TWI792314B - 鑑定具有誘蚊或驅蚊效果之天然精油用以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法 - Google Patents
鑑定具有誘蚊或驅蚊效果之天然精油用以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種鑑定具有誘蚊或驅蚊效果之天然精油用以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法,藉由天然植物萃取而成的精油在開放性空間進行蚊蟲誘卵實驗,觀察蚊蟲受天然植物精油其氣味分子刺激後蚊蟲孳生的情況,是進而表現出驅離或引誘反應,並比較各種精油之引誘或驅離效果,找出可最大程度降低蚊蟲孳生的天然精油,使之達到有效且不影響人體健康和生態環境的防止蚊蟲滋生目的。
Description
本發明係涉及一種鑑定具有誘蚊或驅蚊效果之天然精油用以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法,特別係涉及藉由天然植物中萃取而成的精油,並用以引誘或驅離蚊蟲以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法。
因全球暖化,加速了蚊蟲傳染病的蔓延,某些疾病可藉由侵入性的吸食動物在動物跟人類之間傳播。這類疾病統稱為蟲媒傳染病,蚊子為蟲媒傳染病中最被大眾所熟知的病媒源。近年來,登革熱疫情遍布全台,主因常是因為人們在住家庭院種植時,盆栽裡的積水所造成,故防止蚊蟲孳生成為防止登革熱發生以及傳染的一大挑戰。
防蚊產品為廣泛民眾所關注,化學成分之防蚊產品較天然產品有效,其對人體之健康尚存疑慮,因此人們多選擇天然產品作為防蚊產品首選;此外,市面上有許多天然或化學類防蚊產品,其方式係為塗抹至身上、噴至物
品上或以氣味驅蚊,皆以趨避蚊蟲為目的,而目前尚未見過以防止蚊蟲孳生為目的之產品。
每種精油所含的成分均不相同,比較不同精油氣味分子對蚊子受體的刺激,可得知其對蚊子產生的行為,以氣味分子對蚊子瘦體蛋白的刺激可能產生驅離或者引誘兩種行為(Pellegrino et al.,2011);如是驅離,則能可作為防止蚊蟲叮咬及防止蚊蟲產卵之成分,如是引誘,則能可作為蚊蟲的誘殺劑成分(夏維泰等,2015)。
台灣溫暖潮濕的氣候非常適合蚊蟲生長,據統計,全世界以紀錄之蚊蟲共有三千多種,而台灣則有131種;其中引起日本腦炎和登革熱之蚊蟲種類分別為三斑家蚊(tritaeniorhynchussummorosus)、環紋家蚊(annulus)、白頭家蚊(fuscocephala)、白線斑蚊(albopictus)以及埃及斑蚊(aegypti)等5種較為常見。
按照台灣物種名錄的記載,台灣蚊科類動物有40屬131種,常見的病媒蚊則多分布於斑紋屬以及家蚊數,除上述的5種常見病媒蚊以外,尚有如白肋斑紋(vexansvexans)、熱帶家蚊(quinquefasciatus)等病媒蚊;上述病媒蚊除會引起日本腦炎及登革熱以外,還可引起西尼羅熱、屈公熱、茲卡病毒感染症、淋巴絲蟲病等疾病。
全球死於病媒蚊傳播之疾病超過200萬人,因全球暖化的影響,登革熱疫情逐漸往緯度更高的國家擴散,台灣更是深受其害(Chen,2018)。在每年10、11月達到高峰期,感染人數達到3萬人,全年感染人數更達到6萬人之多,一但大規模感染,所付出的經濟成本相當可觀。
昆蟲的行為很大程度依賴於嗅覺系統,蚊子嗅覺系統包含其觸角及下顎鬚,其上有許多很小且型態各異的嗅覺感應器(以下簡稱嗅器)(Hansson &
