TWI770116B - Auxiliary coil for an electric machine - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention includes an auxiliary coil (20) for the electric machine (16) capable of being accommodated in a two-wheeler or a three-wheeler (11). Said coil is wound around the stator (15) tooth or teeth and voltage induced in the auxiliary coil (20) is used to control the switches (s101, s102) used for winding reconfiguration, thus saves energy and controller modifications. The voltage induced in the coils depends on the speed of rotation for a given number of turns. To operate the reconfiguration switches (s101, s102), the voltage has to be above a threshold which is achieved above a rotational speed. The switches (s101, s102) for reconfiguration are arranged such that they are normally in one configuration giving rise to standard motor speed-torque characteristics, and when energized gives rise to another winding configuration, resulting in changed motor characteristics.

Description

Auxiliary coils for electrical machines

The present invention consists of an auxiliary coil for an electrical machine that can be accommodated in a two- or three-wheeled vehicle.

background

The motor system has fixed _Ke and _Kt depending on the number of turns in each phase. The scope of the motor can be expanded by many methods, such as flux weakening, dual stators, reconfiguring the stator coils, and even moving the rotor to provide a smaller flux path, thereby operating the motor efficiently in every possible rate band.

One way of reconfiguring the coils is done by means of switches (or relays) to extend the rate band of this operation. Typically, the switches are actuated by means of a voltage supplied from a controller. If the switches were to be actuated by the controller, they would require additional input or output ports on the controller, additional current from the controller, or even a sensor to calculate the rate, to change the switch configuration.

Discussion on Known Technology

US2006/0181238 A1 entitled "Variable Rate Motor" describes a variable rate motor comprising a main winding comprising first and second main windings, and also comprising a first and second auxiliary winding auxiliary winding. Both the main winding and the auxiliary winding are wound on the stator to form more than one pole and a relay, which can be connected in parallel or in series, is performed on the first and second main windings or the first and second auxiliary windings a switching operation between. The variable rate motor system includes a stator that has been wound with a quadrupole winding and a twelve-pole winding, with more than one tap windings connected in series to the quadrupole main winding and forming four poles, extending the range during the quadrupole mode of operation. The rotational speed of the motor has a variable range and includes a phase control circuit that varies the rotational speed of the motor by controlling a phase of a signal from an input power supply during a twelve-pole mode of operation. The variable speed motor greatly expands the variable speed range of the motor, so an additional drive unit for changing the motor speed is not necessary, resulting in manufacturing costs and electromagnetic vibrations generated by the low speed control mode of the motor There is a substantial reduction in the noise. The rotation rate of the motor is controlled by the switching operation of the winding and the phase control operation, so that power consumption is reduced, and the motor speed is controlled by the variable motor.

However, the aforementioned variable rate motor requires an additional electronic control system for the switches to be actuated by the controller, thus requiring additional input or output ports on the controller.

US2010/0039060 A1 entitled "Two-speed induction motor with tapped auxiliary winding" describes a two-speed motor that increases the efficiency at low speeds. The invention includes a six-lead, two-speed, and single-phase induction motor, which is thus wound using a tapped auxiliary winding with two modes: a two-pole high-speed mode and a four-pole low-speed mode. model. A portion of the auxiliary winding is connected in series with the quadrupole winding. The quadrupole low-speed mode has an efficiency of over 80%.

Accommodating such a multi-rate configuration complicates the structure of the motor and also requires additional components to accommodate especially in a small two- or three-wheeled vehicle.

US2011/0187307 A1 entitled "Multi-speed Induction Motor" describes a multi-speed induction motor comprising two stator windings wound around a common stator core, ie a low pole count winding and A high pole count winding. The stator teeth themselves extend radially inward from the stator yoke and have slots open in the inner diameter. High pole count windings are first wound on the stator core in such a way that the high pole count windings are adjacent to the stator yoke. The low pole count winding is wound later and is radially inward of the high pole count winding.

