TWM320431U - Pleating screen filter - Google Patents

Description

M320431 VIII. New description: [New technical field] This creation is about a folding screen, especially a mesh body with a folding view in a frame to improve the structural strength of the filter. And a blister filter that increases the filtration area and enhances the filtration effect. [Prior Art] According to the conventional filter structure, a planar net body is mainly arranged in a frame body, and the air dust is filtered by the mesh body. However, the mesh body of the conventional filter screen is a simple flat fabric structure, and the structural strength is not good. When the air is filtered, the impact force of the air is received, and deformation is easily generated, which is not only easy to be damaged, but also reduces the filtering effect, and the planar structure thereof. The filter area can no longer be increased, and it is relatively impossible to increase the filtration area and reduce the filtering effect. In view of the above-mentioned lack of the use of the network, and the accumulation of long-term personal experience in the development and production of the biochemical textile industry, the creator has developed this article to improve the structural strength, increase the size of the area, improve the durability of the filter and filter efficiency. Folding filter structure. [New content] The purpose of this creation is to provide a blister filter that can increase the strength of the filter, increase the area of the sputum and enhance the fruit. The technical means for achieving the purpose is that the Wei net includes a two-frame body and at least a sheet-like body. The mesh body is disposed on the corpus of the corpse, and the mesh body includes a plurality of verses and a plural number. a scale-dimensional mesh-like braided body characterized in that the mesh-shaped body has a plurality of peaks and troughs, and the two bodies are provided with two nets covering the inner peripheral region, and Two nets enclose the mesh body, and the mesh body is positioned in an inner peripheral region of the frame. " The first purpose of this creation is to provide a functional folding network. The technique of achieving the purpose: the means 'spinning the above-mentioned framing structure, and the fibers of the mesh body are mixed with polypropylene or polyethylene chips containing functional particles (such as tourmaline, nano silver particles, enzymes). , micro-Lai and other particles), to solve the network, so the network can have better ventilation than traditional products, and shape M320431 into a good air structure" and then through the elastic friction between fibers, air flow, cold and heat, etc. Principle anti-μ Ding, rice machine monthly bf raw particles, to achieve full effective sterilization, antibacterial, anti-mildew, anti-worm, negative ion, far infrared, fire, anti-static, anti-electromagnetic wave and eliminate odor, TV〇Cs, ρΜχ pollutants and other health Health benefits. The second purpose of this creation is to make a fiber in the Nasaki propylene or polyethyl condensate, mix and mix the α-spinning to make the fiber, and then (4) the fiber into a enamel, and use the can to make the folding screen of the creation. Among them, the fiber is used to take the micro-job of the essential oil, and the filter has the effect of lasting aromatherapy. [Embodiment] I. The basic structure of the original filter screen can be found in the first to the fourth_shower's main design, a three-dimensional filter with a shouting effect, the filter system includes: a frame (20 ), comprising an inner peripheral region (21); and a _-shaped body ((8) disposed in the surrounding region (21) of the hybrid body (10), the fine-shaped bladder (10) comprising a plurality of warp fibers (10) and a plurality of wefts The mesh of the fiber (10) is characterized in that: the mesh body (10) is folded into a folding structure having a plurality of peaks _) and troughs (10), and the frame (10) is provided with two hoods covering the inner surrounding area. Cover net (5) (8), and cover the body (10) with the two cover nets (3_υ, with the planar body ((8) positioned in the inner circumference area (21) of the seam body (10). Please refer to the fifth figure, about the hair a mesh body structure comprising a body (10) having a flat shape and having two faces up and down, the body (10) comprising an outer domain ((1) and an inner region (10) having an inner peripheral region (10) including at least a piece of mesh body (10), the mesh body (10) is a mesh braid comprising a plurality of woven lines (10) and a plurality of zonal fibers (10), and The dimension (10) contains a plurality of functional particles (10)) (please refer to the sixth figure), and the peripheral corridor area (11) is a bonding layer (1) of U fibers (13) self-bonded to each other, with the bonding layer (1) (8) fixing the end of the fiber (10), the mesh body (10) is finely disposed on the peripheral contour region (1), wherein the fiber material M320431 body may be 50-10000 denier polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, Tedron or the like; According to its characteristics, for example, polypropylene is resistant to strong acid and strong. Referring to the first figure, in a specific embodiment of the present invention, the bonding layer (11〇) is ultrasonically processed to make the ends of the fibers (13) mutually Bonded into a layered structure. Referring to the seventh figure, a preferred embodiment of the present invention is that the inner peripheral region (12) of the body (1) is composed of a plurality of mesh bodies (12 inches). The stacked structure uses a fabric structure of a mesh body (12 inches) to have a cushioning air cushion and a gas permeable effect. Among them, regarding a bonding layer, in a specific embodiment of the present invention, the bonding layer (11〇) is processed by ultrasonic waves. Bonding the ends of the fibers (13) of the upper and lower mesh bodies (120) to each other In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mesh body (120) of the body (10) is a three-dimensional honeycomb structure (not explicitly shown in the figure), thereby improving buffering. Air cushion effect. Π· Functional particles contained in the fiber of the present invention, the first embodiment of the machine wire contained in the fiber, the functional particle may be a sub-micron tourmaline, with a bribe _ having a _ child, Far-infrared, self-cleaning, deodorizing, anti-static, anti-electromagnetic wave and other effects can add one or more kinds of particles such as naphtha, oxygen tilt, copper oxide, iron oxide oxygen, tungsten oxide, oxygen sulfur, oxidation start, oxidation record, etc. Health factor. A creation of the second secret body _, Lai New is difficult for the nano record, so that the filter has: health benefits such as: second, anti-mildew, _, and can add chitin, enzyme _ precious metal copper, Resignation, Γ ^, Lin - species or a variety of healthy particles «, antibacterial, anti-mold factors. Each type of machine & Sr species specific, for example, 'Lai New particles can be micro-hetero, the micro-capsule is coated with energy cans and tenders #尔烂彻省面体, etc., the machine can be natural The essential oil makes the filter and lemon, eucalyptus, fan (four), especially _, pinned money difficult, shot with lavender, chrysanthemum, ylang, basil, geranium, white layer, ^ deer bergamot, pine, jasmine, Rose, mandarin, mint, cedar, sylvestre, rose grass, ride, money, frankincense, orchid, etc. - one or more natural essential oils. 9 grape sleeves, benzoin, ginger, lemongrass, Ma Yu M320431 By the combination of the above functional particulate materials and material structure characteristics, the creation of functional health and self-cleaning dust filter. Different filter materials and structures can be created to meet different needs. ΙΠ·Verification of the function of this creation function 丨·The mechanical test results of this creation filter are as follows:

