TWI774338B - Methods of improving gait with image analysis - Google Patents

Methods of improving gait with image analysis Download PDF

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TWI774338B
TWI774338B TW110114909A TW110114909A TWI774338B TW I774338 B TWI774338 B TW I774338B TW 110114909 A TW110114909 A TW 110114909A TW 110114909 A TW110114909 A TW 110114909A TW I774338 B TWI774338 B TW I774338B
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黃涵
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/103—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/11—Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor, mobility of a limb
    • A61B5/112—Gait analysis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
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    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43D—MACHINES, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT OR METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING OR REPAIRING FOOTWEAR
    • A43D8/00—Machines for cutting, ornamenting, marking or otherwise working up shoe part blanks
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/103—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/11—Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor, mobility of a limb
    • A61B5/1126—Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor, mobility of a limb using a particular sensing technique
    • A61B5/1128—Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor, mobility of a limb using a particular sensing technique using image analysis

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Abstract

一種以影像分析改善步態的方法，包括：提供步行平面，供受測者行走；觀察及分析該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像，且得出對應於該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數；將步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數傳輸至鞋類製造單位，鞋類製造單位根據步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數製造一雙鞋類，當受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該雙鞋類改善受測者步行時的至少一參數，以提供受測者即時的步態改善方案。A method for improving gait by image analysis, comprising: providing a walking plane for a subject to walk; observing and analyzing the plane image of the subject's walking or running, and obtaining a walking or running corresponding to the subject's walking or running. at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running; at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is transmitted to the footwear manufacturing unit, and the footwear manufacturing unit manufactures a pair of footwear according to the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running. When the user walks wearing the pair of footwear, the pair of footwear improves at least one parameter of the subject while walking, so as to provide a real-time gait improvement solution for the subject.

Description

以影像分析改善步態的方法Methods of improving gait with image analysis

本發明係與改善步態的方法有關，尤其是藉由影像分析改善步態的方法。The present invention relates to a method for improving gait, especially a method for improving gait by image analysis.

根據研究，一般人行走速度可粗略分為緩慢、平穩(一般)和輕快，其中步行速度緩慢的族群在心臟疾病和心血管疾病死亡風險較高。由此可知，若能在行走時加快行走速度，則更有利於身體健康。According to research, the average walking speed can be roughly divided into slow, steady (average) and brisk, among which the slow walking speed group has a higher risk of death from heart disease and cardiovascular disease. It can be seen that if the walking speed can be accelerated when walking, it will be more beneficial to the health of the body.

然而，若貿然加快行走速度，甚至突然劇烈且長時間的快走，則很有可能會導致足底筋膜炎及/或膝關節滑膜炎；其中，除了運動時間過長及未充分熱身之外，往往係因為錯誤的步態造成慢性損傷。However, rashly increasing walking speed, or even sudden, vigorous and prolonged brisk walking, is likely to lead to plantar fasciitis and/or knee synovitis; among which, in addition to prolonged exercise and insufficient warm-up , often caused by chronic injury due to wrong gait.

為改善人體行走時的步態，目前的步態分析通常是在醫院、物理治療院所等專業醫護場所，藉由專業的儀器及設備進行人體行走步態的觀察及分析。舉例來說，受測者可能需要於身上特定部位佩戴光球，且配合虛擬攝影鏡頭及其影像處理程式進行分析；抑或是，受測者可能需要站立於設置有足部壓力感測器的布墊或穿著設置有足部壓力感測器的鞋墊的鞋子，方能進行步態分析。然而，上述步態分析方法不但受限於特定的醫護場所，更因為上述專業的儀器及設備價格昂貴而無法普及，使得可能有步態異常的一般人無法及早發現改善，造成日後可能連帶產生重大身體疾病。In order to improve the walking gait of the human body, the current gait analysis is usually carried out in professional medical and nursing places such as hospitals and physiotherapy centers, using professional instruments and equipment to observe and analyze the walking gait of the human body. For example, the subject may need to wear a light ball on a specific part of the body, and analyze it with the virtual camera and its image processing program; or, the subject may need to stand on a cloth with foot pressure sensors. The gait analysis can only be performed by wearing a pad or shoe with an insole equipped with a foot pressure sensor. However, the above-mentioned gait analysis methods are not only limited to specific medical care places, but also because the above-mentioned professional instruments and equipment are expensive and cannot be popularized, so that ordinary people who may have abnormal gait cannot find and improve early, resulting in the possibility of serious physical problems in the future. disease.

由此可知，現有的步態改善方法仍有待改良，以改善傳統步態分析方法所存在的諸多問題。It can be seen that the existing gait improvement methods still need to be improved to improve many problems existing in the traditional gait analysis methods.

有鑑於此，本發明之目的在於提供一種以影像分析改善步態的方法，其可利用常見的檢測設備，觀察及分析受測者的步態，並且即時提供相關步態參數。另外，根據所提供的步態參數，鞋類製造單位可製造符合受測者步態改善需求的鞋類，以提供受測者即時的步態改善方案。In view of this, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for improving gait by image analysis, which can use common detection equipment to observe and analyze the gait of a subject, and provide relevant gait parameters in real time. In addition, according to the provided gait parameters, the footwear manufacturing unit can manufacture footwear that meets the test subject's gait improvement needs, so as to provide the test subject with an immediate gait improvement plan.

