TWM345930U - Light-gathering and enhancing device for light bulb using SMD LED or LED as lighting source - Google Patents

Light-gathering and enhancing device for light bulb using SMD LED or LED as lighting source Download PDF

Info

Publication number
TWM345930U
TWM345930U TW97202053U TW97202053U TWM345930U TW M345930 U TWM345930 U TW M345930U TW 97202053 U TW97202053 U TW 97202053U TW 97202053 U TW97202053 U TW 97202053U TW M345930 U TWM345930 U TW M345930U
Authority
TW
Taiwan
Prior art keywords
light
light source
led
bulb
collecting
Prior art date
Application number
TW97202053U
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
wen-song Hu
Original Assignee
wen-song Hu
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by wen-song Hu filed Critical wen-song Hu
Priority to TW97202053U priority Critical patent/TWM345930U/en
Publication of TWM345930U publication Critical patent/TWM345930U/en

Links

Landscapes

  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)

Description

M345930 八、新型說明: 【新型所屬之技術領域】 本創作係有關於一種使用SMD LED或LED為發光源之 燈泡的集光及強光結構,尤其是指一種可建構一強光且具 均勻照射的投射光,而可供作為住屋照明用燈具者。 【先前技術】 按’現有之住宅用高照度燈泡大部份係採鎢絲燈或鹵 素燈來作為主要照明光源,惟使用鎢絲燈或鹵素燈來作照 明容易產生高熱,甚至直接燒毀鎢絲而降低燈泡的使用壽 命’尤其於長期點亮使用的情況下,更因為鎢絲燈或鹵素 燈容易產生高熱,而會有發生火災之公安意外的疑慮,使 用上較不安全,另外鎢絲燈或鹵素燈之耗電量較大,並不 符合全世界推動節約能源之趨勢。 、因此’目前相關業者便積極投入以LED【發光二極體】 或向強度LED作為發光源之燈具的研發與創作,然而市面 上所見之以LED或高強度LED作為發光源之燈具於其中間 及邊緣處尚會產生所投射之光線不均勻之情形,導致此類 之燈具所能提供的投射面照明度不均,而無法為消費大眾 普遍接受。 、 【新型内容】 今’創作人即是鑒於上述現有之以LED或高強度LED 作為發光源之燈具在實際實施上仍具有多處之缺失,於是 者本孜孜不倦之精神,並藉由其豐富之專業知識及多年 之只務鉍驗所輔佐,而加以改善,並據此創設出本創作。 本創作之使用SMD LED或LED為發光源之燈泡的集光 M345930 及強光結構的主要目的,係在提供一種可建構一照度均勻 之強光且具廣角照射的投射光,而可供作為住屋照明用燈 具者。 μ 本们作之使用SMD LED或LED為發光源之燈泡的集光 及強光結構的目的與功效係由以下之技術所實現: 其係於燈座的第一端設燈頭,並於其第=端裝設一透 光罩,該透光罩為-凸透鏡,另於燈座内Μ基板,基板 上a又有由數SMD LED規則排列組成之發光源,再於發光源 外圍的基板上設束光圈,且於發光源之上及發光源^束光 圈之間設導光膠,亦或在基板上配置以1〜數顆LED所形 成之發光源’基板之下則设變壓器,又前述之聚光圈的設 立南度需尚於前述之發光源’同時該發光源、須設在透光罩 的中心點。 本創作之使用SMD LED或LED為發光源之燈泡的集光 及強光結構進一步於該透光罩的外周邊設一呈9〇。直角轉 折之聚光圈。 【實施方式】 為令本創作所運用之技術内容、創作目的及其達成之 功效有更元整且β邊的揭路’炫於下詳細說明之,並請一 併參閱所揭之圖式及圖號: 首先,請夢閱第一圖所不,係本創作之「使用SMDLED 為發光源之燈泡的集光及強光結構」的前視示音圖。 該燈泡具有一燈座(1),於燈座(丨)的第'一 ^設燈頭 (11),其中該燈頭(11)可採如第三圖所示之燈泡旋牙銅 頭,或如第四圖所示之燈泡卡栓鋼頭,或如第五圖所示之 插梢型式,或如第六圖所示之插式設置;燈座(1)的第二 M345930 端係裝設一透光罩(2),該透光罩(2)為一凸透鏡,另於燈 座(1)内裝設一基板(3),該基板(3)上且是對應透光罩(2) 的中心點處設有由數SMD LED(41)規則排列組成之發光源 (4)【如第二圖所示】,又發光源(4)的集結光面積須大於 該透光罩(2)的1/2以上,再於發光源(4)外圍的基板(3) 上環設一束光圈(5),且於發光源(4)與束光圈(5)之間披 覆有導光膠(6),另於基板(3)之下設變壓器(7)。 據此,由於發光源(4)與束光圈(5)之間彼覆有導光膠 (6),故可消除該數多SMD LED(41)在建構成發光源(4) 時,因SMD LED(41)與SMD LED(41)間之間隙所形成之陰 影,使其產生之投射光之光線更為均勻;加上該發光源(4) 係對應設於基板(3)及透光罩(2)的中心點,同時由數SMD LED(41)規則排列組成之發光源(4)的集結光面積又大於 該透光罩(2)的1/2以上,因此可建構出一強光且廣角之 投射光,而可供作最重要之住屋照明用燈具,如第一圖所 示即為本創作之使用SMD LED(41)為發光源之(4)燈泡的 集光及強光情形之示意圖。 再如第七圖所示,為本創作之「使用SMD LED為發光 源之燈泡的集光及強光結構」另一較佳實施例的示意圖, 其主要係令透光罩(2)的底面貼於該束光圈(5)的頂緣,以 令發光源(4)所產生之投射光獲得更大的照射角度。即透 光罩(2)的底面可和束光圈(5)按透射光之投射角度而設 定SMDLED(41)對應透光罩(2)底面之距離,當距離越大, 投射角度越小,亮度越亮。 本創作「使用SMD LED為發光源之燈泡的集光及強光 結構」進一步於該透光罩(2)的外周邊環設一呈向内9〇。 M345930 直角轉折之聚光圈(21),且該透光罩(2)之聚光圈(21)的 設立高度需高於前述之發光源(4),俾藉此可令SMD LED(41)與SMD LED(41)間之間隙所形成之陰影確實消 除,使其產生之投射光之光線更為均勻。 另可將上述之發光源(4)改採1〜數顆之高功率 LED(41’)設置【請參閱第八圖】,其可將不均勻的光線調 成固定投射面積的均勻光線。 綜上所述,本創作實施例確能達到所預期之使用功 效,又其所揭露之具體構造,不僅未曾見諸於同類產品 中,亦未曾公開於申請前,誠已完全符合專利法之規定與 要求,爰依法提出新型專利之申請,懇請惠予審查,並賜 准專利,則實感德便。 M345930 【圖式簡單說明】 第-圖:本創作之其-燈泡構造暨其發光源光線投射 狀態的前視示意圖 第二圖·本創作之其一燈泡構造的俯視示意圖 第二圖·本創作之其二燈泡構造的前視示意圖 第四圖··本創作之其三燈泡構造的前視示意圖 第五圖··本創作之其四燈泡構造的前視示意圖 第六圖:本創作之其五燈泡構造的前視示意圖 第七圖··本創作之其六燈泡構造的前視示意圖 第八圖:本創作之其七燈泡構造的前視示意圖 【主要元件符號說明】 (1) 燈座 (11) 燈頭 (2) 透光罩. (21) 聚光圈 (3) 基板 (4) 發光源 (41) SMD LED (41,) LED (5) 束光圈 (6) 導光膠 (7) 變壓器M345930 VIII. New Description: [New Technology Field] This creation is about the collection and glare structure of a bulb using SMD LED or LED as the illumination source, especially for constructing a strong light with uniform illumination. The projected light is available as a lighting fixture for housing. [Prior Art] According to the 'existing residential high-illumination bulbs, most of them use tungsten or halogen lamps as the main illumination source. However, it is easy to generate high heat even when using