(2) Tensile strength: Table 2: Filter mesh tensile strength ilraf /

It is known from Table 2 that the tensile strength of the filter mesh also decreases with the increase of tourmaline content. When the tourmaline content is 1%, the warp tensile strength decreases by about 5%, and when the tourmaline content is 5%, the warp direction The tensile strength decreased by about 8.6%, but still maintained a relatively high tensile strength. (3) Washing fastness test (conditions during testing, humidity: 58%, temperature 29. 〇: Table 4: Washing fastness of the screen)

As shown in Table 4 'Good fastness before test' _ sub-production amount is not reduced by washing. ii. The negative ion performance test of the original filter screen is as follows: According to the negative ion instrument ITC-200A test, the filter has been found to have a long time. Negative ion performance I) Negative ion release performance analysis A static mode: b M320431 In static mode: Humidity 58%; Temperature 28 °C Submicron tourmaline polypropylene filter material with different content and number of layers under negative ion release performance analysis (I 〇n/cc)

Ii) Analysis of negative ion release performance - dynamic mode:

In dynamic mode: humidity 64%; temperature 29 ° C Table 7 micron tourmaline polypropylene filter material content and the number of layers of negative ion release performance, n,

Far-infrared effect According to the infrared radiometer and thermocouple, the creation filter has long-term ability. Measurement temperature Average radiation 50 °C 0.948 iv· The deodorizing performance test of the original filter screen, the results are as follows:

According to the JEM 1467 test method, the concentration of the gas (brain) and acetaldehyde (CHCHO) was measured by GC-MS, and then the concentration of acetic acid (CHsCOOH) was tested. The result. It is found from Table 5 that the filter material of the present invention has a better deodorizing bite.