緣以達成上述目的，本發明提供的一種以影像分析改善步態的方法，包括：提供一步行平面，該步行平面係供一受測者行走；觀察及分析該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像，且得出對應於該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數；以及將該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數傳輸至一鞋類製造單位，該鞋類製造單位根據該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數製造一雙鞋類，當該受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該雙鞋類改善該受測者步行時的該至少一參數。In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for improving gait by image analysis, comprising: providing a walking plane for a subject to walk; observing and analyzing the walking or running of the subject. a plane image, and obtain at least one parameter of the plane image corresponding to the walking or running of the subject; and transmitting the at least one parameter of the plane image of walking or running to a footwear manufacturing unit, and the footwear manufacturer The unit manufactures a pair of footwear according to the at least one parameter of the plane image of walking or running. When the subject walks wearing the pair of footwear, the pair of footwear improves the at least one parameter when the subject walks.

本發明之效果在於，利用常見的檢測設備，可觀察及分析受測者的步態，並且即時提供相關步態參數。根據所提供的步態參數，鞋類製造單位可製造符合受測者步態改善需求的鞋類，以提供受測者即時的步態改善方案，更有助於改善受測者的整體儀態及步行速度，進而增進受測者的身體健康。The effect of the present invention is that, using common detection equipment, the gait of the subject can be observed and analyzed, and relevant gait parameters can be provided in real time. According to the provided gait parameters, the footwear manufacturing unit can manufacture footwear that meets the test subject's gait improvement needs, so as to provide the test subject with a real-time gait improvement plan, which is also helpful to improve the test subject's overall posture and performance. walking speed, thereby improving the physical health of the subjects.

為能更清楚地說明本發明，茲舉一較佳實施例並配合圖式詳細說明如後。圖1為本發明一較佳實施例的以影像分析改善步態的方法的示意圖，而圖5為本發明一較佳實施例的以影像分析改善步態的方法的流程圖。 以影像分析改善步態的方法，包括至少以下步驟： 步驟S01：提供步行平面W，步行平面W係供受測者P行走； 步驟S02：提供攝影裝置C，攝影裝置C係面對步行平面W的方向攝影；在本發明實施例中，當受測者P於步行平面W行走時，攝影裝置C攝錄受測者P之步行或跑步的平面影像； 步驟S03：提供影像分析裝置A，當攝影裝置C攝錄受測者P之步行或跑步的平面影像後，步行或跑步的平面影像由攝影裝置C傳輸至影像分析裝置A，且由影像分析裝置A分析步行或跑步的平面影像，以輸出步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數；以及 步驟S04：將步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數傳輸至鞋類製造單位M，鞋類製造單位M根據步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數製造一雙鞋類S；在本發明實施例中，當受測者P穿著該雙鞋類S行走時，該雙鞋類S改善該受測者P步行時的該至少一參數。In order to explain the present invention more clearly, a preferred embodiment is given and described in detail as follows in conjunction with the drawings. 1 is a schematic diagram of a method for improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A method of improving gait by image analysis, including at least the following steps: Step S01: provide a walking plane W, and the walking plane W is for the subject P to walk; Step S02: Provide a photographing device C, and the photographing device C takes pictures in the direction of the walking plane W; in the embodiment of the present invention, when the subject P is walking on the walking plane W, the photographing device C records the Flat image of walking or running; Step S03 : Provide an image analysis device A, after the photographing device C records a plane image of the walking or running of the subject P, the walking or running plane image is transmitted from the photographing device C to the image analyzing device A, and the image analyzing device A analyzes the planar image of walking or running to output at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running; and Step S04: transmitting at least one parameter of the plane image of walking or running to the footwear manufacturing unit M, and the footwear manufacturing unit M manufactures a pair of footwear S according to the at least one parameter of the plane image of walking or running; in the embodiment of the present invention Among them, when the subject P is walking wearing the pair of footwear S, the pair of footwear S improves the at least one parameter of the subject P when walking.

根據本發明實施例，步驟S02及步驟S03可歸納為觀察及分析該受測者P的步行或跑步的平面影像，且得出對應於該受測P者的步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數。觀察及分析該受測者P的步行或跑步的平面影像的步驟係由一檢測員(未繪示)觀察該受測者P的步行或跑步的平面影像後，分析該受測者P的步行或跑步的平面影像，以得出對應於該受測者P的步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數。According to an embodiment of the present invention, step S02 and step S03 can be summarized as observing and analyzing the plane image of the walking or running of the subject P, and obtaining at least one plane image corresponding to the walking or running of the subject P. parameter. The step of observing and analyzing the plane image of the subject P's walking or running is to analyze the walking or running of the subject P after an inspector (not shown) observes the plane image of the subject P's walking or running. Or the plane image of running to obtain the at least one parameter corresponding to the plane image of the subject P's walking or running.