tungsten or halogen lamps for illumination, or even directly burn tungsten filaments. And reduce the service life of the bulb, especially in the case of long-term lighting, and because the tungsten or halogen lamp is prone to high heat, there will be doubts about the fire accident, which is less safe to use, and the tungsten lamp Or the high power consumption of halogen lamps does not meet the trend of promoting energy conservation in the world. Therefore, 'currently relevant companies are actively investing in the development and creation of LEDs with LEDs or LEDs as the source of illumination. However, LEDs or high-intensity LEDs are used as illumination sources in the market. At the edge and at the edge, the projected light is not uniform, which makes the illumination of the projection surface of such a luminaire uneven, and is not universally accepted by the consumer. [New content] Today's creator is that in view of the above-mentioned existing LEDs with high-intensity LEDs as the light source, there are still many defects in the actual implementation, so the spirit of the tireless, and by its rich The professional knowledge and many years of service inspections were assisted and improved, and the creation was created accordingly. The main purpose of the collection of the light source M345930 and the glare structure using the SMD LED or LED as the light source is to provide a projection light with a wide illumination and a wide-angle illumination, which can be used as a living. House lighting fixtures. μ The purpose and function of the light collecting and glare structure of the bulb using SMD LED or LED as the light source is achieved by the following technology: It is provided with a lamp cap at the first end of the lamp holder, and The transmissive cover is a translucent cover, and the translucent cover is a convex lens, and the substrate is mounted on the base of the lamp holder. The substrate a has a light source composed of a plurality of SMD LEDs arranged regularly, and then is disposed on the substrate on the periphery of the light source. a beam of light, and a light-guiding glue is disposed between the light-emitting source and the light-emitting source, or a light-emitting source formed by 1 to several LEDs is disposed on the substrate, and a transformer is disposed under the substrate, and the foregoing The establishment of the concentrating circle needs to be in the aforementioned illuminating source', and the illuminating source must be located at the center of the translucent cover. The light collecting and glazing structure of the bulb using the SMD LED or the LED as the light source is further set to 9 外 on the outer periphery of the transparent cover. Concentrated corners at right angles. [Embodiment] In order to make the technical content, the purpose of creation and the effect achieved by the creation of this creation have a more comprehensive and ambiguous approach, please refer to the illustrated figure and Drawing No.: First of all, please dream of the first picture, which is the front view of the "Light collecting and glare structure of the light bulb using SMDLED as the light source". The bulb has a lamp holder (1), and the first lamp holder (11) of the lamp holder (11), wherein the lamp holder (11) can adopt a bulb head copper head as shown in the third figure, or The bulb plug steel head shown in Figure 4, or the plug type shown in Figure 5, or the plug-in type as shown in Figure 6; the second M345930 end of the lamp holder (1) is installed a light shield (2), the light transmissive cover (2) is a convex lens, and a substrate (3) is mounted in the lamp holder (1), and the substrate (3) is corresponding to the center of the transmissive cover (2) At the point, there is a light source (4) consisting of a number of SMD LEDs (41) arranged regularly [as shown in the second figure], and the illuminating source (4) has a combined light area larger than the light-transmitting cover (2) /2 or more, and then a ring (5) is arranged