Stensmyr,2011),嗅器能感應周圍環境的化學氣味分子,例如:人類呼出的二氧化碳以及汗液中的L-乳酸、氨,氣味分子大多為疏水性,進入嗅器後必須先與氣味結合蛋白(Odorant Binding Protein,OBP)形成OBP-氣味分子複合體,然後在複合體中OBP運送至樹突表面才能與膜上的嗅覺受體蛋白(Olfactory receptor,OR)結合,複合體解體後,氣味分子與OR結合產生訊號傳導,引起相應的行為反應。氣味分子降解酶(Odorant Degrading Enzyme,ODE)將氣味分子分解後,使OR能在感應其他氣味分子(周瑤、王明召,2016),其作用機轉可參照第2圖所示。
DEET(N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide)(DeGennaro,2015)為目前廣泛使用的驅蚊劑,DEET會吸附其他氣味分子,降低其揮發量,使蚊子嗅覺感應失常;也在致倦庫蚊上發現對DEET有明顯神經反應的嗅器(徐煒,2009),雖然其驅蚊效果良好,但如果使用不當,存在潛在的毒性問題(Swale et al,2014)。近幾年來,非洲大量噴灑DEET,物競天擇的情況下,DEET對於蚊蟲藥效恐逐漸下降,存在著抗藥性問題,因此希望能有其他驅蚊物質能取代之。
從古代就有許多關於驅蚊之紀錄,提到將蒿、艾草編織成草繩濕潤後點燃,其所產生之氣味、煙能可驅蚊。近年來對驅蚊的研究逐漸轉向植物驅蚊,例如:從北艾(Artemisiavulgaris)葉中提取之精油對具有登革熱載體之埃及斑蚊的幼蟲有良好的殺蟲特性(Balasubramani et al.,2018);綠干柏(Cupressus arizonica)揮發油對瘧蚊有良好的殺蟲活性(Sedaghat et al.,2011)。
綜上所述,須提供一種能可尋找出有效驅蚊之天然植物精油的方法,以改善化學合成之驅蚊化合物所產生之抗藥性及人體毒性,並可藉由其天然植物精油用以長時間防止蚊蟲孳生。
有鑑於此,因各種不同植物所萃取而成的精油之驅蚊效果均不相同,故需提供一種方便尋找出有效驅蚊之天然植物精油的方法;在發明人孜孜不倦的研究下,終尋找出一種能快速鑑定出有效驅蚊之天然精油的方法,藉由天然植物萃取而成的精油在開放性空間進行蚊蟲誘卵實驗,以觀察當蚊蟲受到天然植物萃取而成的精油及其氣味分子刺激後其蚊蟲孳生的狀況,並表現出驅離或引誘產生蚊蟲的反應,進而完成本案所提供的一種鑑定具有誘蚊或驅蚊效果之天然精油用以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法。
在比較受各種精油的氣味刺激後蚊蟲產生的狀況,找出可最大程度降低蚊蟲孳生的天然植物精油;如其天然植物精油可驅離蚊蟲,則可作為防止蚊蟲產卵之成分,反之如其天然植物精油可引誘蚊蟲,則可作為蚊蟲誘殺劑之成分。藉由使用天然植物中所萃取之精油驅離或引誘蚊蟲之方式來減少或撲滅病媒蚊,可達到有效且不影響人體健康和生態環境之防止蚊蟲孳生的目的。
目前的驅蚊劑停留在短時間(短於1小時)趨避蚊蟲叮咬。在預防蚊蟲孳生的藥劑僅為毒殺,一般須為高濃度且對人體或寵物可能有潛在毒性。本發明之天然植物精油能維持4天以上,且不施於人體,僅以ppm及濃度添加至積水處預防蚊蟲產卵孳生,對人或寵物產生毒性機會極低。
研究方法
1.精油萃取:
將超過20種常用可能具驅蚊效果的天然植物,利用水蒸氣蒸餾法(Steam distillation)萃取其天然植物精油;其後將所萃取而得之天然植物精油放入褐色避光玻璃瓶中,並保存於4℃冰箱中待用。
2.蚊蟲誘卵試驗:
根據林立豐等人(2006)的試驗步驟進行,分別於實驗組與對照組蚊蟲誘卵杯中加入二分之一杯的蒸餾水(實驗組與對照組n3),放置4天引誘蚊子於杯中產卵;在實驗組杯中配置100ppm的精油花水,對照組則僅裝有蒸餾水。將實驗組與對照組交叉放置,4天後觀察並記錄誘卵杯中所捕獲之蚊蟲及卵。