根據本發明實施例，當受測者P於步行平面W行走時，攝影裝置C係設置面對受測者P的背面、正面或其組合。如圖１所示，攝影裝置C係設置面對受測者P的背面。接著請配合圖２，當受測者P於步行平面W行走時，受測者P身上黏貼有複數個反光標籤101；反光標籤101係用於影像分析裝置A分析及定位步行或跑步的平面影像。在本發明實施例中，當受測者P身上黏貼有複數個反光標籤101時，可提升影像分析裝置A對於步行或跑步的平面影像定位及分析的準確率。如圖２所示，反光標籤101係黏貼於受測者P的二肩部、腰部、二膝部、二足後跟或其組合，但不以此為限制；在實務上，反光標籤101可依實際需要黏貼在受測者P身上需定位及分析的位置。在本發明實施例中，影像分析裝置A係先擷取步行或跑步的平面影像的影像輪廓再進行分析。在本發明實施例中，影像分析裝置A係先擷取步行或跑步的平面影像的影像輪廓，且根據受測者P身上的反光標籤101分析及定位步行或跑步的平面影像，以提升影像分析裝置A對於步行或跑步的平面影像定位及分析的準確率。According to the embodiment of the present invention, when the subject P is walking on the walking plane W, the photographing device C is set to face the back, the front, or a combination thereof. As shown in FIG. 1 , the photographing device C is installed on the back facing the subject P. 2, when the subject P walks on the walking plane W, a plurality of reflective labels 101 are pasted on the subject P; the reflective labels 101 are used by the image analysis device A to analyze and locate the plane image of walking or running . In the embodiment of the present invention, when the subject P is affixed with a plurality of reflective labels 101 , the accuracy of the image analysis device A for locating and analyzing the planar image of walking or running can be improved. As shown in FIG. 2 , the reflective label 101 is attached to the shoulders, waist, knees, heels of the two feet of the subject P, or a combination thereof, but not limited to this; in practice, the reflective label 101 can be According to actual needs, it is pasted on the subject P at the position to be positioned and analyzed. In the embodiment of the present invention, the image analysis device A first captures the image contour of the planar image of walking or running, and then analyzes it. In the embodiment of the present invention, the image analysis device A first captures the image outline of the walking or running plane image, and analyzes and locates the walking or running plane image according to the reflective label 101 on the subject P, so as to improve the image analysis The accuracy of the positioning and analysis of the plane image of the device A for walking or running.

根據本發明實施例，影像分析裝置A分析步行或跑步的平面影像時，更包括將受測者P於受測時所穿著的鞋子種類輸入影像分析裝置A中，以與步行或跑步的平面影像同時進行分析。舉例來說，受測者P於受測時係穿著鞋底已嚴重磨損的鞋子，導致受測者P的步態明顯異常，此時將受測者P於受測時所穿著的鞋子種類輸入影像分析裝置A並且與步行或跑步的平面影像同時進行分析，可顯著提高影像分析裝置A所輸出的分析結果準確率。According to an embodiment of the present invention, when the image analysis device A analyzes the two-dimensional image of walking or running, it further includes inputting the type of shoes that the subject P wears during the test into the image analyzing device A, so as to compare it with the two-dimensional image of walking or running. Simultaneous analysis. For example, the test subject P was wearing shoes with severely worn soles during the test, which caused the test subject P's gait to be abnormal. The analysis device A also analyzes the plane images of walking or running at the same time, which can significantly improve the accuracy of the analysis results output by the image analysis device A.

在本發明實施例中，步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數係透過雲端傳輸方式CT傳輸至鞋類製造單位M，且鞋類製造單位M例如可為鞋類製造工廠或自動化鞋類製造設備，但不以此為限制。在本發明另一實施例中，步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數亦可透過雲端傳輸方式CT傳輸至鞋類經銷商、醫護院所或消費者；舉例來說，步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數係先上傳至雲端資訊設備(圖未繪示)中，而鞋類製造單位M、鞋類經銷商、醫護院所或消費者可由雲端資訊設備下載該至少一參數。In the embodiment of the present invention, at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is transmitted to the footwear manufacturing unit M through the cloud transmission method CT, and the footwear manufacturing unit M may be, for example, a footwear manufacturing factory or an automated footwear manufacturing equipment , but not limited to this. In another embodiment of the present invention, at least one parameter of the two-dimensional image of walking or running can also be transmitted to footwear dealers, medical institutions or consumers through the cloud transmission method CT; for example, the two-dimensional image of walking or running At least one parameter of M is first uploaded to the cloud information device (not shown), and the footwear manufacturing unit M, the shoe dealer, the medical institution or the consumer can download the at least one parameter from the cloud information device.

在圖2中，步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數為一平面參數；由於攝影裝置C只攝錄受測者P的背面、正面或其組合，因此所攝錄的步行或跑步的平面影像為一平面影像，而影像分析裝置A分析所得的參數為平面參數，只有x/y方向的位移數據，無z方向的位移數據。在本發明實施例中，藉由影像分析裝置A分析得到的x/y方向的位移數據，無需z方向的位移數據，即可推算出鞋類製造單位M需製造的鞋類S的尺寸規格及鞋體結構。In FIG. 2, at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is a planar parameter; since the photographing device C only records the back, the front, or a combination of the subject P, the recorded planar image of walking or running is is a plane image, and the parameters analyzed by the image analysis device A are plane parameters, with only displacement data in the x/y direction, and no displacement data in the z direction. In the embodiment of the present invention, the displacement data in the x/y direction obtained by the analysis of the image analysis device A, without the displacement data in the z direction, the size specification and Body structure.

根據本發明實施例，步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數為受測者P的一身體位移參數，該身體位移參數包括受測者P的足部扭力、足部壓力、足部平穩度、肩部平穩度、身體中軸平穩度、腰部平穩度或其組合。在本發明實施例中，足部扭力為足後跟扭力，足部壓力為足後跟壓力。According to the embodiment of the present invention, at least one parameter of the plane image of walking or running is a body displacement parameter of the subject P, and the body displacement parameter includes the subject P's foot torsion, foot pressure, foot stability, Shoulder smoothness, mid-axis smoothness, waist smoothness, or a combination thereof. In the embodiment of the present invention, the foot torsion is heel torsion, and the foot pressure is heel pressure.