WO2009154007 A1 entitled "Rotating Electrical Machine of Permanent Magnet Type" describes the containment of increased magnetizing current during demagnetization and achievement of the operation. A rotor system includes a rotor core, a permanent magnet whose product of the direction and thickness of the magnetism of the coercive force is small, and a permanent magnet where this same product is large. A magnetic field is made to act in the opposite direction to the direction of the magnetization of the permanent magnets by means of the armature coil current to reduce the interlinkage of the magnetic fluxes of the permanent magnets. Likewise, in order to increase the interlinkage of the magnetic fluxes of the permanent magnets, the magnetic field is made to act in the same direction as the direction of the magnetization of the permanent magnets by means of the armature coil current. An induced current is induced in the short-circuit coils by the magnetic field generated by the magnetizing current, the short-circuit coils are disposed at the flux path portions of the permanent magnets excluding the permanent magnet, and the magnetic field is The induced current is generated around the short-circuit coils. The permanent magnets are magnetized by the magnetic field generated by the induced current and by the magnetic field generated by the magnetizing current.

The above available electrical machines require an electronic control based switching system that requires the use of the input and output ports of the controller for rate detection and for controlling the switches. Therefore, the number of components used, eg rate sensors, switch controls, increases the cost of the system.

Therefore, there is a need for a system that eliminates the need for rate sensors and controller-based control, while still providing an electrical machine with efficient coil reconfiguration.

The invention consists of an auxiliary coil that is wound around the stator teeth, and the voltage induced in the auxiliary coil is used to control the switches used for winding reconfiguration. The voltage induced in the coils is a function of the rate of rotation for a given number of turns. In order to operate the reconfigured switches, the voltage must exceed a threshold, which is achieved by exceeding a rotational speed. The switches for reconfiguration are configured such that they are generally in one configuration, and when energized, they produce another winding configuration, which results in altered motor characteristics. Since the motor characteristics need to be changed to exceed a predetermined speed, this is accomplished by the auxiliary coils energizing the switches to exceed a predetermined rate. Rather than using rate-specific sensors to change the switching configuration, or using extra current from the controller, or additional input or output ports on the controller, the present invention is used in the auxiliary The voltage induced in the coil operates the switches. This process saves energy and a modification of the controller.

This can be utilized in any (integrated starter generator) ISG system to provide high starting torque and produce less voltage at high rpm. Furthermore, it can be utilized in any powered motor to extend the speed range of the motor.

Under feedback from a speed sensor, voltage from the controller is used to operate the reconfigured switches.

The present invention is a modified electrical machine that saves energy and controls, the electrical machine includes a rotor and stator separated by an air gap, main coils wound around teeth of the stator, and a or switches connected to the primary coil for reconfiguration of the windings. The electrical machine includes an auxiliary coil wound around the teeth of the stator, the one or more switches are functionally connected to the auxiliary coil, and the auxiliary coil is preset according to the electrical machine parameter to enable switching of the one or more switches for reconfiguration of the windings. The voltage induced in the auxiliary coil is used to control the switches for reconfiguration of the windings. The voltage induced in the coils depends on the rate of rotation for a given number of turns, and the rate of rotation is one of the preset parameters. To enable reconfiguration of the windings through the switches, the voltage must exceed a threshold voltage, which is achieved by exceeding a predetermined rotational speed of the rotor. The switches for the reconfiguration of the windings are set such that the winding configuration under normal conditions is different from a winding configuration in an energized form, thus resulting in a transitional motor characteristic.

The auxiliary coils are connected in series, and all teeth of each phase for a reconfiguration of a diode bridge for one of the three phases generating a voltage of three phases utilize a circuit with six diodes A three-phase bridge is operated to provide full-wave rectification with two diodes per line of the three phases, and the output of the auxiliary coil of the electrical machine is connected to a diode rectifier. One coil of the voltage from the three phases of the auxiliary coil of the electrical machine is connected to a point where a cathode of the diode D2 is connected to an anode of the diode D1. The other coil is connected to the point where the cathode of diode D4 is connected to the anode of diode D3. The other coil is connected to the point where the cathode of diode D6 is connected to the anode of diode D5. The anodes of the diodes D2, D4, D6 are connected together to form a common point for the DC negative terminal of the output power supply, and the cathodes of the diodes D1, D3, D5 are connected together to form a common point for the DC negative terminal of the output power common to the DC positive terminal of the output power supply. To comply with the back EMF constant _Kea of the auxiliary coil, turns are calculated for each phase, thereby producing the required voltage at the set rpm.