on the substrate (3) on the periphery of the light source (4), and a light guiding glue (6) is coated between the light source (4) and the beam aperture (5). A transformer (7) is provided under the substrate (3). Accordingly, since the light guide source (4) and the beam aperture (5) are covered with the light guide glue (6), the number of SMD LEDs (41) can be eliminated when the light source (4) is constructed, because of the SMD. The shadow formed by the gap between the LED (41) and the SMD LED (41) makes the light of the projected light more uniform; and the light source (4) is correspondingly disposed on the substrate (3) and the transparent cover The center point of (2), and the illuminating source (4) consisting of a plurality of SMD LEDs (41) regularly arranged is larger than the 1/2 or more of the light-transmitting cover (2), so that a strong light can be constructed. And the wide-angle projection light, which can be used as the most important housing lighting fixture, as shown in the first figure, is the use of SMD LED (41) as the light source (4) light collection and glare of the bulb Schematic diagram of the situation. As shown in the seventh figure, a schematic view of another preferred embodiment of the "light collecting and glare structure of a bulb using an SMD LED as a light source" is mainly for the bottom surface of the light transmissive cover (2). It is attached to the top edge of the beam aperture (5) to obtain a larger illumination angle for the projection light generated by the illumination source (4). That is, the bottom surface of the translucent cover (2) and the beam aperture (5) can set the distance of the SMDLED (41) corresponding to the bottom surface of the transmissive cover (2) according to the projection angle of the transmitted light. When the distance is larger, the projection angle is smaller, and the brightness is higher. bright. In the present invention, the "light collecting and glare structure of the bulb using the SMD LED as the light source" is further provided in the outer periphery of the light transmissive cover (2) to be inwardly 9 inches. M345930 right-angled turning aperture (21), and the light-receiving cover (2) of the light-transmitting cover (2) must be set higher than the above-mentioned light source (4), so that SMD LED (41) and SMD can be made The shadow formed by the gap between the LEDs (41) is virtually eliminated, making the light of the projected light more uniform. Alternatively, the above-mentioned illumination source (4) can be set to 1 to several high-power LEDs (41') [see Fig. 8], which can adjust uneven light to uniform light of a fixed projection area. In summary, the present embodiment can achieve the expected use efficiency, and the specific structure disclosed therein has not been seen in similar products, nor has it been disclosed before the application, and has fully complied with the provisions of the Patent Law. And the request, the application for a new type of patent in accordance with the law, please forgive the review, and grant the patent, it is really sensible. M345930 [Simple description of the diagram] The first picture: the front view of the light bulb construction and the light projection state of the light source. The second picture of the light bulb structure of the present creation. The front view of the second light bulb structure is shown in the fourth figure. The front view of the three light bulbs of the present invention is shown in the fifth figure. The front view of the four light bulbs of the present creation is shown in the sixth figure: the five light bulbs of the present creation. Front view of the structure. Figure 7: Front view of the six-bulb structure of this creation. Figure 8: Front view of the seven-bulb structure of this creation [Description of main components] (1) Lamp holder (11) Lamp holder (2) Translucent cover. (21) Condenser (3) Substrate (4) Light source (41) SMD LED (41,) LED (5) Beam aperture (6) Light guide rubber (7) Transformer