Table 5: The filter screen of this creation, according to the 467 1467 test method to determine the deodorization results item Item ammonia NH3 acetic acid CH3CH0 vinegar ^ QBCOOH rent dumpling 151 he beginning concentration 50.34ng T.79ng '~' 0.002PPMV — hour The concentration after the concentration of 1 OUR 15.82ns 1.16ng 0.001PPMV the removal rate of multi pollution removal rate of each pollutant component 65.62% T5.72% '-- 96.39% V · The results of the antibacterial efficacy test of the filter screen are as follows · 6: Test strain 0 Initial Inoculation (CFU/ml) 〇 hours inoculation Contaxt Time 1 hour (lhr later) Redruction Antibacterial effect (%) 1 hour (lhr later) Golden grape 囷 1.0 X 105 3.0 x 104 94.8 (%) Escherichia coli 2.1 X 105 1.6 x 103 99.2 (%) Klebsiella pneumoniae 7.3 X 105 3.0 x 104 95.8 (%) _§7^______ TEST ITEM GROWTH-FREE ZONE antibacterial ring CONTACT INHIBITION antibacterial rate M320431

Staphy lococcs aures Staphylococcus aureus - ^ 10mm 100 (%) Escherichia coli E. coli 4.5min 100 (%) Klebsiella pneumoniace Klebsiella lizard 3.5mm 100 (%) Staphy lococcs aures Staphylococcus aureus 12mm ------* -^ 100 (%) Escherichia coli E. coli "" - 2m -" -~· 100 (%) It is known from Table 6 that the ASTM E 2149-01 test method has better antibacterial efficacy. It is known from Table 7 that the AATGG 147 bribe method also has better antibacterial efficacy. Vi. The anti-mildew efficacy test results of the original filter screen are as follows: Table 8: TEST ITEM mildew AATOC 30 PAPT ID Anti-mildew J IS Z 2911 Test strain - ~ Black sputum AT0C6275 ^ Black cockroach ATGC9642 笙 long situation 〇 ill - . No growth - Penicillium AT0C9849 Ball shell AT0C6205 〇S5~ — Lacquer lacquer AT0C9095 ~^ u No growth KSASTM G21-96 S mold AT0C9533 •5^15 — Created with better mold resistance. Vii· The dust-proof performance test of this creative filter is as follows:

According to the agreement of this dust mites processing products, the evaluation of the repellent effect - Qiu Into the prevention method found in the following table 'The filter has long-term dust-proof performance. Tx viii· Aroma Persistence Test of the Creative Screen: The results of Table 9 show that the present invention still has an effective aroma effect after three months. Table 9:

Ix· The aroma component analysis test of the filter fiber of the present invention: The result of the following table was obtained by GC-MS test of the natural essential oil component in the fiber of the filter. The following table shows that the filter can effectively contain the cleansing ability of the natural essential oil component. M320431