3.分析試驗結果:
藉由蚊蟲誘卵試驗,分析實驗組與對照組之誘卵杯中其蚊子之幼蟲(孑孓)的生成數量,並用立體顯微鏡鑑定孑孓之品種是否為埃及斑蚊,最後製成分析圖表以判斷出所使用之天然植物精油中,何種天然植物所萃取出之精油可最大程度降低蚊蟲孳生以供利用。
S1~S6:步驟
第1圖係為本發明所提供鑑定具有誘蚊或驅蚊效果之天然精油用以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法流程示意圖;第2圖係為蚊子嗅覺系統作用機轉示意圖;第3圖係為各種天然植物萃取之精油對蚊子產卵之百分比示意圖;第4圖係為各科別天然植物萃取之精油對蚊子產卵之百分比示意圖。
以下內容將搭配圖式,藉由特定的具體實施例說明本發明之技術內容,熟悉此技術之人士可由本說明書所揭示之內容輕易地了解本發明之其他優點與功效。本發明亦可藉由其他不同的具體實施例加以施行或應用。本說明
書中的各項細節亦可基於不同觀點與應用,在不背離本發明之精神下,進行各種修飾與變更。
參照第1圖,第1圖係為本發明所提供鑑定具有誘蚊或驅蚊效果之天然精油用以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法流程示意圖;所述方法包含以下步驟:
步驟S1:利用水蒸氣蒸餾法產生天然植物精油與天然植物花水;此步驟配置100ppm的天然植物精油或1000ppm的天然植物花水實驗組3組,以及蒸餾水對照組1組的誘卵杯各3瓶。所述天然植物精油或天然植物花水係來自於19個科別(楝科、胡椒科、馬鞭草科、玄參科、十字花科、芸香科、樟科、木犀科、松科、繖形科、唇形科、薑科、報春花科、木蘭柯、菊科、桃金孃科、馬兜鈴科、五味子科以及菖蒲科)共42種植物進行實驗,以找出能有效驅蚊或誘蚊之天然植物精油或天然植物花水;其中花水也稱純露,其為萃取精油時所產生之水溶性較高的揮發性組成。
所述42種植物分別為:茂谷、黑胡椒、土肉桂、牛至、馬櫻丹、稻米草、月橘、蛇床子、白芥子、月桂、薄荷、茉莉花、松節、紫蘇、樟葉、薑、蓽菝、茴藿香、黃花蒿、矮蒿、柳丁、小茴香、苦楝、濱艾、廣藿香、靈香草、辛夷、茶樹、細辛、草果、薰衣草、八角、荊芥穗、正品艾、桶柑、丁香、芳香萬壽菊、龍蒿、五月艾、石菖蒲、川芎以及北香薷。
步驟S2:在開放性空間進行蚊蟲誘卵實驗;誘卵實驗時間為3~5天;較佳地,誘卵實驗時間為4天,觀察並記錄不同精油或花水產生蚊蟲之狀況。
步驟S3:將實驗組與對照組移至室內透氣但不開放的容器中,觀察是否有蚊蟲孳生;其放置時間為6~8天;較佳地,放置時間為7天,以使蚊蟲之卵有足夠的時間孵化。
步驟S4:使用立體顯微鏡鑑定孑孓的品種及數量;記錄孑孓(蚊子的幼蟲)生成之數量,並鑑定孑孓的品種是否為登革熱之病媒蚊。
步驟S5:分析各種天然植物精油或天然植物花水之誘蚊或驅蚊效果;將各種天然植物精油或天然植物花水影響蚊子產卵之狀況,以及各種科別植物(共19個科別)的精油對蚊子產卵之情況製成圖表以進行分析,找出最佳驅蚊或誘蚊之天然植物精油以供利用。
步驟S6:由分析結果中找出具有最佳驅蚊或誘蚊效果之天然植物精油或天然植物花水用以防止蚊蟲孳生;如其天然植物精油或天然植物花水可驅離蚊蟲,則可作為防止蚊蟲叮咬及防止蚊蟲產卵之成分,反之如其天然植物精油或天然植物花水可引誘蚊蟲,則可作為蚊蟲誘殺劑之成分。
參照第3圖,第3圖係為各種天然植物萃取之精油對蚊子產卵之百分比示意圖;由第3圖中可得知,以對照組(即誘卵杯中僅含蒸餾水)作為基準,桶柑精油、丁香精油、芳香萬壽菊精油、龍蒿精油、五月艾精油、石菖蒲精油、川芎精油以及北香薷精油等8種天然植物精油之蚊蟲孳生之平均隻數均為0%,代表此8種天然植物精油均可有效驅離蚊蟲,故該等天然植物精油皆可作為最佳防止蚊蟲產卵之有效成分。