Claims (1)

M345930 九、申請專利範圍·· 1 · 一種使用SMD LED為發光源之燈泡的集光及強光結構, 於其燈座的第一端設燈頭,第二端則設透光罩,該透光 罩為一凸透鏡,燈座内另裝設有基板,基板上對應透光 罩的中心點處設有由數SMD LED密集排列組成之發光 源,又前述透光罩之聚光圈的高度高於該發光源,再於 發光源外圍的基板上環設束光圈,且發光源與束光圈之 間披覆有導光膠,另於基板下設變壓器。 2·如申請專利範圍第1項所述使用SMD LED為發光源之燈 泡的集光及強光結構,其中,該燈頭係採燈泡旋牙銅頭。 3·如申請專利範圍第1項所述使用SMD LED為發光源之燈 泡的集光及強光結構,其中,該燈頭係採燈泡卡栓銅頭。 4·如申請專利範圍第1項所述使用SMD LED為發光源之燈 泡的集光及強光結構,其中,該燈頭係採插梢形式設置。 .5·如申請專利範圍第1項所述使用SMD LED為發光源之燈 泡的集光及強光結構,其中,該燈頭係採插式設置。 6·如申請專利範圍第1項所述使用SMD LED為發光源之燈 泡的集光及強光結構,其中,透光罩的底面貼於束光圈 的頂緣。 7·如申請專利範圍第1項所述使用SMD LED為發光源之燈 泡的集光及強光結構,其中,該SMD LED依所需距離建 構對應之凸透鏡之底面。 8·如申請專利範圍第1項所述使用SMD LED為發光源之燈 泡的集光及強光結構,其中,該透光罩的外周邊環設有 向内直角轉折之聚光圈。 9.如申請專利範圍第8項所述使用SMD LED為發光源之燈 10 M345930 泡的集光及強光結構,其中,該透光罩之聚光圈的高度 高於該發光源。 10·如申請專利範圍第1項所述使用SMD LED為發光源之 燈泡的集光及強光結構,其中”該發光源外圍的基板 上環設束光圈,且發光源與束光圈之間披覆有導光膠。 U· —種使用LED為發光源之燈泡的集光及強光結構,於 • 其燈座的第一端設燈頭,第二端則設透光罩,該透光 罩為一凸透鏡,燈座内另裝設有基板,基板上對應透 蠡 光罩的中心點處設有由1〜數顆高功率之LED配置而 成之發光源,另於基板下設變壓器。 12·如申請專利範圍第1]L項所述使用LED為發光源之燈泡 的集光及強光結構,其中,該燈頭係採燈泡旋牙銅頭。 工3·如申請專利範圍第11項所述使用LED為發光源之燈泡 的集光及強光結構,其中,該燈頭係採燈泡卡栓銅頭。 14·如申請專利範圍第11項所述使用LED為發光源之燈泡 的集光及強光結構,其中,該燈頭係採插梢形式設置。 • 15.如申請專利範圍第11項所述使用LED為發光源之燈泡 的集光及強光結構,其中,該燈頭係採插式設置。 16·如申請專利範圍第丨丨項所述使用Led為發光源之燈泡 的集光及強光結構,其中,該LED依所需距離建構對 應之凸透鏡之底面。 Π·如申請專利範圍第U項所述使用LED為發光源之燈泡 的集光及強光結構,其中,該透光罩的外周邊環設有 向内直角轉折之聚光圈。 18·如申請專利範圍第Π項所述使用LED為發光源之燈泡 的集光及強光結構,其中,該透光罩之聚光圈的高度 11 M345930 高於該發光源。M345930 Nine, the scope of application for patents·· 1 · A light collecting and glare structure of a bulb using SMD LED as a light source, a lamp cap is arranged at the first end of the lamp holder, and a light transmissive cover is arranged at the second end, the light transmission The cover is a convex lens, and the base is additionally provided with a substrate. The center of the corresponding transparent cover is provided with a light source composed of a plurality of SMD LEDs densely arranged, and the height of the light cover of the light cover is higher than the cover. The light source is further arranged on the substrate on the periphery of the light source to form a beam aperture, and the light source and the beam aperture are covered with a light guiding glue, and a transformer is arranged under the substrate. 2. The light collecting and glare structure using the SMD LED as the light source of the light source as described in the first paragraph of the patent application, wherein the lamp head adopts a light bulb copper head. 3. The light collecting and glare structure using the SMD LED as the light source of the light source as described in the first paragraph of the patent application, wherein the lamp head is a bulb plug copper head. 4. The collecting and glare structure of the lamp using the SMD LED as the light source as described in the first paragraph of the patent application, wherein the lamp cap is arranged in the form of a plug. .5. The light collecting and glare structure using the SMD LED as the light source of the light source according to the first aspect of the patent application, wherein the lamp head is arranged in a plug-in type. 6. The light collecting and glazing structure using the SMD LED as the light source of the light source according to the first aspect of the patent application, wherein the bottom surface of the light transmissive cover is attached to the top edge of the beam aperture. 