圖3為本發明一較佳實施例的受測者P經過以影像分析改善步態的方法調整二肩高低差異值的示意圖。在圖３中，步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數為受測者P二肩部的第一高低差異值H1；當受測者P穿著該雙鞋類S行走時，受測者P二肩部具有第二高低差異值H2；在本發明實施例中，第二高低差異值H2為第一高低差異值H1的5%~25%，即受測者P在穿著該雙鞋類S後，其二肩部的高低差異值減少了75%~95%，較佳為減少85%。在本發明實施例中，由於具有長短腳的受測者P的二肩部的高低差異值較為明顯，故本發明實施例所提供的以影像分析改善步態的方法有助於改善具有長短腳的受測者P的二肩部的高低差異值。在本發明實施例中，步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數包括至少一左足參數及至少一右足參數；該雙鞋類包括左足鞋及右足鞋，左足鞋係根據左足參數製造，而右足鞋係根據右足參數製造。在本發明實施例中，左足鞋與右足鞋互不對稱。3 is a schematic diagram of a subject P in a preferred embodiment of the present invention adjusting the difference in height of the shoulders by the method of improving gait by image analysis. In FIG. 3, at least one parameter of the plane image of walking or running is the first height difference value H1 of the shoulder of the subject P and the second; when the subject P is walking wearing the pair of footwear S, the subject P is The shoulder has a second height difference value H2; in the embodiment of the present invention, the second height difference value H2 is 5% to 25% of the first height difference value H1, that is, the subject P wears the pair of footwear S after wearing , the height difference between the two shoulders is reduced by 75% to 95%, preferably by 85%. In the embodiment of the present invention, since the height difference between the shoulders of the subject P with long and short legs is relatively obvious, the method for improving gait by image analysis provided in the embodiment of the present invention is helpful for improving the gait with long and short legs. The difference between the two shoulders of the subject P. In the embodiment of the present invention, at least one parameter of the plane image of walking or running includes at least one left foot parameter and at least one right foot parameter; the pair of footwear includes left foot shoes and right foot shoes, the left foot shoe is manufactured according to the left foot parameter, and the right foot shoe is manufactured according to the left foot parameter. It is manufactured according to the parameters of the right foot. In the embodiment of the present invention, the left shoe and the right shoe are asymmetrical to each other.

當受測者P於步行平面W行走時，攝影裝置C係攝錄受測者P之身體旋轉方向、身體擺動幅度、足部運動軌跡、雙手擺動幅度或其組合。在本發明實施例中，受測者P之身體擺動幅度包括身體水平位移幅度、身體旋轉幅度或其組合；受測者P之足部運動軌跡包括足部接觸地面的位置、足部受力路徑、足部翻轉角度、足部翻轉時間或其組合。When the subject P walks on the walking plane W, the photographing device C records the body rotation direction, body swing range, foot motion trajectory, hands swing range or a combination thereof of the subject P. In the embodiment of the present invention, the body swing amplitude of the subject P includes the horizontal displacement amplitude of the body, the body rotation amplitude or a combination thereof; the foot movement trajectory of the subject P includes the position where the foot contacts the ground, the force path of the foot , foot rollover angle, foot rollover time, or a combination thereof.

以受測者P之足部運動軌跡為例說明，請參圖４。圖４為本發明一較佳實施例的受測者P經過以影像分析改善步態的方法調整足部運動軌跡的示意圖。在圖４左半部中，步態異常的受測者P的足底與地面接觸的軌跡依序為部位401a、部位401b、部位401c、部位401d，呈正S型的運動軌跡，可能同時在足底發生跳動的運動狀態；當經過本發明實施例所提供的以影像分析改善步態的方法調整足部運動軌跡之後，受測者P的足底與地面接觸的軌跡依序為部位402a、部位402b、部位402c、部位402d，呈反S型的運動軌跡，同時在足底為滾動的運動狀態，如圖4右半部所示。Take the foot movement trajectory of subject P as an example, please refer to Figure 4. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a subject P adjusting a foot motion trajectory by a method of improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In the left half of Fig. 4, the track of the sole of the foot of the subject P with abnormal gait in contact with the ground is part 401a, part 401b, part 401c, part 401d in sequence, showing a positive S-shaped movement trajectory, which may be in the foot at the same time. The motion state in which the bottom is beating; after adjusting the foot motion trajectory through the method of improving gait by image analysis provided by the embodiment of the present invention, the trajectory of the foot of the subject P in contact with the ground is the part 402a, the part 402a, the part 402a 402b, part 402c, and part 402d are in a reverse S-shaped motion track, and are in a rolling motion state on the sole of the foot, as shown in the right half of FIG. 4 .

在本發明實施例中，步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數為受測者P的第一足部翻轉時間；當受測者P穿著該雙鞋類S行走時，受測者P具有第二足部翻轉時間；第二足部翻轉時間為第一足部翻轉時間的85%~95%，即受測者P在穿著該雙鞋類S後，其足部翻轉時間減少了5%~15%，使受測者P在穿著該雙鞋類S後可增加行走速度約5%~15%，平均而言行走速度可提升約7%。In the embodiment of the present invention, at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is the first foot turning time of the subject P; when the subject P walks wearing the pair of footwear S, the subject P has the The turning time of two feet; the turning time of the second foot is 85%~95% of the turning time of the first foot, that is, after the subject P wears the pair of footwear S, the turning time of the foot is reduced by 5%~ 15%, so that the subject P can increase the walking speed by about 5%~15% after wearing the pair of footwear S, and the walking speed can be increased by about 7% on average.

根據本發明之實施例，攝影裝置C係攝錄受測者P的身體擺動幅度為受測者P的第一身體擺動幅度；當受測者P穿著該雙鞋類S行走時，受測者P具有第二身體擺動幅度；第二身體擺動幅度係小於第一身體擺動幅度。According to an embodiment of the present invention, the photographing device C records the body swing amplitude of the subject P as the first body swing amplitude of the subject P; when the subject P walks wearing the pair of footwear S, the subject P P has a second body swing amplitude; the second body swing amplitude is smaller than the first body swing amplitude.

