TWI660040B - Fuel composition and its use - Google Patents
Fuel composition and its use Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI660040B TWI660040B TW106123783A TW106123783A TWI660040B TW I660040 B TWI660040 B TW I660040B TW 106123783 A TW106123783 A TW 106123783A TW 106123783 A TW106123783 A TW 106123783A TW I660040 B TWI660040 B TW I660040B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- fuel composition
- carbon black
- emissions
- examples
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/106—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives mixtures of inorganic compounds with organic macromolecular compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1208—Inorganic compounds elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/322—Coal-oil suspensions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/44—Carbon
- C09C1/48—Carbon black
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
- C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/043—Kerosene, jet fuel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/0438—Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua
- C10L2200/0446—Diesel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
- C10L2230/22—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole for improving fuel economy or fuel efficiency
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
- C10L2250/06—Particle, bubble or droplet size
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
Abstract
本創作提供一種燃油組成物,其包含一液態燃料以及粒徑為1微米以下的碳黑;其中,以該液態燃料之總重為基準,該碳黑之含量為0.001 wt%至4 wt%。本創作藉由在液態燃料中添加粒徑為1微米以下的碳黑,具體提升燃油組成物在內燃機中的燃燒效率,以及減少碳氫化合物和一氧化碳的排放,達到減少製造溫室氣體的作用,並且因碳黑較石墨烯等其他碳材具有較低成本、較高反應性的優勢,從而提升本創作之燃油組成物的開發潛力。
Description
本創作係有關一種新式的燃油組成物,尤其是指一種包含液態燃料及粒徑為1微米以下的碳黑的燃油組成物及其用途。
現今使用燃油的交通運輸工具主要使用石油、煤炭等傳統化石能源。伴隨著社會發展與科技進步,交通運輸工具的使用量大幅成長,雖然帶來生活上的便利,但也伴隨環境問題的產生。其中,因汽車的內燃機在高溫燃燒及燃燒不完全的情況下所排放出的碳氫化合物(HC)、氮氧化合物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)及二氧化碳(CO
2)等廢氣增加溫室效應導致全球暖化,且燃燒後產生的超細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)使得空氣品質下降,同時會危害人體健康。此外,燃油燃燒不完全時還會產生積碳現象,而積碳現象會使內燃機進氣效率變差、廢氣排放加重,惡性循環之下所需消耗的燃油愈來愈多,但亦排放愈多燃燒不完全的廢氣,造成環境的嚴重污染。因此,發展出提高燃燒效率及降低廢氣排放的燃油成為當要之務。
在現有相關研究中,Tyagi等人在《含奈米顆粒的柴油燃料之熱板點燃概率》(Hot-Plate Ignition Probability for Nanoparticle-Laden Diesel Fuel)一文中提到添加金屬鋁、氧化鋁等不同粒徑的金屬奈米粒子到柴油中,可觀察到含有金屬奈米粒子的燃油相較於純柴油的燃油具有更高的點火概率,然而金屬成分對於環境非常不友善。
另外,如Vishwajit等人在《使用石墨烯奈米粒子-生質柴油混合物之柴油引擎》(Graphene Nanoparticle-Biodiesel Blended Diesel Engine)中提到當引擎使用添加有昂貴的石墨烯奈米粒子之生質柴油,雖可減少NOx的排放量,但因石墨烯具有惰性特質導致燃燒效率下降而導致更多的碳氫化合物及黑煙形成,依然無法解決燃燒不完全和排放超細懸浮微粒的問題。