7. The concentrating and glare structure of a bulb using an SMD LED as the illumination source as described in claim 1 wherein the SMD LED constructs a bottom surface of the corresponding convex lens according to a desired distance. 8. The light collecting and glazing structure using the SMD LED as the light source of the light source according to the first aspect of the patent application, wherein the outer peripheral ring of the light transmissive cover is provided with a focusing ring that is turned inward at right angles. 9. The light collecting and glazing structure of the lamp 10 M345930 using the SMD LED as the light source as described in claim 8 wherein the height of the light collecting cover of the light transmissive cover is higher than the light source. 10. The light collecting and glare structure of the light bulb using the SMD LED as the light source according to the first aspect of the patent application, wherein the substrate on the periphery of the light source is provided with a beam aperture, and the light source and the beam aperture are overlapped. There is a light guiding glue. U·—The light collecting and glazing structure of the bulb using the LED as the light source, the lamp head is provided at the first end of the lamp holder, and the transmissive cover is provided at the second end. A convex lens is further provided with a substrate in the lamp holder, and a light source composed of 1 to several high-power LEDs is arranged at a center point of the substrate through the mask, and a transformer is arranged under the substrate. The concentrating and glare structure of the bulb using the LED as the illuminating source as described in the scope of claim 1 of the invention, wherein the lamp cap adopts the bulb copper head. 3) As described in claim 11 The LED is a light collecting and glare structure of the light source of the light source, wherein the lamp head is a bulb plug copper head. 14· As shown in claim 11 of the patent scope, the light collecting and glare of the light bulb using the LED as the light source Structure, wherein the lamp cap is set in the form of a plug. The light collecting and glare structure of the light bulb using the LED as the light source according to the eleventh item, wherein the lamp head is arranged by inserting. 16· The light bulb using Led as the light source as described in the scope of the patent application The light collecting and glazing structure, wherein the LED constructs the bottom surface of the corresponding convex lens according to the required distance. Π · The light collecting and glazing structure of the light bulb using the LED as the light source as described in the U through the patent application scope, wherein The outer peripheral ring of the transparent cover is provided with a focusing ring that is turned inward at a right angle. 18· The light collecting and glazing structure of the light bulb using the LED as the light source as described in the scope of the patent application, wherein the light transmission The height of the concentrator of the hood 11 M345930 is higher than the illuminating source.
TW97202053U 2008-01-30 2008-01-30 Light-gathering and enhancing device for light bulb using SMD LED or LED as lighting source TWM345930U (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
TW97202053U TWM345930U (en) 2008-01-30 2008-01-30 Light-gathering and enhancing device for light bulb using SMD LED or LED as lighting source