The auxiliary coils are connected in series and wound around at least one tooth in any one of the phases to generate the voltage necessary to switch the switches. A reconfiguration of a single-phase diode bridge is that the coils are wound in only one phase, which is rectified and regulated to the voltage required by the switch to switch its condition. Diodes D7, D8, D9, D10 are configured in "series pairs" where only two diodes conduct current during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of supply, the diodes D7 and D10 are conducting in series, the diodes D8 and D9 are reverse biased, and the current flows through the load. During the negative half cycle of the supply, the diodes D8 and D9 are conducting in series, but the diodes D10 and D7 are switched "off" because they are reverse biased, with current flowing through The direction of the load is the same as earlier. The voltage required to close the switches is supplied by the electrical machine, so no controller or battery is required to supply the voltage. In order to comply with the back EMF constant _Kea of the auxiliary coil, the turns are calculated and wound around the tooth of any of the phases, whereby it produces the desired rpm at the set rpm voltage. The voltage induced in the auxiliary coil is used to operate the switches for changing the switching configuration. A two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle is provided with an electrical machine as claimed above.

Accordingly, the present subject matter provides a modified electrical machine that saves energy and controls. The electrical machine includes a rotor and stator separated by an air gap. The main coil is wound around a plurality of teeth or a tooth of the stator. One or more switches are connected together to the primary coil for reconfiguration of the windings. The electrical machine includes an auxiliary coil wound around the teeth of the stator. One or more switches are functionally connected together to the auxiliary coil. The auxiliary coil enables switching of the one or more switches for reconfiguration of the windings according to preset parameters of the electrical machine. The preset parameter may be the speed of the rotor.

An electrical machine (16) consists of a rotor (18) and a stator (15) separated by an air gap. The rotor (18) is rotatable about the rotor shaft relative to the fixed stator (15), and has pairs of magnets attached to the inner surface of the rotor (18). The stator (15) is composed of slots through which wires or main coils (19) are wound according to the winding configuration. The winding configuration depends on the number of poles and slots in the electrical machine (16). The electrical machine (16) may be an n-phase machine, which is a minimal configuration with at least two phases. When current is applied to the coils wound around the stator teeth, the stator teeth become an electromagnet. When the current is applied in an appropriate direction, there is an attractive force between the magnetic poles and the opposing electromagnetic poles. This system produces a torque that is exerted on the rotor (18). In the present invention, the stator (15) of the motor is composed of a plurality of coils for each phase, and some switches (s101, s102) are connected at the ends of the coils. The terms 'motor' and 'electrical machine' are used interchangeably. The switches (s101, s102) are used to change the winding pattern of the motor, eg the number of parallel paths. An example of the main coil ( 19 ) and the switches ( s101 , s102 ) in the motor configuration is as shown in FIG. 1 . The present invention includes an auxiliary coil (20) for switching the switches in the electrical machine (16). The auxiliary coil (20) (as shown in Figure 2) does not assist in torque generation and is wound on or adjacent to the main coil (19) in the stator windings ). Figure 2 is an exemplary vehicle (11) having one or more wheels (12, 13), commonly known as a two-wheeled vehicle or a three-wheeled vehicle. The vehicle (11) is provided with an electrical machine (16) which is mounted on a power unit (14) of the vehicle (11). In the depicted embodiment (as shown in Figure 2), the stator (15) is such that the main coil (19) is wound around the stator teeth, and also the auxiliary coil (20) It is wound around the stator teeth separately from the main coil (19). The purpose of the auxiliary coil is to turn on the switches (s101, s102), which are used for purposes other than generating a rotating magnetic field, such as reconfiguring in the stator windings the coil.