另一方面,由第3圖中可得知,同樣以對照組作為基準,其蚊蟲孳生之平均隻數設為100%,茂谷精油、黑胡椒精油、土肉桂花水、牛至精油、馬櫻丹精油以及稻米草精油等6種天然植物精油或花水之蚊蟲孳生之平均隻數均高於100%,代表此6種天然植物精油或花水可引誘蚊蟲孳生以產卵,其中以茂谷精油、黑胡椒精油之百分比最高,分別達到229%以及220%,故其兩者可作為最佳蚊蟲誘殺劑之有效成分。
再參照第4圖,第4圖係為各科別天然植物萃取之精油對蚊子產卵之百分比示意圖;由第4圖中可得知,唇形科、菊科、馬兜鈴科、桃金孃科、五味子科和菖蒲科等6種植物科別所萃取的天然植物精油對蚊子產卵之百分比可以減少至30%以下,其中桃金孃科、五味子科和菖蒲科等3種更是可將蚊子產卵之百分比減少至10%以下,故該等植物科別可作為防止蚊蟲叮咬及防止蚊蟲產卵之天然植物精油的萃取來源。
由以上結論可知,本案所提供的鑑定具有誘蚊或驅蚊效果之天然精油用以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法,其係利用水蒸氣蒸餾法產生天然植物精油與天然植物花水,並將該等天然植物精油與天然植物花水用於蚊蟲誘卵實驗,由其實驗結果中找出具有最佳驅蚊或誘蚊效果之天然植物精油或天然植物花水用以防止蚊蟲孳生;如其天然植物精油或天然植物花水可驅離蚊蟲,則可作為防止蚊蟲叮咬及防止蚊蟲產卵之成分,反之如其天然植物精油或天然植物花水可引誘蚊蟲,則可作為蚊蟲誘殺劑之成分;藉由驅離蚊蟲或引誘蚊蟲後將其撲殺,皆可有效防止蚊蟲孳生。
惟以上所述者,僅為本發明之較佳實施例,並非對本發明做任何形式上的限制,任何所屬技術領域中具通常知識者,若再不脫離本發明所提技術特徵的範圍內,利用本發明所揭示技術內容所做出局部更動或修飾得等效實施例,並且未脫離本發明的技術特徵內容,均仍屬於本發明技術特徵的範圍內。
S1~S6:步驟
Claims (5)
- 一種鑑定具有誘蚊或驅蚊效果之天然精油用以防止蚊蟲孳生之方法,其包含以下步驟:利用水蒸氣蒸餾法產生天然植物精油與天然植物花水;將實驗組與對照組在開放性空間進行蚊蟲誘卵實驗,該實驗組中裝有該天然植物精油或該天然植物花水,而該對照組中僅裝有蒸餾水;將該實驗組與該對照組移至室內透氣但不開放的容器中,觀察是否有蚊蟲孳生,其放置時間為6~8天;使用立體顯微鏡鑑定孑孓的品種及數量;分析各種天然植物精油或天然植物花水之誘蚊或驅蚊效果;以及由分析結果中找出具有最佳驅蚊或誘蚊效果之天然植物精油或天然植物花水用以防止蚊蟲孳生,其中具有驅蚊效果之該天然植物精油或該天然植物花水係選自桶柑精油、芳香萬壽菊精油、龍蒿精油、五月艾精油、石菖蒲精油、川芎精油以及北香薷精油中任一種;以及具有誘蚊效果之該天然植物精油或該天然植物花水係選自茂谷精油、黑胡椒精油、土肉桂花水、牛至精油、馬櫻丹精油以及稻米草精油中任一種。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中具有驅蚊效果之該天然植物精油與該天然植物花水,可作為防止蚊蟲叮咬及防止蚊蟲產卵之成分。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中具有誘蚊效果之該天然植物精油與該天然植物花水,可作為蚊蟲誘殺劑之成分。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該在開放性空間進行蚊蟲誘卵實驗之步驟中,誘卵實驗時間為3~5天。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該蚊蟲的品種係為埃及斑蚊。
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