Propionyl 2-methyl 戍 Ί, 1-dimethylpropyl two ladder 2,4-dimethylhexyl 3.3-dimethyl has been 2.3-dimercaptohexanyl 4-methyl ketone 2,4 Dimethyl heptane 4·methyl octyl oxime on isopropyl acetaminophen (· 埽 埽 窃 窃 埽樟 埽樟 萜桧 β β β 蒎 蒎 β 辛 辛 辛 辛 化合物 β 化合物 化合物 化合物 化合物 化合物 化合物Fe limit (ug) (ug) (iig/g) 0 lion Acetone 000067*64-1 0.38 0.{ 0.25 0.06 2-methylpentane 000107-83-5 011 0.1 0.()7 0.06 1,1-Dimethylallene 000598- 25-4 0.48 0.1 0.31 0.06 2,4-dimethylHexane 000589-43-5 0.22 0.1 0.14 0.06 3,3-dimethylHexane 000563-16-6 nu 0.1 nn« 0.06 2,3-dimethylHexane 000584-94-1 0,16 0 ,1 0.11 0.06 4-methylHeptane 000589-53-7 0.1? 0.1 0.07 0.06 2Λ Dimerhylheptane 002213 23-2 0,18 0.1 0.12 0.06 4-methylOctane 002216-34-4 0.13 0.1 0.08 0.06 PARA CYMENE 000099-87-6 5.62 0.1 3.64 0.06 .alpha.* pipene 000080-56-8 36.74 0.1 23.78 0.06 Fenchene 000471-84-1 0.19 0.1 0.12 0.06 Camphene 00007992-5 2m 0.1 1 33 0.06 SABINENE 003387-41-5 21.76 0.1 14.09 0.06 Pseudopi Nene 000127*91-3^ 164.98 αι 106.78 0.06 n-Octanal 000124-13-0 0.35 0.1 0.23 0.06 p-Cymene 000099-87-6 β.58 0.1 4.26 0.06 LIMONENE 000138-86-3 ?i3in 0.1 138.39 0.06 aamma- Terpinene 000099-85-4 0.1 1Q.1R 0.06 terpinolene 000586-62-9 1.85 0.1 1.20 0.06 D-3-carene 013466 78-9 0.98 0.Ί 0.64 0.06 Isopropenyitoluene 026444*18-8 12.83 0.1 8.30 0.06 Pairs Flower hydrocarbon, lemon-like oil, wrong 7-pine oil, bismuth oil, D-孓蒈埽 isopropenyl, stupid X. The indoor air quality performance test of the filter screen is as follows: According to JEM 1467 test method for measuring indoor air The elimination of quality (IAQ) results in the following table. The long-term effective automatic cleaning ability of the air quality (IAQ) of the present invention was found from the following table. Indoor air quality indoor air leakage 1 f standard recommendation 値 initial 値 test result removal efficiency first type second type carbon dioxide 002 600PPM 800PPM --- ___0 hr 00f\Ar\rvn l hr 239ppm/hr formaldehyde (HCH0) 0.1PPM 0 Hr zU23pprn 2hr 0.5ppm/hr Total Volatile Organics TVOCs 3 ppm — IQPPM_ — __ 0 hr 9PPM lhr 48.11% Total bacteria number 500 CFU/M3 1000CFU/M3 --- i800.42ng -- 0 hr_ 932.58ng lhr 63.2% Suspension particles PMm _ less than or equal to 10 microns _ Particles less than or equal to 2.5 microns Particle size PMu 60"g/ MJ 0.03/zg/ Μ1 \〇〇βΖ/ Μ3 0.05/zg/li ----- JU lfu/ M_ -___〇hr 95CFU/M3 20min 99.9% —--L25_ ---〇hr 0.01 15min 99.9% Ozone 3 0.03PPM 0.05PPM --------- 0.01 —___0 hr 2hr 100% ~ung _ 0.00 "" ' __Q· 12ng xi· The antistatic performance test of the original filter screen is as follows: 1|· g According to the AATCC D4935-1999 color table, the network has good anti-electromagnetic performance. Test item Fabric surface resistance (Ω / square) 11

I M320431 xii. The electromagnetic wave resistance test of the original filter screen is as follows: According to AATCC 756-1995 ability. Temperature 赃 佩 佩 下 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The American Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Association AHRS 52·2 test, the following table found that the present invention has good pressure loss capability. % Determination of rated flow percentage (%) Flow rate (CFM) Pressure loss (Pa) Pressure loss (inHO) 50 600 0.4 0.001 75 900 0.7 0.003 100 1200 1.7 0.007 125 1500 3.4 "0.014 xiv. The fire performance test of the filter is as follows Table: According to the UL 94-97 method, the filter has a long-term fireproofing ability VTM-0. Test item test piece one test piece two test piece three test piece four test piece test piece thickness 2.95πιπι 2.82mm 2.84πιπι 2.91 _ 2.85mm Afterflame time t teste) 0 0 0 0 0 ^ 10 seconds after each test piece flame time t2i sec) 0 0 0 0 0 $10 seconds each set of total afterflame time (7T piece The sum of each tl+t2) 0 ^50ίΦ The time after the second ignition of each test piece and the remaining flames of the test piece 12+t 3 0 0 0 0 0 幻0秒 余 试 仟 试 试 试 试 或 或Go to Jiaxian No No No No No No cotton is ignited by burning particles or droplets No No No No No - XV. The RoHS-compliant environmental performance test of this creative filter is as follows:

According to the test results of the chemical substances detected by the sample, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, the RoHS directive (2002/95/EC) is adopted. The following table shows that the filter is RoHS compliant. specification. 12 M320431 ΛTest item S 孳隹«Testing method _ limit value 摹 摹 〇 〇 〇 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS This test is based on the IISEPA 3铋DC method extraction, with high-performance liquid phase layer thumb/diode ball _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometer "Sink / MS" _ c B HD - Λ 笨 δ δ HD. A three unicorn stupid 5 MD domain brominated biphenyl 5 ND - unicorn benzene 5 KD - Hexabromobiphenyl 5 Ν·1). 七澳麟麟笨 S HD - octabromobiphenyl 5 ND hexabromo phenylene 5 ND - decene biphenyl hydrazine ND - after multi-armored {PBBs> • Ν·ΪΚ 1000 polybromophenylene ether (PBBE*/PBDE*) — — — — monobromo phenyl ether ifig/kg (ppa) This 鲥 麦考路 EPA 3550C method extraction, high performance liquid chromatography /Two-pole 醴Array //mass spectrometer (HPLC/DAD/ spot 0 initial further IJSEPA3^^ method, gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) detection · S ND· - II Bromobiphenyl hydrazine 5 KD • three Diphenyl ether 5 KD - 滇 滇 笨 5 5 H, IK - pentabromide 5 KD • Hexabromobiphenyl ND Heptabromoquinone 5 — KD — Octabromo phenyl ether S KD - Nine bromine礴 鲢 鲢 5 KD - Decabromopurine Benzene 5 ND • 蟪 躧 躧 躧 跶 (PBBEs / PBDE* ) / The sum of the above KD Hua. The sum of a light 獬 獬 醚 ( ( (Note 4 > KD i Bribe «Trial Raspberry Unit «Test Method Russian " Extremely Inlaid Result Κ 0.1 遢 RO ROHS Wave κ 补金 «g/kg (ρρφ) Refer to US EPA 3060A Method • Use uv-VTIS "l丨S EPA 7I96A Analysis 2 ND |〇〇〇编«g/kf <ί>ρ^> Mai Khao EMim method Bi2(10)1, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission pupil (κτ-MS) analysis 2 ND 106 ng mg/kg (ρρεκ) Mai Kao US EPA 30M method, using inductively coupled electric cesium atomic emission first spectrum proud "ια> ΑΒ 分析 analysis 2 ND jag / kg | ¥ test us off \ Μ δ ΟΒ method, using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (丨CP-AES) Analysis 2 Ν.Ι). 1000