根據本發明之實施例，攝影裝置C係攝錄受測者P的身體旋轉幅度為受測者P的第一身體旋轉幅度；當受測者P穿著該雙鞋類S行走時，受測者P具有第二身體旋轉幅度；第二身體旋轉幅度係小於第一身體旋轉幅度。According to an embodiment of the present invention, the photographing device C records the body rotation amplitude of the subject P as the first body rotation amplitude of the subject P; when the subject P walks wearing the pair of footwear S, the subject P P has a second body rotation magnitude; the second body rotation magnitude is smaller than the first body rotation magnitude.

圖6為本發明一較佳實施例以影像分析改善步態的方法所製成的一鞋底1；圖7為圖6的鞋底1的側視圖。本發明所提供的鞋底1可做為鞋大底使用，但不以此為限制。FIG. 6 is a shoe sole 1 made by a method for improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a side view of the shoe sole 1 of FIG. 6 . The shoe sole 1 provided by the present invention can be used as a shoe outsole, but is not limited thereto.

鞋底1包括中空結構10及配重物20a。中空結構10包括第一填充部12及第二填充部14，其中第一填充部12及第二填充部14彼此相鄰接。在本發明實施例中，第一填充部12具有第一支撐肋40b，且第一支撐肋40b具有容置槽42。在本發明實施例中，第二填充部14具有第二支撐肋40a。The sole 1 includes a hollow structure 10 and a weight 20a. The hollow structure 10 includes a first filling part 12 and a second filling part 14 , wherein the first filling part 12 and the second filling part 14 are adjacent to each other. In the embodiment of the present invention, the first filling portion 12 has a first support rib 40b, and the first support rib 40b has an accommodating groove 42 . In the embodiment of the present invention, the second filling part 14 has the second supporting ribs 40a.

在圖6及圖7中，中空結構10包括複數個凸塊50設置於中空結構10的底面，用以增加鞋底1的抓地性。在本發明實施例中，至少一部分的該些凸塊50可進一步裝設鞋釘(未繪示)，以提升鞋底1的抓地性In FIGS. 6 and 7 , the hollow structure 10 includes a plurality of bumps 50 disposed on the bottom surface of the hollow structure 10 to increase the grip of the sole 1 . In the embodiment of the present invention, at least a part of the bumps 50 can be further provided with spikes (not shown), so as to improve the grip of the sole 1

配重物20a係填充於第一支撐肋40b的容置槽42中。在本發明實施例中，配重物20a包含複數個剛性物，例如可為硬塑膠片(條)及/或金屬片(條)，但不以此為限制；只要能填充於第一支撐肋40b的容置槽42中的高比重元件皆可在本發明中做為配重物20a使用。The counterweight 20a is filled in the accommodating groove 42 of the first support rib 40b. In the embodiment of the present invention, the counterweight 20a includes a plurality of rigid objects, such as hard plastic sheets (strips) and/or metal sheets (strips), but not limited thereto; as long as they can be filled in the first support rib The high specific gravity elements in the accommodating groove 42 of 40b can all be used as the counterweight 20a in the present invention.

在本發明實施例中，填充於第一支撐肋40b的容置槽42中的配重物20a可依受測者P的步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數調整配重量，以便於受測者P利用本發明所提供的鞋底1達到改善步行或跑步的平面影像的目的。In the embodiment of the present invention, the weight 20a filled in the accommodating groove 42 of the first support rib 40b can adjust the weight according to at least one parameter of the plane image of the walking or running of the subject P, so as to facilitate the measurement The user P utilizes the sole 1 provided by the present invention to achieve the purpose of improving the plane image of walking or running.

在圖6及圖7中，鞋底1包括氣體填充部30設置於中空結構10中，用以將填充氣體填充於第一填充部12及第二填充部14中之至少一者。在本發明實施例中，第一填充部12及第二填充部14均藉由氣體填充部30填充氣體，使第一填充部12及第二填充部14充滿填充氣體，其中第一填充部12更設置有上述配重物20a，而上述配重物20a並未填充於第二填充部14中。In FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 , the sole 1 includes a gas filling part 30 disposed in the hollow structure 10 for filling at least one of the first filling part 12 and the second filling part 14 with filling gas. In the embodiment of the present invention, both the first filling part 12 and the second filling part 14 are filled with gas through the gas filling part 30 , so that the first filling part 12 and the second filling part 14 are filled with filling gas, wherein the first filling part 12 is filled with gas. The above-mentioned counterweight 20a is further provided, and the above-mentioned counterweight 20a is not filled in the second filling part 14 .

圖8為本發明一較佳實施例以影像分析改善步態的方法所製成的一鞋底1；圖9為圖8的鞋底1的側視圖。本發明所提供的鞋底1可做為鞋大底使用，但不以此為限制。FIG. 8 is a shoe sole 1 made by a method for improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 9 is a side view of the shoe sole 1 of FIG. 8 . The shoe sole 1 provided by the present invention can be used as a shoe outsole, but is not limited thereto.

鞋底1包括中空結構10及配重物20b。中空結構10包括第一填充部12及第二填充部14，其中第一填充部12及第二填充部14彼此相鄰接。在本發明實施例中，第一填充部12具有第一支撐肋40b，且第一支撐肋40b具有容置槽42。在本發明實施例中，第二填充部14具有第二支撐肋40a。The sole 1 includes a hollow structure 10 and a weight 20b. The hollow structure 10 includes a first filling part 12 and a second filling part 14 , wherein the first filling part 12 and the second filling part 14 are adjacent to each other. In the embodiment of the present invention, the first filling portion 12 has a first support rib 40b, and the first support rib 40b has an accommodating groove 42 . In the embodiment of the present invention, the second filling part 14 has the second supporting ribs 40a.