Example 1: The auxiliary coils are connected in a series configuration and are wound on all teeth of each phase. The switches (s101, s102) can be relays which can be operated by the voltage induced by the auxiliary coil (20) of the electrical machine (16). The switches (s101, s102) only need to operate after the set rate. The voltage induced in the auxiliary coil (20) should be able to match the voltage required by the switch for switching after the set rate. The turns of the auxiliary coil (20) are selected such that the desired voltage is only generated after the set rate. The set speed is the speed at which the switches are turned on to expand the speed range of the motor to the next possible speed range. The next possible rate range is the smallest change in the value of Ke affected by the reconfiguration of the winding once the switches ( _s101 , s102) are energized. This reconfiguration is described in detail later in this document. For example, if the voltage required to turn on the switches is 5 volts, then a sufficient number of turns on the auxiliary winding are wound on each phase such that it reaches the voltage at the set rpm, and the switches ( s101, s102) are closed, thereby enabling the coils to be reconfigured. This saves energy because the auxiliary coil (20) automatically and efficiently controls the switches (s101, s102) without requiring the energy of the control unit.

The number of turns to be wound in the auxiliary coil also depends on the geometry of the electrical machine (16) and the set rpm at which the coils must be reconfigured. A number of turns will generate the voltage even before the set rpm, thereby closing the switches (s101, s102) and extending the rate range before needed. A smaller number of turns will not be able to generate the required voltage at the set rpm, thus not allowing the electrical machine (16) to expand its speed range to its next allowable band. The back EMF of the auxiliary coil (20) of the electrical machine (16) depends on a number of parameters such as the number of poles, winding factor, outer radius of the rotor (18), average air gap flux density, per phase The number of slots per pole, and the number of turns. Since the switches (s101, s102) to be closed require 5 volts (for example) at the set rpm, the back EMF of the auxiliary coil (20) of the electrical machine (16) can be obtained by dividing the voltage to be induced by Calculated in radians per second at the rate set by the motor. The back EMF of the auxiliary coil (20) of the electrical machine (16) is fixed to the geometry of the machine, and the only parts that change in this case may be the turns. To comply with the _Kea of the electrical machine (16), the turns are calculated for each phase, thereby producing the voltage required at the set rpm. _Kea is the back EMF constant for this auxiliary coil.

Consider a situation where the unloaded rpm of the electrical machine (16) is 900 rpm. The switches (s101, s102) are set to close at 850 rpm which is the set rate. The voltage required to turn on the switches (s101, s102) is 5 volts (for example). The back EMF of the auxiliary coil (20) can be calculated by dividing the induced voltage by the no-load rate in rad/s. Therefore, the back EMF constant of the auxiliary coil (20) of the electrical machine (16) will be 5/(2*3.14*850/60)=0.056v/rads ^-1 . To achieve this desired value of _Kea , due to the geometry (eg, rotor outer radius, average air gap flux density) and the combination of pole slots (number of poles, winding factor, number of slots per pole per phase) It is fixed to the electrical machine (16), so the only change is the number of turns wound on the electrical machine (16) (auxiliary winding). This will ensure that the required voltage is met for the set speed of 850 rpm. When the electrical machine (16) crosses 850 rpm, the switches (s101) and (s102) (as in Figure 1), which may be relays, are energized by closing the switches, thereby increasing the Increase the speed range of this motor. The effect of closing the switches (s101) and (s102) is explained later in this document. The switches (s101, s102) can be operated with a single electrical pulse, or can be operated individually.

The ideal motor is under a wide speed band and requires a high starting torque when starting. In order to generate this starting torque, the electrical machine (16) was originally designed with a higher _Kt . In order to produce a higher _Kt , a larger number of turns are required. Instead of making all the turns a coil with a single segment, it is possible to make a coil with multiple segments. The coils with multiple sections are wound on the same teeth of the stator (15). The start and end lines of each segment of the coil are then taken out and connected by switches (s101, s102). During startup, each section of the coil is tied with the end of the first section of the coil to the start of the next section of the coil, the start of the first section of the coil is tied together to the phase of the controller, and The end wire of the last segment of the coil is connected in such a way that it is connected to ground. Thus, each phase has a larger number of turns connected in a series configuration relative to each other. In order to increase the speed range of the motor drive mode to the next lowest possible limit, the switch configurations are energized according to the section of the coil and the turns in the whole section so that there are sections of the coil in parallel connected, and some coil sections are connected in series. The electrical machine (16) is allowed to operate in the operating range so that the electrical resistance system is reduced and it can be conveniently operated at the highest efficiency of the belt. Furthermore, the rate bands are increased by the configuration of switches to reduce the turns and increase the parallel sections of the coils to ensure that the electrical machine (16) is fully integrated with all possible switch combinations. is close to the maximum efficiency range to operate.