有鑑於上述燃油組成物存在技術缺陷,本創作之目的在於提供一種新式的燃油組成物,其不僅能提升該燃油的燃燒效率,還能減少該燃油燃燒後的黑煙排放,進而達到節約能源和降低超細懸浮微粒的排放量。
本創作之另一目的在於提供一種新式的燃油組成物,其燃燒後能減少碳氫化合物和一氧化碳的排放,達到減少製造溫室氣體的目的。
本創作之另一目的在於提供一種新式的燃油組成物,其具有較低成本的優勢,可解決使用石墨烯等昂貴材料導致製造成本增高的問題,進而更具商業產品的開發潛力。
為達成前述目的,本創作提供一種燃油組成物,其包含:一液態燃料以及粒徑為1微米以下的碳黑;其中,以該液態燃料之總重為基準,該碳黑之含量為0.001 wt%至4 wt%。
由於碳黑表面的凡得瓦力作用,使得碳黑可能在溶液中聚集成團而發生沉澱現象。本創作採用可使碳黑分散的方法例如酸洗碳黑法、添加分散劑或界面活性劑、或超音波震盪法等至少一種方法以使碳黑顆粒能穩定懸浮於液態燃料中,但並非僅限於此。較佳的,本創作的燃油組成物可更包括選自由分散劑、界面活性劑及其組合所組成之群組中的至少一者,藉此幫助該碳黑能均勻懸浮於液態燃料中。
舉例而言,本創作可適用之分散劑可為山梨糖醇單油酸酯(sorbitan oleate)、三油酸山梨酯(sorbitan trioleate)、油酸(oleic acid)、脂肪酸銨鹽類(ammonium salts of aliphatic acid)等,但並非僅限於此。
舉例而言,本創作可適用之界面活性劑可為聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol)、卵磷脂(lecithin)、氫化蓖麻油(hydrogenated castor oil)等,但並非僅限於此。
較佳的,以該液態燃料之總重為基準,該分散劑之含量為0.001 wt%至4 wt%,以有利於藉由分散劑均勻分散碳黑。
較佳的,該分散劑與該碳黑的重量比值為0.5至2,以有利於藉由分散劑均勻分散碳黑。更佳的,該分散劑與該碳黑的重量比值為0.8至1.5。
較佳的,該液態燃料包括柴油、汽油、煤油及其組合所組成之群組中的至少一者。更佳的,該液態燃料為柴油。
依據本創作,所述柴油可從原油中提煉而成,其為含有C
8至C
21的烴類。柴油又可依碳數不同而區分為輕柴油或重柴油等。
另外,汽油亦可從原油中提煉而成,其為含有C
4至C
8的烴類。汽油可依辛烷值的不同區分如92無鉛汽油、95無鉛汽油或98無鉛汽油。
此外,煤油亦可從原油中提煉而成,其為含有C
9至C
16的烴類。
依據本創作,碳黑(carbon black)係屬於無定形碳,具有非結晶質的結構。其吸附雜質的能力比石墨更強,且更具有反應性。製造碳黑的方法可分為熱分解法與不完全燃燒法兩大類。其中,熱分解法可在爐中裂解出粒徑較大之碳黑,例如中粒子熱裂法碳黑的粒徑約為250 nm至350 nm,細粒子熱裂法碳黑的粒徑約為180 nm至200 nm;不完全燃燒法又可以分為槽法、燈煙法、油爐法、氣爐法等得到碳黑。
具體而言,較佳的,該碳黑的粒徑為10奈米至400奈米。
較佳的,以該液態燃料之總重為基準,該碳黑之含量為0.001 wt%至2.5 wt%。更佳的,以該液態燃料之總重為基準,該碳黑之含量為0.001 wt%至0.6 wt%。
此外,本創作另提供一種如前述燃油組成物之用途,其係用於內燃機引擎。
具體而言,該內燃機引擎包括火花點火引擎或壓燃式引擎。
此外,在不影響本創作之燃油組成物的效果之情況下,還可以視不同使用需求,於燃油組成物中添加其他輔助添加劑,例如清潔劑、潤滑劑、摩擦力改質劑、燃燒促進劑或抗氧化劑等。
以下,將藉由數種實施例示例說明本發明之燃油組成物的具體實施方式,熟習此技藝者可經由本說明書之內容輕易地了解本發明所能達成之優點與功效,並且於不悖離本發明之精神下進行各種修飾與變更,以施行或應用本發明之內容。
在以下實施例中,使用直噴式的壓燃式引擎作為載具。實驗前先利用空氣流量計來計算空氣流量;實驗中利用渦電流動力計來進行定負載實驗,並配合燃油流量計監控燃油流量以確認引擎於實驗中的輸入功恆定,同時搭配冷卻水塔協助水冷式引擎及動力計降溫。此外,透過廢氣分析儀及黑煙度計作為量測儀器,用來得取燃燒燃油後產生的碳氫化合物、一氧化碳、氮氧化合物、二氧化碳及不透光率等數據。
所用儀器型號 1. 壓燃式引擎:YAMAHA ME200F三缸柴油引擎; 2. 空氣流量計:Teledyne Hastings Instruments公司生產的電子式空氣質量流量計; 3. 燃油流量計:西門子公司生產的質量流量計搭配流量計控制器MASS-2100; 4. 廢氣分析儀:HORIBA MEXA-584; 5. 黑煙度計:巨亞公司生產的MA-200A光學式不透光度試驗器。
原料 1. 碳黑:購自春大地公司; 2. 分散劑:山梨糖醇單油酸脂(Span #80); 3. 柴油:台灣中油公司販售之超級柴油。
製備例1至3:燃油組成物
根據下表1所示之配比,將碳黑與分散劑Span #80加入柴油中相混合並以超音波震盪,使得所述分散劑能均勻分布在碳黑顆粒的表面且能分散碳黑顆粒,再使用超音波震盪30分鐘後作為半成品。
其次,將上述之半成品透過柴油加壓通過一聚丙烯材質的1微米孔隙濾心進行過濾,以避免大於1微米的碳黑團塊影響到實驗進行或造成噴油嘴阻塞。經過前述步驟後,即配製成燃油組成物。 表1:參考例1與製備例1至3之燃油組成物之配比。
試劑名稱 | 參考例1 | 製備例1 | 製備例2 | 製備例3 |
柴油 (wt%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
碳黑 (wt%) | 0 | 0.6 | 1.25 | 2.5 |
Span #80 (wt%) | 0 | 0.48 | 1 | 2 |
Span #80:碳黑 | -- | 4:5 |
