TWI730413B - Touch module and display device - Google Patents
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本申請涉及觸控面板的技術領域,尤其涉及一種具有觸覺反饋面板的觸控模組和顯示裝置。This application relates to the technical field of touch panels, and in particular to a touch module and a display device with a tactile feedback panel.
目前電子裝置廣泛是使用觸控面板,觸控面板雖然可以提供全平面的美觀效果,惟其在操作上無法像機械式按鍵具有實際的按壓觸覺回饋,使用者必須注視螢幕才能得知按鍵是否被按下,若電子裝置的按壓讀取反應較慢時,可能會讓使用者以為按壓不確實而重複按壓。因此目前有進一步於觸控面板加入觸覺反饋的振動功能,以創造更多重的感官體驗。但觸覺反饋與觸控面板結合,目前觸控面板容易受到觸覺反饋作動的干擾,導致觸控面板的觸控效果不良。At present, electronic devices widely use touch panels. Although touch panels can provide a full-plane aesthetic effect, they cannot provide actual pressing tactile feedback like mechanical buttons in operation. The user must look at the screen to know whether the button is pressed. Next, if the pressing and reading response of the electronic device is slow, the user may think that the pressing is inaccurate and repeat pressing. Therefore, a vibration function of tactile feedback is further added to the touch panel to create a more important sensory experience. However, the tactile feedback is combined with the touch panel, and the current touch panel is susceptible to interference from the action of the tactile feedback, resulting in poor touch effects of the touch panel.
本申請實施例提供一種觸控模組及顯示裝置,解決目前具有觸覺反饋的觸控模組受到觸覺反饋的干擾,使觸控模組產生觸控不良的問題。The embodiments of the present application provide a touch module and a display device to solve the problem that the current touch module with tactile feedback is interfered by the tactile feedback, which causes the touch module to produce poor touch.
為了解决上述技術問題,本申請是這樣實現的:In order to solve the above technical problems, this application is implemented as follows:
第一方面,提供了一種觸控模組,其包括:觸控面板,包括複數第一觸控電極及複數第二觸控電極,該些第一觸控電極排成複數行,每一行的該些第一觸控電極相互連接,相鄰的兩個第一觸控電極之間具有第一連接部;第二觸控電極排成複數列,每一列的該些第二觸控電極相互連接,相鄰的兩個第二觸控電極之間具有第二連接部,該些第一觸控電極與該些第二觸控電極交錯排列,每一第一連接部與對應的第二連接部交錯;以及觸覺反饋面板,設置於觸控面板上,並且包括複數第一觸覺電極線與複數第二觸覺電極線,該些第一觸覺電極線及該些第二觸覺電極線分別間隔排列,該些第一觸覺電極線及該些第二觸覺電極線交叉設置並且形成複數交會處,每一第一觸覺電極線沿著第一方向延伸,每一第二觸覺電極線沿著第二方向延伸,且該些第二觸覺電極線為連續延伸的電極線。In a first aspect, a touch module is provided, which includes: a touch panel, including a plurality of first touch electrodes and a plurality of second touch electrodes, the first touch electrodes are arranged in a plurality of rows, and each row of the The first touch electrodes are connected to each other, and there is a first connecting portion between two adjacent first touch electrodes; the second touch electrodes are arranged in a plurality of rows, and the second touch electrodes in each row are connected to each other, There is a second connecting portion between two adjacent second touch electrodes, the first touch electrodes and the second touch electrodes are arranged alternately, and each first connecting portion is staggered with a corresponding second connecting portion And a tactile feedback panel, which is disposed on the touch panel and includes a plurality of first tactile electrode lines and a plurality of second tactile electrode lines, the first tactile electrode lines and the second tactile electrode lines are arranged at intervals, and the The first tactile electrode lines and the second tactile electrode lines are intersected and form a plurality of intersections, each first tactile electrode line extends along a first direction, and each second tactile electrode line extends along a second direction, and The second tactile electrode wires are continuously extending electrode wires.
第二方面,提供了一種顯示裝置,其包括第一方面所述的觸控模組。In a second aspect, a display device is provided, which includes the touch module described in the first aspect.
在本申請實施例中,通過該些第一觸覺電極線與該些第二觸覺電極線所形成的觸覺反饋圖案與觸控面板上的該些第一觸控電極及該些第二觸控電極搭配,降低觸覺反饋面板於使用時對觸控面板的干擾,使觸控模組具有良好的觸控效果。In the embodiment of the present application, the tactile feedback pattern formed by the first tactile electrode lines and the second tactile electrode lines and the first touch electrodes and the second touch electrodes on the touch panel The combination reduces the interference of the tactile feedback panel to the touch panel during use, so that the touch module has a good touch effect.