在圖8及圖9中，中空結構10包括複數個凸塊50設置於中空結構10的底面，用以增加鞋底1的抓地性。在本發明實施例中，至少一部分的該些凸塊50可進一步裝設鞋釘(未繪示)，以提升鞋底1的抓地性In FIGS. 8 and 9 , the hollow structure 10 includes a plurality of bumps 50 disposed on the bottom surface of the hollow structure 10 to increase the grip of the sole 1 . In the embodiment of the present invention, at least a part of the bumps 50 can be further provided with spikes (not shown), so as to improve the grip of the sole 1

配重物20b係填充於第一支撐肋40b的容置槽42中。在本發明實施例中，配重物20b包含高比重填充膠，例如可為矽膠、橡膠、含金屬的塑膠或其組合，但不以此為限制；只要能填充於第一支撐肋40b的容置槽42中的高比重元件皆可在本發明中做為配重物20b使用。The counterweight 20b is filled in the accommodating groove 42 of the first support rib 40b. In the embodiment of the present invention, the weight 20b includes a high specific gravity filler, such as silicone rubber, rubber, metal-containing plastic or a combination thereof, but not limited to this; as long as it can fill the container of the first support rib 40b All the high specific gravity components in the slot 42 can be used as the counterweight 20b in the present invention.

在本發明實施例中，填充於第一支撐肋40b的容置槽42中的配重物20b可依受測者P的步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數調整配重量，以便於受測者P利用本發明所提供的鞋底1達到改善步行或跑步的平面影像的目的。In the embodiment of the present invention, the weight 20b filled in the accommodating groove 42 of the first support rib 40b can adjust the weight according to at least one parameter of the plane image of the walking or running of the subject P, so as to facilitate the measurement The user P utilizes the sole 1 provided by the present invention to achieve the purpose of improving the plane image of walking or running.

在圖8及圖9中，鞋底1包括氣體填充部30設置於中空結構10中，用以將填充氣體填充於第一填充部12及第二填充部14中之至少一者。在本發明實施例中，第一填充部12及第二填充部14均藉由氣體填充部30填充氣體，使第一填充部12及第二填充部14充滿填充氣體，其中第一填充部12更設置有上述配重物20b，而上述配重物20b並未填充於第二填充部14中。In FIGS. 8 and 9 , the sole 1 includes a gas filling part 30 disposed in the hollow structure 10 for filling gas filling in at least one of the first filling part 12 and the second filling part 14 . In the embodiment of the present invention, both the first filling part 12 and the second filling part 14 are filled with gas through the gas filling part 30 , so that the first filling part 12 and the second filling part 14 are filled with filling gas, wherein the first filling part 12 is filled with gas. The above-mentioned counterweight 20b is further provided, and the above-mentioned counterweight 20b is not filled in the second filling part 14 .

藉由本發明實施例的設計，本發明實施例利用常見的檢測設備，可觀察及分析受測者的步態，並且即時提供相關步態參數。根據所提供的步態參數，鞋類製造單位可製造符合受測者步態改善需求的鞋類，以提供受測者即時的步態改善方案，更有助於改善受測者的整體儀態及步行速度，進而增進受測者的身體健康。Through the design of the embodiment of the present invention, the embodiment of the present invention can observe and analyze the gait of the subject by using common detection equipment, and provide relevant gait parameters in real time. According to the provided gait parameters, the footwear manufacturing unit can manufacture footwear that meets the test subject's gait improvement needs, so as to provide the test subject with a real-time gait improvement plan, which is also helpful to improve the test subject's overall posture and performance. walking speed, thereby improving the physical health of the subjects.

以上所述僅為本發明較佳可行實施例而已，舉凡應用本發明說明書及申請專利範圍所為之等效變化，理應包含在本發明之專利範圍內。The above descriptions are only preferred feasible embodiments of the present invention, and any equivalent changes made by applying the description of the present invention and the scope of the patent application should be included in the patent scope of the present invention.

1:鞋底 10:中空結構 12:第一填充部 14:第二填充部 20a,20b:配重物 30:氣體填充部 40b:第一支撐肋 40a:第二支撐肋 42:容置槽 50:凸塊 101:反光標籤 401a,401b,401c,401d,402a,402b,402c,402d:部位 A:影像分析裝置 C:攝影裝置 CT:雲端傳輸方式 H1:第一高低差異值 H2:第二高低差異值 M:鞋類製造單位 P:受測者 S:鞋類 W:步行平面 x,y,z:方向 S01,S02,S03,S04:步驟1: Sole 10: Hollow structure 12: The first filling part 14: Second filling part 20a, 20b: Counterweights 30: Gas filling part 40b: First support rib 40a: Second support rib 42: accommodating slot 50: bump 101: Reflective Labels 401a, 401b, 401c, 401d, 402a, 402b, 402c, 402d: Parts A: Image analysis device C: Photographic installation CT: cloud transmission method H1: The first high and low difference value H2: The second high and low difference value M: Footwear manufacturing unit P: Subject S: footwear W: Walking plane x,y,z: direction S01, S02, S03, S04: Steps