In an odd-segment coil such as the three in Figure 1, switches (s101) and (s102) are open in normal operation and all coil segments are connected in a series configuration . More turns arranged in series give a higher _Kt . After the set rate, the switches (s101, s102) are closed by the voltage induced in the machine (16). The coil sections are now connected in parallel, which reduces the electrical resistance of the electrical machine (16), thereby improving the efficiency of the machine. The three coil sections are now connected in parallel, which reduces turns, thereby increasing the no-load rate and operating range of the motor. The parallel combination also provides lower resistance. The efficiency of the motor is also shifted to the right side of the curve, which improves the system efficiency.

Embodiment 2: The auxiliary coils can also be connected in series and wound on at least one tooth in each phase to generate the voltage necessary to switch the switches (s101, s102). In this example, all the turns required to generate the voltage at the set rate are wound on a single tooth in each phase. This maintains the same value of _Kea for the electrical machine (16) as in the previous example. The switches (s101, s102) may be relays which may be operated by voltage induced from the auxiliary coil (20) of the electrical machine (16). The switches (s101, s102) need to be operated only after the set rate. The voltage induced in the auxiliary coil (20) should be able to match the voltage required by the switch for switching after the set rate. The turns in the auxiliary coil (20) are selected such that the desired voltage is generated only after the set rate. The set speed is the speed at which the switches (s101, s102) are turned on to expand the speed range of the motor to the next possible speed range. The next possible rate range is the smallest change in the value of Ke affected by the _{reconfiguration} of the winding once the switches are activated. This reconfiguration is described in detail later in this document. For example, if the voltage required to turn on the switches (s101, s102) is 5 volts, a sufficient number of turns (auxiliary windings) are wound on the teeth of each phase such that they reach the set rpm The voltage, and the switches are closed, thereby enabling the coils to be reconfigured.

The number of turns to be wound in the auxiliary coils also depends, at least in part, on the geometry of the electrical machine (16) and the set rpm at which the coils must be reconfigured. A higher number of turns will generate the voltage even before the set rpm, thereby closing the switches (s101, s102) before they are needed, and expanding the rate range. A smaller number of turns will not be able to generate the required voltage at the set rpm, thus not allowing the electrical machine (16) to expand its speed range to its next allowable band. The back EMF of the electrical machine (16) depends on a number of parameters such as number of poles, winding factor, outer radius of rotor, average air gap flux density, number of slots per pole per phase, and turns quantity. Since the switches (s101, s102) to be closed require 5 volts (for example) at the set rpm, the back EMF of the electrical machine (16) can be determined by dividing the voltage to be induced by the voltage in rad/s The speed set by the motor is calculated. The back EMF of the electrical machine (16) is fixed to the geometry of the machine, so the only parts that change in this example may be the turns. To comply with the _Kea of the electrical machine (16), the turns are calculated for each phase, thereby producing the voltage required at the set rpm.

Embodiment 3: The auxiliary coils can also be connected in series and wound on at least one tooth in any one of the phases to generate the voltage necessary to switch the switches (s101, s102). In this example, all the turns required to generate the voltage at the set rate are wound on a single tooth in any of the phases. This maintains the same value of _Kea for the electrical machine (16) as in the previous example. The switches (s101, s102) can be relays which can be operated by voltage induced from the auxiliary coil (20) of the machine. The switches (s101, s102) need to be operated only after the set rate. The voltage induced in the auxiliary coil (20) should be able to match the voltage required by the switch for switching after the set rate. The turns in the auxiliary coil (20) are selected such that the desired voltage is generated only after the set rate. The set speed is the speed at which the switches (s101, s102) are turned on to expand the speed range of the motor to the next possible speed range. The next possible rate range is the smallest change in the value of Ke affected by the reconfiguration of the winding once the switches ( _s101 , s102) are activated. This reconfiguration is described in detail later in this document. If the voltage required to turn on the switches is 5 volts, then a sufficient number of turns (auxiliary windings) are wound on a tooth in either of the phases such that it reaches the voltage at the set rpm , and the switches (s101, s102) are closed, thereby enabling the coils to be reconfigured.