為對本申請的特徵及所達成之功效有更進一步之瞭解與認識,僅佐以實施例及配合詳細之說明,說明如後:In order to have a further understanding and understanding of the features of this application and the achieved effects, only examples and detailed descriptions are provided, and the description is as follows:
請參閱圖1、圖2和圖3,其是本申請第一實施例的觸控模組的示意圖、觸控面板的示意圖和觸覺反饋面板的示意圖;如圖所示,本實施例提供一種觸控模組1,觸控模組1包括觸控面板10及觸覺反饋面板11,觸覺反饋面板11設置於觸控面板10上。觸控面板10包括複數第一觸控電極101及複數第二觸控電極102,該些第一觸控電極101排成複數行,每一行的該些第一觸控電極101相互連接,相鄰的兩個第一觸控電極101之間具有第一連接部1011。該些第二觸控電極102排成多列,每一列的該些第二觸控電極102相互連接,相鄰的兩個第二觸控電極102之間具有第二連接部1021。該些第一觸控電極101與該些第二觸控電極102交錯排列,每一行中相鄰兩個第一觸控電極101之間的第一連接部1011與每一列中相鄰兩個第二觸控電極102之間第二連接部1021交錯,每一第二觸控電極102位於相鄰兩行中相鄰兩個第一觸控電極101之間。於此說明,每一第一觸控電極101具有相對的兩個第一端點101a及相對的兩個第二端點101b,第一觸控電極101的兩個第一端點101a分別具有第一連接部1011;同理,每一第二觸控電極102具有相對的兩個第一端點102a及相對的兩個第二端點102b,第二觸控電極102的兩個第一端點102a分別具有第二連接部1021。Please refer to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, which are a schematic diagram of a touch module, a schematic diagram of a touch panel, and a schematic diagram of a tactile feedback panel according to the first embodiment of the present application; as shown in the figure, this embodiment provides a touch panel. The
觸控面板10包括複數觸控感應單元103,該些觸控感應單元103呈矩陣排列,每一觸控感應單元103如圖2中虛線框所框選的區域,其包括第一連接部1011、與第一連接部1011相交的第二連接部1021、與第一連接部1011兩端連接的兩個第一子觸控電極及與第二連接部1021兩端連接的兩個第二子觸控電極,每一第一子觸控電極為第一觸控電極101的一半,每一第二子觸控電極為第二觸控電極102的一半。The
於本實施例中,每一第一觸控電極101為呈菱形的接收電極(Rx),每一第二觸控電極102為呈菱形的傳輸電極(Tx),當然第一觸控電極101可為傳輸電極,第二觸控電極102可為接收電極,第一觸控電極101及第二觸控電極102的形狀可為其他形狀,本實施例僅為本申請一實施態樣,不應以此為限。In this embodiment, each
本實施例的觸覺反饋面板11包括複數第一觸覺電極線111a及複數第二觸覺電極線111b,該些第一觸覺電極線111a等間隔排列,每一第一觸覺電極線111a沿著第一方向Y延伸。該些第二觸覺電極線111b等間隔排列,每一第二觸覺電極線111b沿著第二方向X延伸,該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b交叉設置,並且每一第二觸覺電極線111b為連續延伸的電極線。在本實施例中,第一方向Y與第二方向X相互垂直,第一方向Y與排成一行並且相互連接的該些第一觸控電極101的連接方向相互平行,第二方向X與排成一列並且相互連接的該些第二觸控電極102的連接方向相互平行,也表示本實施例的該些第一觸覺電極線111a等間隔排列於第二方向X上,該些第二觸覺電極線111b等間隔排列於第一方向Y上。The
本實施例中,每一第一觸覺電極線111a位於同一行上的該些第二觸控電極102上,並與該些第二觸控電極102的該些第二端點102b的連線重疊,且不與相鄰行的該些第一觸控電極101交集。每一第二觸覺電極線111b位於同一列且相互連接的該些第二觸控電極102上,第二觸覺電極線111b與該些第二觸控電極102之間的該些第二連接部1021重疊,並且與相鄰兩個第一觸控電極101的第一連接部1011交錯。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b交叉設置形成複數交會處112,每一交會處112位於對應的第二觸控電極102上。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b在該些第一觸控電極101上的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101的總面積的比值為0.0045。然後該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值小於0.1,於本實施例中,該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值為0.099。In this embodiment, each of the first