試驗例:柴油引擎使用燃油組成物之性質測試分析
下方以燃油組成物應用於柴油引擎為例,依相同的試驗方法,比較參考例1、製備例1至3之燃油組成物在特定燃料流量(化學計量燃空比分別為0.2、0.3、0.4)、特定轉速下的廢氣及黑煙排放的差異程度。於表2至表6中,所列之結果皆為燃油組成物在化學計量燃空比為0.2、化學計量燃空比為0.3及化學計量燃空比為0.4所測得之三組的排放量差異程度,再取平均值後的結果列於下表2至表6所示。
下表2至表6依序為柴油引擎在轉速為1500 rpm、1800 rpm、2100 rpm、2400 rpm、2700 rpm下的測試結果。表2所列之參考例2、實施例1至3係依序選用參考例1、製備例1至3之燃油組成物作為燃料,表3所列之參考例3、實施例4至6係依序選用參考例1、製備例1至3之燃油組成物作為燃料,表4所列之參考例4、實施例7至9係依序選用參考例1、製備例1至3之燃油組成物作為燃料,表5所列之參考例5、實施例10至12係依序選用參考例1、製備例1至3之燃油組成物作為燃料,表6所列之參考例6、實施例13至15係依序選用參考例1、製備例1至3之燃油組成物作為燃料。
試驗方法 1. 廢氣分析:在正式實驗測試前,會使用原廠校正氣體予以校正廢氣分析儀,以確定廢氣分析儀內的感測器處於正常狀態。柴油引擎以排氣管線與廢氣分析儀相連接,藉由廢氣分析儀同時分析得出HC、CO、NOx、CO
2的排放量。再以參考例2至6為基準,計算實施例1至15之燃油組成物在燃料流量分別為0.2、0.3、0.4,而轉速相同的情況下,HC、CO、NOx、CO
2的排放量差異程度之平均值。以下表2的實驗結果為例,綜合燃料流量分別為0.2、0.3、0.4所測得之三組結果的平均表現,在柴油引擎處於轉速為1500 rpm的情況下,其係將選用參考例1之燃油組成物作為燃料的參考例2的HC、CO、NOx及CO
2排放量為基準值(各自設定為0%),以表示選用製備例1之燃油組成物作為燃料的實施例1的HC、CO、NOx及CO
2排放量差異程度;具體而言,實施例1的HC排放量比參考例2的HC排放量下降了41.65%,故下表2中係以「-41.65%」示之;實施例1的CO排放量比參考例2的CO排放量下降了51.19%,故下表2中以「-51.19%」示之;實施例1的NOx排放量比參考例2的NOx排放量下降了2.84%,故下表2中以「-2.84%」示之;且實施例1的CO
2排放量比參考例2的CO
2排放量下降了3.4%,故下表2中以「-3.4%」示之。同理,其餘實施例的排放量亦採用如上所述之方式,與其相應的參考例進行比較,以表示其相較於參考例的HC、CO、NOx、CO
2的排放量差異程度。 2. 不透光率測定:依經ISO 11614認證的「柴油汽車黑煙排放不透光率檢測方法及程序及排放標準」將黑煙度計的量測槍至於煙道出口,量測排煙之不透光率,由不透光率的量測結果可得知該柴油引擎的煙灰排放量。不透光率的測定範圍由0.0 m
-1至9.9 m
-1。如前所述,再以參考例2至6為基準,計算實施例1至15之燃油組成物在燃料流量分別為0.2、0.3、0.4,而轉速相同的情況下,煙灰排放量的差異程度之平均值。以下表2的實驗結果為例,綜合燃料流量分別為0.2、0.3、0.4所測得之三組結果的平均表現,在柴油引擎處於轉速為1500 rpm的情況下,其係將選用參考例1之燃油組成物作為燃料的參考例2的煙灰排放量為基準值(設定為0%),以表示選用製備例1之燃油組成物作為燃料的實施例1的煙灰排放量差異程度;具體而言,實施例1的煙灰排放量比參考例2的煙灰排放量下降了75.71%,故下表2中係以「-75.71%」示之。同理,其餘實施例的煙灰排放量亦採用如上所述之方式,與其相應的參考例進行比較,以表示其相較於參考例的煙灰排放量差異程度。 3. 扭力測定:使用義大利API公司之渦電流動力計進行扭力測定。如前所述,再以參考例2至6為基準,計算實施例1至15之燃油組成物在燃料流量分別為0.2、0.3、0.4,而轉速相同的情況下,扭力的差異程度之平均值。以下表2的實驗結果為例,綜合燃料流量分別為0.2、0.3、0.4所測得之三組結果的平均表現,在柴油引擎處於轉速為1500 rpm的情況下,其係將選用參考例1之燃油組成物作為燃料的參考例2的扭力為基準值(設定為0%),以表示選用製備例1之燃油組成物作為燃料的實施例1的扭力差異程度;具體而言,實施例1的扭力比參考例2的扭力上升了0.03%,故下表2中係以「0.03%」示之。同理,其餘實施例的扭力亦採用如上所述之方式,與其相應的參考例進行比較,以表示其相較於參考例的扭力差異程度。 表2:參考例2與實施例1至3之柴油引擎在轉速為1500 rpm下的特性分析結果。
表3:參考例3與實施例4至6之柴油引擎在轉速為1800rpm下的特性分析結果。
表4:參考例4與實施例7至9之柴油引擎在轉速為2100rpm下的特性分析結果。
表5:參考例5與實施例10至12之柴油引擎在轉速為2400rpm下的特性分析結果。
表6:參考例6與實施例13至15之柴油引擎在轉速為2700rpm下的特性分析結果。
HC | CO | NOx | CO2 | 煙灰 | 扭力 | |
參考例2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
實施例1 | -41.65% | -51.19% | -2.84% | -3.4% | -75.71% | 0.03% |
實施例2 | -36.05% | -21.24% | 12.60% | 1.41% | -28.57% | -4.00% |
實施例3 | -42.05% | -36.19% | 14.78% | 3.82% | -95.00% | -4.86% |
HC | CO | NOx | CO2 | 煙灰 | 扭力 | |
參考例3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