The number of turns to be wound in the auxiliary coils also depends on the geometry of the electrical machine (16) and the set rpm at which the coils must be reconfigured. A higher number of turns will generate the voltage even before the set rpm, thereby closing the switches (s101, s102) before they are needed, and expanding the rate range. A smaller number of turns will not be able to generate the required voltage at the set rpm, thus not allowing the electrical machine (16) to expand its speed range to its next allowable band. The back EMF of the machine (16) depends on a number of parameters such as number of poles, winding factor, outer radius of rotor, average air gap flux density, number of slots per pole per phase, and number of turns quantity. Since the switches (s101, s102) to be closed require 5 volts (for example) at the set rpm, the back EMF of the electrical machine (16) can be determined by dividing the voltage to be induced by the voltage in rad/s The speed set by the motor is calculated. The back EMF of the electrical machine (16) is fixed to the geometry of the machine, so the only parts that change in this example may be the turns. In order to comply with the _Kea of the electrical machine (16), the turns are calculated for any of the phases and are wound around the tooth, thereby resulting in a rate at the set rpm required voltage.

As shown in Figure 3, the electronic circuit consisting of three-phase diode bridges is connected in the case of the first two embodiments, since the voltage generated will be three-phase ac, which must be rectified and adjust to the voltage required for the switch to switch its condition. Rectifiers for these three-phase circuits must use a three-phase bridge with six diodes D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 to provide full-wave rectification, where each line of the three phases is There are two diodes, D1 and D2, D3 and D4, D5 and D6. Figure 3 is a circuit diagram showing a three-phase bridge rectifier. From this figure, it must be noted that the output of the auxiliary coil (20) of the electrical machine (16) is shown connected to the diode rectifier. Coil A of the three-phase voltage from the auxiliary coil (20) of the electrical machine (16) is connected to the point where the cathode of the diode D2 is connected to the anode of the diode D1. Coil B is connected to the point where the cathode of diode D4 is connected to the anode of diode D3, and coil C is connected to the point where the cathode of diode D6 is connected to the anode of diode D5. The anodes of diodes D2, D4 and D6 are connected to provide a common point for the DC negative terminal of the output power supply. The cathodes of diodes D1, D3 and D5 are connected to provide a common point for the DC positive terminal of the output power supply.

A circuit consisting of a single-phase diode bridge is shown in FIG. 4, which is used in the case of the third embodiment because the coils are wound on only one phase and can be is rectified and regulated to the voltage required by the switch to switch its condition. The four diode systems, labeled D7, D8, D9, D10, are configured in "series pairs" such that only two diodes conduct current during each half cycle. During a positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D7 and D10 are conducting in series, while diodes D8 and D9 are reverse biased, so the current flows through the load as shown below . During a negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D8 and D9 are conducting in series, but diodes D10 and D7 are switched "off" because they are now reverse biased. The current flows through the load in the same direction as before.

In this example, the voltage required for closing the switches (s101, s102) is provided by the machine (16), so it does not require the controller or the battery to provide the voltage.

11‧‧‧Vehicles 12, 13‧‧‧Wheels 14‧‧‧Power Unit 15‧‧‧Stator 16‧‧‧Electrical Machines 18‧‧‧Rotor 19‧‧‧Main Coil 20‧‧‧Auxiliary Coil s101‧‧ ‧Switch s102‧‧‧Switch

Figure 1 depicts an electronic circuit with an odd number of segmented coils in the stator. When the switches are operated, the motor windings get reconfigured to have a wider operating speed band. Figure 2 depicts a vehicle having an electrical machine having an auxiliary coil according to an embodiment of the present subject matter. Figure 3 depicts an electronic circuit with a three-phase diode bridge. Figure 4 depicts an electronic circuit with a single-phase diode bridge.