請參閱圖4,其是本申請第二實施例的觸控模組的示意圖;如圖所示,本實施例的觸控模組1與第一實施例的觸控模組不同在於,本實施例的每一第一觸覺電極線111a位於同一行且相互連接的該些第一觸控電極101上,第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第一觸控電極101之間的該些第一連接部1011重疊,並且與相鄰兩個第二觸控電極102的第二連接部1021交錯。每一第二觸覺電極線111b位於同一列上的該些第一觸控電極101上,並與該些第一觸控電極101的該些第二端點101b的連線重疊,且不與相鄰行的該些第二觸控電極102交集。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b交叉設置所形成的每一交會處112位於對應的第一觸控電極101上。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b在該些第一觸控電極101上的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101的總面積的比值為0.23。然後該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值小於0.1,於本實施例中,該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值為0.099。Please refer to FIG. 4, which is a schematic diagram of the touch module of the second embodiment of the present application; as shown in the figure, the
請參閱圖5,其是本申請第三實施例的觸控模組的示意圖;如圖所示,本實施例的觸控模組1與第一實施例的觸控模組不同在於,每一第一觸覺電極線111a位於同一行上的該些第二觸控電極102上,並與該些第二觸控電極102的該些第二端點102b的連線重疊,且不與相鄰行的該些第一觸控電極101交集。每一第二觸覺電極線111b位於同一列上的該些第一觸控電極101上,並與該些第一觸控電極101的該些第二端點101b的連線重疊,且不與相鄰行的該些第二觸控電極102交集。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b交叉設置所形成的每一交會處112位於相鄰兩個第一觸控電極101與相鄰兩個第二觸控電極102之間,也表示該些交會處112不位於該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的上方,而是位於該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102之間的間隙上。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b在該些第一觸控電極101上的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101的總面積的比值為0.1。然後該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值小於0.1,於本實施例中,該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值為0.099。Please refer to FIG. 5, which is a schematic diagram of the touch module of the third embodiment of the present application. As shown in the figure, the
請參閱圖6,其是本申請第四實施例的觸控模組的示意圖;如圖所示,本實施例的觸控模組1與第三實施例的觸控模組不同在於,每一第一觸覺電極線111a位於同一行並且相互連接的該些第一觸控電極101上,第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第一觸控電極101之間的該些第一連接部1011重疊,並且與相鄰兩個第二觸控電極102的第二連接部1021交錯。每一第二觸覺電極線111b位於同一列並且相互連接的該些第二觸控電極102上,第二觸覺電極線111b與該些第二觸控電極102之間的該些第二連接部1021重疊,並且與相鄰兩個第一觸控電極101的第一連接部1011交錯。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b相交形成複數交會處112,每一交會處112位於對應的第一連接部1011和第二連接部1021的交錯處上。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b在該些第一觸控電極101上的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101的總面積的比值為0.13。然後該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值小於0.1,於本實施例中,該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值為0.099。Please refer to FIG. 6, which is a schematic diagram of the touch module of the fourth embodiment of the present application. As shown in the figure, the
請參閱圖7,其是本申請第五實施例的觸控模組的示意圖;如圖所示,本實施例的觸控模組1與第一實施例的觸控模組不同在於,本實施例的第一方向Y與第二方向X仍維持相互垂直,第一方向Y相對於排成一行並相互連接的該些第一觸控電極101的連接方向傾斜,所以第二方向X相對於排成一列並相互連接的該些第二觸控電極102的連接方向傾斜。本實施例的每一第一觸覺電極線111a沿著第一方向Y延伸並且位於不同行的該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102上,每一第二觸覺電極線111b沿著第二方向X延伸並且位於不同列的該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102上。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b交叉設置所形成的該些交會處112分别位於對應的第一觸控電極101或第二觸控電極102上,換句話說,每一第一觸控電極101上具有一個交會處112,每一第二觸控電極102上具有一個交會處112。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b在該些第一觸控電極101上的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101的總面積的比值為0.2。然後該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值介於0.11與0.15之間,於本實施例中,該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值為0.14。Please refer to FIG. 7, which is a schematic diagram of the touch module of the fifth embodiment of the present application; as shown in the figure, the