ΠΙ · Conclusion Therefore, with the above structural design, it can be concluded that the creation has the following advantages and features: The creation of the framing _ structure can really improve the filtration _ structural strength, can withstand greater wind, 13 M320431 ( f, so it can improve the durability and over-effect. 2· This creation folds the 7-grid structure, the overall filterable area is much stronger, so it can greatly improve the transition effect. 3. The office has adopted (four) fiber (10) with machine The filter has the functions of producing health functions such as sterilization, antibacterial, anti-mildew, anti-worm, negative ion, far infrared, fireproof, antistatic, anti-electromagnetic wave and odor elimination, TVOCs, PMx and other pollutants. ·This creation has a multi-layer structure, so that the fiber can produce appropriate vibration performance when the fiber is in the original mechanical condition and has better elasticity. When the body passes through the filter, the functional particle can be generated. • It is more active and achieves the effect of effectively exerting its health function. #5·This creative filter is used to add functional particles (such as sub-micron tourmaline particles), the mechanical strength of the net made by it. Only a slight reduction, but not much impact. 6. This creation _ in the addition of machine silk (such as the micro-money stone particles), after the washing fastness test, still retains a certain function. When there are microcapsules of essential oils, the essential oils are prevented from rapidly evaporating, and the essential oils can be released in a near quantitative manner, avoiding waste and improving durability. The above description is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, which is not used for For the sake of this creation, please call for the scope of protection. Anyone who uses the technical content defined in the main application scope of this creation patent or its equivalent = • can not be separated from the spirit of this creation, without the consent of the patent owner of this creation, may not Counterfeit ^.' [Simple diagram of the diagram], Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the decomposition of the creation filter. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the combination of the creation filter. Figure 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the combination of the filter and the mesh. Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the multi-layered mesh body of the present invention. Fig. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of the fiber of the present invention. 14 M320431 Fig. 7 is a flattened shape of the creative filter mesh Schematic [Explanation of main component symbols] (10) Main body (100) crest (101) trough (110) Adhesive layer (11) Peripheral contour area (12) (21) Inner area (120) Net body (13) Fiber (130) Functional Particles (20) Frame (30) (31) Cover Net

Claims (1)

M320431 Amendment IX. Applying for a patent exception··) (4) η “1· A bokeh filter comprising: - a frame comprising an inner surrounding area; and at least one mesh body disposed in the frame The inner circumference of the body ρ number of warp fibers and the plurality of zonal fibers of the mesh domain ' _ shape body includes the complex features:::::===: wave:::= form, one The body is positioned in the _ area of the hybrid - a cover _ _ body, touch the mesh 2 production patent scope of the framing filter, wherein the mesh is «domain and - inner circumference a region, the peripheral contour region is - by the b, the wheel is the adhesive layer _ the _ end. The viscous layer of the Μ fiber is grasped by the viscous layer 3, as described in claim 2, wherein the bonding layer It is a layered structure in which the ends of the fibers are bonded to each other by ultrasonic processing. 4. For example, the composition of the fabric, (4), and (10) is a fabric structure in which a plurality of mesh bodies are stacked. It has a cushioning air cushion and a gas permeable effect. 5. As claimed in the patent application, the folding window network, wherein The body comprises a peripheral rim region and an inner rim region, wherein the peripheral rim region is a bonding layer which is bonded to each other by the fibers, and the bonding layer is ultrasonically processed to make the upper and lower meshes The ends of the fibers are bonded to each other to form a layered structure. 6. If you apply for the patent 细 丨 丨 之 折 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 7. The framing net according to claim i, wherein the fiber contains a plurality of functional particles. 8. Shishen β special (4) 7 handles the bokeh _, the towel, the functional particles are selected from the group consisting of sub-micron tourmaline, titanium dioxide, nano-charcoal, oxidation, oxygen, iron oxide, oxygen cut, Oxygen 16 M320431 Tungsten, Oxygen, Fines - Species 9. If you apply for a special machine around the 7th tear __,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Including a variety of particle sterilization, antibacterial, anti-mold factors. One of the ', ·, and 或 or 10. If the framing _ of the scope of the patent application is _, the capsule is covered with a detached material.秘 秘 微粒 微粒 微粒 微粒 微粒 微粒 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , One or more natural essential oils such as Melaleuca, Stem, Myrrh, Myrrh, Cinnamon, Lacquer, Orange, Peppermint, Cedar, Patchouli, Rose Grass, Clove, Grape Sleeve, Ginger, Lemongrass and Marjoram . The present invention is directed to a pleated screen of the present invention, wherein the material of the microcapsule is selected from one or more of the covering materials including quercetin, polyurethane elastic and thermoplastic elastomer. u. For example, the framing _ of claim 7 of the patent scope, wherein the functional particle may be an enzyme H. The pleated filter of the patent application No. 7, wherein the functional particle may be a photocatalyst particle. 17