11‧‧‧Transportation

12, 13‧‧‧ round

14‧‧‧Power unit

15‧‧‧Stator

16‧‧‧Electrical equipment

18‧‧‧Rotor

19‧‧‧Main coil

20‧‧‧auxiliary coil

Claims (9)

An electrical machine (16) capable of saving energy and modifying a controller, the electrical machine (16) comprising: a rotor (18) and a stator (15), which are connected by an air gap separate; a main coil (19), which is wound around a plurality of teeth of the stator (15); and one or more switches (s101, s102), which are connected to the main coil (19) for use with Rearrangement of windings, wherein: the electrical machine (16) comprises an auxiliary coil (20) wound around the teeth of the stator (15), and the auxiliary coil (20) is based on the electrical The preset parameters of the machine (16) enable switching of the one or more switches (s101, s102) for reconfiguration of the windings. The electrical machine (16) of claim 1, wherein the voltage induced in the auxiliary coil (20) is used to operate the switches (s101, s102) for winding reconfiguration. The electrical machine (16) of claim 1, wherein the voltage induced in the auxiliary coil (20) is dependent on the rate of rotation for a given number of turns, and the rate of rotation is one of the preset parameters. The electrical machine (16) of claim 3, wherein in order to enable reconfiguration of windings through the switches (s101, s102), the voltage must exceed a threshold voltage that exceeds the rotor (18) to achieve a preset rotational speed. The electrical machine (16) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the switches (s101, s102) for reconfiguration of the windings are arranged such that the configuration of the windings under normal conditions differs from that in an energized form The lower winding configuration, thereby producing the changing motor characteristics. The electrical machine (16) of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary coils are connected in series, and wherein the electrical machine (16) further comprises a three-phase diode bridge for generating a three-phase voltage, wherein: (i) the three-phase diode bridge has six diodes (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6) to provide full-wave rectification, wherein each of the three phases has its own There are two diodes (D1 and D2, D3 and D4, D5 and D6), and the two diodes of each phase form a diode rectifier; (ii) the outputs of the auxiliary coil (20) are respectively the diode rectifier connected to each of the three phases; (iii) a coil A from the auxiliary coil (20) is connected to the cathode of one of the diodes (D2) connected to the other A point where the anode of the diode (D1) is located; (iv) a coil B from the auxiliary coil (20) is connected to one of the diodes (D4) the cathode is connected to the other diode (D3) (v) a coil C from the auxiliary coil (20) is connected to the point where the cathode of one diode (D6) is connected to the anode of the other diode (D5); (vi) The anodes of some of the diodes (D2, D4, D6) are connected together to make a common point for the DC negative terminal of the output power, and the other diodes (D1, D3, The cathodes of D5) are connected together to form a common point for the DC positive terminal of the output power; and (vii) in order to comply with the back EMF constant (K _ea ) of the auxiliary coil (20), the auxiliary coil ( The turns of 20) are calculated for each phase, thereby producing the required voltage at the set rpm. The electric machine (16) of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary coils are connected in series, and are wound on at least one tooth in any one phase, so as to produce the necessary switches (s101, s102) for switching voltage, wherein the electrical machine (16) further comprises a single-phase diode bridge, wherein: (i) the auxiliary coil (20) is wound on only one phase, which is rectified and regulated to the switches the voltage required for switching; (ii) the diodes (D7, D8, D9, D10) are configured in "series pairs" where only two diodes conduct current during each half cycle; (iii) During a positive half cycle of supply, the diodes (D7) and (D10) are conducting in series, the diodes (D8) and (D9) are reverse biased, and the current is flowing through a load; (iv) during a negative half cycle of the supply, the diodes (D8) and (D9) are conducting in series, but the diodes (D10) and (D7) are switched""off" because they are reverse biased, where the direction of current flow through the load is in the same direction as earlier; (v) the voltage required to close the switches (s101, s102) is is supplied by the electrical machine (16) so that no controller or battery is required to provide the voltage; and (vi) in order to comply with the back EMF constant (K _ea ) of the auxiliary coil (20), the auxiliary coil The turns of (20) are calculated and wound around the teeth of the single-phase diode bridge, thereby producing the voltage required at the set rpm. The electrical machine (16) of claim 1, wherein the voltage induced in the auxiliary coil (20) is used to operate the switches (s101, s102) for changing the switching configuration. A two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle (11) is provided with an electrical machine (16) as in any one of claims 1 to 8 of the scope of the application.

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