請參閱圖8,其是本申請第六實施例的觸控模組的示意圖;如圖所示,本實施例的觸控模組1與第四實施例的觸控模組不同在於,本實施例的該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b相交所形成的每一交會處112位於相交錯的第一連接部1011和第二連接部1021上,本實施例的第一方向Y與第二方向X仍維持相互垂直,第一方向Y相對於排成一行並相互連接的該些第一觸控電極101的連接方向傾斜,所以第二方向X相對於排成一列並相互連接的該些第二觸控電極102的連接方向傾斜。該些第一觸覺電極線111a沿著第一方向Y延伸,每一第一觸覺電極線111a沿著不同行的該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的邊緣分布;同理,該些第二觸覺電極線111b沿著第二方向X延伸,每一第一觸覺電極線111a沿著不同列的該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的邊緣分布。該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值介於0.11與0.15之間,於本實施例中,該些第一觸覺電極線111a與該些第二觸覺電極線111b的總面積與該些第一觸控電極101及該些第二觸控電極102的總面積的比值為0.14。Please refer to FIG. 8, which is a schematic diagram of the touch module of the sixth embodiment of the present application; as shown in the figure, the
本申請將上述實施例的觸控模組的觸覺反饋面板與觸覺反饋驅動電路電性連接進行測試,觸覺反饋驅動電路包括脈衝寬度調變控制電路、耐高壓反向放大器和高壓電路,脈衝寬度調變控制電路的輸出端與耐高壓場效應電晶體的閘極電性連接,耐高壓反向放大器的源極接地,耐高壓反向放大器的汲極與高壓電路電性連接,高壓電路與耐高壓場效應電晶體之間具有輸出接點,觸控模組的觸覺反饋面板與輸出接點電性連接。In this application, the tactile feedback panel of the touch module of the above-mentioned embodiment is electrically connected to the tactile feedback drive circuit for testing. The tactile feedback drive circuit includes a pulse width modulation control circuit, a high-voltage withstand amplifier, and a high-voltage circuit. The output terminal of the variable control circuit is electrically connected to the gate of the high-voltage field effect transistor, the source of the high-voltage inverting amplifier is grounded, the drain of the high-voltage inverting amplifier is electrically connected to the high-voltage circuit, and the high-voltage circuit is connected to the high-voltage circuit. There are output contacts between the field effect transistors, and the tactile feedback panel of the touch module is electrically connected to the output contacts.
第一種測試是於觸控面板與觸覺反饋面板分時動作狀況下進行測試,測試過程中觸覺反饋面板不作動,先由觸覺反饋驅動電路提供1000V的高壓訊號至觸控模組,觸控模組產生第一輸出訊號,根據第一輸出訊號的電壓判斷觸控模組的第一電容變化值。接著再使用7Ø銅柱模擬手指觸碰觸控模組,觸控模組產生第二輸出訊號,根據第二輸出訊號的電壓判斷觸控模組的第二電容變化值。最後將第一電容變化值與第二電容變化值相減而獲得觸控模組因手指觸碰時所產生的電容變化值,當第一電容值與第二電容值相減所獲得的電容變化值越高時,即表示觸控模組中觸覺反饋面板較不會影響觸控面板的作動,使觸控模組具有良好的觸控效果。上述實施例的觸控模組透過第一測試方法進行測試,上述實施例的觸控模組的電容變化值如下表所示。
由上述可知,上述實施例的觸控模組於觸覺反饋面板與觸控面板分時動作下,觸控模組於觸控時的電容變化值都超過60fF,也表示觸覺反饋面板較不會影響觸控面板的作動,使觸控模組具有良好的觸控效果。It can be seen from the above that the capacitance change value of the touch module during touch in the touch module of the above embodiment under the time-sharing operation of the touch feedback panel and the touch panel exceeds 60fF, which also means that the touch feedback panel is less affected. The operation of the touch panel enables the touch module to have a good touch effect.