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
TW97202053U TWM345930U (en) 2008-01-30 2008-01-30 Light-gathering and enhancing device for light bulb using SMD LED or LED as lighting source

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
TWM345930U true TWM345930U (en) 2008-12-01

Family

ID=44338389

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
TW97202053U TWM345930U (en) 2008-01-30 2008-01-30 Light-gathering and enhancing device for light bulb using SMD LED or LED as lighting source

Country Status (1)

Country Link
TW (1) TWM345930U (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103775887A (en) * 2014-02-14 2014-05-07 深圳市裕富照明有限公司 LED (Light Emitting Diode) ball bulb and manufacturing method thereof
TWI457517B (en) * 2011-10-26 2014-10-21 Global Fiberoptics Inc Led array spot illuminator and a method for providing light that forms a beam for illuminating a spot

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TWI457517B (en) * 2011-10-26 2014-10-21 Global Fiberoptics Inc Led array spot illuminator and a method for providing light that forms a beam for illuminating a spot
CN103775887A (en) * 2014-02-14 2014-05-07 深圳市裕富照明有限公司 LED (Light Emitting Diode) ball bulb and manufacturing method thereof

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN202024160U (en) LED (light-emitting diode) lamp
CN101482250B (en) High-power LED concentration system
TWM345930U (en) Light-gathering and enhancing device for light bulb using SMD LED or LED as lighting source
CN201531803U (en) LED spot light
CN206988929U (en) LED light source based on free form surface illuminating lens
CN202302817U (en) Light emitting diode (LED) bulb lamp
CN202469560U (en) Efficient LED (Light-Emitting Diode) candle lamp
CN201875587U (en) Structure of light-emitting diode (LED) spotlight
CN202511136U (en) LED (Light Emitting Diode) mining lamp
WO2015090214A1 (en) Ceramic composite metal road lamp
CN202092005U (en) Energy-saving reflector with high light efficiency output
CN201819051U (en) LED spotlight
CN201351870Y (en) Lighting lamp structure
WO2013029523A1 (en) Reflective led lighting
CN203671415U (en) LED tube light
CN205957063U (en) Novel LED lamp
CN201753863U (en) Reflector lamp
CN103343922B (en) The LED shot-light of imitative incandescent lamp light
CN203298001U (en) Light-collecting LED daylight tube
CN202497122U (en) Endoscope LED cold light source
CN216383668U (en) Novel glass fluorescent tube
CN201425264Y (en) High-power LED condenser system
CN206439722U (en) A kind of LED illumination ceiling lamp of high uniform low dazzle
CN201606711U (en) Polyhedral LED candle lamp
TWM393625U (en) Lighting device with secondary lighting

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
MM4K Annulment or lapse of a utility model due to non-payment of fees