實施例4 | -43.13% | -48.72% | -0.60% | -0.96% | -80.37% | 3.39% |
實施例5 | -48.90% | -30.77% | 7.57% | 4.02% | -31.85% | -0.32% |
實施例6 | -36.32% | -36.54% | 2.34% | 7.20% | -92.59% | -1.95% |
HC | CO | NOx | CO2 | 煙灰 | 扭力 | |
參考例4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
實施例7 | -44.74% | -47.46% | -4.23% | -2.95% | -90.28% | -6.02% |
實施例8 | -41.42% | -44.29% | 9.62% | 0.07% | -30.56% | -6.56% |
實施例9 | -46.54% | -44.29% | 7.80% | 6.70% | -95.83% | -12.22% |
HC | CO | NOx | CO2 | 煙灰 | 扭力 | |
參考例5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
實施例10 | -43.53% | -47.73% | -4.50% | 1.45% | -77.86% | -5.39% |
實施例11 | -38.97% | -41.62% | 4.29% | 3.24% | -38.57% | -3.02% |
實施例12 | -30.14% | -41.62% | 8.24% | 10.47% | -86.67% | -8.86% |
HC | CO | NOx | CO2 | 煙灰 | 扭力 | |
參考例6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
實施例13 | -54.55% | -44.16% | 4.93% | -0.45% | -76.62% | -0.65% |
實施例14 | -35.98% | -29.87% | 17.32% | 3.28% | -40.58% | -1.69% |
實施例15 | -26.84% | -45.45% | 16.63% | 7.50% | -81.82% | -6.31% |
如上表2至表6所示,不論以轉速1500 rpm代表柴油引擎低轉速情況、轉速1800 rpm和2100 rpm代表柴油引擎中轉速情況,或是轉速2400 rpm和2700 rpm代表柴油引擎高轉速情況下,實施例1至3、4至6、7至9、10至12、13至15的煙灰排放量皆分別顯著低於參考例1、2、3、4、5、6的煙灰排放量。由此可見,藉由選用製備例1至製備例3的燃油組成物,燃油組成物中的碳黑會於柴油液滴氣化時團聚成較大的塊狀體,此較大的塊狀體可以成為黑煙中的超細懸浮微粒之核母,並且碳黑本身的多孔性結構亦可幫助捕捉超細懸浮微粒,因此使得原本的超細懸浮微粒吸附於塊狀體上形成更大的團塊直至該團塊無法懸浮於空氣中而沉降,致使製備例1至製備例3的燃油組成物燃燒後確實降低了燃燒所產生的超細懸浮微粒排放量,而得以顯著降低柴油引擎所產生的煙灰排放量程度。
由表2至表6亦可以得知,製備例1至製備例3的燃油組成物用於柴油引擎時(實施例1至15),其HC和CO的排放量相較於參考例1之燃油組成物用於柴油引擎時(參考例2至6)的HC和CO的排放量明顯下降,表示製備例1至製備例3的燃油組成物燃燒後確實能減少HC和CO的排放,達到減少製造溫室氣體的作用。此外,因HC和CO的產生原因係燃燒不完全所造成的,由此可以判斷所述的燃油之燃燒效率提升,進而可以達到節約能源的效果。
由表2至表6所示,製備例2和製備例3的燃油組成物用於柴油引擎時(實施例2、3、5、6、8、9、11、12、14、15),其NOx和CO
2的排放量相較於參考例1之燃油組成物用於柴油引擎時(參考例2至6)的NOx和CO
2的排放量略微上升,表示製備2至製備例3的燃油組成物有燃燒集中的情形,由此可以判斷所述的燃油之燃燒效率提升。
由表2至表6可知,雖然實施例2、3、5至15有扭力略為下降的情形,然該下降的幅度仍在可接受的範圍內,因此不影響引擎正常的運作。此外,藉由選用製備例1的燃油組成物,更能有利於增加低負載下柴油引擎的扭力,使實施例1、4的扭力分別高於參考例2、3。
綜合上述分析結果可知,藉由在燃油組成物的液態燃料中添加粒徑1微米以下的碳黑等技術手段,能有利於提升燃油組成物在內燃機中的燃燒效率,以及減少碳氫化合物和一氧化碳的排放,減少製造溫室氣體的產生,並且因碳黑較石墨烯等其他碳材具有較低成本、較高反應性的優勢,進而更提升本發明之燃油組成物的開發潛力。
無。
無。
無。
Claims (8)
- 一種燃油組成物,其包含:一液態燃料以及粒徑為1微米以下的碳黑;該液態燃料選自由柴油、汽油、煤油及其組合所組成之群組中的至少一者;其中,以該液態燃料之總重為基準,該碳黑之含量為0.001wt%至4wt%。
- 如請求項1所述之燃油組成物,其中,該燃油組成物更包括選自由分散劑、界面活性劑及其組合所組成之群組中的至少一者。
- 如請求項2所述之燃油組成物,其中,以該液態燃料之總重為基準,該分散劑之含量為0.001wt%至4wt%。
- 如請求項2所述之燃油組成物,其中,該分散劑與該碳黑的重量比值為0.5至2。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之燃油組成物,其中,該碳黑的粒徑為10奈米至400奈米。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之燃油組成物,其中,以該液態燃料之總重為基準,該碳黑之含量為0.001wt%至2.5wt%。