圖1為本發明一較佳實施例的以影像分析改善步態的方法的示意圖； 圖2為本發明一較佳實施例的人體貼上反光標籤的示意圖； 圖3為本發明一較佳實施例的受測者經過以影像分析改善步態的方法調整二肩高低差異值的示意圖； 圖4為本發明一較佳實施例的受測者經過以影像分析改善步態的方法調整足部運動軌跡的示意圖； 圖5為本發明一較佳實施例的以影像分析改善步態的方法的流程圖； 圖6為本發明一較佳實施例以影像分析改善步態的方法所製成的一鞋底； 圖7為圖6的鞋底的側視圖； 圖8為本發明一較佳實施例以影像分析改善步態的方法所製成的一鞋底； 圖9為圖8的鞋底的側視圖。1 is a schematic diagram of a method for improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a reflective label attached to a human body according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 3 is a schematic diagram of a subject adjusting the height difference between shoulders by a method of improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a subject adjusting a foot movement trajectory through a method of improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 5 is a flowchart of a method for improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 6 is a shoe sole made by a method for improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 is a side view of the sole of Figure 6; 8 is a shoe sole made by a method for improving gait by image analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 9 is a side view of the sole of FIG. 8 .

S01,S02,S03,S04:步驟S01, S02, S03, S04: Steps

Claims (15)