第二種測試是於觸控面板與觸覺反饋面板同時動作狀況下進行測試,測試過程中觸覺反饋面板作動,先由觸覺反饋驅動電路提供1000V的高壓訊號至觸控模組,觸控模組產生第一輸出訊號,根據第一輸出訊號的電壓判斷觸控模組的第一電容變化值。接著再使用7Ø銅柱模擬手指觸碰觸控模組,觸控模組產生第二輸出訊號,根據第二輸出訊號的電壓判斷觸控模組的第二電容變化值。最後將第一電容變化值與第二電容變化值相減而獲得觸控模組因手指觸碰時所產生的電容變化值,當第一電容值與第二電容值相減所獲得的電容變化值越高時,即表示觸控模組中觸覺反饋面板較不會影響觸控面板的作動,使觸控模組能得到較佳訊號。上述實施例的觸控模組通過第二種測試方法進行測試,上述實施例的觸控模組的電容變化值如下表所示。
由上述可知,上述實施例的觸控模組於觸覺反饋面板與觸控面板同時動作下,觸控面板要具有較強的抗雜訊能力來抵抗觸覺反饋面板的干擾,上述實施例的觸控模組於觸覺反饋面板與觸控面板分時動作下都有不錯的表現,在觸控模組於觸覺反饋面板與觸控面板同時動作下,第二實施例至第四實施例的觸控模組的電容變化值都還能超過60fF,也表示於觸覺反饋面板與觸控面板同時動作下,第二實施例至第四實施例的觸控模組中觸覺反饋面板較不會影響觸控面板的作動,使觸控模組具有良好的觸控效果。It can be seen from the above that when the touch module of the above embodiment operates simultaneously with the tactile feedback panel and the touch panel, the touch panel must have strong anti-noise ability to resist the interference of the tactile feedback panel. The module performs well under the time-sharing actions of the tactile feedback panel and the touch panel. When the touch module operates on the tactile feedback panel and the touch panel at the same time, the touch modules of the second embodiment to the fourth embodiment The capacitance change value of the group can also exceed 60fF, which also means that when the tactile feedback panel and the touch panel operate at the same time, the tactile feedback panel of the touch module of the second embodiment to the fourth embodiment will not affect the touch panel. The action of the touch control module has a good touch effect.
本申請又提供一種顯示裝置,顯示裝置使用上述實施例的觸控模組。The present application further provides a display device, which uses the touch module of the above-mentioned embodiment.
綜上所述,本申請提供一種觸控模組及顯示裝置,通過該些第一觸覺電極線與該些第二觸覺電極線所形成的觸覺反饋圖案與觸控面板上的該些第一觸控電極及該些第二觸控電極搭配,降低觸覺反饋面板於使用時對觸控面板的干擾,使觸控模組具有良好的觸控效果。In summary, the present application provides a touch module and a display device. The tactile feedback patterns formed by the first tactile electrode lines and the second tactile electrode lines are combined with the first tactile patterns on the touch panel. The combination of the control electrode and the second touch electrodes reduces the interference of the tactile feedback panel to the touch panel during use, so that the touch module has a good touch effect.
惟以上所述者,僅為本申請之實施例而已,並非用來限定本申請實施之範圍,舉凡依本申請之申請專利範圍所述之形狀、構造、特徵及精神所為之均等變化與修飾,均應包括於本申請之申請專利範圍內。However, the above are only examples of this application, and are not used to limit the scope of implementation of this application. For example, the shape, structure, characteristics and spirit described in the scope of the patent application of this application have equal changes and modifications. All should be included in the scope of patent application of this application.
1:觸控模組
10:觸控面板
101:第一觸控電極
101a:第一端點
101b:第二端點
1011:第一連接部
102:第二觸控電極
102a:第一端點
102b:第二端點
1021:第二連接部
103:觸控感應單元
11:觸覺反饋面板
111a:第一觸覺電極線
111b:第二觸覺電極線
112:交會處
Y:第一方向
X:第二方向1: Touch module
10: Touch panel
101: The
圖1是本申請第一實施例的觸控模組的示意圖; 圖2是本申請第一實施例的觸控面板的示意圖; 圖3是本申請第一實施例的觸覺反饋面板的示意圖; 圖4是本申請第二實施例的觸控模組的示意圖; 圖5是本申請第三實施例的觸控模組的示意圖; 圖6是本申請第四實施例的觸控模組的示意圖; 圖7是本申請第五實施例的觸控模組的示意圖;及 圖8是本申請第六實施例的觸控模組的示意圖。FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a touch module according to a first embodiment of the present application; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the touch panel of the first embodiment of the present application; 3 is a schematic diagram of the tactile feedback panel of the first embodiment of the present application; 4 is a schematic diagram of a touch module according to a second embodiment of the present application; FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a touch module according to a third embodiment of the present application; FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a touch module according to a fourth embodiment of the present application; FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a touch module according to a fifth embodiment of the present application; and FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a touch module according to a sixth embodiment of the present application.
1:觸控模組1: Touch module
101:第一觸控電極101: The first touch electrode
102:第二觸控電極102: second touch electrode
102b:第二端點102b: second endpoint
1021:第二連接部1021: The second connecting part
111a:第一觸覺電極線111a: The first tactile electrode line
111b:第二觸覺電極線111b: second tactile electrode line
112:交會處112: Rendezvous
Y:第一方向Y: first direction
X:第二方向X: second direction
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CN103907083A (en) * | 2011-09-01 | 2014-07-02 | Lg伊诺特有限公司 | Touch panel and liquid crystal display comprising the same |
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