- 一種如請求項1至6中任一項的燃油組成物之用途,其係用於內燃機引擎。
- 如請求項7所述之用途,其中,該內燃機引擎包括火花點火引擎或壓燃式引擎。
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
TW106123783A TWI660040B (zh) | 2017-07-17 | 2017-07-17 | Fuel composition and its use |
US15/990,947 US20190016981A1 (en) | 2017-07-17 | 2018-05-29 | Fuel oil composition and use thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
TW106123783A TWI660040B (zh) | 2017-07-17 | 2017-07-17 | Fuel composition and its use |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
TW201908473A TW201908473A (zh) | 2019-03-01 |
TWI660040B true TWI660040B (zh) | 2019-05-21 |
Family
ID=65000796
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
TW106123783A TWI660040B (zh) | 2017-07-17 | 2017-07-17 | Fuel composition and its use |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20190016981A1 (zh) |
TW (1) | TWI660040B (zh) |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
TW201300318A (zh) * | 2011-03-15 | 2013-01-01 | 皮爾雷斯全球公司 | 石墨烯、石墨烯衍生物與研磨奈米顆粒之簡易合成及彼等包括摩擦上有利的潤滑劑添加物之各種用途 |
-
2017
- 2017-07-17 TW TW106123783A patent/TWI660040B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2018
- 2018-05-29 US US15/990,947 patent/US20190016981A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
TW201300318A (zh) * | 2011-03-15 | 2013-01-01 | 皮爾雷斯全球公司 | 石墨烯、石墨烯衍生物與研磨奈米顆粒之簡易合成及彼等包括摩擦上有利的潤滑劑添加物之各種用途 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20190016981A1 (en) | 2019-01-17 |
TW201908473A (zh) | 2019-03-01 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Geng et al. | Effects of injection timing and rail pressure on particulate size-number distribution of a common rail DI engine fueled with fischer-tropsch diesel synthesized from coal | |
Mei et al. | Role of cerium oxide nanoparticles as diesel additives in combustion efficiency improvements and emission reduction | |
Wang et al. | Particulate matter emission characteristics of diesel engines with biodiesel or biodiesel blending: A review | |
Wang et al. | Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine | |
Paramashivaiah et al. | Studies on effect of graphene nanoparticles addition in different levels with simarouba biodiesel and diesel blends on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine | |
Cheng et al. | Experimental investigation on the performance, gaseous and particulate emissions of a methanol fumigated diesel engine | |
Fangsuwannarak et al. | IMPROVEMENTS OF PALM BIODIESEL PROPERTIES BY USING NANO-TIO 2 ADDITIVE, EXHAUST EMISSION AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE. | |