一種以影像分析改善步態的方法，包括：一受測者在一步行平面上行走；將一攝影裝置面對該步行平面的方向攝影，當該受測者於該步行平面行走時，該攝影裝置攝錄該受測者之該步行或跑步的平面影像，且該攝影裝置將該步行或跑步的平面影像傳輸至一影像分析裝置，藉由該影像分析裝置觀察及分析該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像，以得出對應於該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數，其中該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數為該受測者二肩部的一第一高低差異值；當該受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該受測者二肩部具有一第二高低差異值；該第二高低差異值為該第一高低差異值的5%~25%；以及將該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數傳輸至一鞋類製造單位，該鞋類製造單位根據該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數製造一雙鞋類，當該受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該雙鞋類改善該受測者步行時的該至少一參數。 A method for improving gait by image analysis, comprising: a subject walking on a walking plane; photographing a photographing device facing the direction of the walking plane, when the subject walks on the walking plane, the photographing The device records the plane image of the walking or running of the subject, and the photographing device transmits the plane image of walking or running to an image analysis device, and the image analysis device observes and analyzes the walking of the subject or running plane image to obtain at least one parameter corresponding to the subject's walking or running plane image, wherein the at least one parameter of the walking or running plane image is a parameter of the subject's two shoulders A first height difference value; when the subject walks wearing the pair of footwear, the subject's shoulders have a second height difference value; the second height difference value is 5% of the first height difference value ~25%; and transmitting the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running to a footwear manufacturing unit that manufactures a pair of footwear based on the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running, When the subject walks in the pair of footwear, the pair of footwear improves the at least one parameter when the subject walks. 一種以影像分析改善步態的方法，包括：一受測者在一步行平面上行走；將一攝影裝置面對該步行平面的方向攝影，當該受測者於該步行平面行走時，該攝影裝置攝錄該受測者之該步行或跑步的平面影像，其中該攝影裝置係攝錄該受測者之一足部運動軌跡，該受測者之該足部運動軌跡包括一足部接觸地面的位置、一足部受力路徑、一足部翻轉角度、一足部翻轉時間或其組合；該攝影裝置將該步行或跑步的平面影像傳輸至一影像分析裝置，且由該影像分析裝置觀察及分析該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像，以得出對應於該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像的至少 一參數，其中該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數為該受測者的一第一足部翻轉時間；當該受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該受測者具有一第二足部翻轉時間；該第二足部翻轉時間為該第一足部翻轉時間的85%~95%；以及將該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數傳輸至一鞋類製造單位，該鞋類製造單位根據該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數製造一雙鞋類，當該受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該雙鞋類改善該受測者步行時的該至少一參數。 A method for improving gait by image analysis, comprising: a subject walking on a walking plane; photographing a photographing device facing the direction of the walking plane, when the subject walks on the walking plane, the photographing The device records the plane image of the subject's walking or running, wherein the photographing device records a foot movement trajectory of the subject, and the foot movement trajectory of the subject includes a position where the foot touches the ground , a foot force path, a foot turning angle, a foot turning time or a combination thereof; the photographing device transmits the plane image of the walking or running to an image analysis device, and the image analysis device observes and analyzes the measured a planar image of the subject's walking or running to obtain at least a parameter, wherein the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is a first foot turning time of the subject; when the subject walks wearing the pair of footwear, the subject has a first The turning time of the two feet; the turning time of the second foot is 85%~95% of the turning time of the first foot; and the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is transmitted to a footwear manufacturing unit, The footwear manufacturing unit manufactures a pair of footwear according to the at least one parameter of the walking or running plane image. When the subject walks wearing the pair of footwear, the pair of footwear improves the subject's walking performance. at least one parameter. 一種以影像分析改善步態的方法，包括：一受測者在一步行平面上行走；將一攝影裝置面對該步行平面的方向攝影，當該受測者於該步行平面行走時，該攝影裝置攝錄該受測者之該步行或跑步的平面影像，其中該攝影裝置係攝錄該受測者之一身體擺動幅度，即該攝影裝置攝錄該受測者的該身體擺動幅度為該受測者的一第一身體擺動幅度；當該受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該受測者具有一第二身體擺動幅度；該第二身體擺動幅度係小於該第一身體擺動幅度；該攝影裝置將該步行或跑步的平面影像傳輸至一影像分析裝置，且由該影像分析裝置觀察及分析該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像，以得出對應於該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數；以及將該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數傳輸至一鞋類製造單位，該鞋類製造單位根據該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數製造一雙鞋類，當該受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該雙鞋類改善該受測者步行時的該至少一參數。 A method for improving gait by image analysis, comprising: a subject walking on a walking plane; photographing a photographing device facing the direction of the walking plane, when the subject walks on the walking plane, the photographing The device records the plane image of the walking or running of the subject, wherein the photographing device records the amplitude of a body swing of the subject, that is, the amplitude of the body swing of the subject recorded by the photographing device is the A first body swing amplitude of the subject; when the subject walks wearing the pair of footwear, the subject has a second body swing amplitude; the second body swing amplitude is smaller than the first body swing amplitude ; The photographing device transmits the plane image of the walking or running to an image analysis device, and the image analysis device observes and analyzes the plane image of the subject's walking or running to obtain a corresponding image of the subject. at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running; and transmitting the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running to a footwear manufacturing unit, the footwear manufacturing unit based on the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running The parameter creates a pair of footwear that improves the at least one parameter when the subject walks while wearing the pair of footwear. 一種以影像分析改善步態的方法，包括： 一受測者在一步行平面上行走；將一攝影裝置面對該步行平面的方向攝影，當該受測者於該步行平面行走時，該攝影裝置攝錄該受測者之該步行或跑步的平面影像，其中該攝影裝置攝錄該受測者之一身體旋轉幅度，即該攝影裝置攝錄該受測者的該身體旋轉幅度為該受測者的一第一身體旋轉幅度；當該受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該受測者具有一第二身體旋轉幅度；該第二身體旋轉幅度係小於該第一身體旋轉幅度，該攝影裝置將該步行或跑步的平面影像傳輸至一影像分析裝置，且由該影像分析裝置觀察及分析該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像，以得出對應於該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像的至少一參數；將該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數傳輸至一鞋類製造單位，該鞋類製造單位根據該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數製造一雙鞋類，當該受測者穿著該雙鞋類行走時，該雙鞋類改善該受測者步行時的該至少一參數。 A method of improving gait with image analysis, including: A subject walks on a walking plane; a photographing device is photographed facing the direction of the walking plane, when the subject walks on the walking plane, the photographing device records the walking or running of the subject , wherein the photographing device records a body rotation amplitude of the subject, that is, the body rotation amplitude of the subject recorded by the photographing device is a first body rotation amplitude of the subject; when the When the subject walks wearing the pair of shoes, the subject has a second body rotation range; the second body rotation range is smaller than the first body rotation range, and the photographing device transmits the plane image of the walking or running to an image analysis device, and the image analysis device observes and analyzes the planar image of the subject's walking or running to obtain at least one parameter corresponding to the planar image of the subject's walking or running; The at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is transmitted to a footwear manufacturing unit, and the footwear manufacturing unit manufactures a pair of footwear according to the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running, when the subject wears the When walking with a pair of footwear, the pair of footwear improves the at least one parameter when the subject is walking. 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中當該受測者於該步行平面行走時，該攝影裝置係設置面對該受測者的背面、正面或其組合。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein when the subject is walking on the walking plane, the photographing device is arranged to face the back and front of the subject. or a combination thereof. 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中該影像分析裝置分析該步行或跑步的平面影像時，該影像分析裝置將該受測者於受測時所穿著的一鞋子種類與該步行或跑步的平面影像同時進行分析。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein when the image analysis device analyzes the planar image of the walking or running, the image analysis device analyzes the subject at the time of the test. A type of shoe worn is analyzed simultaneously with the planar image of the walking or running. 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數係透過一雲端傳輸方式傳輸至該鞋類製造單位。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is transmitted to the footwear manufacturing unit through a cloud transmission method. 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數為一平面參數。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is a planar parameter. 如請求項8所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數為該受測者的一身體位移參數。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to claim 8, wherein the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running is a body displacement parameter of the subject. 如請求項9所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中該身體位移參數包括該受測者的一足部扭力、一足部壓力、一足部平穩度、一肩部平穩度、一身體中軸平穩度、一腰部平穩度或其組合。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to claim 9, wherein the body displacement parameters include a foot torsion, a foot pressure, a foot stability, a shoulder stability, and a body axis stability of the subject degree, a lumbar stability, or a combination thereof. 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中觀察及分析該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像的步驟係由一檢測員觀察該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像後，分析該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像，以得出對應於該受測者的步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the step of observing and analyzing the plane image of the subject's walking or running is performed by a tester observing the subject's After the planar image of walking or running is obtained, the planar image of walking or running of the subject is analyzed to obtain the at least one parameter corresponding to the planar image of walking or running of the subject. 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中該影像分析裝置係先擷取該步行或跑步的平面影像的一影像輪廓再進行分析。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the image analysis device first captures an image outline of the walking or running plane image and then analyzes it. 如請求項1所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中該以影像分析改善步態的方法係用於改善具有長短腳的該受測者的二肩部的高低差異值。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to claim 1, wherein the method for improving gait by image analysis is used to improve the height difference value of the two shoulders of the subject with long and short feet. 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中該步行或跑步的平面影像的該至少一參數包括至少一左足參數及至少一右足參數；該雙鞋類包括一左足鞋及一右足鞋，該左足鞋係根據該左足參數製造，而該右足鞋係根據該右足參數製造。 The method for improving gait by image analysis according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one parameter of the planar image of walking or running includes at least one left foot parameter and at least one right foot parameter; the pair of footwear Including a left-foot shoe and a right-foot shoe, the left-foot shoe is manufactured according to the left-foot parameter, and the right-foot shoe is manufactured according to the right-foot parameter. 如請求項14所述之以影像分析改善步態的方法，其中該左足鞋與該右足鞋互不對稱。 The method for improving gait by image analysis of claim 14, wherein the left shoe and the right shoe are asymmetrical to each other.
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