著轉速增加，振幅加 大’不平綱題就更鴨。風賴朗題是由鬆晒定騎顧擬，附件 二顯不鬆動量測診斷畫面’結果顯示鬆動造成之振動並不明顯，僅】〜3倍 頻處有輕微振福’即使改聽速亦如此，這可歧使㈣風献新的，即 使固定不確實’亦不會有鴨之觸，但故障養已能由鱗度判讀出來。 8 M406738 * 【圖式簡單說明】 第一圖為本創作之硬體組合示意圖。 【主要元件符號說明】 11 ............轉速控制器 12 ............散熱風扇 . 13.............加速規 . 14.............訊號擷取盒(SCC68) ‘ 15.............訊號放大器(ACC01) 16 .............振動測試平台 17 .............個人電腦The fault diagnosis is to measure the vibration signal and determine the fault type. The formula is as follows. Compared with the fault special spectrum, the progress meter A: 7--1 (2) is used. On the day of the day, I was afraid of listening to the signal. I calculated the fault characteristics table by counting the multiple speeds. I compared the characteristics of the system to the ship's material table, and calculated the two in each case. The most advanced one is to determine the fault type. The device is based on the results of the inconsistency. In Annex 2, the thief has a relatively large amplitude, which is about three times the normal value. Other places are below the 〇. Kiss, and the 〇A is also at the police value and the dangerous value. The change between the forest's balance indicator is on this day; the experimental results show that as the speed increases, the amplitude increases, and the unevenness is even more ducky. The style of the wind is based on the loose sun, and the second part of the display does not loosen the measurement and diagnosis screen. The result shows that the vibration caused by the looseness is not obvious. Only the ~3 times frequency has a slight vibration, even if the speed is changed. In this way, this can discriminate (4) the wind is new, even if it is not fixed, there will be no duck touch, but the fault can be read out by the scale. 8 M406738 * [Simple description of the diagram] The first diagram is a schematic diagram of the hardware combination of the creation. [Main component symbol description] 11 ............Speed controller 12 ............The cooling fan. 13........... .. Acceleration gauge. 14.............Signal capture box (SCC68) ' 15.............Signal amplifier (ACC01) 16 ... ..........Vibration test platform 17 .............PC