Zhang et al. | Emission reduction from diesel engine using fumigation methanol and diesel oxidation catalyst | |
Dhamodaran et al. | Investigation of n-butanol as fuel in a four-cylinder MPFI SI engine | |
Pan et al. | Reduction in PM and NOX of a diesel engine integrated with n-octanol fuel addition and exhaust gas recirculation | |
Khalid et al. | Performance and emissions characteristics of diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel derived from palm oil | |
Tan et al. | Particle number and size distribution from a diesel engine with Jatropha biodiesel fuel | |
Rahman et al. | Influence of different alternative fuels on particle emission from a turbocharged common-rail diesel engine | |
Arslan et al. | A study on the effects of nanoparticle addition to a diesel engine operating in dual fuel mode | |
Geng et al. | Influence of the addition of titanium oxide nanoparticles to Fischer-Tropsch diesel synthesised from coal on the combustion characteristics and particulate emission of a diesel engine | |
Wei et al. | A comparison study on the combustion and particulate emissions of 2, 5-dimethylfuran/diesel and ethanol/diesel in a diesel engine | |
Awad et al. | A review of the effects of gasoline detergent additives on the formation of combustion chamber deposits of gasoline direct injection engines | |
Balaji et al. | Influence of isobutanol blend in spark ignition engine performance and emissions operated with gasoline and ethanol | |
Zhang et al. | Effect of fuel detergent on injector deposit formation and engine emissions in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine | |
TWI660040B (zh) | Fuel composition and its use | |
Wu et al. | Effect of heavy-duty diesel engine operating parameters on particle number and size distribution at low speed condition | |
Feng et al. | The influence of DISI engine control parameters and M15 fuel on regulated and particulate emissions under light-load | |
Jagadish et al. | Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine run on biofuels based on experimental and semi analytical methods | |
Tse | Combustion and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends and supplemented with intake CO2 charge dilution | |
Ekab et al. | Effect of Al 2 O 3 Nanoparticles on the Compression Ignition Performances and Emitted Pollutants of a Diesel Engine. |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
MM4A | Annulment or lapse of patent due to non-payment of fees |